140012015版培训教材_公共行政管理_经管营销_专业资料.
《ISO9001：2015与14001：2015双体系标准讲解及内审 》培训教材
(3)2000年发布ISO9000：2000系列标准（质量管理体系
(4)2008年发布ISO9000：2008系列标准（质量管理体系 (5)2015年发布ISO9001：2015系列标准（质量管理体系
规范）
要求） 要求）
1987年版
1994年版 2000年版 2008年版 2015年版 ISO9001:2015版国际标准，于2015年9月23日正式发布
◆制定国际标准工作通常由ISO的技术委员会完成。各成员团体若对某技
术委员会确定的项目感兴趣，均有权参加该委员会的工作。与ISO保持联
系的各国际组织（官方的或非官方的）也可参加有关工作。
◆技术委员会的主要任务是制定国际标准。由技术委员会通过的国际标
准草案提交各成员团体投票表决。国际标准草案需取得至少75%参加表决 成员团体的同意，才能作为国际标准正式发布。
ISO9000族核心标准
1、ISO 9000: 2015 质量管理体系
(GB/T 19000-2016)
基本原理与术语 要求 质量管理方法
2、ISO 9001: 2015 质量管理体系
(GB/T 19001-2016)
3、ISO 9004: 2009 追求组织的持续成功
(GB/T 19004-2011)
ISO 9001:2008 和 ISO 9001:2015的 主要术语区别
ISO 9001:2008 ISO 9001:2015
产品
不包括 管理者代表
产品和服务
不适用（参见A.5条款的适用性说明） 未使用（分配类似的职责和权限，但
对一个单独的管理者代表不做要求） 文件、质量手册、形成文
件的程序记录 工作环境 监视和测量设备 采购的产品 供应商 过程运行的环境 监视和测量资源 外部提供的产品和服务 外部供方
ISO14001 2015标准培训2015版
（Sub-clause titles），根据体系各自的需要允许增加；
- 上述共用子条款（共22条）都制定了统一的正文；各专业管理体 系原则上均应使用这些共用正文;
2018/4/26
2-5
2015版标准主要变化
管理体系标准的框架结构
（1）范围 （Scope） （2）规范性引用文件（Normative references） （3）术语和定义（Terms and definitions
示例：相关方可包括顾客、社区、供方、监管部门、非政府组织、投资方和员工。 注1：“感觉自身受到影响”意指已使组织已知晓这种感觉。
2018/4/26
2-23
3 术语和定义
3.2 与策划有关的术语
3.2.1 环境 environment 组织运行活动的外部存在，包括空气、水、土地、自然资源、植物、动物、人，以 及它们之间的相互关系。 注1：外部存在可能从组织内廷伸到当地、区域和全球系统。
解读：说明了通过环境管理体系获得长期成功的的7个途径。
2018/4/26
2-10
引
0.3 成功因素
言
环境管理体系的成功实施取决于最高管理者领导下的组织各层次和职能承诺。组 织可利用机遇，尤其是那些具有战略和竞争意义的机遇，预防或减轻不利的环境
影响，增强有益的环境影响。通过将环境管理融入到组织的业务过程、战略方向
3.2.4 环境影响 environmental impact 全部或部分地由组织的环境因素给环境造成的不利或有益的变化。 例：有害-排污、能源浪费 有益-回收包装物、绿化
2018/4/26
2-25
3 术语和定义
3.2 与策划有关的术语
3.2.5 目标 objective 要实现的结果。
ISO14001：2015环境管理体系标准培训教材课件
0.2环境管理体系的目标
环境管理体系的目标是通过如下方面对可持续发展做出贡献
通过消除或者削减对环境的负面影响来保护环境
缓解外部环境条件对组织造成的潜在不良影响
有助于遵守符合性义务
提升环境绩效
控制和影响组织设计、生产及分配其产品和服务的方式；运用能够缓 解环境负荷的生命周期的观点来消费和处置
组织应确定与其宗旨/意图相关的并影响其达成环境管理 体系
预期结果能力的内部和外部事宜，这些事宜包括能影响或 受组
织影响的活动、产品和服务的环境条件。
ISO14001：2015条文解析
4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望 组织应确定： ——环境管理体系涉及的相关方； ——这些相关方的有关需求和期望（如要求）； ——这些需求和期望成为合规性责任。
0.4 PDCA循环
目录
1 范围
1 范围 与2004版相同，2015版未说明特别的环境绩效标准 与2004版相比较： 2015版未陈述认证或者自我声明的选择 2015版清晰的明确了环境管理体系的结果，具体包括： —环境绩效的提升 —遵守符合性义务 —完成环境目
2 参考标准 与2004版保持一致，未提及参考标准。
3 术语定义（部分）
3.18 风险 不确定性对目标的影响 注： ——影响是对预期的偏离—积极或消极。 ——不确定性是指对事件、其后果或可能性的认识或了解方 面的信息的缺乏或不完整的状态。 ——风险通常以潜在事件和后果，或他们的组合来描述。 ——风险通常以事件的后果（包括环境的变化）和发生可能。
3 术语定义（部分）
ISO14001：2015条文解析
4.3 确定环境管理体系范围 组织应确定环境管理体系的边界和适用范围以建立其范 围。 当确定这个范围时，组织应考虑： ——要素4.1中所提的外部和内部事宜； ——要素4.2中所指的合规性责任； ——组织单元、职能、及物理边界； ——它的活动、产品和服务； ——权限和其实施控制和影响的能力。 一旦界定出范围，在该EMS范围之内的具有重要环境影响 活动、产品和服务应包含在此EMS范围内。 这个范围应以文件形式予以维持，并为相关方所获取。
ISO14001-2015内审员培训教材
企业的相关方有哪些？
——相关方可能包括：
客户、团体、供应商、监管者、非政府组 织、投资商、员工。
3 术语和定义（部分）
3.12 绩效 可测量的结果。 注： ——绩效可以是定量的，也可以是定性的。 ——绩效可以涉及活动、过程、产品（包括服务）、体系或 组织的管理。
3 术语定义（部分）
3.22 合规性责任 组织必须或选择遵守的要求。 注：责任可能来自于强制的要求，如适用的法规或自愿承诺， 如组织的和工业标准，合同关系，良好管理原则和社区及道 德标准。
ISO14001:2015标准培训教材
杨锦新
我们面临的环境问题
导致的结果
自然环境的恶化 污染
生物多样性的减少 相关方环境意识的提高
顾客 投资者 员工 政府部门要求 邻居 可持续发展的需要
3
环境管理发展的必然趋势
污染 末端治理 源头管制 系统管理
4
2. 重大改变
新版标准有以下方面的改变:
1 范围
与2004版相同，2015版未说明特别的环境绩效标准 与2004版相比较： 2015版未陈述认证或者自我声明的选择 2015版清晰的明确了环境管理体系的结果，具体包括：
—环境绩效的提升 —遵守符合性义务 —完成环境目
2 规范性引用文件 与2004版保持一致，未提及参考标准。
3 术语和定义（部分）
案例:环境因素及环境影响
活动、产品、服务
环境因素
环境影响
复印机的使用
传真机的使用 电话的使用 饮水机(写字楼)的使
用 电的使用 各类笔的使用
纸张消耗 碳粉消耗 发出噪音 电子零件的废弃 纸张消耗 硒鼓废弃 电磁辐射 电子零件的废弃 水消耗
一次性水杯的废弃 电能消耗 笔的消耗
2-ISO14001-2015培训
ISO14001:2015环境管理体系标准（FDIS）目录（1/2）第一章引言第二章环境管理体系——要求与指南第一节范围第二节规范性引用文件和术语定义第三节质量管理原则第四节质量管理体系使用的基本概念和原则第三章术语和定义目录（2/2）第三章环境管理体系的建立与保持第一节建立环境管理体系的几个问题第二节初始环境评审第三节体系策划及认证准备★缩略语:ISO——国际标准化组织QMS——质量管理体系EMS——环境管理体系OHS——职业健康安全OHSMS——职业健康安全管理体系TM ———最高管理者第一节引言1第二节范围2第三节规范性引用文件/术语和定义3SQY XQCC 第四节环境管理体系要求4第二章GB/T24001-2015标准第五节各要素间的逻辑关系5第一章：引言■GB/T24001-2015标准的引言部分阐述了本标准产生的背景、环境管理体系的目的、内容等，正确理解和这些内容，是正确理解和应用标准的基础■理解要点：◆1、背景●达到一个平衡的环境,社会和经济被认为是基本满足现代人的需求又不损害后代人满足其需求的能力●社会对可持续发展、透明度和问责的期望已经从环境污染、资源利用效率低下、废物管理不当、气候变化、生态系统退化和生物多样性丧失等方面发展了越来越严格的立法，对环境造成了越来越大的压力。
第一章：引言◆2、环境管理体系的目的●本标准的目的是为组织提供一个框架，来保护环境和应对不断变化的环境条件与社会经济平衡的需要。
●它指定要求,使一个组织能够实现预期的结果集的环境管理体系。
◆3、成功因素●取决于承诺所有级别和功能的组织,由最高管理层组织利用机会来预防或减轻不良环境影响,提高有益的环境影响,尤其是那些具有战略和竞争的影响。
高层管理可以有效地解决其风险和机遇,将环境管理融入到组织的业务流程、战略方向和决策,使他们与其他业务优先级,将环境管理融入其整体管理系第一章：引言◆4、活动模型●环境管理体系的基础是建立在活动的概念(PDCA)之上的PDCA 和框架之间的关系图内外部的问题组织的环境预期的结果APCD有关各方的需求和期望领导策划改进支持与运行绩效评价第一章：引言◆5、本标准的内容●本国际标准符合ISO的管理体系标准的要求。
14001-2015版培训教材
标准条款理解
