F8.Audit and assurancechapter 10-3 Payroll
2019年ACCA考试科目及内容
2019年ACCA考试科目及内容第一部分为基础阶段，主要分为知识课程和技能课程两个部分。
知识课程主要涉及财务会计和管理会计方面的核心知识，也为接下去实行技能阶段的详细学习搭建了一个平台。
知识课程的三个科目同时也是FIA方式注册学员所学习的FAB、FMA、FFA三个科目。
技能课程共有六门课程，广泛的涵盖了一名会计师所涉及的知识领域及必须掌握的技能。
具体课程为：第二部分为专业阶段，主要分为核心课程和选修(四选二)课程。
该阶段的课程相当于硕士阶段的课程难度，是对第一部分课程的引申和发展。
该阶段课程引入了作为未来的高级会计师所必须的更高级的职业技能和知识技能。
选修课程为从事高级管理咨询或顾问职业的学员，设计了解决更高级和更复杂的问题的技能。
具体课程为：所有学生必须完成三门核心课程。
ACCA科目内容介绍(中文版)基础阶段：知识课程F1会计师与企业F1《会计师与企业》是P1《公司治理，风险管理与职业道德》和P3《商务分析》的基础。
涵盖：企业组织，公司管理，会计和报告体系，内部财务控制，人力资源管理，会计职业道德您将会学到：企业是如何运作的，会计师和审计师在企业中的作用，如何使用科学的人力资源管理方式，如何使企业和财务的各个环节的处理符合职业道德和价值观。
F2管理会计F2《管理会计》是F5《业绩管理》和P5《高级业绩管理》的基础。
涵盖：管理会计，管理信息，成本会计，预算和标准成本，业绩衡量，短期决策方法。
您将会学到：如何使学员能够处理基本的成本信息，并能向管理层提供能用作预算和决策的信息。
F3财务会计F3《财务会计》是F7《财务报告》和P2《公司报告》的基础。
涵盖：财务会计，财务信息，复式记账法，会计系统，试算平衡表，业务交易，会计事项的记录以及合并报表基础知识。
您将会学到：如何利用财务会计相关的原则和概念，使用复式记账法，编制基本的财务报表。
基础阶段：技能课程F4公司法与商法F4《公司法》与F7《财务报告》、F8《审计与认证业务》、P1《公司治理，风险管理与职业道德》、P2《公司报告》都有着一定的联系。
2016年6月ACCA F8考试真题
P ap e r F 8Section B – ALL SIX questions are compulsory and MUST be attemptedPlease write your answers to all parts of these questions on the lined pages within the Candidate Answer Booklet.1You are an audit manager of Satsuma & Co and have been assigned to the audit of T angerine T ech Co (T angerine), a company which is planning to list on a stock exchange within six months. The listing rules of the stock exchange require compliance with corporate governance principles, and the directors are unsure whether they are following best practice in relation to this. They have asked the audit engagement partner for their view on this matter.T angerine’s board is comprised of six executive directors, a non-executive chairman and three other non-executive directors (NEDs). The chairman and one of the NEDs are former executive directors of T angerine and on reaching retirement age were asked to take on non-executive roles. The company has established an audit committee, and all NEDs are members including the chairman who chairs the committee. All four members of the audit committee were previously involved in sales or production related roles.All of the directors have been members of the board for at least four years. As the chairman does not have an executive role, he has sole responsibility for liaising with the shareholders and answering any of their questions. The company has not established an internal audit function to monitor internal controls.Required:Using the information above:Describe FIVE corporate governance weaknesses faced by Tangerine Tech Co and provide a recommendation to address each weakness to ensure compliance with corporate governance principles.(10 marks) 2(i)Describe FIVE types of procedures for obtaining audit evidence; and(ii)For each type of procedure, describe an example relevant to the audit of BANK balances.Note: The total marks will be split equally between each part.(10 marks)3Grains 4U Co (Grains) manufactures breakfast cereals and has three factories, four warehouses and three distribution depots spread across North America. The audit for the year ended 31 December 2015 is almost complete and the financial statements and audit report are due to be signed shortly. Profit before taxation is $7·9 million. The following events have occurred subsequent to the year end and no amendments or disclosures have been made in the financial statements.Event 1 – FireOn 15 February 2016, a fire occurred at the largest of the distribution depots. The fire resulted in extensive damage to 40% of the company’s vehicles used for dispatching goods to customers; however, there have been no significant delays to customer deliveries. The company estimates the level of damage to the vehicles to be in excess of $650,000. Only a minimal level of inventory, approximately $25,000, was damaged. Grain’s insurance company has started to investigate the fire to assess the likelihood and level of payment, however, there are concerns the fire was started deliberately, and if true, would invalidate any insurance cover.Event 2 – InventoryOn 18 February 2016, it was discovered that a large batch of Grain’s new cereal brand ‘Loopy Green Loops’ held in inventory at the year end was defective, as the cereal contained too much green food colouring. T o date no sales of this new cereal have been made. The cost of the defective batch of inventory is $915,000 and the defects cannot be corrected. However, the scrapped cereal can be utilised as a raw material for an alternative cereal brand at a value of $50,000.Required:For each of the two subsequent events described above:(i)Based on the information provided, explain whether the financial statements require amendment; and(ii)Describe audit procedures which should now be performed in order to form a conclusion on any required amendment.Note: The total marks will be split equally between each event.(10 marks) 4Kyanite Pizzas Co (Kyanite) operates a large chain of fast food restaurants. You are an audit supervisor of Jasper & Co and are currently preparing the audit programmes for the audit of Kyanite’s financial statements for the year ended31 March 2016. You are reviewing the notes of last week’s meeting between the audit manager and finance directorwhere two material issues were discussed.(i)Property, plant and equipmentIn the past Kyanite has received negative press reports over the condition of its fast food restaurants, with comments suggesting they are old fashioned and tired looking. Therefore during the year the company undertooka full review of all its assets and carried out extensive refurbishments to the majority of its restaurants. This reviewresulted in a significant amount of ageing fixtures and fittings being disposed of and a significant amount of capital expenditure was invested in all remaining restaurants. (6 marks) (ii)EquityThe refurbishment was financed via a share issue in April 2015 at a premium of $1·6 million.(4 marks) Required:Describe substantive procedures you should perform to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence in relation to the above two matters.Note: The mark allocation is shown against each of the two matters above.(10 marks)5You are an audit senior of Hessonite & Co and are in the process of reviewing the inventory system documentation for your audit client, Lemon Quartz Co (Quartz) which manufactures computer equipment. The company’s factory and warehouse are based on one large site, and their year end is 30 June 2016. Quartz is planning to undertake a full inventory count at the year end of its raw materials, work in progress and finished goods and you will be attending this count. In preparation you have been reviewing the inventory count instructions for finished goods provided by Quartz.The count will be undertaken by 15 teams of two counters from the warehouse department with Quartz’s financial controller providing overall supervision. Each team of two is allocated a number of bays within the warehouse to count and they are provided with sequentially numbered inventory sheets which contain product codes and quantities extracted from the inventory records. The counters move through each allocated bay counting the inventory and confirming that it agrees with the inventory sheets. Where a discrepancy is found, they note this on the sheet.The warehouse is large and approximately 10% of the bays have been rented out to third parties with similar operations; these are scattered throughout the warehouse. For completeness, the counters have been asked to count the inventory for all bays noting the third party inventories on separate blank inventory sheets, and the finance department will make any necessary adjustments.Some of Quartz’s finished goods are high in value and are stored in a locked area of the warehouse and all the counting teams will be given the code to access this area. There will be no despatches of inventory during the count and it is not anticipated that there will be any deliveries from suppliers.Each area is counted once by the allocated team; the sheets are completed in ink, signed by the team and returned after each bay is counted. As no two teams are allocated the same bays, there will be no need to flag that an area has been counted. On completion of the count, the financial controller will confirm with each team that they have returned their inventory sheets.Required:(a)In respect of the inventory count procedures for Lemon Quartz Co:(i)Identify and explain FIVE deficiencies;(ii)Recommend a control to address each of these deficiencies; and(iii)Describe a TEST OF CONTROL the external auditors would perform to assess if each of these controls, if implemented, is operating effectively.Note: The total marks will be split equally between each part.(15 marks)(b)Quartz’s finance director has asked your firm to undertake a non-audit assurance engagement later in the year.The audit junior has not been involved in such an assignment before and has asked you to explain what an assurance engagement involves.Required:Explain the five elements of an assurance engagement.(5 marks)(20 marks)6(a)Define audit risk and the components of audit risk. (5 marks) You are an audit supervisor of Amethyst & Co and are currently planning the audit of your client, Aquamarine Co (Aquamarine) which manufactures elevators. Its year end is 31 July 2016 and the forecast profit before tax is $15·2 million.The company undertakes continuous production in its factory, therefore at the year end it is anticipated that work in progress will be approximately $950,000. In order to improve the manufacturing process, Aquamarine placed an order in April for $720,000 of new plant and machinery; one third of this order was received in May with the remainder expected to be delivered by the supplier in late July or early August.At the beginning of the year, Aquamarine purchased a patent for $1·3 million which gives them the exclusive right to manufacture specialised elevator equipment for five years. In order to finance this purchase, Aquamarine borrowed $1·2 million from the bank which is repayable over five years.In January 2016 Aquamarine outsourced its payroll processing to an external service organisation, Coral Payrolls Co (Coral). Coral handles all elements of the payroll cycle and sends monthly reports to Aquamarine detailing the payroll costs. Aquamarine ran its own payroll until 31 December 2015, at which point the records were transferred over to Coral.The company has a policy of revaluing land and buildings and the finance director has announced that all land and buildings will be revalued at the year end. During a review of the management accounts for the month of May 2016, you have noticed that receivables have increased significantly on the previous year end and against May 2015.The finance director has informed you that the company is planning to make approximately 65 employees redundant after the year end. No decision has been made as to when this will be announced, but it is likely to be prior to the year end.Required:(b)Describe SIX audit risks, and explain the auditor’s response to each risk, in planning the audit ofAquamarine Co. (12 marks)(c)Explain the additional factors Amethyst & Co should consider during the audit in relation to Aquamarine Co’suse of the payroll service organisation.(3 marks)(20 marks)End of Question Paper。
