Effects-of-natural-zeolite-clinoptilolite-on-passive-immunity-and-diarrhea-in-newborn
AstaREAL, natural astaxanthin, to combat low=功效
AstaREAL, natural astaxanthin, to combat low chronic inflammations.IntroductionLow chronic inflammation is an underlying cause of many seemingly unrelated diseases as atherosclerosis, diabetes, digestive system diseases and obesity. The inflammation is a process initiated by the immune system as it reacts to injury or infection. The process is generally accompanied by tissue damage associated with oxidation of macromolecules by inflammation-derived free radicals. Recent results indicate that oxidative modulations of lipids normally present in e.g. cellular membranes, contributes to disruption of the tightly controlled balance of immune tolerance and ultimately provokes chronic inflammation (Leitinger 2008).Astaxanthin is a natural lipid soluble antioxidant that is deposited in cellular membrane and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects both in in vitro and in vivo studies. The aim of this article is to present results of studies with astaxanthin in connection to inflammation in order to give an insight how supplementation with astaxanthin might be beneficial in the combat of low chronic inflammations.Astaxanthin – How it worksAstaxanthin is a lipid soluble carotenoid antioxidant. It is found naturally in e.g. fish, crustaceans and birds. It gives the pink colour to the flesh of wild salmon and astaxanthin is often occurring together with omega-3 lipids in natureUpon oral administration astaxanthin can be found in all organs of the body (Petri et al 2007), At the cellular level astaxanthin accumulates in the membrane fractions like the cell membrane and in the membranes of the mitochondria. Astaxanthin has a unique structure that enables the molecule to span the double layer membrane and thereby exposing itself both to the interior as well as the outside of the cell, figure 1.The antioxidant activity of astaxanthin is greater than that of many other well known antioxidants like ß-carotene or alfa-tocopherol. Reports on the antioxidant property of astaxanthin includes quenching and scavenging of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals and lipid peroxyl radicals (Miki 1991, Fukusawa 1998, Nagub 2000). Figure 2 shows the ability of astaxanthin to efficiently quench singlet oxygen in vitro compared to some other antioxidants.The superior antioxidant effect of astaxanthin to other antioxidants is also shown on its effect to protect cultured fibroblast against exposure to singlet oxygen, see figure 3.Figur 1. Astaxanthin spans through the cell membrane.An example of the in vivo effect of astaxanthin as antioxidant was seen on its effect to improve functionality of human spermatocytes. Male infertility is often connected to increased frequency of oxidised lipids in the cell membrane of the sperms, which decrease their ability to fuse with the egg cell. In a double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial on men with decreased fertility AstaREAL supplementation resulted in a pregnancy rate of 23.1% during the trial period of three months compared to 3.6% in the placebo group. The astaxanthin treatment did not result in increased number of sperms but the functionality was improved which was also seen as improved motility and decreased amount of free radicals in semen (Comhaire et al 2005).Astaxanthin has shown anti-inflammatory effects in several in vitro and in vivo studies like inhibitory effects of NK-kB (Lee et al 2003) and COX-2 (Choi et al 2008) and balancing the Th1/Th2-response during ongoing infection (Bennedsen et al 1999). The anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin is also likely to be its protection of membrane components against oxidation that would otherwise activate the NF-kb and subsequently triggering the pro-inflammatory response.Metabolic syndromeMetabolic syndrome is defined as a life-style disease consisting of clusters of multiple metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. The syndrome has been linked to increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging reports indicate that oxidative stress is an underlying theme that exacerbates inflammation and the development of those health problems. Study results indicate that astaxanthin may have a great potential