历时语言学

第三章：语音演化在语法上的后果
Grammatical Consequences of Phonetic Evolution Breaking grammatical links One consequence of sound change is to break the grammatical link connecting two or more terms. Thus it comes about that one word is no longer felt to be derived from another. Sound change also breaks the usual links between inflected forms of the same word.
第二章：语音变化 Sound Changes 语音变化的原因 很多语言学家提供了不少不太使人信服的 假设： 如人种的不同；气候土壤的不同； 省力原则；幼年教育； 某一民族时期；政治上的稳定和不稳； 民族吞并；风尚。
第二章：语音变化 Sound Changes 语音变化的效能是无限的
This limitless character of sound change derives from the arbitrary nature of linguistic signs. They are in no way tied to their meaning. 语音变化的这种特性决定于语言符号的任意性，它是跟 意义毫无联系的。语音变化有其盲目性。
第二章：语音变化 Sound Changes
1)It is said that racial predisposition determine the direction of sound changes. There is a question of comparative anthropology involved. But does the vocal apparatus vary from one race to another ? No. 2)Phonetic change has often been regarded as an adaptation to geographical and climatic conditions. In Europe, certain languages of the north are full of consonants, while certain languages of the south make a more liberal use of vowels. 3)Appeal has been made to the law of least effort. This is held to explain the replacement of a double articulation by a single articulation, or a difficult one by an easier one.
语法联系的破裂
语音现象的头一个后果是割断了两个或几个要素间的语法 联系。语音演化还割断了同一个词两个屈折形式间的正常 关系。
第三章：语音演化在语法上的后果
Grammatical Consequences of Phonetic Evolution Obliteration of word-composition Another grammatical effect of sound change is that distinct parts of a word, which contributed to fixing its value, may cease to be analysable: the word becomes an indivisible whole.
第二章：语音变化 Sound Changes
An explanation attributes changes in pronunciation to our phonetic education in infancy. Sometimes the causes of sound changes are sought in the general state of a nation at a given period. Languages go through periods of relatively greater upheaval at certain times. political stability does not influence the language in the same way as instability. Sound changes only are under consideration here, and not linguistic change in general. Appeal has also been made to the hypothesis of an ‘earlier linguistic substratum’. On this hypothesis, certain changes are due to an indigenous population absorbed by newcomers. Finally, there is an explanation-which scarcely merits the name-which likens sound changes to changes in fashion.
Part Three Diachronic Linguistics
总体介绍
“历时语言学”讲语音变化，语音演变在语法上的后果，类比 作用，类比和演化，流俗词源，粘合作用，历时的单位，同一 性和现实性。 其理论主要来源于历史比较语言学新语法学派的观点。认为语 言内部任何部分、每个时期都在发生着演变，继承和发展了新 语法学派“语音定律无例外”的理论，认为语音的变化既有绝 对性，又有条件性。造成语音演变的原因是多方面的，而语音 变化的效能是无限的。语音演变在语法上可能引起多种后果， 语法联系的破裂，词的复合结构的消失等。此外，继承和发展 了新语法学派关于“类推作用”的理论，分析了类推作用和语 言演变创新的关系。另外还概要地提到了流俗词源、粘合、历 时的单位、同一性和现实性等问题。在附录中对主观分析和客 观分析、主观分析和次单位的确定、以及词源学进行了介绍和 说明。
语音学的历时特性很符合一条原则，即语 音学上的一切，没有什么是表示意义的或 语法的。许多语法的变化实际上都是语音 的变化。
第二章：语音变化 Sound Changes
Their absolute regularity 语音变化的绝对规律性——语音变化不影响到词 ，只影响音，是有绝对规律的。 Sound changes affects not words, but sounds. Phonetic changes are absolutely regular.
பைடு நூலகம்
第二章：语音变化 Sound Changes
1)It is said that racial predisposition determine the direction of sound changes. There is a question of comparative anthropology involved. But does the vocal apparatus vary from one race to another ? No. 2)Phonetic change has often been regarded as an adaptation to geographical and climatic conditions. In Europe, certain languages of the north are full of consonants, while certain languages of the south make a more liberal use of vowels. 3)Appeal has been made to the law of least effort. This is held to explain the replacement of a double articulation by a single articulation, or a difficult one by an easier one. 4)An explanation attributes changes in pronunciation to our phonetic education in infancy. 5)Sometimes the causes of sound changes are sought in the general state of a nation at a given period. Languages go through periods of relatively greater upheaval at certain times. political stability does not influence the language in the same way as instability. Sound changes only are under consideration here, and not linguistic change in general. 6)Appeal has also been made to the hypothesis of an ‘earlier linguistic substratum’. On this hypothesis, certain changes are due to an indigenous population absorbed by newcomers. 7)Finally, there is an explanation-which scarcely merits the name-which likens sound changes to changes in fashion.
第二章：语音变化 Sound Changes
Conditioning of sound changes 语音变化的条件
发生变化的不是音种，而是在某些环境、重音等等条件下 出现的音位。语音现象有自发的和结合的。结合的语音事 实总是有条件的，自发的事实却不一定是绝对的，它可能 是消极地因为缺乏某些变化的因素而引起的。 It is not the sound type itself which alters, but the sound as it occurs in certain conditions determined by environment, stress,etc. If a sound change is combinative, it is always conditioned. But if it is spontaneous, it is not necessarily unconditioned,because it may be conditioned negatively by the absence of certain factors relevant to change.
第一章：概述 General Observations
Diachronic linguistics studies the relations which hold between successive terms substituted one for another over a period of time.