0.4策划-实施-检查-改进 模式 构成环境管理体系的方法是基于策划、实施、检查与改进（PDCA）的概念。PDCA模式为组 织提供了一个循环渐进的过程，用以实现持续改进。该模式可应用于环境管理体系及其每个 单独的要素。该模式可简述如下： ——策划：建立所需的环境目标和过程，以实现与组织的环境方针相一致的结果。 ——实施：实施所策划的过程。 ——检查：根据环境方针，包括其承诺、环境目标和运行准则，对过程进行监视和测量，并 报告结果。 ——改进：采取措施以持续改进。
2015基本知识环境管理体系与质量管理体系的不同点?同范围不同iso14001环境管理iso9001产品质量?目的不同持续改善环境提高产品质量管理水平?承诺对象环境的相关方产品的消费者?审核依据法律法规iso14001iso9001标准条款理解01背景为了既满足当代人的需求又不损害后代人满足其需求的能力必须实现环境社会和经济三者之间的平衡
ISO14001:2015基本知识
环境问题——ISO14001产生的根源 ➢温室效应 ➢臭氧层空洞 ➢资源耗竭 ➢固体废物 （垃圾围城） ➢水污染 ➢大气污染（SO2-酸雨，NOX-光化学反应） ➢粮食污染
➢生物多样性
ISO14001:2015基本知识
几个重要的名词：
环境：组织运行活动的外部存在，包括空气、水、土地、自然资源、 植物、动物、人，以及它们之间的相互关系。
►按照国际标准化组织的要求，将来所有的ISO管理体系标准如能源，道路交通安全，IT 安全， 食品安全，社会安全，环境，质量在今后修改时都要按照《附件SL》的要求重写。新版国际 质量管理体系标准ISO 9001:2015已经采纳了ISO Directive附录SL这一高级结构。
►国际标准组织的《附件SL》的目的就是为了缓解各种管理体系标准的不统一状况。这不仅 有利于管理体系标准的实施，也为今后一致性的管理体系标准的制定建立标准模板。
2015版ISO14001标准培训课件
1、范围
• 本标准规定了可用于组织增强其环境绩效的环境管理体系的要求。本标准 拟用于组织寻求以促进可持续发展“环境支柱”的系统方式管理其环境责
任。
• 本标准帮助组织实现其环境管理体系的预期结果,为环境、组织自身及其相 关方提供价值。与组织的环境方针保持一致的环境管理体系的预期结果包 括： 环境绩效的提升；
23
引
言
• 附录A提供了解释性信息以防止对本标准要求的误解。附录B给出了本标 准之前版本和现行版本之间大概的技术一致性。环境管理体系实施指南 见ISO14004。 • 在本标准中,以下动词形式将被使用： a)“shall应”指要求； b)“should宜”指建议； c)“may可以”指许可； d)“can可”指可能性或一种能力。 • 标记为“备注”的信息拟用于帮助理解或使用条文。条款3中的“条文的 注释”提供了额外的信息,用于补充术语资料,可能包含了与术语使用相关 的规定。 • 条款3中的术语和定义按概念上的顺序进行排序 ,在文件最后附有字母顺 序索引表。
7
新版标准变化 ------标准内容
1
战略环境管理
2
领导作用
3
主动的环境 保护
4环Biblioteka 绩效5生命周期6
沟通
7
文件化信息 要求
8
ISO 14001:2015标准架构
1 范围 2 引用文件 3 术语和定义 0 引言
0.1 背景 0.2 环境管理体系的宗旨 0.3 成功因素 0.4 计划、执行、检查与行动方法 0.5 本标准内容 4.1 理解组织及其背景 4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望 4 组织的背景 4.3 确定EMS范围 4.4 环境管理体系
5领导力
7.1 资源 7.2 能力 7.3 意识
ISO14001环境管理体系认证培训-2015版
环境管理体系培训ISO 14001:2015企业推行ISO14001的意义（1）获取国际贸易的“绿色通行证”（2）树立优秀组织的形象，赢得客户信赖，满足相关方的需要和期望。
（3）用标准化手段规范组织的环境管理工作，提高组织内部的管理水平，向管理要效益。
（4）改进产品性能，改革工艺设备，生产“绿色产品”，实现污染预防和节能降耗。
（5）提高全体员工的环保意识，增强遵纪守法的主动性和自觉性。
（6）减少环境风险，避免因环境问题所造成的经济损失，实现组织永续经营。
二级:a. 国家环境标准b. 地方环境标准五类:a. 环境质量标准b. 污染物排放标准c. 环境监测规范d. 管理规范类标准e.环境基础类标准(环境基础标准和标准制修订技术规范)环境保护标准体系三大环境政策a.预防为主，防治结合b.谁污染，谁治理（谁负担）c.强化环境管理八项环境管理制度a.环境影响评价制度b.“三同时”制度c.排污收费制度d.环境保护目标责任制e.城市环境综合治理考核制f.排污许可证制度g.污染物集中控制制度h.限期治理制度“三同时”制度定义：建设项目中的环境保护设施，必须与主体工程同时设计，同时施工，同时投产使用。
适用范围：a.新建、改点、扩建项目b.技术改造项目c.一切可能对环境造成污染和破坏的工程项目d.确有经济效益的综合利用项目GB / T 24001-2016 I dt ISO 14001:2015环境管理体系 - 要求及使用指南Environmental management systems — Requirements withguidance for use（缩写:EMS）GB / T 24001— 2016 Idt ISO 14001: 2015国家标准推荐使用国家标准号国标发布年号发布年号标准号国际标准化组织等同采用ISO14001:20040 引言1 范围2 引用标准3 术语和定义4 环境管理体系4.1 总要求4.2 环境方针4.3 策划4.4 实施与运行4.5 检查4.6 管理评审ISO14001:20150 引言1 范围2 引用标准3 术语和定义4 组织的背景5 领导作用6 策划7 支持8 运行9 绩效评价10 改进10 1战略性环境管理2基于风险的思考4主动的环境保护5满足合规义务6绩效导向7生命周期观点8强调信息交流9文件化信息要求3领导作用的提升主要特点ISO14001：2015 的显著变化第一节范围1 范围本标准规定了组织能够用来提升其环境绩效的环境管理体系要求。
ISO14001-2015-FDIS版培训
4. 主要条款解读
3 术语和定义：
4）风险 结果的不确定性 注1：影响是指与期望结果的偏差-正面的或负面的。 注2：不确定性是对一个事件，其后果，或可能性的相关信息缺乏了解或 知识的状况，甚至部分状况。 注3：风险通常被描述为潜在的事件（ISO指南73，3.5.1.3）和后果（ISO 指南73，3.6.1.3），或这些的组合。 注4：风险往往表示为一个事件的后果（包括环境的变化）与相关的发生 可能性（ISO指南73，3.6.1.1）的一个组合。 5）过程 一组相互关联或相互作用的将输入转换为输出的活动
4. 主要条款解读
新版标准条款
4 Context of the organization
相关旧 版条款
新增要求 无对应条 款
中文译稿
4 组织的状况
4.1 Understanding the organization and its context The organization shall determine evaluate and understand the external and internal issues context that are is relevant to its purpose and that affects its ability to achieve the [intended outcome(s)/policy commitments] of its environmental management system. The knowledge gained shall be [considered, taken into account] when designing the organizations environmental management system. NOTE See Annex A.
1最新IS014001;2015版课件
ISO现已制定的六个标准，我国转换为： GB/T24001—ISO14001《环境管理体系—规范及使用 指南》 GB/T24004—ISO14004《环境管理体系—原则、体系 和支持技术通用指南》 GB/T24010—ISO14010《环境审核指南—通用原则》 GB/T24011—ISO14011《环境审核指南—审核程序 环境管理体系审核》 GB/T24012—ISO14012《环境审核指南—环境审核员 资格要求》 GB/T24050—ISO14050《环境管理—术语》
核心理念
1.4.5MSS高阶结构
ISO14001：2005 5.3 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 4.3.1 环境因素 6.1.3 4.3.2 法律法规和其他要求 6.1.4 6.2.1 4.3.3 6.2.2 7 7.1 4.4 实施与运行（仅标题） 4.4.1 资源、作用、职责和权限
页码36
准备知识 ISO14001 标准的产生 ISO14001 标准概要 过程方法的 理解 环境管理体系
ISO14001 标准要求
环境管理体系内部审核
1.4
核心理念
1.4.5MSS高阶结构
ISO14001：2014ISO14001：2005
引言 1 范围 2 规范性引用标准 3 术语和定义 4 组织所处的环境（仅标题） 5 1 2 3 4 4 环境管理体系要求(仅标题) 1 2 3 引言 范围 规范性引用标准 术语和定义
每年10亿人吃污水生病,约300百万人死亡;
5.全球性环境问题(续)