F8审计词汇
1Assurance Services 鉴证业务Perform 提供Attestation Services认证业务assertion认定be charged with负责individual clients个人客户symbolic representation符号化声明management’s assertion管理层认定electronic commerce practice电子商务运作an attest-type engagement认证业务integrity正直性Confidentiality保密性Derivative衍生工具Verify亲自核实Biase偏见Competent胜任的Compliance合规性Regulations监管2litigation risk诉讼风险Proprietorship业主独资Perceptionbe conversant in熟悉Compilation编报Grant资助SEC证券交易委员会PCAOB上市公司会计监管委员会Assignment业务Field Work外勤Supervise督导Uniformity统一性Monitoring监控Peer review同业互查3Unqualified audit report无保留意见qualified保留意见Adverse否定意见Disclaimer无法表示意见Scope范围Modification修正Substantial重大的promulgated公认Consistency一致性Comparabilitysubstantially显著地catastroph灾害jeopardize损害Promulgated已颁布的Scope limitation范围受限制overshadow造成不利影响pervasive影响广泛Measurability可计量程度attest to鉴证Introductory paragraph引言段Definition paragraph定义段Scope paragraph范围段Inherent limitation paragraph固有局限段Opinion paragraph意见段4explicitly明确地are incorporated into被引入Trustworthiness守信Larcenists盗窃犯remorse悔恨are apprehended被抓获tossDilemmas困境Peer review同业互查unbiased不偏不倚jeopardize损害pronouncements公告violation违反Contingent fees或有收费Acts discreditable有损名誉的行为solicitation招揽行为referral fees介绍费5litigious易遭诉讼的privileged受法律保护的negligence过失fraud欺诈Constructive fraud推定欺诈Gross negligence重大过失Breach of contract违约beneficiary受益人Common law习惯法Statutory law成文法Joint and several liability连带责任Separate and proportionate liability比例责任Nonnegligent performance行为无过失Contributory negligence共同过失6misappropriation盗用Acquisitions采购warehousing仓储Payroll工薪Charge-off of uncollectible accounts坏账注销Existence or occurrence存在与发生Completeness完整性Valuation or allocation估价与分摊Rights and obligations权利与义务Presentation and disclosure表达与披露Posting and summarization过账与汇总Detail tie-in细节一致methodology方法论substantive tests实质性测试audit evidence 审计证据audit program 审计方案audit procedures 审计程序competence 适当性sufficiency 充分性combined effect 联合效应persuasiveness 说服力relevance 相关性effectiveness 有效性objectivity 客观性timeliness 及时性physical evidence 实物证据confirmation evidence 函证证据documentation evidence 书面证据analytical procedures 分析程序获得的数据inquires of the client 询问客户获得的证据reperformance evidence 重新执行获得的证据observation evidence 观察获得的证据auditing standards 审计准则sample size 样本规模accounts receivable 应收账款notes receivable 应收票据liabilities 负债advances from customers 客户预付款mortgages payable 应付抵押账款bonds payable 应付债券owners’ equity 所有者权益creditor 债权人lender 借款人mortgagor 抵押人bondholder 债券持有人shares outstanding 发行在外股份contingent liabilities 或有负债examine 检查scan 浏览read 阅读recomputed 重新计算foot 加总trace 追查compare 比较count 盘点observe 观察inquire 询问vouch 核对audit documentation 审计档案audit files 审计文件audit working papers 审计工作底稿interest receivable 应收利息permanent files 永久文件working trial balance 试算平衡草稿adjusting and reclassification entries 调整分录及重分类分录supporting schedules 支持性档案cash count sheet 现金盘点表bank reconciliation 银行存款余额调节表trial balance/list 试算平衡表（列表）reconciliation of amounts 金额调节表acceptable audit risk 可接受审计风险inherent risk 固有风险business risk 经营风险analytical procedures 分析程序materiality 重要性水平control risk 控制风险fraud risks 舞弊风险directors 董事会the audit committee 审计委员会corporate charter and bylaws 公司章程与规章meeting minutes 会议记录material misstatements 重大错报enterprise risk management 企业风险管理short-term debate-paying ability 短期偿债能力current ratio 流动比率liquidity activity ratio 流动性比率inventory turnover 存货周转率long-term obligation 长期义务debt to equity 债务权益比profitability ratio 盈利能力比率profit margin 利润率planning phase 计划阶段going concern 持续经营能detailed test 细节测试testing phase 测试阶段completion 完成阶段gross margin 毛利率cash ratio 现金比率quick ratio 速动比率accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率debt to equity 债务权益比times interest earned 利息赚取倍数planning extent of planning 计划测试的范围evaluating results 评价结果bases 基数qualitative factors 定性的因素planned detection risk 计划的检查风险engagement risk 业务风险related parties 关联方the overall audit 审计整体tolerable misstatement 可容忍错报detection risk 检查风险management’s responsibility 管理层的责任inherent limitations 固有局限existence 存在性completeness 完整性accuracy 准确性classification 分类timing 及时性posting 过账summarization 汇总risk assessment 风险评估control activities 控制活动information and communication 信息与沟通monitoring 监控initiate 发起process 处理assess control risk 评估控制风险test control 控制测试substantive tests 实质性测试potential material misstatements 潜在的重大错报narrative 文字表述flowchart 流程图internal control questionnaire 内部控制调查表compensating controls 替代性测试management letters 管理层建议书reperform 重新执行walking-through 穿行测试sampling 抽样general control 一般控制application control 应用控制input controls 输入控制processing controls 处理控制pilot testing 引导测试parallel testing 并行测试batch input controls 批输入控制financial total 数值总额控制hash total 无用数据总和控制record count 记录数目控制validation test 有效性检验sequence test 顺序校验arithmetic accuracy test 算数准确性校验data reasonableness test 数据合理性校验completeness test 完整性校验audit plan 审计计划audit program 审计程序Tests of control 控制测试substantive tests 实质性测试Analytical procedures 分析程序Tests of details of balances 余额细节测试Physical examination 实物证据Confirmation 函证证据Documentation 书面证据Reperformance 重新执行control risk 控制风险cost-benefit of testing controls 控制测试的成本效益性audit evaluation 审计评价sample size 样本量accounts receivable 应收账款inherent risk 固有风险collection cycle 收款循环preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的预备评定accuracy 准确性Cutoff 截止Posting and summarization 过账与汇总Detail tie-in 细节一致性Realizable value 细节一致性audit approach 审计方法fraud 舞弊subsequent events 期后事项business risk 经营风险Charge-off of uncollectible accounts 坏账注销trial balance 试算平衡Remittance advice 汇款通知单Accounts Receivable Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts 应收账款坏账准备Charging off uncollectible accounts receivable 注销坏账Prelisting of cash receipts 现金收款预列表existence 存在性flowcharts 流程图walk-through tests 穿行测试Prenumbered documents 凭证预先编号Internal verification procedures 内部核查程序cash receipts 现金收款lapping of accounts receivable 应收账款“挪用补空”write-offs 注销Realizable value 可变现价值Allowance for doubtful accounts 坏账准备audit sampling 审计抽样representative sample代表性样本Nonsampling risk非抽样风险sampling risk 抽样风险statistical sampling 统计抽样Nonprobabilistic Sample 非概率选样systematic selection 系统选择法stratification 分层random sample 随机样本occurrence rate 发生率tolerable error 可容忍误差attributes sampling 属性抽样sampling units 抽样单位misstatement bounds 错报边界timing 定时variables sampling 变量抽样Ratio estimation 比率估计Mean-per-unit estimation 单位均值估计population 抽样总体precision interval 精确度区间confidence limits 置信限度bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表Chapter 191.Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle 采购与付款循环审计2.tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions 控制测试与交易实质性测试3. control risk 控制风险4.walk-through tests 穿行测试5.the audit risk model 审计风险模型6.Set tolerable misstatement 可容忍错报7.inherent risk 固有风险Chapter201.Test of Details 细节测试2.Existence 存在性pleteness完整性4.Accuracy 准确性5.Presentation and disclosure 表达与披露Chapter 211.Possible misstatement 可能的错报2.Sample size 样本规模3.Selection of items 样本项目选择4.Realizable Value 可变现价值5.Valuation of inventory 存货估价Chapter 221.Audit of Dividends 股利审计2.Audit of Retained Earnings 留存收益审计Chapter 231.Audit of Cash Balances 现金余额审计Tests of Interbank Transfers银行间转账的测试Chapter241.review for contingent liabilities and commitments或有负债或承诺进行复核2.Inquiry 询证3.Management Representation Letter 管理层声明书4.the Engagement Checklist 业务检查清单5.the Audit Report审计报告。
ACCAF8术语翻译
ACCAF8术语翻译序号英语汉语1 ability to perform the work 能力履行工作2 acceptance procedures 承兑程序过程3 accountability 经管责任,问责性4 accounting estimate 会计估计5 accounts receivable listing 应收帐款挂牌6 accounts receivable 应收账款7 accruals listing 应计项目挂牌8 accruals 应计项目9 accuracy 准确性10 adverse opinion 否定意见11 aged analysis 年老的分析(法,学)研究12 agents 代理人13 agreed-upon procedures 约定审查业务14 analysis of errors 错误的分析(法,学)研究15 anomalous error 反常的错误16 appointment ethics 任命伦理学17 appointment 任命18 associated firms 联合的坚挺19 association of chartered certified accounts(ACCA)特计的证(经执业的结社 (ACCA)20 assurance engagement 保证债务21 assurance 保证22 audit 审计,审核,核数23 audit acceptance 审计承兑24 audit approach 审计靠近25 audit committee 审计委员会,审计小组26 ahudit engagement 审计业务约定书27 audit evaluation 审计评价28 audit evidence 审计证据29 audit plan 审计计划30 audit program 审计程序31 audit report as a means of communication 审计报告如一个通讯方法32 audit report 审计报告33 audit risk 审计风险34 audit sampling 审计抽样35 audit staffing 审计工作人员36 audit timing 审计定时37 audit trail 审计线索38 auditing standards 审计准则39 auditors' duty of care 审计(查帐)员的抚养责任40 auditors' report 审计报告41 authority attached to ISAs 代理权附上到国际砂糖协定42 automated working papers 自动化了工作文件43 bad debts 坏账44 bank 银行45 bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表46 beneficial interests 受益权47 best value 最好的价值48 business risk 经营风险49 cadbury committee cadbury 委员会50 cash count 现金盘点51 cash system 兑现系统52 changes in nature of engagement 改变债务的性质上53 charges and commitments 费用和评论54 charities 宽大55 chinese walls chinese 墙壁56 chronology of an audit 一审计的年代表57 CIS application controls CIS 申请控制58 CIS environments stand-alone microcomputers CIS 环境单机微型计算器59 client screening 委托人甄别60 closely connected 接近地连接61 clubs 俱乐部62 communications between auditors and management 通讯在审计(查帐)员和经营之间63 communications on internal control 内部控制上的通讯64 companies act 公司法65 comparative financial statements 比较财务报表66 comparatives 比较的67 competence 能力68 compilation engagement 编辑债务69 completeness 完整性70 completion of the audit 审计的结束71 compliance with