地点描述sentence models
4. Sentence Structure
Different attitudes toward this issue
Under the bed is all dusty. Near the fire is quite a bit warmer.
In England some speakers are perfectly happy with these sentences. Some speakers are not. In America, it’s about fifty-fifty, half and half. In Australia, almost everyone likes these sentences. In New Zealand they won’t commit themselves.
√
AdvPs and PPs as subject
Slowly is exactly how he speaks.
They said that they were relieved that China was fighting
the global recession with an enormous fiscal stimulus program to spur domestic growth, and added that now was not the time to antagonize Beijing. (（/2009/11/15/world/asia/15china. html?_r=1&hp） )
The indirect object has the following characteristics:
Found with ditransitive verbs only; Characteristically a NP, but occasionally be a finite nominal clause, e.g.
语言学第六章Part One
What that? Andrew want that. Not sit here.
Embed one constituent inside another:
Give doggie paper. Give big doggie paper.
Teaching points
1. What is cognition? 2. What is psycholinguistics?
Commonalities between language and cognition:
childhood cognitive development (Piaget):
[haj]: hi [s]: spray [sr]: shirt, sweater [sæ:]: what’s that?/ hey, look! [ma]: mommy [dæ ]: daddy
Fromkin,V., Rodman, R., & Hymans, N. (2007)An Introduction to Language (8th Ed.). Singapore/Beijing: Thompson/PUP
Two-word stage: around 18m
Child utterance Want cookie More milk Joe see My cup Mature speaker I want a cookie I want some more milk I (Joe) see you This is my cup Purpose Request Request Informing Warning
1. Diaries-Charles Darwin; 2. Tape recorders; 3. Videos and computers. Eg. Dr. Deb Roy (MIT)
sentence model
I. 用于文章主题句1. 不用说¸…It goes without saying that子句= (It is) needless to say (that)子句= It is obvious that子句= Obviously, S. + V.例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2. …是不可能的; 无法…There is no Ving= There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否认的¸成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。
There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.3. 我深信…I am greatly convinced (that)子句= I am greatly assured (that)子句例︰我深信预防是于治疗。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4. 在各种…之中¸…Among various kinds of …, …= Of all the …, …例︰在各种运动中¸我尤其喜欢慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5. …是很容易证明的。
It can be easily proved (that)子句例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。
(完整版)托福TPOextra答案解析和原文翻译
TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。
化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。
约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。
太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。
这能使地球避免温度过高。
但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。
温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。
二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。
大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。
事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。
【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。
人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。
IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。
IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。
可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。
这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。
这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。
【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。
全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。
这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。
(完整版)sentencewriting
补语(complement)
• 补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。 • 通常由形容词，名词或其他相
当的结构担任。 • 分为宾语补足语和主语补足语
1. The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
2. He was found wording in office.
定语(attributive)
• 定语用于限定或修饰名词或 代词
• 由形容词或其相当的结构
• 单词做定语一般放在修饰语 的前面，短语和从句做定语 则放在被修饰语的后面。
1. He is an honest and hardworking boy.
2. I have something important to tell you.
• 表语是在联系动词之后表示主语 的性质，特征，状态或身份的部 分。
• 通常由名词，代词，形容词，副 词，介词短语以及动词不定式， 动名词，分词或表语从句担任
• 位置在联系动词之后
1. His father is a lawyer. 2. Your number is 42. 3. All the pupils are on
• Function
• Declarative
• Interrogative: general questions
•
special questions
•
alternative questions
•
disjunctive questions
• Imperative
• Exclamatory
Types of sentences
后。如动词有宾语，状语
sentence_structure
irirrational irregular irrelevant
/s/
/z/
/iz/
Discussion: identify the following bound morphemes
books, (He) teaches (heavily), postwar, employer, taller, children’s (book), waited (for him), working, embody
Examples:
In Orthography: inimil inactive immature illegal incoherent immortal illogical inexperienced imperfect illegible In phonology: -s cats dogs houses
2) Bound Morphemes
are mostly affixes also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other forms cannot stand by itself: it only exists
Prepositional Phrase Non-finite His new book on phonology Verb Phrase Milton lived in the 17th century The author’s new novel novel that will soon come out Clause
新编英语语法教程第五版1 Sentence Structure
Practice
(2014-TEM4) 53. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement? A. The front door remained locked. B. The boy looked disappointed. C. Nancy appeared worried. D. He seemed to have no money left.