in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diseases linked to it.Vascular healthAtherosclerotic plaques are initially developed by lipoproteins, LDL, entering into the intima of the arterial wall. The oxidised lipoproteins attract monocytes. They accumulate the oxidised lipoproteins and turn into macrophages which release inflammatory cytokines by activation of NF-kB. The inflammatory reaction generates free radicals and auto-oxidation of lipoproteins begins. Asthe inflammatory reaction proceeds in the arterial wall a plaque consisting of oxidised lipoproteins and foam cells build up. If the plaque ruptures it can cause thrombosis as stroke or heart attack.Astaxanthin supplementation demonstrated the ability to reduce the oxidation of LDL. In a human trial, the peroxidation of LDL was reduced dose dependently during two weeks of supplementation. A protective effect was seen even at a dose of 1.8 mg astaxanthin/day (Iwamoto et al 2000). This finding has further been supported by another double-blind, placebo controlled study in humans including 40 healthy volunteers that were supplemented with astaxanthin during 8 weeks Karppi et al 2007). The astaxanthin supplementation significantly reduced oxidation of the most easily oxidised fatty acids in the plasma. Those two studies clearly indicate that astaxanthin can reduce the oxidation of lipids in human plasma.Studies have also shown that astaxanthin can perform anti-inflammatory effect in the arterial wall and thereby prevent the occurrence of ruptured plaques that can cause thrombosis. Astaxanthin supplementation to rabbits that spontaneously develop atherosclerosis resulted in reduced inflammatory reaction measured as less invading macrophages in the arterial wall. The supplementation also stabilised the plaques and reduced the release of proteolytic enzymes resulting in less ruptured plaques than in the control group (Li et al 2004).Hypertension is one of the conditions linked to metabolic syndrome and it is also a risk factor for CVD. In studies by Hussein et al.,(2005a, 2005b, 2006) it was shown in a mouse model of hypertension that supplementing astaxanthin to the animals significantly reduced the blood pressure compared to the control group. It was found that in the supplemented group the arterial wall was more elastic and the lumen area greater resulting in less resistance. Furthermore, nitric oxide dependent relaxation and sensitivity to constriction mechanisms were improved. These findings most likely contributed to the positive effect on the blood pressure.These recent findings show that astaxanthin may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Consequently, improvements of overall vascular health can be expected.Type 2 DiabetesInsulin resistance is another central component to the cluster of metabolic syndrome. Research revealed a strong link between foods with high glycemic index and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Excess blood glucose needs to be converted by insulin, produced by the pancreas, into glycogen stores. However, when glycogen stores are full, glucose is converted into fat. Overtime, the body’s cells may eventually become desensitized to insulin making it necessary to produce more insulin to achieve the same affect. Eventually, the body loses its ability to control high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) that could result in toxic conditions and promote further complications such as kidney failure.It is also thought that high glucose levels induce oxidative stress which triggers a low but chronic inflammatory reaction that by time damage the insulinproducing cells in the pancreas. Chronic high glucose levels could also lead to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).Researchers included natural astaxanthin to the diet of type 2 diabetic mice models in controlled studies. They found the following significant results: i) reduction of fasting glucose levels; ii) preservation of insulin levels; and iii) better control in glucose tolerance7. The authors concluded that natural astaxanthin may help preserve the pancreas function and insulin sensitivity. Naito et al., 2004, demonstrated additional protective effects of astaxanthin against the progression of kidney damage in type 2 diabetic mice. Significant improvements in the symptoms of renal insufficiency, which normally appear at 16 weeks of