accounting regulations 符合～的作法会计规则72 computers assisted audit techniques (CAATs) 计算器援助的审计技术 (CAATs)73 confidence 信任74 confidentiality 保密性75 confirmation of accounts receivable 应收帐款的查证76 conflict of interest 利益冲突77 constructive obligation 建设的待付款78 contingent asset 或有资产79 contingent liability 或有负债80 control environment 控制环境81 control procedures 控制程序82 control risk 控制风险83 controversy 论战84 corporate governance 公司治理,公司管制85 corresponding figures 相应的计算86 cost of conversion 转换成本,加工成本87 cost 成本88 courtesy 优待89 creditors 债权人90 current audit files 本期审计档案91 database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理制度 (数据管理系统)92 date of report 报告的日期93 depreciation 折旧,贬值94 design of the sample 样品的设计95 detection risk 检查风险96 direct verification approach 直接核查法97 directional testing 方向的抽查98 directors' emoluments 董事酬金99 directors' serve contracts 董事服务合约100 disagreement with management 与经营的不一致101 disclaimer of opinion 拒绝表示意见102 distributions 分销,分派103 documentation of understanding and assessmentof control risk控制风险的协商和评定的文件编集104 documenting the audit process 证明审计程序105 due care 应有关注106 due skill and care 到期的技能和谨慎107 economy 经济108 education 教育109 effectiveness 效用,效果110 efficiency 效益,效率111 eligibility / ineligibility 合格 / 无被选资格112 emphasis of matter 物质的强调113 engagement economics 债务经济学114 engagement letter 业务约定书115 error 差错116 evaluating of results of audit procedures 审计手序的结果评估117 examinations 检查118 existence 存在性119 expectations 期望差距120 expected error 预期的错误121 experience 经验122 expert 专家123 external audit 独立审计124 external review reports 外部的评论报告125 fair 公正126 fee negotiation 费谈判127 final assessment of control risk 控制风险的确定评定128 final audit 期末审计129 financial statement assertions 财政报告宣称130 financial 财务131 finished goods 产成品132 flowcharts 流程图133 fraud and error 舞弊134 fraud 欺诈135 fundamental principles 基本原理136 general CIS controls 一般的 CIS 控制137 general reports to mangement 对 (牛犬等的)疥癣的一般报告138 going concern assumption 持续经营假设139 going concern 持续经营140 goods on sale or return 货物准许退货买卖141 goodwill 商誉142 governance 统治143 greenbury committee greenbury 委员会144 guidance for internal auditors 指导为内部审计员145 hampel committee hampel 委员会146 haphazard selection 随意选择147 hospitality 款待148 human resources 人力资源149 IAPS 1000 inter-bank confirmation procedures IAPS 1000 在中间- 银行查证程序过程150 IAPS 1001 CIS environments-stand-alonemicrocomputersIAPS 1001 CIS 环境-单机微型计算器151 IAPS 1002 CIS environments-on-line computersystemsIAPS 1002 CIS 环境-(与主机)联机计算器系统152 IAPS 1003 CIS environments-database systems IAPS 1003 CIS 环境- 数据库系统153 IAPS 1005 the special considerations in theaudit of small entities在小的个体审计中的 IAPS 1005 特别的考虑154 IAS 2 inventories 信息家电 2 库存155 IAS 10 events after the balance sheet date在平衡 sheeet 日期後面的信息家电 10 事件156 IFAC's code of ethics for professionalaccountantsIFAC's 道德准则为职业会计师157 income tax 所得税158 incoming auditors 收入审计(查帐)员159 independent estimate 独立的估计160 ineligible for appointment 无被选资格的为任命161 information technology 信息技术162 inherent risk 固有风险163 initial communication 签署通讯164 insurance 保险165 intangibles 无形166 integrity 完整性167 interim audit 中期审计168 internal auditing 内部审计169 internal auditors 内部审计师170 internal control evaluation questionnaires(ICEQs)内部控制评价调查表171 internal control questionnaires (ICQs) 内部控制调查表172 internal control system 内部控制系统173 internal review assignment 内部的评论转让174 international audit and assurance standardsboard (IAASB)国际的审计和保证标准登船 (IAASB)175 international auditing practice statements(IAPSs)国际的审计实务声明 (IAPSs)176 international federation of accountants (IFAC) 国际会计师联合会 (IFAC)177 inventory system 盘存制度178 inventory valuation 存货估价179 ISA 230 documentation 文件编制180 ISA 240 fraud and error 国际砂糖协定 240 欺诈和错误181 ISA 250 consideration of law and regulations 法和规则的国际砂糖协定 250 考虑182 Isa 260 communications of audit matters withthose charge governance审计物质的国际砂糖协定 260 通讯由于那些索价统治183 isa 300 planning isa 300 计划编制184 isa 310 knowledge of the business 企业的 isa 310 知识185 isa 320 audit materiality 审计重要性186 isa 400 accounting and internal control isa 400 会计和内部控制187 isa 402 audit considerations relating toentities using service organisations与正在使用的个体有关的 isa 402个审计考虑服务组织188 isa 500 audit evidence 审计证据189 isa 501 audit evidence-additionalconsiderations for specific itemsisa 501个审计证据- 补偿为特殊条款190 isa 510 external confirmations isa 510个外部的查证191 isa 520 analytical procedures 分析性程序192 isa 530 audit sampling 审计抽样193 isa 540 audit of accounting estimates 解释估计的 isa 540 审计194 isa 560 subsequent events 期后事项195 isa 580 management representations 管理当局声明书196 isa 610 considering the work of internalauditingisa 610 以内部审计的工作看来197 isa 620 using the work of an expert isa 620 使用专家的工作198 isa 700 auditors' report on financialstatements财务报表上的 isa 700 审计(查帐)员的报告199 isa 710 comparatives isa 710个比较的200 isa 720 other information in documentscontaining audited financial statementsisa 720 证券包含 audited 财务报表的其他信息201 isa 910 engagement to review financialstatementsisa 910 债务复阅财务报表202 isas and rss isas 和 rss203 joint monitoring unit 连接检验单位204 knowledge of the entity's business 个体的企业知识205 law and regulations 法和规则206 legal and regulations 法定权利和规则207 legal obligation 法定义务,法定责任208 levels of assurance 保险程度,保障水平209 liability 负债210 limitation on scope 审计范围限制211 limitation of audit 审计的提起诉讼的限期212 limitations of controls system 控制系统的提起诉讼的限期213 litigation and claims 诉讼和赔偿214 litigation 诉讼215 loans 借款,贷款216 long term liabilities 长期负债217 lowballing lowballing218 management 管理219 management integrity 经营完整220 management representation letter 管理当局声明书221 marketing 推销,营销,市场学222 material inconsistency 决定性的前后矛盾223 material misstatements of fact 重大误报224 materiality 重要性225 measurement 计量226 microcomputers 微型计算器227 modified reports 变更报告228 narrative notes 叙述证券229 nature 性质230 negative assurance 消极保证231 net realizable value 可实现净值232 non-current asset register 非本期的财产登记233 non-executive directors 非执行董事234 non-sampling risk 非抽样风险235 non-statutory audits 目标236 objectivity 客观性237 obligating event 负有责任事件238 obligatory disclosure 有拘束的揭示239 obtaining work 获得工作240 occurrence 出现241 on-line computer systems (与主机)联机计算器系统242 opening balances 期初余额243 operational audits 经营审计,作业审计244 operational work plans 操作上的工作计划245 opinion shopping 意见购物246 other information 其他的信息247 outsourcing internal audit 支援外包的内部核数248 overall review of financial statements 财务报表的包括一切的评论249 overdue fees 超储未付费250 overhead absorption 管理费用分配251 periodic plan 定期的计划252 permanent audit files 永久审计档案253 personal relationships 个人的亲属关系254 planning 计划编制255 population 抽样总体256 precision 精密257 preface to ISAs and RSs 国际砂糖协定的序文和债券附卖回交易258 preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的预备评定259 prepayments 预付款项260 presentation and disclosure 提示和揭示261 problems of accounting treatment 会计处理的问题262 procedural approach 程序上的靠近263 procedures 程序264 procedures after accepting nomination 程序过程在接受提名之后265 procurement 采购266 professional duty of confidentiality 保密的职业责任267 projection of errors 错误的规划268 provision 备抵,准备269 public duty 公共职责270 public interest 公众利益271 publicity 宣传272 purchase ledger 购货分类账273 purchases and expenses system 买和费用系统274 purchases cut-off 买截止275 put on enquiry 询价上的期货买卖276 qualified opinion 保留意见277 qualifying disclosure 合格揭示278 qualitative aspects of errors 错误的性质上的方面279 random selection 随机选择280 reasonable assurance 合理保证281 reassessing sampling risk 再评价抽样风险282 reliability 可靠性283 remuneration 报酬284 report to management 对经营的报告285 reporting 报告286 research and development costs 研究和开发成本287 reservation of title 保留288 reserves 准备,储备289 revenue and capital expenditure 岁入和资本支出290 review 评论291 review and capital expenditure 评论和资本支出292 review 评论293 review engagement 复阅债务294 rights 认股权295 rights and obligations 认股权和待付款296 rights to information 对信息的认股权297 risk and materiality 风险和重要性298 risk-based approach 以风险为基础的方式299 romalpa case romalpa 个案300 rotation of auditor appointments 审计(查帐)员任命的循环301 rules of professional conduct 职业道德守则302 sales cut-off 销售截止303 sales system 销售(货)制度304 sales tax 销售税,营业税305 sales 销售,销货306 sample size 样本量307 sampling risk 抽样风险308 sampling units 抽样单位309 schedule of unadjusted errors 未调整的错误表310 scope and objectives of internal audit 内部核数的范围和目标311 segregation of duties 职责划分312 service organization 服务组织313 significant fluctuations or unexpectedrelationships可重视的 (市价)波动或不能预料的亲属关系314 small entity 小的个体315 smaller entities 比较小的个体316 sole traders 个体营业者317 sources of knowledge 知识的根源318 specimen letter on internal control 内部控制上的样本证书319 stakeholders 赌款保存人320 standardised working papers 标准化工作文件321 statement 1:integrity,objectivity andindependence声明 1: 完整，客观性和独立322 statement 2:the professional duty of confidence 声明 2: 信任的职业责任323 statement 3: advertising ,publicity andobtaining professional work声明 3: 广告法(学) ，宣传和获得专业性工作324 statement 5:changes in professionalappointment声明 5: 在职业上的任命中的改变325 statistical sampling 统计抽样326 statutory audit 法定审计327 statutory books 法定卷册328 statutory duty 法定责任329 stewardship 总管的职务330 strategic plan 战略性计划331 stratification 分层332 subsequent events 期后事项333 substantive procedures 实词程序过程334 substantive tests 实质性测试335 sufficient appropriate audit evidence 充分的适当审计证据336 summarising errors summarising 错误337 sundry accruals 杂的应计项目338 supervision 监督339 supervisory and monitoring roles 监督的和检验角色340 suppliers' statements 供应商的声明341 system and internal controls 系统和内部的控制342 systematic selection 系统选择法343 systems-based approach 以系统为基础的方式344 tangible non-current assets 有形的非流动资产345 tendering 投标,清偿346 terms of the engagement 债务的条件347 tests of control 控制的证人348 the AGM 周年大会349 the board 委员会350 three Es 三 Es351 timing 定时352 tolerable error 可容忍误差353 trade accounts payable and purchases 贸易应付帐款和买354 trade accounts payable listing 贸易应付帐款挂牌355 training 培训356 treasury 国库,库房357 TRUE 真实358 turnbull committee turnbull 委员会359 ultra vires 越权360 uncertainty 不确定性361 undue dependence 未到(支付)期的未决362 unqualified audit report 无条件的审计报告363 unqualified report 无条件的报告364 using the knowledge 使用知识365 using the work of an expert 使用专家的工作366 valuation 计价，估价367 value for money 现金(交易)价格368 voluntary disclosure 自愿披露369 wages and salaries 工资，薪金370 wages system 工资系统371 work in progress 在产品372 working papers 工作底稿。
CHAPTER10 《会计英语》
Unit 1 An Overview of Auditing
➢ TYPES OF AUDITS. ➢Operational Audits. ➢An operational audit is a review of any part of an organization's operating procedures and methods for the purpose of evaluating efficiency and effectiveness.