(2011-TEM4) 58. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object? A. What do you think has happened to her? B. Who do you think the visiting professor is? C. How much do you think he earns every month? D. How quickly would you say he would come? (2010-TEM4) 61. In the sentence "It's no use waiting for her", the italicized phrase is ____. A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject
Lecture 1: Sentence Structure 1. Clause elements
The construction of the simple sentence or clause
中考英语句子成分分析练习题20题
中考英语句子成分分析练习题20题1<背景文章>Learning English is a challenging but rewarding journey. As a middle school student, I have come to realize the importance of analyzing sentence elements in English learning. Understanding the different parts of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, objects, and modifiers, can greatly enhance our comprehension and expression in English.When we read an English text, being able to identify the subject and predicate quickly helps us understand the main idea of the sentence. For example, in the sentence "The cat is sleeping on the mat.", we can easily tell that "The cat" is the subject and "is sleeping" is the predicate. This knowledge allows us to grasp the meaning of the sentence more accurately.Moreover, analyzing sentence elements is crucial for writing correct English sentences. By knowing the functions of different parts of a sentence, we can avoid common mistakes and make our writing more clear and coherent. For instance, we need to make sure that the subject and verb agree in number and tense.In conclusion, analyzing sentence elements is an essential skill for middle school students learning English. It not only helps us understand and remember English texts better but also improves our writing ability.1. In the sentence "The cat is sleeping on the mat.", what is the subject?A. sleepingB. on the matC. The catD. is sleeping答案：C。
structures(五种基本句子结构).
read, refuse, render, restore, sell,
send, show, teach, tell , wish, write
等。
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间接宾语前需要加 for 的常用动词 有：
bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get,句子结构上说，除了修饰名词的 定语和修饰动词的状语外，在千变万化 的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式，一般 地说，某些动词用在某一句式中，下面 笔者把这些句型和常用的动词进行归类, 供你参考。
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基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：
e.g. He is excited. She was not interested... I feel astonished . She becomes satisfied. The boss gets bored.
Others: shocked, annoyed, crowded,
puzzled, depressed, disappointed,
help等。
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5) S + VT + That-clause I don‘t think (that) he is right.
常用于这句型的动词有：
Admit, believe, command, confess, declare,
demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉 得）, hear（听说）, hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind（当心）, notice, propose, request, report, say, see（看出），show,
sentencestructures
sentencestructures一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、 Nothing is + ~~~ er than +不定式(to+do).Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than +不定式(to+do).例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、 There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、 It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
(完整word版)语言学第六章之后
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition1。
语言与认知6。
1.What is Cognition认知？a。
Mental processes，information processing b。
Mental process or faculty of knowing，including awareness,perception，reasoning, and judgment.2。
The formal approach:形式法structural patterns，including the study of morphological，syntactic, and lexical structure.The psychological approach心理法: language from the view of general systems ranging from perception，memory，attention，and reasoning.The conceptual approach:认知法:how language structures (processes ＆patterns）conceptual content。
6。
2.Psycholinguistics心理语言学The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and mental activity.6.2.1 Language acquirement 语言习得① Holophrastic stage独词句阶段Two word stage双词句阶段 Stage of three—word utterances三词句阶段④ Fluent grammatical conversation stage6.2.2 Language comprehension理解Mental lexicon（心智词库）：information about the properties of words，retrievable when understanding language For example, we may use morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritable the first few times we encounter it and after several exposures we may store and access it as a unit or word。
牛津英语模块四Unit1Sentence patterns 句型
so
Translation
《太阳的后裔》是一部如此浪漫的电视剧以至于在韩国和中国 都很受欢迎。即使是电视剧中最不起眼的演员都因此而出名。 但并不是所有的人都喜欢这部电视剧。当谈到这部剧的唯一缺 点的时候，有的人则认为电视剧里面的广告太多。 Descendants of the Sun is such an romantic TV play 《 太阳的后裔 》 that it becomes very popular in both Korea and China. Descendants the Even if the most ordinaryof actor inSun the play becomes famous.浪漫的 However, not all people like it. When it comes to romantic the only韩国 shortcoming, Korea some people think there are too many advertisements in the play.
• 4.When it comes to advertisements,we must all use our intelligence and not be a slave to them!
• 谈及广告,我们都必须运用自己的智慧,不要做广告的奴隶!
