2011考研英语答案排序题

出处：主题：Professionalising the professor

副标题：The difficulties of an American doctoral student

所在杂志：University education in AmericaFeb 25th 2010

（水平有限，翻译不当处请谅解）

THIS subtle and intelligent little book should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctorate. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captures it deftly.

每一个想申请获得博士学位的学生都应该读一读这本构思巧妙、充满智慧的小册子。然后，他们可能会决定去其他国家攻读博士。因为美国大学正悄悄发生着一些不寻常的事情，而这些，被哈佛大学英语教授路易斯·莫南德敏锐地捕捉到了。

His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on wha t a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “The great books are read because they have been read”—they form a sort of social glue.

他担忧的主要是人文方面的，如文学、语言、哲学等等学科。这些学科正走向没落：如今22%的美国大学毕业生主修的是商业，相比之下，只有2%的主修历史，4%的主修英语。然而，许多美国一流大学希望能教给他们的本科生一些基本的做人原则，同时也是每个受过教育的人应该具备的基本做人原则。但“通识教育”应该是什么样子的，大多数人很难达成一致意见。在哈佛，莫南德先生指出，“之所以让学生读这些伟大的著作，是因為我们以前一直就这么做"--這些書似乎成为了一种圈内共识。

One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.

人文课程之所以难以设计和教授，是因为这些课程违背了（忽视了？）美国顶尖大学的一贯原则，那就是：文科教育和职业教育应该彼此分离，由不同的学院负责授课。许多学生两种教育都接受过。尽管有超过半数的哈佛本科生最终主修法律、医学或者商业，然而这些未来的医生和律师在开始专业资格学习之前必须先学习一门非专业的文科学位课程。Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctorate into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.

除了这种细分专业的专业化，美国顶尖大学还对教授也实行了专业化。对学术研究公共资金