Unit 2 Audit Process
➢ AUDIT OBJECTIVES.
➢There are eight audit objectives:
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Unit 1 An Overview of Auditing
➢DEFINITION OF AUDITING.
Quantifiable Information and Established Criteria. Economic Entity.
Accumulating and Evaluating Evidence. Competent, Independent Person. Reporting.
Special Terms
3. recommendations to management 管理建议书,指审计人员在完成审计 后,就企业内部控制等方面存在的缺陷以书面形式向被审计单位管理当局所提交 的报告。如果提供的是经营审计服务,管理建议书是必不可少的,即使是财务报 表审计,注册会计师一般也要向管理当局提交一份管理建议书。
考前抱佛脚 ACCA F8 AA Audit and Assurance (AA)简答题练习
考前抱佛脚| ACCA F8 AA Audit and Assurance (AA)简答题练习PS：答案由考官答案整理。
1.2014 Dec Q3 (a) 4m benefits Audit committee Appointing an audit committee will benefit Bluebird in the following ways: –Bluebird does not currently have any non-executive directors, hence once appointed, they will bring considerable external experience to the board as well as challenging the decisions of executive directors and contributing to independent judgements. –The finance director will benefit in that he will be able to raise concerns and discuss accounting issues with the audit committee.– It will help to improve the quality of the financial reporting of Bluebird; whilst the company already has a finance director, the audit committee will assist by reviewing the financial statements. –The establishment of an audit committee can help to improve the internal control environment of the company. The audit committee is able to devote more time and attention to areas such as internal controls. –The audit committee will assume responsibility for appointing and liaising with the external audit firm, thusensuring the independence of the external auditor especially in cases of dispute with management.2.2014 Dec Q3 (b) 6m Factors to consider when appointing NEDAdvantages：(i) Antony Goldfinch already has experience of being a NED for another company and he has sat on an audit committee, hence he will be familiar with what the role entails and will be able to bring experience of being a NED to Bluebird.In addition, Antony Goldfinch has indicated he is agreeable to being paid a fixed fee which is not profit related; this is important as an independent NED’s remuneration should be unrelated to the performance of the company. (ii) Jacob Mallard is currently a finance director and so he possesses recent and relevant financial experience which is required for at least one member of the audit committee.In addition, he operates in the retail industry and so would be aware of key issues facing companies like Bluebird and so would have an appropriate mix of experience and knowledgeDisadvantages：(i) Appointing Antony Goldfinch as a NED has disadvantages as he works for a banking company and so would not have relevant experience of companies such as Bluebird; hence he could lack the critical skills and relevant experience needed to provide meaningful advice to the executive directors.In addition, Antony Goldfinch is already an executive director for a large multinational company and a NED for another company; it might be difficult for him to devotesufficient time to his role at Bluebird. (ii) Jacob Mallard is the brother of the chief executive and therefore he is not an independent NED. He might be inclined to agree with the chief executive as he is his brother rather than providing the level of objective judgement required from a NED.Also he wants a contract as a NED for a period of seven years; all directors including NEDs must be subject to re-election at regular intervals not exceeding three years.3.2013 June Q1 (a) 5m why communication is importance/ three mattersIn accordance with ISA 260 Communication with Those Charged with Governance, it is important for the auditors to report to those charged with governance as it helps in the following ways: (1) It assists the auditor and those charged with governance in understanding matters related to the audit, and in developing a constructive working relationship. This relationship is developed while maintaining the auditor’s independence and objectivity.(2) It helps the auditor in obtaining, from those charged with governance, information relevant to the audit. For example, those charged with governance may assist the auditor in understanding the entity and its environment, in identifying appropriate sources of audit evidence and in providing information about specific transactions or events.(3) It helps those charged with governance in fulfilling their responsibility to oversee the financial reporting process,thereby reducing the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements.4.2012 Dec Q2 (a) 3m State THREE rights of an auditor Auditors’ rights –Right of access at all times to the company’s books, accounts and vouchers. –Right to require from an officer of the company such information or explanations as they think necessary for the performance of their duties as auditors. –Right to receive all communications relating to written resolutions.– Right to attend any general meeting of the company.5.2012 Dec Q2 (c) 3m THREE limitations of external audits. Limitations of external auditsSampling – it is not practical for an auditor to test 100% of transactions and so they have to apply sampling methodologies in selecting balances/transactions to test. Therefore, there could be an error in an item not selected for testing by the auditor.Subjectivity –financial statements include judgemental and subjective areas and therefore the auditor is required to use their judgement in assessing whether the financial statements are true and fair.Audit report format –the format of the opinion is determined by International Standards on Auditing. However, the terminology术语used is not usually understood by non-accountants. This means that users may not actually understand the audit opinion given.Historic information –the audit report is often issued some time after the year end, and so the financial information can be quite different to the current position. In the current marketplace where companies’ financial positions can change quite quickly, the audit opinion may no longer be relevant as it is out of date.6.2013 June Q5 (a) 5m Elements of an assurance serviceThree separate parties:–The intended user who is the person who requires the assurance report. –The responsible party, which is the organisation responsible for preparing the subject matter to be reviewed. –The practitioner (i.e. an accountant) who is the professional who will review the subject matter and provide the assurance.A second element is a suitable subject matter. The subject matter is the data that the responsible party has prepared and which requires verification. Suitable criteria are required in an assurance engagement. The subject matter is compared to the criteria in order for it to be assessed and an opinion provided. Sufficient appropriate evidence has to be obtained by the practitioner in order to give the required level of assurance. An assurance report is the opinion that is given by the practitioner to the intended user and the responsible party.7.2012 Dec Q4 (a) 5m Five fundamental principles Fundamental principles Integrity –to be straightforward and honest in allprofessional and business relationships. Objectivity –to not allow bias, conflict of interest or undue influence of others to override professional or business judgements.Professional Competence and Due Care –to maintain professional knowledge and skill at the level required to ensure that a client receives competent professional services, and to act diligently勤奋地and in accordance with applicable technical and professional standards. Confidentiality –to respect the confidentiality of information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships and, therefore, not to disclose any such information to third parties without proper authority, nor use the information for personal advantage. Professional Behaviour –to comply with relevant laws and regulations and avoid any action that discredits the profession.8. 2013 June Q2 (a) 5m –five independence ethical threats(i) Self-interest– Contingent fee arrangements.– Close personal or business relationships.(ii) Self-review– Member of assurance team being or recently having been employed by the client in a position to influence the subject matter being reviewed. –Involvement in implementation of financial system and subsequently reporting on the operation of said system. (iii) Advocacy – Acting as an advocate on behalf of a client in litigation ordisputes.– Promoting shares in a listed audit client.(iv) Familiarity – Long association with a client.– Former partner of firm being employed by client.(v) Intimidation–Threat of removal as assurance firm. –Threat of not being awarded non-audit engagements if disagree with directors’ accounting treatment.9.2012 Dec Q3 (c) 5m Factors to consider before establishing an internal audit department–The costs of establishing an IA department will be significant, therefore prior to committing to these costs and management time, a cost benefit analysis should be performed.– The size and complexity of Sunflower should be considered. The larger, more complex and diverse a company is, then the greater the need for an IA department. At Sunflower there are 25 supermarkets and a head office and therefore it would seem that the company is diverse enough to gain benefit from an IA department.– The role of any IA department should be considered. The finance director should consider what tasks he would envisage IA performing. He should consider whether he wishes them to undertake inventory counts at the stores, or whether he would want them to undertake such roles as internal controls reviews. – Having identified the role of any IA department, the finance director should consider whether there are existing managers oremployees who could perform these tasks, therefore reducing the need to establish a separate IA department– The finance director should assess the current control environment and determine whether there are departments or stores with a history of control deficiencies. If this is the case, then it increases the need for an IA department.10. 2013 June Q4 (b)(c) 10m How IA prevent fraud/ limitation of establish and maintain an IA(b) Preventing and detecting fraud and error The directors of Bush-Baby Hotels Co (Bush-Baby) are responsible for the prevention and detection of fraud and error.However, the new internal audit department can help the directors by assessing the main areas of fraud risk, assessing the adequacy and effectiveness of control systems and helping to develop controls to mitigate key risks. Having developed the controls, they can undertake regular reviews of compliance by each hotel of these controls. Where non-compliance is identified, they can instigate further training if necessary or report suspected frauds to senior management. Where fraud is suspected, the internal audit department can undertake a detailed fraud investigation to identify who is involved, likely sums stolen and gather evidence for any subsequent police investigation.(c) Limitations of establishing and maintaining an internal audit department The internal auditors of Bush-Baby will be employees of the company and so this can impair their independence, as theymay not report issues to those charged with governance for fear of losing their job. Although some internal auditors are professionally qualified, there is no requirement to be qualified, as there is for external auditors. Hence, there may be gaps in the experience and technical knowledge of the internal audit department.The cost of establishing an internal audit department can be significant; hence prior to recruiting a team, the management of Bush-Baby should consider carefully the roles the team can perform and whether this will generate sufficient value for money. As Bush-Baby has not previously had any form of internal audit, there may be some resistance from employees of the company. They may be uncomfortable with the idea of their work being reviewed, especially if the first role of the department is to undertake fraud investigations.11.2012 Dec Q3 (a) 5m List FIVE sources of information that would be of use in gaining an understanding of the audit client and for each source describe what you would expect to obtain– Prior year audit file:Identification of issues that arose in the prior year audit and how these were resolved. Also whether any points brought forward were noted for consideration for this year’s audit.