• when it comes to...为固定结构,意思是“当涉及到……,当谈 到……”。其中to是介词,后要接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。 • No one can match Bill when it comes to playing (play) the guitar. • 说到弹吉他,谁也比不过比尔。
They are such small shoes that I can't wear them. = Such small shoes are (be) they that I can't wear them.
全新版大学进阶英语综合教程第二册答案U5KeytoExercises
Unit 5 Pioneers of FlightKey to ExercisesOpenerA Mighty Airplane Built by Howard Hughes in 1947 Length It was 220 feet long.Height It was higher than a five-story building.Weight It weighed about 60 tons.Trip It had to make the trip from Culver city in California to the Pacific,which is 30 miles away.Reading & InteractingI. Understanding the Text1. Text OrganizationStory The hero When it happened How it relates to modern aviation1 Wan Hu A.D. 1500Wan Hu’ s crazy dream contains theprinciples of rocket-powered spaceflight.Howard On November 2,Many of the design features of the Spruce2 Goose have been incorporated intoHughes 1947modern cargo planes.The flying devices with flapping wings 3Leonardo About 500 years controlled and steered by human pilots heda Vinci ago designed still inspire people to pursuetheir dreams of flying freely in the sky.2. Comprehension Check2.1 Focusing on the main ideasThe article consists of three stories about pioneers of flight. The first story is about a Chinese named Wan Hu, who made an unsuccessful attempt at spaceflightin A.D.1500. He built a spaceship powered by 47 rockets using gunpowder. His ideawas crazy, but his dream of flight came true 500 years later when Chinasuccessfully launched its first manned Shenzhou V spaceship. The second one isabout the Spruce Goose, a flying boat designed to meet the need of transportingtroops and materials during World War II. It was made entirely of wood and stillholds the record for the greatest wingspan. Although it was never put to use, manyof its design features have beenincorporated into today cargo’planes. The last is about Leonardo da Vinci, the most famous artist of the Renaissance. Apart from hisgreat artistic work, he also drew sketches of flying devices with flapping wingscontrolled and steered by human pilots. Five hundred years later, a professionalparachutist made a successful jump using a wood and canvas parachute based on oneof da Vinci ’ｓdesigns/sketches.2.2 Digging into detail1.Because it was powered by rockets.2.It was the biggest airplane ever built up to that time, and still holds therecord for the greatest wingspan. Besides, it was made entirely of wood.3.No, because it was behind schedule and was not completed until well after thewar.4.Da Vinci ’ s flying machines have wings that flap like birds in flight.5.Because it is difficult for ordinary people to understand their passion forflight, their spirit of innovation, and their courage to try and make theirdream cometrue.2.3 Understanding difficult sentences1.A2.B3.A4.B5.BII. Focusing on Language in Context1. Key Words & Expressions1.11. He regards learning as a daily experience as well as a lifetime mission.2.His plan is to design a new model, into which some features of previous modelswill be incorporated.3.The ship, with 1,000 passengers aboard, was bound for New York.4.It ’nes othing to learn the rules of politics from books. It is quiteanother to get into the complex world of real-life politics.5.At yesterday ’ s sports meet, my roommate brokeBrian the record of ourschool in the men ’ s-meter100 race.6.Jack had a hard time grasping the basic concepts of mathematics.7.They are working on a new project, which calls for a(n) enormous amount oftime and energy.8.After I bought this iPad, I put into storage my old computer.9.The new law tries to maintain a balance between national interests andindividual rights.10.The teacher drew a(n) analogy between the human heart and a pump to helpstudents understand how it works.11.If we teachers believe in education and focus onstudents ’ growth, our labor willeventually pay off.12.On display in the exhibition room is a new device to harness wind power.13.His newly published book, which has made waves in literary circles, is basedon events that the writer himself has witnessed.14.At the