age, were detected by analysis of urine and the mesangial area in the kidney glomerulus. The treated mice had 67% less urinary albumin loss, 50% less DNA damage and showed significant preservation of the mesangial area.Recent studies have revealed that the protective mechanism of astaxanthin in nephropathy includes protection of the mitochondria against oxidative stress due to by high glucose concentrations and by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory response caused by NF-!B activation (Naito et al 2006, Manabe et al 2008). These preliminary studies conclude that natural astaxanthin may help manage pre-diabetic conditions, Type 2 diabetic control and delay progressive renal damage.ObesityWeight management generally involves two things: i) ingesting less calories and ii) burning more calories. A sensible dietary choice helps with the former and new data suggests that natural astaxanthin may help with the latter in a variety of ways. The first benefit is improvement of lipid metabolism and the second is boosting muscle endurance. The combination of these two effects could mean shedding extra body fat, avoiding rebounds and enjoying a more rewarding exercise experience.Ikeuchi et al., 2007, demonstrated that even with a high fat diet (40% of daily intake as fat) the weight gain was suppressed in a dose dependent manner with natural astaxanthin. The Japanese researchers noted several significant reductions such as total body weight (15% less), liver weight, adipose tissue (34% less), liver triglycerides (58% less), plasma triglyceride, and total cholesterol in a controlled animal study that lasted 60 days.Natural astaxanthin in combination with exercise had the greatest effect than with exercise or supplementation alone (Ikeuchi et al 2006, Aoi et al 2008). The working theory for body fat reduction is the improvement of lipid metabolism in muscle and synergy with exercise. The underlying mechanism of the effects of astaxanthin seems again to be protection of components in the mitochondria from oxidative stress. Astaxanthin protects enzymes located in the membranes of the mitochondria against oxidation. Oxidative stress generated as a by-product during energy generation can impair lipid metabolism. One of theseenzymes is CPT 1. It imports lipids into the mitochondria to be used as fuel for generating energy(Aoi et al 2008). Another mitochondrial enzyme is 3-HAD, which is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. There are also reports of increased utilization of fatty acids as the primary energy source after respiratory exchange analysis(Ikeuchi et al 2006, Aoi et al 2008). Such indications suggest that natural astaxanthin in combination with exercise promotes lipid metabolism or “fat-burning”.MuscleFree radicals are generated in our muscles and the amount increase radically during exercise and heavy physical activity. Those free radicals can directly damage the muscle cells and also trigger a inflammation reaction which we experience as stiffness and muscle pain.Natural astaxanthin can increase muscle performance and boost endurance levels. The mechanism is not fully understood but this benefit is supported by several reports (Malmsten et al 2008). The first is protection of skeletal muscle cell membrane from ROS damage during strenuous physical activity (Figure 5). After strenuous exercise astaxanthin reduced peroxidation damage of heart and leg muscle cells, reduced DNA damage, and lowered inflammatory markers(Aoi et al 2003). This means less muscle soreness and shorter recovery times between exercise sessions. Secondly, natural astaxanthin improves the blood rheology which means more oxygen and fuel reaches the muscles and better removal of waste (Miyawaki et al 2005). The underlying benefits could explain why there is significantly lower lactic acid build-up and increased endurance levels in animals and humans during swimming or running (Sawaki et al 2002, Ikeuchi et al 2006).Endurance benefits will make physical activity more enjoyable which is perhaps the most important factor to tackle metabolic syndrome.Gastric healthThe bacteria Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcer and stomach cancer. H. pylori infection has been associated with generation of free radicals, which leads to oxidative stress in the gastric mucosa (Naito et al., 2002). H. pylori induces infiltration