– Prior year financial statements:Provides information in relation to the size of the entity as well as the key accounting policies and disclosure notes.– Discussions with management:Provides information in relation to any important issues which have arisen or changes to the company during the year– Accounting systems notes:Provides information on how each of the key accounting systems operates.– Permanent audit file:Provides information in relation to matters of continuing importance for the company and the audit team, such as statutory books information or important agreements.12.2014 Dec Q1(a) 5m importance of audit planning Importance of audit planning –It helps the auditor to devote appropriate attention to important areas of the audit. –It helps the auditor to identify and resolve potential problems on a timely basis. –It helps the auditor to properly organise and manage the audit engagement so that it is performed in an effective and efficient manner. –It facilitates the direction and supervision of engagement team members and the review of their work. –It assists, where applicable, in the coordination of work done by experts.13.2013 June Q3 (a) 5m explain “materiality and performance materiality”– Auditors need to establish the materiality level for the financial statements as a whole, as well as assessperformance materiality levels, which are lower than the overall materiality.– Materiality is defined in ISA 320 as follows: ‘Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.’– First the auditor must consider both the amount (quantity) and the nature (quality) of any misstatements, or a combination of both– As per ISA 320, materiality is often calculated using benchmarkssuch as 5% of profit before tax or 1% of total revenue or total expenses.– In calculating materiality, the auditor should also set the performance materiality level. Performance materiality is normally set at a level lower than overall materiality. It is used for testing individual transactions, account balances and disclosures.– The aim of performance materiality is to reduce the risk that the total of errors in balances, transactions and disclosures does not in total exceed overall materiality14. 2012 Dec Q1(c) 12m FOUR audit procedures using CAAT on inventory and using CAAT’s advantage and disadvantageComputer-assisted audit techniques (CAATS) (i) Audit procedures using CAATS– The audit team can use audit software to calculate inventory days for the year-to-date to compare against theprior year to identify whether inventory is turning over slower, as this may be an indication that it is overvalued.– Audit software can be used d to produce an aged inventory analysis to identify any slow moving goods, which may require write down or an allowance.– Cast the inventory listing to confirm the completeness and accuracy of inventory– Audit software can be utilised to recalculate cost and net realisable value for a sample of inventory.(ii) Advantages of using CAATS–CAATs enable the audit team to test a large volume of inventory data accurately and quickly.–CAATs can test program controls within the inventory system as well as general IT controls, such as passwords.–CAATs reduce the level of human error in testing and hence provide a better quality of audit evidence.–CAATs results can be compared with traditional audit testing; if these two sources agree, then overall audit confidence will increase.(iii) Disadvantages of using CAATS–The cost of using CAATs in this first year will be high as there will be significant set up costs, it will also be a time-consuming process which increases costs.–As this is the first time that CAATs will be used on Lily’s audit, then the team may require training on the specific CAATs to be utilised.– If testing is performed over the live inventory system, then there is a risk that the data could be corrupted or lost.–The inventory system may not be compatible with the audit firm’s CAATs, in which case bespoke定做的 CAATs may be required, which will increase the audit costs.15.2013 June Q1 (c) 4m FOUR application controls Document counts –the number of invoices to be input are counted, the invoices are then entered one by one, at the end the number of invoices input is checked against the document count. This helps to ensure completeness of input. Existence checks –the system is set up so that certain key data must be entered, such as supplier name, otherwise the invoice is rejected. This helps to ensure accuracy of input. One for one checking – the invoices entered into the system are manually agreed back one by one to the original purchase invoices. This helps to ensure completeness and accuracy of input.Review of output to expected value –an independent assessment is made of the value of purchase invoices to be input, this is the expected value. The invoices are input and the total value of invoices is compared to the expected value. This helps to ensure completeness of input.16. 2014 Dec Q6 (a) 5m ISA 620 using the work of an expertReliance on the work of an independent valuer –ISA 500 Audit Evidence requires auditors to evaluate the competence, capabilities including expertise and objectivity of a management expert. –This would include consideration of the qualifications ofthe valuer and assessment of whether they were members of any professional body or industry association.–The expert’s independence should be ascertained, with potential threats such asundue reliance on Jackdaw or a self-interest threat such as share ownership considered. –In addition, Puffin & Co should meet with the expert and discuss with them their relevant expertise, in particular whether they have valued similar land and buildings to those of Jackdaw Motor Cars Co (Jackdaw) in the past.–Puffin & Co should also consider whether the valuer understands the accounting requirements of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment in relation to valuations. –The valuation should then be evaluated. The assumptions used should be carefully reviewed and compared to previous revaluations at Jackdaw. These assumptions should be discussed with both management and the valuer to understand the basis of any valuations.17. 2013 June Q2 (b) 3m the responsibilities of auditors and management related to going concernManagement have a responsibility under IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements to undertake an assessment of the company’s ability to continue as a going concern and to make appropriate disclosures with regards to going concern. In accordance with ISA 570 Going Concern, the auditor’s responsibility is to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of the financial statements by undertaking appropriate substantiveprocedures.The auditor should consider whether the period of management’s going concern assessment is adequate. The assessment needs to cover a period of no less than 12 months from the date of the financial statements. In addition, the auditor should conclude whether there is a material uncertainty about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and consider the reporting implications.。
ACCA F8 AA Audit and Assurance (AA) Internal control related cases习题讲解(一)
F8 Internal control related cases习题讲解（一）这两天我们来复习一下F8中的Internal control related cases。
今天先讲Sale cycle和Purchase cycle的两道题。
另外，备考期间想和阿吉一起学习的朋友可以点击阅读原文去到我的学习直播室，或者点击公众号菜单栏前往直播室~虽然阿吉6月不考ACCA，但是我还是会把往期的笔记再发一下，也希望大家一起去直播室互相监督学习！粉红底色短语/句子为高频积累Sale cycle2016 Sep Q16 (b)Control deficiency和Control recommendations要分两栏写，再次强调建议的针对性和具体性！！切忌假大空的套话。
•D: New customers’ creditworthiness is assessed by sales staff who have sales targets, and hence may suggest that new customers are creditworthy simply to meet their targets. This could result in sales being made to poor credit risks.R: New customers should complete a credit application which should be checked through a credit agency with a credit limit set. Once authorised by the sales director, the limit should be entered into the system by a credit controller.•D:Sales staff have discretion to grant sales discounts to customers of up to 10%. This could result in a loss of revenue as they may award unrealistic discounts simply to meet sales targets. The discounts granted by sales staff are not being reviewed and could result in unauthorised discounts allowed. （题目中出现和销售/利润挂钩的绩效方式时都要注意一下）R: All discounts to be granted to customers should be authorised in advance by a responsible official, such as the sales director. If not practical, then the supervisor of the sales staff should undertake this role.•D: There is no inventory level check at the time the order is placed. In addition, Heraklion Co markets itself on being able to despatch all orders within three working days. There is a risk that where goods are not available, the customer would no made aware of this prior to placing their order, leading to unfulfilled orders and customer dissatisfaction, which would impact the company’s reputation.（销售和采购循环里都经常出现忘记inventory level check 的情况）R: Prior to the salesperson finalising the order, the inventory system should be checked in order for an accurate assessment of the availability of goods to be notified to customers.•D: Customer orders are recorded on a two-part pre-printed form, one copy is left with the customer and one with the sales person.（记住是四联！！很多情况下会漏掉几联）R: The order form should be amended to be at least four-part. The third part of the order should be sent to the warehouse department and the fourth part sent to the finance department.•D: Customer orders are given a number based on the sales person’s own identification (ID) number. These numbers are not sequential. Without sequential numbers, it is difficult for Heraklion Co to identify missing orders and to monitor if all orders are being despatched in a timely manner, leading to a loss of customer goodwill. （这个也是经常出现的错误，记得要sequentially numbered+ sequence check）R: Sales orders should be sequentially numbered. On a regular basis, a sequence check of orders should be undertaken to identify any missing orders.•D: Sequentially numbered goods despatched notes (GDNs) are completed and filed by the warehouse department. If the finance department does not receive a copy of these GDNs, they will not know when to raise the related sales invoices. This could result in goods being despatched but not being invoiced, leading to a loss of revenue. （GDN也要记得是四联！！）R: Upon despatch of goods, a four-part GDN should be completed, with copies to the customer, warehouse department, sales department and finance department. Once the GDN is matched to the fourth part of the sales order form, a clerk should raise the sales invoices in a timely manner, confirming all detailsto the GDN and order.•D: The sales person is given responsibility to chasecustomers directly for payment once an invoice isoutstanding for 90 days. This is considerably in excess of the company’s credit terms of 30 days which will lead to poorcash flow.R: A credit controller should be appointed and it should be their role, rather than the salesperson, to chase any outstanding sales invoices which are more than 30 days old.Purchase cycle2015 June Q4•D: Requisition forms are completed by productionsupervisors but are not authorised. This increases the risk of fraudulent purchases, or of goods being ordered which are not required, leading to unnecessary cash outflows.R: Requisition forms should be authorised by the productionmanager or director prior to being sent to the purchase ordering department. This department should not process anyunauthorised requisitions.