生物多样化:生物多样化丧失,每天绝灭一个物种,破 坏生态系统,起因于捕杀与农药滥用； 海洋生态危机:百川归海、江河水被污染;海洋垃圾 倾倒、危险废物泄漏，造成赤潮、鲸鱼集体自杀、 海产品携带病菌、巨无霸毛蟹吃人、鱼类死亡； 危险废物越境转移:破坏生态环境,损害发展中国家 人的健康； 城市环境问题:噪音、城市垃圾、汽车尾气、厨房油 烟、热岛效应、城市整体下陷。
ISO_14001_2015(en)-新环境管理体系标准
© ISO 2015Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for useSystèmes de management environnemental — Exigences et lignes directrices pour son utilisationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14001Third edition 2015-09-15Reference number ISO 14001:2015(E)ISO 14001:2015(E)ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyright@ISO 14001:2015(E)Contents Page Foreword (v)Introduction (vi)1 Scope (1)2 Normative references (1)3 Terms and definitions (1)3.1 Terms related to organization and leadership (1)3.2 Terms related to planning (2)3.3 Terms related to support and operation (4)3.4 Terms related to performance evaluation and improvement (5)4 Context of the organization (6)4.1 Understanding the organization and its context (6)4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties (6)4.3 Determining the scope of the environmental management system (6)4.4 Environmental management system (7)5 Leadership (7)5.1 Leadership and commitment (7)5.2 Environmental policy (7)5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities (8)6 Planning (8)6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities (8)6.1.1 General (8)6.1.2 Environmental aspects (9)6.1.3 Compliance obligations (9)6.1.4 Planning action (9)6.2 Environmental objectives and planning to achieve them (10)6.2.1 Environmental objectives (10)6.2.2 Planning actions to achieve environmental objectives (10)7 Support (10)7.1 Resources (10)7.2 Competence (11)7.3 Awareness (11)7.4 Communication (11)7.4.1 General (11)7.4.2 Internal communication (12)7.4.3 External communication (12)7.5 Documented information (12)7.5.1 General (12)7.5.2 Creating and updating (12)7.5.3 Control of documented information (12)8 Operation (13)8.1 Operational planning and control (13)8.2 Emergency preparedness and response (13)9 Performance evaluation (14)9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation (14)9.1.1 General (14)9.1.2 Evaluation of compliance (14)9.2 Internal audit (15)9.2.1 General (15)9.2.2 Internal audit programme (15)9.3 Management review (15)© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iiiISO 14001:2015(E)10 Improvement (16)10.1 General (16)10.2 Nonconformity and corrective action (16)10.3 Continual improvement (17)Annex A (informative) Guidance on the use of this International Standard (18)Annex B (informative) Correspondence between ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 14001:2004 (32)Bibliography (34)Alphabetical index of terms (35)iv© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedISO 14001:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see /directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see /patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: /iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 1, Environmental management systems.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 14001:2004), which has been technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 14001:2004/Cor.1:2009.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved vISO 14001:2015(E)Introduction0.1 BackgroundAchieving a balance between the environment, society and the economy is considered essential to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable development as a goal is achieved by balancing the three pillars of sustainability. Societal expectations for sustainable development, transparency and accountability have evolved with increasingly stringent legislation, growing pressures on the environment from pollution, inefficient use of resources, improper waste management, climate change, degradation of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.This has led organizations to adopt a systematic approach to environmental management by implementing environmental management systems with the aim of contributing to the environmental pillar of sustainability.0.2 Aim of an environmental management systemThe purpose of this International Standard is to provide organizations with a framework to protect the environment and respond to changing environmental conditions in balance