meeting, he tried to steer the discussion away from criticizing theeducational experiment.15.The money was given to Ann as a scholarship, with no conditions attached.1.21. steer5. confirmed 2. behind schedule6. put on display3. ahead of histime7. harnessing4. Transportation of8. had its roots in1.31.The artist drew a sketch of the young lady before going into a more detailedpainting.2.Brown currently is focusing on devising/designing a new type of washingmachine that does not use water.3.We need to adopt a different approach to music in education.ually a label with your name and address is attached to your suitcase beforeyou check in at the airport.5. A new system should be devisedbecause the old system simply doesn ’ t work.2. Collocation1. We rejected the proposal as a matter of principle.2. Although I am not an American football fan, it doesn have no’ tintm erestanIin it.3.Demand for coal is down and so are the prices.4.Biking is a green alternative to driving.5.Our research on climate change focuses on its effect on the environment.3.Sentence Patterns3.11.Our reading room has many interesting books as well as the latest magazines.2.The 300-page book contains many pictures of the artist as well as some of hisfamous paintings.3.For character building, one needs to succeed as well as fail sometimes.4.The latest model of the Huawei mobile phone is very popular at home as well asabroad.3.21.Legend has it that the guy invented chess to please his King.2.Word has it that the CEO of my company will retire next year.3.Rumor has it that he has spent all his money on this crazy and risky plan.4.Legend has it that those who step onto this stone will have good luck.prehensive Practice4.1 ClozeLong, long ago Greek legend has it that Daedalus, a brilliant inventor, was imprisoned together with his son Icarus on an island in the Mediterranean. Inorder to escape, Daedalus devised a clever plan and sketched out his idea to his son. They would both fly away from the island like birds. It was risky, but boththought it worth a try. Using feathers attached together with wax and string,Daedalus made them both a pair of wonderful wings. Harnessed to these they were able to take to the air, leaving those on the ground who witnessed their flightamazed at their strange device. As they flew off over the sea their escape seemed certain. But Icarus, ignoring the warnings of his father, came too close to thesun. The wax holding his wings together melted and he plunged to his death in the ocean below.4.2 Translation1.How to harness the power of the rockets is the key to the successful launch ofa spaceship.2.The 20th century witnessed the growth of the aviation industry.3.During World War II, the United States needed giant cargo planes fortransportation of war materials.4.The film The Aviator is based on the life of Howard Hughes.5.The professor thinks that more money should be invested in/put into research inthe field of energy efficiency.6.They are carrying out a secret mission.7.“ Focus on the content of the article. Don ’ t worry about individual words,the teacher to the students.8.Wan Hu ’ s plan swatoo risky and too primitive to be successful.Reading & ComprehendingReading 11. Comprehension Check for Reading 11.F2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.T2.Translation1.他俩合起来的履历看上去令所有真正的飞行冒险家都羡慕不已。
sentence structure
并列句(the compound sentence):
• 包括两个或两个以上的分句，各分句之 间相互独立，重复的成分可以省略，由 并列连词或由分号或逗号将它们连系起 来。分句间有并列、选择、条件、 层进、 承接、转折、因果等关系。
• His father is a teacher while his mother is a worker in a factory.
动词+宾语+不定式(有的动词后可省略to)
• The teacher will watch the students do it. • We should prefer you not to change your plan. • They encourage us to find a better solution.
3.复合句(the complex sentence):
• 是包含从句的一类句子 • The fact that a new species was discovered caused great excitement. • The building being built now is for those who have made great contributions to the construction of the city.
定语(Attribute)
• 由形容词或形容词作用的词（如分词、 数词、代词、名词、动词不定式、动名 词、副词）、短语和从句构成。它可以 修饰句中任何名词或起名词作用的词或 短语，
• Trained musicians do not have to hear every sound they produce. • I need a comfortable chair to sit on . • The man over there is from America.