•D: Orders are being placed for goods without the inventory levels being checked first. This could result in goods being ordered which are not required, leading to unnecessary cash outflows.R: The inventory system should be updated to record the required levels of raw materials. When completing the purchase order, the ordering clerk should check the current level of inventory on the system first.•D: The purchase ordering department maintains an approved supplier list; however, this has not been updated for 24 months. As this list has not been recently updated, the suppliers being used may not be ideal with regards to price, quality and delivery times. （忘记更新了也是一种常见问题）R: The approved supplier list should be reviewed and updated as necessary. Going forward, it should be updated regularly, at least on an annual basis.•D: Purchase invoices are manually filed by the purchase ledger clerk and only updated to the ledger on a weekly basis. Until the invoices are input into the system, there is a risk that they may be misplaced and not entered. This would result in an understatement of trade payables and Cherry failing to make payment to the suppliers on time.R: The purchase ledger clerk should record the invoices in the ledger on a daily rather than weekly basis.•D: Purchase invoices are not sequentially numbered. Failing to sequentially number them means that Cherry’s fi nance department are unable to monitor if all invoices have been completely recorded; this could result in a failure to make payment to a supplier on time.R: All purchase invoices should be sequentially numbered and ona regular basis a sequence check of unrecorded invoices shouldbe performed.今日背诵：purchase cycle的实质性测试方法：完整性：总数核对cast purchase day book，agree the total to purchase account in GL and financial statement / 实物到账select sample from requisition form，trace to PO/GRN/PI，to ensure it is included in the purchase day book；发生性：select sample from purchase day book，trace to PO/GRN/PI and requisition form；准确性：compare purchase Ledger to purchase invoice；截止性cut off：select sample from both pre and post year end GRN, trace to original purchase invoice，to ensure they are included in correct accounting period。
成绩单-四川师范大学-专科-商学院-竖版9列
Medium
2.0
46
16-17(1)
094023
Marketing
Subject specialized – Major core (Required)
3.0
85
3.7
47
16-17(1)
094106
Financial Markets
Subject specialized – Major core (Required)
1.0
65
1.5
2
14-15(1)
151001
Ideological and Moral Cultivation and Fundamentals of Law
General education – Required
3.0
81
3.0
3
14-15(1)
231001
Information Retrieval
3.0
16
14-15(2)
094007
Money and Banking
Subject specialized – Subject basic (Required)
3.0
79
3.0
17
14-15(2)
094122
Economics 1
Subject specialized – Subject basic (Required)
General education – Required
4.0
90
4.0
6
14-15(1)
094013
Management
Subject specialized – Subject basic (Required)
f8记忆要点
F8各科目记忆要点一、采购环节的control objective(pqr2qtafe)1.确保采购品的价格有竞争力，质量不错2.确保采购产品确实是公司required的3.确保收到货物质量和数量与采购单一致4.确保订购的货物按时收到5.确保所有采购交易正确record6.确保所有支付authorised且无error and fraud二、销售环节的控制目标(Odct2qii0)1.确保订单只有在goods are available to be processed for customers时接受2.确保销售折扣给予valid客户3.确保货物不要给poor credit客户4.确保货物按时发货5.确保发货的货物数量质量正确6.确保发票正确7.确保income的完整性8.确保订单记录正确三、销售环节的实质性审查程序1.把今年的总收入与去年和预算比较，investigate any 重大波动。
2.Obtain schedule of sales（销售明细），与去年比。
3.计算毛利率，与去年比比4.Select a sample of trade customer orders, and agree these to GDN和销售发票，确保收入的完整性。
5.选择一张大客户的发票，算下折扣，确保accuracy.6.选择年前和年后的GDN，agree these to 销售发票，确保cut off has been correctly applied.7.选择一张credit note raised,确保invoice 正确的移除了四、采购环节的实质性审查程序1.把今年的采购与去年和预算比较，investigate any 重大波动。
2.采购明细与去年比。
3.计算毛利率，与去年比比4.Select a sample of purchase, and agree these to GRN和发票，确保完整性。
f8transcript
Examiner’s Approach Interview: F8 - Audit and AssuranceInterviewer:Welcome to the F8 Examiner’s Approach interview.The following is an Examiner’s Approach interview for Paper F8,Audit and Assurance.The content of this interview has been prepared by the examiner,working with the Qualifications team at ACCA, and is presented byactors representing an interviewer and the examiner in discussion.For more detail on the examiner’s approach, please see the articleproduced by the examiner in the March 2007 archive edition ofstudent accountant. In addition, the F8 examiner has written twofurther articles which will be very important when preparing for theexam. One is aimed at students, entitled “How to pass F8” andappears in the April 2008 edition of student accountant. The otheris written for tutors, and is entitled “How to teach F8”; thisappears in the May 2008 edition of teach accounting.The examiner is Alan Lewin. He is a qualified accountant andaudit practitioner, who has previous experience of working in anumber of large and medium sized, UK based accounting andaudit firms.More recently Alan has become a prominent CPD lecturer.Alan was formerly the 2.6, Audit and assurance examiner. He hasapproximately 15 years examining experience – now with ACCA,and formerly with CIMA.I suppose it would be most appropriate to start off by asking whereF8 fits within the overall structure of the ACCA Qualification.Examiner:F8 is one of the six Skills module subjects which comprehensively cover the main technical areas that any accountant, regardless oftheir future career aspirations, is expected to have mastered. Thesecomprise law, performance management, taxation, financialreporting, auditing and financial management.All Skills module exams are three-hours long and make use of arange of assessment methods such as short-answer questions,extended computational exercises, essays, scenarios and casestudies.Interviewer:How does F8 link with other papers, or other components, of the ACCA Qualification?Examiner:F8 expects students to use accounting knowledge obtained in F3, Financial Accounting.Corporate governance and the requirement for company auditorsare first introduced in F4, Corporate and Business Law and arebuilt on in F8, while the knowledge is further developed in P7,Advanced Audit and Assurance.The knowledge and capabilities acquired in F8 will also be appliedin P1, Professional Accountant; in particular the areas ofgovernance and ethics.Finally, all knowledge and capabilities acquired in F8 will beapplied in context within the Practical Experience Requirements.More information on Practical Experience Requirements can befound on the ACCA website.Interviewer:What is the overall concept or theme for F8 as a paper?Examiner:F8 is about introducing the student to the regulatory framework governing the practice and process of auditing and assurance –both external and internal. It is also about exploring the purpose,scope and processes of audit and assurance. F8 is concerned withboth statutory and internal audit.The paper covers the importance of the audit function in assuringstakeholders – usually shareholders from the external perspective –that their fiduciary interests are being safeguarded; that adequatecontrols exist to verify this and that business performance isreported in a proper and transparent manner.F8 is, therefore, concerned with exploring how auditors act asscrutinisers of the management and directors of companies, whothemselves act as stewards or agents on behalf of shareholders. Interviewer:What are the other broad themes which run through the syllabus?Examiner:Well, as previously mentioned, F8 examines the scrutiny of agency relationships, and how audit gives assurance to the main principalstherein. There are four main themes.The first theme is about understanding why an audit andassurance function is necessary in business.The second theme explores how audit is governed by law andregulation, to help ensure it is a robust and reliable process.The third theme looks at differences in aims and scope betweeninternal and external audit. It also examines how scrutiny andassurance differs between the two – both in terms of the process,controls and investigations involved, and also in the reportingstructure and accountability. This is the broadest theme; exploringthe functions, techniques and audit processes, plus the evidencerequired for these.The final theme is around how auditors come to their conclusions.It covers the review function, and how audit reports should beprepared and presented.Interviewer:The syllabus for F8 is structured into seven main sections. Can you briefly explain the main content of these syllabus sections?Examiner:The first syllabus section covers several areas: The concept, scope and objectives of audit; the audit framework and regulation –including corporate governance – and the ethical dimensionunderpinning the process.Section B is about internal audit, and the controls and governancenecessary to assure compliance.Section C covers the planning of an audit and making riskassessments to prevent fraud within business. It also examinesanalytical procedures, audit documentation and the work of others.Section D is about internal control and transaction cycles; includingthe specific tests of control required, how they are evaluated andhow the findings are communicated.Section E looks at all forms of audit evidence, such as transactionsand systems sampling, and the use of relevant computer assistedaudit techniques.Sections F and G cover the conclusion of an audit engagement andhow all evidence is reviewed and reported to management. Interviewer:Thank you. Can you tell us how the exam itself is structured?Examiner:First of all it is worth noting that, as F8 is a Fundamentals paper, all students who do not hold an exemption for prior learning mustsit this exam.As with all papers within the Skills module, the writing time forthis exam is three hours.All ACCA three hour papers have 15 minutes reading and planningtime, within which students can read the paper and understandthe requirements. An article explaining how this time should beproductively used has been published in the August 2007 editionof student accountant.Interviewer:Can students do anything else in reading and planning time?Examiner:Yes. They can also make notes and plan answers, but this may only be done on the question paper and not on the answer booklet.The answer booklet cannot be used until the exam begins. Interviewer:What kind of questions will appear in the exam?Examiner:The bulk of the questions will be discursive, but some questions involving computational elements will be set from time to time.Interviewer:So, how many questions are there in the exam and what choice, if any, exists?Examiner:As with other papers at the Fundamentals level, this exam has all compulsory questions. F8 contains 5 questions, all of which mustbe answered.The first question is worth 30 marks, and will be a scenario-basedquestion on audit procedures. The second question is worth 10marks. This will be a knowledge-based question. The remainingthree are each worth 20 marks.Remember, the student must answer all questions. For moreinformation about the exam itself and how it is structured pleaserefer to the pilot paper and the past exam papers available on theACCA website.Interviewer:Thanks for explaining all that. What are the key features of F8?Examiner:First of all, it is worth noting that the paper is designed to bepractical in application. Given that it is the only compulsoryauditing paper in the syllabus, it also aims to ensure thatcandidates who pass this paper understand the basics of an audit.Interviewer: How should students deal with a requirement that asks thecandidate to do something AND something else?Examiner:In this paper, it is quite usual to ask the candidate to do something ‘and’ something else. For example, a question might askcandidates to “State the additional audit procedures and theactions you should now take in respect of the above matter”.The candidate will have to use their judgement to decide howmuch