and activation of neutrophils, which produces inflammatory mediators that include free radicals. These mediators contribute to oxidative stress on the gastric epithelium in the immediate vicinity. Studies in H. pylori infected mice indicate that astaxanthin reduced oxidative stress and subsequent effects on neutrophilic leukocytes and activated macrophages recruitment in the gastric mucosa (Bennedsen et al., 1999). Testing H. pylori-infected animals, treatment with astaxanthin was shown to reduce gastric inflammation and the bacterial load and modulating cytokine release by splenocytes by down regulating the Th1 response caused by the bacteria in favour of a normalised Th1/Th2 response (Bennedsen et al., 1999). This over active Th1 response is regulated by activation of NF-kB (Mohamed et al., 2006). Activation of NF-kB by reactive oxygen species in both in vitro and in vivo have been shown to be inhibited by astaxanthin (Lee et al., 2003). Astaxanthin has furthermore been shown to protect gastric mucosa from ulceration by its antioxidant properties in animal models (Kim et al. 2005a, b; Nishikawa et al 2005). Oxidative stress in the esophagus is also important in the development of gastroesophagal reflux disease (Oh et al., 2001; Wetscher et al., 1995).Astaxanthin treatment of H. pylori positive dyspeptic patients in an open study resulted in reduced symptoms in all patients and reduction of gastric inflammation in 6 out of 10 patients (Lignell et al., 1999). The reduction in reflux symptom was most marked. Greater reduction of reflux syndrome was also obtained recently in a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled study. The response was more pronounced in H. pylori-infected patients (Kupcinskas et al 2008).The results show that astaxanthin is usable to alleviate dyspeptic symptoms and it also indicate that astaxanthin has a role in controlling infections of H. pylori and to keep the immune system in balance.ReferencesBennedsen et al., 1999, Immunol Lett 70:185-189.Choi et al., 2008, J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:1990-1996. Comhaire et al., 2005, Asian j Androl 7:257-262.Fukusawa et al., 2998, Lipids33:751-756.Hussein et al., 2005a, Biol Pharm Bull 28:47-52.Hussein et al., 2005b, Biol Pharm Bull 28:967-971.Hussein et al, 2006, Biol Pharm Bull 29:684-688.Ikeuchi et al., 2006, Biol Pharm Bull 29:2106-2110.Ikeuchi et al., 2007, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71:60521-7. Iwamoto et al., 2000, J Atheroscler Thromb 7:216-222.Karppi et al., 2007, Int J Vitam Nutr Res 77:3-11.Kim et al., 2005a, Eur J Pharmacol 514:53-59.Kim et al., 2005b, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:1300-1305. Kupcinskas et al., 2008, Phytomedicine 15:391-399.Lee at al., 2003, Mol Cells 1:97-105. Leitinger N., 2008, Subcell Biochem 49:325-350.Li et al., 2004, J Mol Cell Cardio 37:969-978. Lignell et al., 1999, Int Carotenoid Symp., Cairns, Australia.Malmsten et al., 2008, Carotenoid Science 13:20-22.Manabe et al., 2008, J Cellular Biochem 103:1925-37.Miki, 1991, Pure Appl Chem 63:141-146.Miyawaki et al., 2005, J Clin Ther Med 21:421-429.Mohamed et al., 2006, J Gastrointest Surg 10:551-562.Nagub et al., 2000, J Agric Food chem. 48:1150-54.Naito et al., 2002, Free Radic Biol Med 33:323-336.Naito et al., 2004, BioFactors 20:49-59.Naito et al., 2006, Int J Mol Med 18:685-695.Nishida et al., 2007, Carotenoid Science 11:16-20.Nishikawa et al., 2005, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 51:135-141.Oh et al., 2001, Gut 49:364-371. Petri et al., Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 145:202-209. Sawaki et al., 2002, J Clin Ther Med 18:73-88.Tominaga et al., 2009, Food Style 13:84-86.Wetscher et al., Am j Surg 170:552-556.AstaREAL – natural astaxanthinThe source of astaxanthin used in the clinical trials refered to in this paper is AstaREAL. Natural astaxanthin produced by cultivation of the unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis cultivated under strict control at BioReal´s facility in Gustavsberg, Sweden.AstaREAL is offered in different forms to suit different applications;AstaREAL A1010, powder, homogenised and dried biomass containing 5% astaxanthin.AstaREAL L10, oleoresin, supercritical extract of the biomass containing 10% astaxanthin.AstaREAL P2AF, powder, encapsulated oleoresin containing 1.8% astaxanthin. AstaREAL is approved for use in food supplements in Europe, USA, Japan and most other countries.ContactBioReal (Sweden) ABIdrottsvägen 4SE-134 40 GustavsbergSwedenTel +46 (0)8 57013950www.bioreal.seinfo@bioreal.se。