英语写作句型SentencePatterns
英语写作句型SentencePatternsSentence Patterns1. This point of view doesn’t hold water.2. There is no doubt… Undoubtedly,….. It can be easily denied….Admittedly,…. It can not neglected that….Somebody holds /argues /insists that….3. It is questioned why … It is called into question that….Difference will be found that…4. With regard to, As regards, In general, In my opinion, Therefore,5. Take the view, claim, fail to consider is that…It is proved that…6. Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.7. The merits outweigh the demerits.8. It has increased by three times as compared with that of ….9. The change /widespread phenomenon in… largely results from the fact that….10. It widely spreads that… (significant growth)The disputes /co ntentious issue that… captures the attention of various circles of society.11. Currently, there is a widespread concern over….12. Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom.13. Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.14. What has caught our attention is …It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban area is deteriorating.15. It is universally acknowledged that …16. Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem betackled.17. be doomed to failure, be fraught with (hope), an immense effort of will18. The results of this survey / questionnaire have aroused /drawn nationwide /public attention/concern, which is why some great efforts are being made by our government /society.19. The better course of action is to be more careful when…., considering its particular featureand style.20. I will give an affirmative answer with out hesitation, … benefit us in…21. walk out of the ivory tower, take priority over22. sharpen their listening and speaking skills, develop a solid base on which to build their futurecareer, obtain necessary qualifications for future development23. Americans hopes that pressure from the US will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its tradebarriers are almost certain to evaporate in disappointment.24. The whole concept that…25. The arms of friendship /love/ book are enough to stretch from one end of the world to theother.26. Some people viewed the findings with caution, nothing that a cause-and-effect relationshipbetween passive smoking and cancer remain to be shown.27. An significant, growing, overwhelming increasing number of ….28. mushroom all over the world29. Much importance has been placed on the…30. It is taken for granted that…31. It is no exaggeration to say/ portray the idea that…32. As is often pointed out…33. Obviously, the reasons for this phenomenon are not far to seek, namely, …34. It is not uncommon that…35. With the fantastic spur both in industry and in economy in China,…21st century witnesses….36. …. claim /strongly object to …., disapprove of …. , claiming that….37. It becomes a more and more prevalent phenomenon that … , bring out such a heated topicthat whether…38. There are some truths about these complaints.Nevertheless, with regard to the future development for both companies …., advantages will outweigh disadvantages during ….39. in the first place / for a start / the first thing / for one thing /in the next place / moreover /second / in the end / in the last place / at length40. in short, in a word, in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, all in all, in brief41. bring out one’s potentials /originality & person ality42. Compared with the benefits doing sth., the disadvantages far outweigh…43. negative impacts will win an upper hand44. This question evoked various responses from experts, as well as the general public.45. hammer away at a problem / the same point46. have … at one’s fingertips47. hamstring the efforts to step up the development of….48. be fraught with difficulties / doubts….49. break the yoke / bonds/ doubts…. break the barriers, be open to question50. the power of / the trend of …. be on th e wane51. Judging form the above analysis, …. set up a correct perception of ….Currently, the widespread use of… becomes increasing ly /overwhelmingly popular…. As a consequence, the contentious issue whether…. has spark a heated discussion /debate among various circles of society. The public holds different views on the discussion /debate. Many people believe that…, but what these people fail to see is that … may bring about a disastrous impact on…. As far as I’m concerned, ….The bad/favorable impact of … on the … has mainly expressed itself in various ways.In the first place, second, In addition, (in the next place)There is no doubt that misuse…. can cause a number of problems. However, take the arguments mentioned above into consideration, it is effortl ess for me to make the decision that…. The better course of action is to be more careful….In conclusion, …. have become such an urgent issue that attentions should be paid to this common phenomenon and countermeasures should be taken immediately. Only in this way can….Therefore, more ways than one can be taken to alleviate this phenomenon before it becomes too serious to solve.1. 提出现象，描述现象，引出问题，提出观点2. 分点讨论，讨论观点3. 得出结论，简明总结。
介绍街区的常用句型英语作文