effort to devote to each aspect. In doing this, it helps to beaware of the meaning of the requirement verbs.Interviewer:In other words you are saying that students should be aware of cognitive level when answering questions?Examiner:Yes, this is very important. As I mentioned earlier, I have written articles for student accountant and teach accounting, respectivelyentitled “How to pass auditing” and “How to teach auditing”.These articles include a list of the typical verbs used in the F8exam and the marks that would normally be allocated to that partof a requirement.It is very important to be familiar with this list. It is my experiencethat not understanding the use of a requirement verb is a keyreason why students do not pass. For example, they write toomuch when asked to “list” and too little when asked to “explain” or“discuss”.Interviewer:Why is there no choice offered at the Fundamentals level?Examiner:The reason that all questions are compulsory at the Fundamentals level is because, as the name of the Level implies, all subject areasand main capabilities within these syllabuses are ‘fundamental’ tohaving a sound grasp of, and technical proficiency in, all thesesubject areas. This ensures that members are capable in all themainstream accounting disciplines before admission tomembership. It also ensures that the Professional level subjectsare properly underpinned, which allows a full and free choice ofOptions papers for students to specialise in.Interviewer:Are any ethical issues introduced in this paper?Examiner:Yes, students are expected to gain a good understanding ofProfessional ethics and ACCA’s Code of Ethics and Conduct in thispaper, as referred to in the study guide. In the exam, they may beasked to examine the ethical dimensions of an audit situation.Interviewer:Can you tell us why it is important to practise exam style questions before the exam?Examiner:Certainly. Lack of examination practice clearly shows through in a significant number of scripts, where it appears that candidateshave not attempted any mock examinations prior to the “real”examination.Poor examination technique is demonstrated by:•Answering questions in a random sequence (for example. 1a, 3b,2c)•Spending far too much time on the first question, leaving too littleor no time for the last answer•Not writing in the required style (for example providing theanswer in one long paragraph rather than splitting the answer upinto individual points)•Focusing on theory only with no attempt at all to use the scenarioA key reason why students fail is because they show a significantlack of understanding when answering questions on auditprocedures and the audit process. For example, where a questionasks for audit procedures to be listed and explained, a typicalanswer is “check the ledger” – providing no indication of whichledger will be “checked” or what the ledger is being checked for. Itis important to be precise. Students will become accustomed togenerating appropriate audit procedures by carrying out lots ofquestion practice. They cannot simply learn a list of procedures.Remember, answers must be tailored to the scenario given. Interviewer:What do you think needs to be included in a pass standard script?Examiner:I am looking for students to apply their knowledge andunderstanding to the case or scenario provided, where this isrequired. Students should not answer a scenario question withoutreference to the information contained in the scenario. Be positive;apply yourself to the scenario and express an opinion usingevidence from the scenario to support this opinion.Another thing I would look for is good presentation. It helps when ascript is well presented, with appropriate use being made ofparagraphs, sentences and table formats where needed. Also,students should always begin each new question on a fresh page,as instructed.Interviewer:So what would you say are the keys to success?Examiner:I have noticed that most students who pass, have attempted all questions! Certain sections may not be answered well, but a fewmarks are generally obtained from a valid attempt; No marks canbe awarded if the question is not attempted at all.It also helps if students tackle the 30 mark scenario question earlyon in the exam, rather than leaving it until the end, when they maybe tight on time.In addition, a very good knowledge of auditing, and the ability toapply that knowledge to the question, clearly and succinctly iscritical. Having said that, there are always 10 marks available forpure knowledge in question 2 and I expect most students who passthe exam will be capable of getting 8-10 marks on this question.It is also important that students know what constitutes an auditprocedure. If students look back at past papers I have written,both for F8 and formerly for 2.6, what I am looking for by way of aprocedure is demonstrated. It is essential for a student to be clearabout what they are doing, why they are doing it and what it willachieve for them in audit terms. This is a skill that very muchimproves with practice.Interviewer:What do you believe to be the main potential pitfalls in the F8 exam?Examiner:Students not learning the basic knowledge correctly, and therefore being unable to apply it to a given scenario, is clearly a potentialpitfall. For example, some students describe completeness as“agreeing details in ledgers back to source documents”, rather than“agreeing source documents to the ledgers”.A specific example is students who do not have a clearunderstanding of the sequence of operations in processingdocuments. This was particularly apparent in the December 2007sitting with regard to the process involving Goods Received Notes(GRN).Interviewer:Is there other information about student performance which may help students prepare for exams?Examiner:After each examination session, all ACCA examiners are required to produce an exam report. These reports highlight key issues arisingin the last exam and focus on where students performedparticularly well or badly. These are published in February andAugust, and can be found under paper resources on the website.In addition, after each exam session has been completed, the examreview board meets. This is a board consisting of ACCA internalEducation staff and six representative members of the approvedlearning partner community. Minutes from this board summarisethe comments made by tuition provider representatives, reportsurvey results about the exams from student questionnaires anddetail the responses from ACCA staff. Again, this information isavailable on the ACCA website.Interviewer:And finally, do you have any concluding advice about the F8examination paper?Examiner:First, students must always read the question as carefully as they can, identifying clearly the instructional verbs contained withineach requirement.Secondly, it is important to properly understand the requirements,assessing how much the examiner is really looking for in eachquestion part, being fully aware of the marks available for eachrequirement.Finally, don’t forget that answers given should relate to thequestion actually asked, not the one that a candidate would haveliked to answer!Interviewer:Thank you very much for sharing your insight into this exam paper.I’m sure it has given students and tutors lots of useful information.you.Examiner: Thank。
ACCA F阶段知识整理
ACCA F阶段知识整理ACCA考试科目一共有13门，其中F阶段考试科目一共占了9门课程，其中的重要性不言而喻，那么F阶段和P阶段有什么关联呢?P阶段应该如何选择呢?带着这些疑问一起和高顿ACCA来看看吧。
给大家整理了一套电子版ACCA备考资料，里面有很多ACCA考试资料可供大家选择。
而且在对于上班族来说，电子版的也很适合在地铁上查阅：电子版ACCA 备考资料F1 Accountant in Business这一门倾向于管理方面，课程难度不大，很多常识性的知识点，但是毕竟是ACCA第一门考试，所以刚开始大多数同学都会对很多专业词汇的英文表述不熟悉，加上F1中的知识点比较细碎，因此加大了学习的难度。
建议大家把每章的知识点自己做一个梳理总结，每一章节整理出大框架，可以很好地帮助本科的学习。
F2 Mangement Accounting这一门课是管理会计，课体总体难度不大，差异分析的部分可能有些难度，另外一些财务比率的计算需要掌握，为以后的学习打好基础。
F3 Financial Accounting这一门课是财务会计，属于基础会计学，其中会涉及到会计科目、会计分录、丁字账、试算平衡表等等一系列会计基础知识，对于没有会计基础的同学一开始会觉得一头雾水，但是入了门之后这门课程难度并不算大。
这一门课程是之后F7和P2的学习基础，一定要掌握知识点，同时积累英语专业词汇。
F4 Corporate and Business Law英美法系和大陆体系的不同在于他们使用的是判例法，因此F4中涉及到不同年代各种法律案例，并且有很多专业词汇。
以判例法为主考试难度感觉是在上升，但是通过率在上升F5 Performance Management这门课是管理会计的进阶，对于F2基础打得好的同学拿下这门课应该不在话下。
这门课程总体难度不大，重点在于掌握不同成本法及业绩评价方法的应用。
F6 Taxation这门课90%以上都是计算，是中国考生最拿手的地方。
acca英语词汇书
acca英语词汇书
以下是一些推荐的ACCA英语词汇书：
1. "ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (English): Passcards"
by BPP Learning Media
2. "ACCA F5 Performance Management: Passcards" by BPP Learning Media
3. "ACCA F6 Taxation (UK): Passcards" by BPP Learning Media
4. "ACCA F7 Financial Reporting: Passcards" by BPP Learning Media
5. "ACCA F8 Audit and Assurance: Passcards" by BPP Learning Media
6. "ACCA F9 Financial Management: Passcards" by BPP Learning Media
这些书籍由BPP Learning Media出版，专为ACCA考试编写，旨在帮助考生掌握ACCA的必备英语词汇。
每本书都包含了
大量的ACCA相关词汇和术语，并提供了示例和练习，以帮
助考生巩固所学内容。
无论您是想提升ACCA考试的英语能力，还是想扩展ACCA课程中的词汇知识，这些书籍都是不
错的选择。
请注意，这只是一些建议，您还可以在其他书店或在线市场上寻找其他ACCA英语词汇书的选择。
如何解决F8中的 Subsequent Events难题？
如何解决F8中的 Subsequent Events难题？F8 Audit andAssurance中结合了期后事项的各种审计问题是一个经常性的出题点，由于结合了期后事项的判定以及审计师对于财务报表中的各种审计程序的考察可以任意相结合，而成为了考官眼中的一个考察学生理解F8的常用出题点。
今天学霸通过一个案例分析告诉你应该怎样把握黄金法则来解决subsequent events中的各种难题。
首先，什么是subsequent events呢？IAS10 Subsequent Events是这样定义的：Subsequent events are events occurring betweenthe date of the financial statements and the date of the auditor's report, andfacts that become known to the auditor after the date of the auditor's report.这段话是什么意思呢？它指的是subsequent events是那些发生在报表日和审计日这两个时间点之间发生的所有事项。
如图所示：其次，什么是adjusting/non-adjustingevents呢？先来解释什么是adjusting events.Adjusting events的定义是An event afterthe reporting period that provides further evidence of conditions that existedat the end of the reporting period, including an event that indicates that thegoing concern assumption in relation to the whole or part of the enterprise isnot appropriate.因此，adjusting events的成立有两个条件：它是subsequent events,意即它发生在报表日和审计师出报告日之间。
ACCA课程大纲以及科目分解
ACCA课程大纲以及科目分解1.ACCA课程大纲2.科目详解F1 会计师与企业（AB）了解会计师在企业中的角色和作用，以及企业管理的基本知识。
具体学习公司的架构和管理，内外部环境的影响，会计在内部控制中的作用，个人的管理，沟通及领导能力，以及基本的职业道德准则。
F2 管理会计（MA）学习管理会计的作用，成本的分类和性质，掌握不同类型企业的基本成本的核算方法以及如何做相关的短期决策。
F3 财务会计(FA)了解和理解复式记账财会技术所涉及的基本的原则，概念，规则，包括基础财务报表的准备以及基础综合财政报表的准备和解释（从2011年12月起）。
学习如何处理会计数据，复式记账法的技巧，会计的基本原理和准则，期末的对账和调整方法，以及为个体经营者和合伙企业做简单的财务报表。
F4 公司法和商法（CL）了解法律的框架，学习具体的商业法、劳动法、公司法，合同法，以及企业面对危机时的相关法律和如何寻求法律援助。
F5 绩效管理(PM)学习使用管理会计的技巧来做企业的预算，决策和控制，包括具体的特殊成本计算方法，企业内外部风险的评估和资源的配置，以及如何以财务和非财务的标准来做绩效评估。
F6 税法（TX）了解英国的税收体系。
掌握个人、单个企业、合伙人和集团企业主要税赋的计算，包括个人税、公司税，资本收益税，遗产税，社会保险税和增值税。
F7 财务报告（FR）学习国际会计准则，学习编制较为复杂的单一企业财务报表以及现金流量表，简单的集团财务报表，并学习如何做财务报表分析。
F8 审计与认证业务（AA）学习审计和认证业务的关系，公司的管理和内控，内部审计的职能和作用，以及与外部审计的关系。
了解审计师如何实施审计，具体包括职业道德的遵守，如何准备审计程序，评估审计风险，收集证据，应用审计准则实施审计程序和签发适当的审计报告。
F9 财务管理（FM）学习财务经理决策时面临的问题，主要包括投资、融资和股利发放的决策。
了解财务管理的外部环境，流动资金的管理技巧，投资项目的具体评估，企业财产的估价和相关风险的管理。
ACCA课程详细介绍
F9介绍各种投资分析的工具，资产评估的知识，金融衍生工具等。在这门课风险和收入的正比例关系被强化，我一直反复提醒自己return=risk，说得直白点就是收入越高，风险越大。F9和F7的学习方式差不多，先快速的浏览一遍教材，知道大概的内容，当然，遇到具体题目照样不知道怎么做。看FTC的练习册时，前10道好像用处不大，浏览一下就好了。接着是discount cash flow，这道题的做题模式也比较固定，多做几遍题目就没问题了。但是需要理解各种计算项目可行性的model的优缺点，比如有的没有考虑货币的时间价值，有的没有考虑到更远未来的可能存在的现金流（payback period），但是折现法的discount rate 比较难以估计，以及所有model都存在的对未来现金流的估算可能存在偏差的问题等等。然后是working capital management，个人感觉知识点比较混乱，或者说庞杂吧，看过有印象就行。接着是算capital risk（return=risk），以及评估公司价值，这些都是一脉相承的，一个接一个的看下来吧。刚开始很难以理解，当突然懂时，一下子就会豁然开朗，但是这个过程很痛苦。而且这些model 的计算和适用的方式比较固定，得记住。股票市场的有效性那三种论述，以及一些其他的经济学理论，比如MM理论，都很抽象的东西，啃下来，不行的话就背下来吧。F9对我来说最难的是对冲问题了，那些理论我至今没有弄懂，有很多衍生工具也似懂非懂的，以后得找时间来重新看看。汇率的买卖要十分小心，稍不注意就搞反了。所以建议刚开始就做关于对冲汇率那道题，尽管理论很复杂，但是人家不会考那么深，考题还是很easy的，所以要趁自己头脑还清醒时赶紧拿分。F9计算和论述各占一半吧，我们要习惯跟考官瞎扯，只要能得分就写，能写多少算多少，如果三个小时一直在写，然后还没有做完（做完了当然更好），那过的希望就很大了。
accaf阶段考试顺序
ACCA（特许公认会计师）考试的阶段包括三个主要的考试级别：基础阶段、应用阶段和专业阶段。
以下是一般情况下ACCA 考试阶段的顺序：1. 基础阶段（Fundamentals Level）：- AB（F1）- Accountant in Business- MA（F2）- Management Accounting- FA（F3）- Financial Accounting- LW（F4）- Corporate and Business Law- PM（F5）- Performance Management- TX（F6）- Taxation- FR（F7）- Financial Reporting- AA（F8）- Audit and Assurance- FM（F9）- Financial Management2. 应用阶段（Applied Knowledge and Applied Skills）：在完成基础阶段的所有九门考试后，您将获得ACCA 的知识模块证书（Knowledge Module Certificate）和技能模块证书（Skills Module Certificate）。