冰冻浓缩效应 绿色合成 英文
冰冻浓缩效应绿色合成英文The "cryo-concentration effect" refers to the processin which a liquid mixture is cooled to a temperature below the freezing point of the solvent, causing the formation of ice crystals. This results in the separation of the solvent from the solute, leading to a more concentrated solution. The cryo-concentration effect is often utilized in various industries, such as the food and beverage industry, for the production of concentrated juices and other liquid products.On the other hand, "green synthesis" refers to the development of chemical processes for the production of various compounds and materials that are environmentally friendly. This approach aims to minimize the use of hazardous substances, reduce waste generation, and promote sustainable practices. Green synthesis methods ofteninvolve the use of renewable resources, non-toxic solvents, and energy-efficient processes.In summary, the "cryo-concentration effect" involvesthe separation and concentration of a liquid mixture through freezing, while "green synthesis" pertains to the environmentally friendly production of compounds and materials. Both concepts are important in their respective fields and contribute to sustainable and responsible manufacturing practices.。
the tyndall effect thus implies
the tyndall effect thus implies“The Tyndall Effect”is a phenomenon often observed in everyday life, in which the scattering of light by suspended particles in a medium leads to the appearance of a visible beam of light. In this article, we will explore the underlying principles behind the Tyndall Effect and delve into its implications in various fields.Firstly, let us understand the basic concept of the Tyndall Effect. Named after the 19th-century physicist John Tyndall, this effect occurs when light encounters particles within a medium, causing some of the light rays to scatter in different directions. The scattered light is then reflected or refracted, creating a visible beam or cone of light. This phenomenon is most noticeable when a beam of light passes through a cloudy liquid or a dusty room, where suspended particles are abundant.To comprehend why the Tyndall Effect occurs, we must delve into the behavior of light waves. Light is composed of electromagnetic waves, which consist of alternating electric and magnetic fields. When light interacts with particles in a medium, such as smoke particles or water droplets, the electric and magnetic fields can induce a dipole moment within the particles. As a result of thisinteraction, the light waves are scattered in various directions.The intensity and color of the scattered light depend on the size of the particles and the wavelength of light. If the particles are larger than the wavelength of incident light, the scattered light will contain various colors, resulting in white light. However, if the particles are smaller than the wavelength of light, the scattering will be more pronounced for shorter wavelengths, such as blue and violet light. This explains why the scattered light appears blue, while the transmitted light through the medium appears yellow or red, as blue light is scattered more strongly in the atmosphere.Now that we have grasped the fundamental principles of the Tyndall Effect, let us explore its implications in various fields. One significant area where the Tyndall Effect is commonly observed is in atmospheric science. This phenomenon plays a crucial role in the scattering of sunlight in the Earth's atmosphere, giving rise to the blue color of the sky. As sunlight encounters tiny molecules and particles in the atmosphere, the shorter blue and violet wavelengths of light are scattered more efficiently, creating the appearance of a blue sky.Additionally, the Tyndall Effect has significant applications in the field of medical diagnostics. This effect is often exploited in technologies such as turbidimetry and nephelometry, which measure the concentration of suspended particles in a liquid sample. By analyzing the scattered light, these techniques allow healthcare professionals to identify abnormalities or monitor the progress of certain diseases, such as kidney disorders or bacterial