with socio-economic needs. It specifies requirements that enable an organization to achieve the intended outcomes it sets for its environmental management system.A systematic approach to environmental management can provide top management with information to build success over the long term and create options for contributing to sustainable development by:— protecting the environment by preventing or mitigating adverse environmental impacts;— mitigating the potential adverse effect of environmental conditions on the organization;— assisting the organization in the fulfilment of compliance obligations;— enhancing environmental performance;— controlling or influencing the way the organization’s products and services are designed, manufactured, distributed, consumed and disposed by using a life cycle perspective that can prevent environmental impacts from being unintentionally shifted elsewhere within the life cycle;— achieving financial and operational benefits that can result from implementing environmentally sound alternatives that strengthen the organization’s market position;— communicating environmental information to relevant interested parties.This International Standard, like other International Standards, is not intended to increase or change an organization’s legal requirements.0.3 Success factorsThe success of an environmental management system depends on commitment from all levels and functions of the organization, led by top management. Organizations can leverage opportunities to prevent or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance beneficial environmental impacts, particularly those with strategic and competitive implications. Top management can effectively address its risks and opportunities by integrating environmental management into the organization’s business processes, strategic direction and decision making, aligning them with other business priorities, and incorporating environmental governance into its overall management system. Demonstration of successful implementation of this International Standard can be used to assure interested parties that an effective environmental management system is in place.Adoption of this International Standard, however, will not in itself guarantee optimal environmental outcomes. Application of this International Standard can differ from one organization to anothervi© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedISO 14001:2015(E)due to the context of the organization. Two organizations can carry out similar activities but can have different compliance obligations, commitments in their environmental policy, environmental technologies and environmental performance goals, yet both can conform to the requirements of this International Standard.The level of detail and complexity of the environmental management system will vary depending on the context of the organization, the scope of its environmental management system, its compliance obligations, and the nature of its activities, products and services, including its environmental aspects and associated environmental impacts.0.4 Plan-Do-Check-Act modelThe basis for the approach underlying an environmental management system is founded on the concept of Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). The PDCA model provides an iterative process used by organizations to achieve continual improvement. It can be applied to an environmental management system and to each of its individual elements. It can be briefly described as follows.— Plan: establish environmental objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organization’s environmental policy.— Do: implement the processes as planned.— Check: monitor and measure processes against the environmental policy, including its commitments, environmental objectives and operating criteria, and report the results.— Act: take actions to continually improve.Figure 1 shows how the framework introduced in this International Standard could be integrated into aFigure 1 — Relationship between PDCA and the framework in this International Standard 0.5 Contents of this International StandardThis International Standard conforms to ISO’s requirements for management system standards. These requirements include a high level structure, identical core text, and common terms with core definitions, designed to benefit users implementing multiple ISO management system standards.