介绍街区的常用句型英语作文Introducing Common Sentence Patterns in Neighborhood EnglishLiving in a vibrant neighborhood can be an enriching experience that exposes us to diverse cultures and customs. One aspect of this multicultural environment is the unique language used by residents to communicate with one another. In the context of a neighborhood, there are several common sentence patterns that are frequently employed to convey various meanings and intentions. Understanding these patterns can not only enhance our ability to engage with our neighbors but also provide valuable insights into the social dynamics and linguistic nuances of the community.One of the most common sentence patterns observed in neighborhood discourse is the imperative form. This type of sentence is often used to issue directives or instructions, such as "Close the gate behind you" or "Turn down the music after 10 pm." The imperative sentence structure typically begins with a verb and omits the subject, conveying a sense of immediacy and authority. Residents may use this pattern to address concerns, establish rules,or coordinate shared responsibilities within the neighborhood.Another prevalent sentence pattern in neighborhood communication is the interrogative form. Questions are frequently employed to gather information, seek clarification, or express curiosity about the local community. Examples of such sentences include "Have you heard about the block party this weekend?" or "Do you know when the trash pickup is scheduled?" The interrogative structure, which typically begins with a question word (e.g., who, what, when, where, why, how) or an auxiliary verb (e.g., do, does, will), allows residents to engage in dialogue and exchange valuable information about their shared environment.In addition to imperatives and interrogatives, neighborhood discourse often features declarative sentences, which are used to make statements and convey information. These sentences follow a subject-verb-object structure and can range from simple factual statements, such as "The community garden is located behind the library," to more complex observations or opinions, like "The new café on the corner has the best coffee in the neighborhood." Declarative sentences play a crucial role in fostering a sense of shared knowledge and facilitating discussions about the local area.Closely related to declarative sentences are exclamatory statements, which express strong emotions or emphasize a point. Thesesentences, marked by an exclamation point at the end, can be used to express delight, surprise, or concern, as in "The block cleanup was a huge success!" or "That pothole has been there for months!" Exclamatory sentences can inject energy and passion into neighborhood conversations, reflecting the vibrant and engaged nature of the community.Another common sentence pattern observed in neighborhood discourse is the conditional form, which is used to express hypothetical scenarios or contingencies. Sentences like "If the street fair is canceled due to rain, we'll have the event indoors" or "Unless the city installs speed bumps, drivers will continue to speed down our street" demonstrate how residents use conditional structures to anticipate and plan for potential events or challenges in their shared environment.Finally, neighborhood communication often features compound and complex sentences, which combine multiple clauses to convey more nuanced or detailed information. For example, "The community center is hosting a gardening workshop this Saturday, and they're offering free seedlings to all participants" or "Although the new development has brought more foot traffic to the area, some residents are concerned about the impact on local businesses." These sophisticated sentence structures allow residents to express more complex ideas, relationships, and concerns within the context of theirshared neighborhood.In conclusion, the diverse sentence patterns observed in neighborhood discourse reflect the rich linguistic tapestry of the community. From the directive nature of imperatives to the inquisitive tone of interrogatives, from the informative nature of declaratives to the emotive power of exclamations, these sentence structures serve as the building blocks of neighborhood communication. By understanding and engaging with these linguistic patterns, residents can more effectively navigate the social and cultural dynamics of their shared living space, fostering a greater sense of community and connection.。
sentencecomprehension
⑶毕佛的句法分析策略
他认为，听话人检验一个输入序列式为了找到 该序列与类似“行动者——行动——（行动对 象）”的“规范图式”（canonical schemas）的匹配。符合这种分析结构的词 串（word strings）比不符合的更容易理解， 而要理解那些不符合该结构的句子，必须启动 更深层的规范图式。
前两种可能性代表串行处理（serial processing）模式，而第三种则代表并行处 理模式（parallel processing）。
语法分析优于词汇提取基本不存在，词汇提取优于语法 分析常用。根据米勒的实验，人们每次只能记住7个左右 的单词。所以把词汇提取和语法分析割裂是不可能的。
灌肠机理论——改进的串行处理模型 根据福雷策（Frazier）和福多，人类的句子分析机制 用两步将短语结构附到词串中，第一阶段为初步短语 包装器（The preliminary phrase packager,简称 PPP），亦称灌肠机（The sausage machine）,可 以把词汇和短语节点附到大约6个词语组成的子串中； 第二阶段是句子结构监视器（The sentence structure supervisor,简称SSS），把更高的节点连 接到短语包上，形成一个完整的短语标记。
Sentence Comprehension
By Wang Ning
Ⅰ. Introduction
Language comprehension
Sound comprehension Word comprehension Sentence comprehension Text comprehension
theory of complexity (DTC)
即人们在生成句子时，首先编制深层结构：
Sentence
句子分析
句子分析对英语学习非常有用。它可以检查你的学 习效果，巩固你的学习成果，弥补你学习的不足， 大大减少或避免学习的盲目性。它对理解复杂的 长句尤其有效。
I saw him going upstairs. 我看他上楼的。 ①全句基本结构是主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语。 ②I是代词，用作主语。 ③saw是动词，用作谓语。 ④going upstairs是现在分词短语，用作宾语补语。
1. One of his strong points is that he dares to challenge the authority.
2. Last month Mr. Smith went on vacation, along with his wife.
3. He took away my coat because he said I hadn’t had it made right.
练习
1. This is the last time B__ I shall give you a lesson.
A. when B. that C. which D. in which
2. Who _A__ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it?
A .that B. who C. which D. as
（6）The doctors seemed very capable. 这些大夫 好像都很能干。
主语+谓语+宾语 （SVO）
其谓语一般皆是及物动词，其宾语多是直 接宾语。如： 7）Robbie didn’t deny the facts. 罗比不否认这些事实。 8）She heard whisperings. 她听到了一阵沙沙声。