接下来，您可以选择应用阶段的考试顺序，选择适合自己的顺序考试。
- SBL（P1）- Strategic Business Leader- SBR（P2）- Strategic Business Reporting- APM（P3）- Advanced Performance Management- ATX（P6）- Advanced Taxation- AAA（P7）- Advanced Audit and Assurance3. 专业阶段（Strategic Professional）：在完成应用阶段的所有考试后，您将获得ACCA 的技能模块证书（Skills Module Certificate）。
接下来是专业阶段的考试，其中包含两门必修考试和两门选修考试：- SBR（P2）- Strategic Business Reporting（如果在应用阶段未选择考试）- SBL（P4）- Strategic Business Leader（如果在应用阶段未选择考试）- Options Modules（从以下选项中选择两门考试）：- AFM（P4）- Advanced Financial Management- APM（P5）- Advanced Performance Management- ATX（P6）- Advanced Taxation- AAA（P7）- Advanced Audit and Assurance请注意，考试的顺序并非固定的，您可以根据自己的需求和兴趣选择适合自己的考试顺序。
ACCA F8 Level of assurance
Level of assuranceThe degree of assurance given by the impartial professional will depend on the nature of the exercise being carried out.'Assurance' here means the auditors' satisfaction as to the reliability of the assertion made by one party for use by another party.Negative assurance is when an auditor gives an assurance that nothing has come to his attention which indicates that the financial statements have not been prepared according to the framework. In other words, he gives his assurance in the absence of any evidence to the contrary.Directors prepare financial statements for the benefit of members. They assert that the financial statements gives a true and fair view. The auditors provide assurance on that assertion. To provide such assurance, the auditors must:●Assess risk●Plan audit procedures●Conduct audit procedures●Assess results●Express an opinionThe degree of satisfaction achieved and, therefore,the level of assurance which may be provided, is determined by the nature of procedures performed and their results.An external audit can be distinguished from other engagements in the following ways.External audit engagement: the auditor provides a high, but not absolute, level of assurance that the information audited is free of material misstatement. This is expressed positively in the audit report as reasonable assurance.Review engagement:the auditor provides a limited level of assurance that the information subject to review is free of material misstatement. This is expressed in the form of negative assurance.Agreed-upon procedures:the auditor simply provides a report of the factual findings of the engagement agreed by the auditor,entity and any appropriate third parties,so no assurance is expressed. Users of the report must instead judge for themselves the auditor's procedures and findings and draw their own conclusions.Compilation engagement:the practitioner is engaged to use his accounting expertise (as opposed to auditing expertise) to collect, classify and summarise financial information. No assurance is expressed.The following table summarises the different types of engagement that can be carried out by practitioners.Engagement Types of assurance provided ExamplesExternal audit Reasonable -Statutory external audit Review Negative -Review of interim financialstatementsAgreed-upon procedures None -Examination of statement offinancial position-Examination of segmentalsales and profit Compilation None -Preparation of financialstatements-Preparation of tax returnsSufficient appropriate audit evidenceThe appropriateness of audit evidence is the measure of the quality of it, that is, its relevance and its reliability in providing support for the conclusions on which the auditor's opinion is based.The sufficiency of audit evidence is the measure of the quantity of audit evidence. The quantity of audit evidence required is affected by the auditor's assessment of the risks of material misstatement and also by the quality of such evidence.ISA500 Audit evidence requires auditors to 'design and perform audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances for the purposes of obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence'. 'Sufficiency' and 'appropriateness' are interrelated and apply to both tests of controls and substantive procedures.●Sufficiency is the measure of the quantity of audit evidence.●Appropriateness is the measure of the quality or reliability of the audit evidence.The quantity of audit evidence required is affected by the level of risk in the area being audited. It is also affected by the quality of evidence obtained. If the evidence is high quality, the auditor may need less than if it were poor quality. However, obtaining a high quantity of poor quality evidence will not cancel out its poor quality. The ISA requires auditors to consider the relevance and reliability of the information to be used as audit evidence when designing and performing audit procedures.Relevance deals with the logical connection with the purpose of the audit procedure and the assertion under consideration (we look at assertions in the next section). The relevance ofinformation may be affected by the direction of testing.Reliability is influenced by the source and nature of the information, including the controls over its preparation and maintenance. The following generalisations may help in assessing the reliability of audit evidence.QUALITY OF EVIDENCEExternal Audit evidence from external source is morereliable than that obtained from the entity'srecords because it is from an independentsource.Auditor Evidence obtained directly by auditors is morereliable than that obtained indirectly or byinference.Entity Evidence obtained from the entity's records ismore reliable when the related control systemoperates effectively.Written Evidence in the form of documents (paper orelectronic) or written representations aremore reliable than oral representations, sinceoral representations can be retracted. Originals Original documents are more reliable thanphotocopies or facsimiles, which can easily bealtered by the client.Audit filesFor recurring audits, working papers may be split between:Permanent audit files(containing information of continuing importance to the audit). These contain:●Engagement letters●New client questionnaire●The memorandum and articles●Other legal documents such as prospectuses, leases,sales agreement●Details of the history of the client's business●Board minutes of continuing relevance●Previous years' signed accounts, analytical review and management letters●Accounting systems notes, previous years' control questionnairesCurrent audit files (containing information of relevance to the current year's audit). These should be compiled on a timely basis after the completion of the audit and should contain:●Financial statements●Accounts checklists●Management accounts details●Reconciliations of management and financial accounts●A summary of unadjusted errors●Report to partner including details of significant events and errors●Review notes●Audit planning memorandum●Time budgets and summaries●Representation letter●Management letter●Notes of board minutes●Communications with third parties such as experts or other auditorsThey also contain working papers covering each audit area. These should include the following:●A lead schedule including details of the figures to be included in the accounts●Problems encountered and conclusions drawn●Audit programmes●Risk assessments●Sampling plans●Analytical review●Details of substantive tests ane tests of controlIf it is necessary to modify/add new audit documentation to a file after it has been assembled, the auditor should document:●Who made the changes, and when, and by whom they were reviewed●The reasons for making changes●The effect of changes on the auditors' conclusionsIf, in exceptional circumstances, changes are made to an audit file after the audit report has been signed, the auditor should document:●The circumstances●The audit procedures performed, evidence obtained, conclusions drawn●When and by whom changes to audit documents were made an reviewed。
ACCAF8备考Tips：审计各阶段及流程详解
ACCAF8备考Tips：审计各阶段及流程详解编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（ACCAF8备考Tips：审计各阶段及流程详解）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为ACCAF8备考Tips：审计各阶段及流程详解的全部内容。
ACCA F8备考Tips：审计各阶段及流程详解F8（Audit and Assurance）是一门实务性很强的课程，要求大家熟悉审计工作流程，应用会计知识判断被审计单位的财务报告编制过程及结果是否有误。
自2016年9月开始实施的新考试题型包括Section A和Section B两大部分,Section A(Objective Test Cases）共有三道Case，每个Case有五道选择题,每题两分，涉及范围包括大纲的方方面面；Section B共有三道大题，第一题30分，第二题和第三题各自20分，常见的题型包括auditrisk & auditor's response，internal controldeficiencies/strengths ＆TOCs，以及substantive procedures等。
大题对大家书面表达的要求比较高，所以理解审计逻辑，勤加练习并学会总结对于大部分没有实务经验的同学们而言非常必要。
我们先来看一下完整的审计工作需要经过哪些阶段,具体又有哪些流程.上图是完整的审计工作循环，始于engagement letter（业务约定书），终于audit report（审计报告),历经audit planning、auditperformance和completion三个阶段.1.Beforeaudit process为了签订最开始的engagementletter，审计师在接受业务委托时需要先“自我反省”，看看注册会计师是否符合职业道德准则（Code of Ethics）的要求，如果有一些情况产生了对独立性(independence）的威胁(具体包括self—interest，self-review，familiarity, advocacy& intimidation threats)，则应该考虑适用相对应的保卫措施（常见的safeguards包括dispose of interests/shares，independent/quality control partner review，remove the one from the engagementteam等）.2.Audit planning process接受业务之后，首先进入审计计划阶段,在计划阶段最主要做的一项工作就风险评估(risk assessment）,具体说来风险评估通过建立对被审计单位及其所处环境的了解(understand the entity& its environment/KOB)来进行评估，主要使用的程序包括（Enquiry, inspect,observe[1] & Analytical procedures).［[1]这三个审计程序使用范围极广,适用每一个阶段，本文之后简写为EIO风险评估中的风险指的是auditrisk(the risk that auditors express an inappropriateopinion）。
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Tests of controls
• Test sample of time records for approval • Test authority for payment of overtime, casual
labor, particular in cash • Observe wage distribution/payout • Test authorization for payment, amendments,
wages and salaries • Make up and payments of wages and
salaries
Relevant departments
• HR department • Workshop • Accounting department/payroll
department
social insurance and other taxes
Control procedures
• Segregation of duties • Authorization and approval controls • Physical control • Mgt controls • Arithmetical and accounting control • Personnel control
• Periodic surprise attendance at payout
Authorisations and approval
• Employ, dismiss • change rates of pay • Overtime • An independent official should check
Risks--consequences
• Invalid/unauthorized payments (fraudulent payment)— financial loss
• Delay payment—dissatisfaction
• Delayitions and deletions to payroll records—financial loss, dissatisfaction, wrong mgt decision
Segregation of duties
• Wage/salaries department— receipts/payment department
• Duties of wages staff should be rotated during the year
• The employee making up the pay packet--the employee preparing the payroll
the payroll and sign it • Employees should sign for their
wages/salaries • Wages cheque should carry two
signatures
Physical control
• Supervision of clock cards and timing devices
Chapter 10-3 payroll system
Major activities
• Engagement, promotion, transfers and discharges of employment
• Time attendance and job recording • Preparation of payroll and analysis of
• Follow-up actions
Arithmetical and accounting
• A sample of calculations should be checked
• Control account should be maintained
Personnel control
• A wage/salaries supervision should be appointed
Relevant documents
• Personnel files/details/records • Time recording • Wage packet • Unclaimed wage register • Payroll control account • General ledger account • Cheque
• Corrupt data—error, discrepancies
• Unauthorized access—manipulate, discrepancies
• Incorrect calculation/payment to tax authorities— censure/fine
• Unauthorized/inaccurate/delayed bonus/one-off payment—financial loss, dissatisfaction
• Limited access • Control over unclaimed wages (rebank,
register)
Mgt controls
• Overall checks to highlight major discrepancies
e.g. Check against budgets
• Incorrect/fraudulent payments to leavers—financial loss
Control objective
• Pay only to client’s employee • Pay to the correct employees • At authorised rates of pay • According to time records • Calculated accurately • Properly record liability to tax authorities,