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved viiISO 14001:2015(E)This International Standard does not include requirements specific to other management systems, such as those for quality, occupational health and safety, energy or financial management. However, this International Standard enables an organization to use a common approach and risk-based thinking to integrate its environmental management system with the requirements of other management systems. This International Standard contains the requirements used to assess conformity. An organization that wishes to demonstrate conformity with this International Standard can do so by:— making a self-determination and self-declaration, or— seeking confirmation of its conformance by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or— seeking confirmation of its self-declaration by a party external to the organization, or — seeking certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization.Annex A provides explanatory information to prevent misinterpretation of the requirements of this International Standard. Annex B shows broad technical correspondence between the previous edition of this International Standard and this edition. Implementation guidance on environmental management systems is included in ISO 14004.In this International Standard, the following verbal forms are used:— “shall” indicates a requirement;— “should” indicates a recommendation;— “may” indicates a permission;— “can” indicates a possibility or a capability.Information marked as “NOTE” is intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. “Notes to entry” used in Clause 3 provide additional information that supplements the terminological data and can contain provisions relating to the use of a term.The terms and definitions in Clause 3 are arranged in conceptual order, with an alphabetical index provided at the end of the document.viii© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedEnvironmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. This International Standard is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.This International Standard helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:— enhancement of environmental performance;— fulfilment of compliance obligations;— achievement of environmental objectives.This International Standard is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. This International Standard does not state specific environmental performance criteria.This International Standard can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental management. Claims of conformity to this International Standard, however, are not acceptable unless all its requirements are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 Terms related to organization and leadership3.1.1management system set of interrelated or interacting elements of an organization (3.1.4) to establish policies and objectives (3.2.5) and processes (3.3.5) to achieve those objectivesNote 1 to entry: A management system can address a single discipline or several disciplines (e.g. quality, environment, occupational health and safety, energy, financial management).Note 2 to entry: The system elements include the organization’s structure, roles and responsibilities, planning and operation, performance evaluation and improvement.Note 3 to entry: The scope of a management system can include the whole of the organization, specific and identified functions of the organization, specific and identified sections of the organization, or one or more functions across a group of organizations.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14001:2015(E)© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 1ISO 14001:2015(E)3.1.2environmental management systempart of the management system (3.1.1) used to manage environmental aspects (3.2.2), fulfil compliance obligations (3.2.9), and address risks and opportunities (3.2.11)3.1.3environmental policyintentions and direction of an organization (3.1.4) related to environmental performance (3.4.11), as formally expressed by its top management (3.1.5)3.1.4organizationperson or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives (3.2.5)Note 1 to entry: The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to sole-trader, company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private.3.1.5top managementperson or group of people who directs and controls an organization (3.1.4) at the highest levelNote 1 to entry: Top management has the power to delegate authority and provide resources within the organization.Note 2 to entry: If the scope of the management system (3.1.1) covers only part of an organization, then top management refers to those who direct and control that part of the organization.3.1.6interested partyperson or organization (3.1.4) that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or activityEXAMPLE Customers, communities, suppliers, regulators, non-governmental organizations, investors and employees.Note 1 to entry: To “perceive itself to be affected” means the perception has been made known to the organization.3.2 Terms related to planning3.2.1environmentsurroundings in which an organization (3.1.4) operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelationshipsNote 1 to entry: Surroundings can extend from within an organization to the local, regional and global system. Note 2 to entry: Surroundings can be described in terms of biodiversity, ecosystems, climate or other characteristics.3.2.2environmental aspectelement of an organization’s (3.1.4) activities or products or services that interacts or can interact with the environment (3.2.1)Note 1 to entry: An environmental aspect can cause (an) environmental impact(s) (3.2.4). A significant environmental aspect is one that has or can have one or more significant environmental impact(s). Note 2 to entry: Significant environmental aspects are determined by the organization applying one or more criteria.2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved3.2.3environmental conditionstate or characteristic of the environment (3.2.1) as determined at a certain point in time3.2.4environmental impactchange to the environment (3.2.1), whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s (3.1.4) environmental aspects (3.2.2)3.2.5objectiveresult to be achievedNote 1 to entry: An objective can be strategic, tactical, or operational.Note 2 to entry: Objectives can relate to different disciplines (such as financial, health and safety, and environmental goals) and can apply at different levels (such as strategic, organization-wide, project, product, service and process (3.3.5)).Note 3 to entry: An objective can be expressed in other ways, e.g. as an intended outcome, a purpose, an operational criterion, as an environmental objective (3.2.6), or by the use of other words with similar meaning(e.g. aim, goal, or target).3.2.6environmental objectiveobjective (3.2.5) set by the organization (3.1.4) consistent with its environmental policy (3.1.3)3.2.7prevention of pollutionuse of processes (3.3.5), practices, techniques, materials, products, services or energy to avoid, reduce or control (separately or in combination) the creation, emission or discharge of any type of pollutant or waste, in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts (3.2.4)Note 1 to entry: Prevention of pollution can include source reduction or elimination; process, product or service changes; efficient use of resources; material and energy substitution; reuse; recovery; recycling, reclamation; or treatment.3.2.8requirementneed or expectation that is stated, generally implied or obligatoryNote 1 to entry: “Generally implied” means that it is custom or common practice for the organization (3.1.4) and interested parties (3.1.6) that the need or expectation under consideration is implied.Note 2 to entry: A specified requirement is one that is stated, for example in documented information (3.3.2). Note 3 to entry: Requirements other than legal requirements become obligatory when the organization decides to comply with them.3.2.9compliance obligations (preferred term)legal requirements and other requirements (admitted term)legal requirements (3.2.8) that an organization (3.1.4) has to comply with and other requirements that an organization has to or chooses to comply withNote 1 to entry: Compliance obligations are related to the environmental management system (3.1.2). Note 2 to entry: Compliance obligations can arise from mandatory requirements, such as applicable laws and regulations, or voluntary commitments, such as organizational and industry standards, contractual relationships, codes of practice and agreements with community groups or non-governmental organizations.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 33.2.10riskeffect of uncertaintyNote 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected — positive or negative.Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or knowledge of, an event, its consequence, or likelihood.Note 3 to entry: Risk is often characterized by reference to potential “events” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.5.1.3) and “consequences” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.3), or a combination of these. Note 4 to entry: Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated “likelihood” (as defined in ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.6.1.1) of occurrence.3.2.11risks and opportunitiespotential adverse effects (threats) and potential beneficial effects (opportunities)3.3 Terms related to support and operation3.3.1competenceability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results3.3.2documented informationinformation required to be controlled and maintained by an organization (3.1.4) and the medium on which it is containedNote 1 to entry: Documented information can be in any format and media, and from any source. Note 2 to entry: Documented information can refer to:— the environmental management system (3.1.2), including related processes (3.3.5);— information created in order for the organization to operate (can be referred to as documentation);— evidence of results achieved (can be referred to as records).3.3.3life cycleconsecutive and interlinked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposalNote 1 to entry: The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal.[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.1, modified ― The words “(or service)” have been added to the definition and Note 1 to entry has been added.]3.3.4outsource (verb)make an arrangement where an external organization (3.1.4) performs part of an organization’s function or process (3.3.5)Note 1 to entry: An external organization is outside the scope of the management system (3.1.1), although the outsourced function or process is within the scope.4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved3.3.5processset of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputsNote 1 to entry: A process can be documented or not.3.4 Terms related to performance evaluation and improvement3.4.1auditsystematic, independent and documented process (3.3.5) for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilledNote 1 to entry: An internal audit is conducted by the organization (3.1.4) itself, or by an external party on its behalf. Note 2 to entry: An audit can be a combined audit (combining two or more disciplines).Note 3 to entry: Independence can be demonstrated by the freedom from responsibility for the activity being audited or freedom from bias and conflict of interest.Note 4 to entry: “Audit evidence” consists of records, statements of fact or other information which are relevant to the audit criteria and are verifiable; and “audit criteria” are the set of policies, procedures or requirements (3.2.8) used as a reference against which audit evidence is compared, as defined in ISO 19011:2011, 3.3 and 3.2 respectively.3.4.2conformityfulfilment of a requirement (3.2.8)3.4.3nonconformitynon-fulfilment of a requirement (3.2.8)Note 1 to entry: Nonconformity relates to requirements in this International Standard and additional environmental management system (3.1.2) requirements that an organization (3.1.4) establishes for itself.3.4.4corrective actionaction to eliminate the cause of a nonconformity (3.4.3) and to prevent recurrenceNote 1 to entry: There can be more than one cause for a nonconformity.3.4.5continual improvementrecurring activity to enhance performance (3.4.10)Note 1 to entry: Enhancing performance relates to the use of the environmental management system (3.1.2) to enhance environmental performance (3.4.11) consistent with the organization’s (3.1.4) environmental policy (3.1.3). Note 2 to entry: The activity need not take place in all areas simultaneously, or without interruption.3.4.6effectivenessextent to which planned activities are realized and planned results achieved3.4.7indicatormeasurable representation of the condition or status of operations, management or conditions [SOURCE: ISO 14031:2013, 3.15]© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 53.4.8monitoringdetermining the status of a system, a process (3.3.5) or an activityNote 1 to entry: To determine the status, there might be a need to check, supervise or critically observe.3.4.9measurementprocess (3.3.5) to determine a value3.4.10performancemeasurable resultNote 1 to entry: Performance can relate either to quantitative or qualitative findings.Note 2 to entry: Performance can relate to the management of activities, processes (3.3.5), products (including services), systems or organizations (3.1.4).3.4.11environmental performanceperformance (3.4.10) related to the management of environmental aspects (3.2.2)Note 1 to entry: For an environmental management system (3.1.2), results can be measured against the organization’s (3.1.4) environmental policy (3.1.3), environmental objectives (3.2.6) or other criteria, using indicators (3.4.7).4 Context of the organization4.1 Understanding the organization and its contextThe organization shall determine external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system. Such issues shall include environmental conditions being affected by or capable of affecting the organization.4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested partiesThe organization shall determine:a) the interested parties that are relevant to the environmental management system;b) the relevant needs and expectations (i.e. requirements) of these interested parties;c) which of these needs and expectations become its compliance obligations.4.3 Determining the scope of the environmental management systemThe organization shall determine the boundaries and applicability of the environmental management system to establish its scope.When determining this scope, the organization shall consider:a) the external and internal issues referred to in 4.1;b) the compliance obligations referred to in 4.2;c) its organizational units, functions and physical boundaries;d) its activities, products and services;e) its authority and ability to exercise control and influence.6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved。
ISO14001-2015培训教材
3 术语和定义（部分）
3.5 相关方 能影响某项决定或活动或被其影响的，或感知到自身将受 其影响的个人或组织。 注： ——相关方可能包括关注或受组织环境绩效影响的个人或 团体。 ——“感知自身受影响”指来自与已知组织。 ——相关方可能包括客户、团体、供应商、监管者、非政 府组织、投资商、员工。
3 术语和定义（部分）
6.1.3 合规性责任 组织应： a) 识别和获取与环境因素相关的合规性责任； b) 确定这些合规责任如何运用于组织。 组织应对合规性责任保持文件化信息。 注：合规性责任可能具有导致潜在的不利或有利相关风 险。
6.1.4 威胁与机遇相关风险 组织应确定与威胁和机遇相关的风险，以确定需求： ——为EMS 实现预其结果提供保障； ——防止，或减少不期望的影响，包括潜在的影响组织 的外部条件； ——达成持续改进。 组织应保持所列出的与威胁及机遇相关风险的文件化的 信息。
4.4 环境管理体系 组织应建立、实施、维持和持续改进一个环境管理体系， 包括与本标准要求相一致所需的过程和它们的相互作用， 以增强组织的环境绩效。 组织应在理解其所处环境情况下，建立和保持环境管理体 系。
5.领导
5 领导作用 5.1 领导作用和承诺 高层管理者应通过以下活动，证明与环境管理体系相关的领导 力和承诺： ——履行EMS 有效性责任； ——确保建立环境方针和环境目标，并且与组织战略方向和组 织所处环境一致； ——确保环境管理体系要求与组织的其它运营过程相融合； ——确保能获取环境管理体系所需的资源； ——沟通有效的环境管理及符合环境管理体系要求的重要性； ——确保环境管理体系达成预期的结果； ——领导和支持员工为环境管理体系有效做出贡献； ——促进持续改进； ——当适用于其所在区域职责时，支持其它相关管理解色发挥 其领导力 注： 在这个国际标准中所指的“运营”宜广泛理解为与实现组 织存在的目的相关的核心活动。
ISO14001-2015环境管理体系首次环境审核培训教材
2018年8月23日 13
ISO14001环境管理体系培训——初始环境评审
3.1
环境因素的识别
3.1.1
环境因素识别的原则
3.1.1.1 全面
——环境因素的识别应充分考虑组织活动、 产品或服务中能够控制及可望对其施加影 响的环境因素（包括所使用的产品和服务 中可标识的重要环境因素）
2018年8月23日
26
ISO14001环境管理体系培训——初始环境评审
——考虑过去、现在、将来三种时态
2018年8月23日 20
ISO14001环境管理体系培训——初始环境评审
——组织适用环境法律法规及其他要求遵 循情况
——组织现有环境管理制度及评价
——以往环境事故、事件及抱怨分析
——建立EMS风险评估（优势和弱点）
——急需解决的优先项问题
——建立和完善EMS的建议、未来的发展 方向等
2018年8月23日 21
——评价组织现有环境管理制度的有效性 及与ISO14001标准的差距，包括： ●组织现行的机构设置、职责划分的 合理性、充分性 ●现行的环境管理惯例和程序的适用 程度和有效性 ●对以往环境事故及不符合环境法律 法规的事件进行调查研究所取得的反馈信 息及结论
2018年8月23日 6
ISO14001环境管理体系培训——初始环境评审
ISO14001环境管理体系培训——初始环境评审
1.3
初始环境评审的重点内容