infections.Furthermore, the Tyndall Effect has numerous applications in industrial processes. For instance, in the field of cosmetics, manufacturers use this phenomenon to create shimmering or sparkling effects in products. By incorporating finely suspended particles that scatter light, such as mica or titanium dioxide, cosmetics can enhance the perceived appearance of skin or add an iridescent quality to lipsticks or nail polishes.In conclusion, the Tyndall Effect is a fascinating phenomenon that arises from the scattering of light by suspended particles in a medium. This effect has implications in various fields, ranging from atmospheric science to medical diagnostics and industrialapplications. By understanding the underlying principles behind the Tyndall Effect, we can appreciate the beauty of everyday occurrences and harness its potential in diverse areas of research and development.。
依达拉奉右莰醇联合阿替普酶治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效观察
J Apoplexy and Nervous Diseases, October 2023, Vol 40，No. 10依达拉奉右莰醇联合阿替普酶治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效观察李春颖1， 鞠东升1， 潘澍潇1， 朱辉2， 靳颖1摘要： 目的 观察依达拉奉右莰醇联合阿替普酶治疗急性缺血性脑卒中（AIS ）的疗效性和安全性。
方法 收集2020年11月―2022年4月松原吉林油田医院收治的AIS 患者共计124例，随机分为实验组（阿替普酶静脉溶栓+依达拉奉右莰醇组）和对照组（阿替普酶静脉溶栓组），对比治疗效果。
结果 实验组治疗总有效率为82.3%，高于对照组的64.5%，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。
其溶栓后不同阶段NIHSS 评分结果（5.40 ± 3.82）分、（4.14 ± 3.44）分、（0.57 ± 0.99）分均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。
两组患者治疗期间均未发生药物不良反应。
结论 依达拉奉右莰醇联合阿替普酶治疗AIS 患者临床疗效确切。
关键词： 依达拉奉右莰醇； 阿替普酶； 急性缺血性脑卒中； 疗效中图分类号：R743.3 文献标识码：AEfficacy of edaravone dexborneol combined with alteplase in treatment of acute ischemic stroke LI Chunying ，JU Dongsheng ， PAN Shuxiao ， et al. （Songyuan Jilin Oilfield Hospital ， Songyuan 138000， China ）Abstract ： Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of edaravone dexborneol combined with alteplase in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke （AIS ）.Methods The data were collected from 124 patients with AIS who were admitted to our hospital from November 2020 to April 2022. The patients were randomly divided into experimental group （intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase + treatment with edaravone dexborneol ） and control group （intravenous thrombolysis with al‑teplase ）， and the two groups were compared for efficacy.Results The overall response rate in the experimental group was sig‑nificantly higher than that in the control group （82.3% vs 64.5%， P < 0.05）. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at different stages after thrombolysis were significantly lower in the experimental group （5.40 ± 3.82， 4.14 ± 3.44， and 0.57 ± 0.99） than in the control group （P < 0.05）. No adverse drug reactions were observed in the two groups during the treat‑ment.Conclusion Edaravone dexborneol combined with alteplase has definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of AIS.Key words ： Edaravone dexborneol ； Alteplase ； Acute ischemic stroke ； Efficacy 脑卒中是全球致残的主要原因和第二大死亡原因［1］，至少50%幸存者将遗留残疾［2］。
雾水葛总黄酮的提取工艺优化及其对线虫应激能力的影响
广东药科大学学报Journal of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Jan, 2024, 40(1)雾水葛总黄酮的提取工艺优化及其对线虫应激能力的影响吴冬凡，李美其，王艳（广东药科大学广东省化妆品工程技术研究中心，广东 广州 510006）摘要： 目的 正交法优化雾水葛总黄酮的提取工艺，探究其对秀丽隐杆线虫抗应激能力的影响。
方法 采用NaNO 2-Al （NO 3）3-NaOH 显色法测定雾水葛中总黄酮的质量分数，以雾水葛总黄酮提取率为指标，通过单因素考察及正交试验考察时间、温度、料液比、乙醇体积分数对总黄酮提取率的影响，优选出最佳提取工艺。
设立给药组和空白组，通过观察线虫头摆动次数、H 2O 2氧化应激、抗热应激试验探究总黄酮对秀丽隐杆线虫抗应激能力的影响。
结果 最佳提取工艺：提取时间为40 min ，提取温度为70 ℃，乙醇体积分数为60%，料液比为1∶40 （g ∶mL ），总黄酮提取率实测值为1.31%。
给药组线虫头摆动次数明显多于空白组（P <0.01）。
雾水葛总黄酮质量浓度为0.300 mg/mL 时，给药组在氧化应激和热应激实验中平均寿命比空白组分别延长32.28%、42.96%。
结论 超声法操作简单、便捷、提取率高，提取所得总黄酮能增强秀丽隐杆线虫应激能力。
关键词： 雾水葛总黄酮； 正交法优化； 秀丽隐杆线虫； 氧化应激； 热应激中图分类号： R284.1 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 2096-3653（2024）01-0043-07DOI: 10.16809/ki.2096-3653.2023111304Optimization of extraction technology of total flavonoids from Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn and its effect on stress ability of nematodeWU Dongfan, LI Meiqi, WANG Yan *(Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center , Guangzhou 510006, China )*Corresponding author Email:***************。
IGF-1缓解紫杉醇诱发的背根神经节神经元毒性的实验研究的开题报告
IGF-1缓解紫杉醇诱发的背根神经节神经元毒性的实
验研究的开题报告
研究背景和意义：
紫杉醇是一种广泛应用于临床的抗癌药物，但其使用也伴随着严重的神经毒性，特别是对背根神经节神经元的毒性。
IGF-1作为一种重要的神经营养因子，具有广泛的神经保护作用，可能可以缓解紫杉醇引起的神经毒性。
因此，本研究旨在探讨IGF-1对紫杉醇诱导的背根神经节神经元毒性的缓解作用及其机制。
研究内容和方法：
本研究将使用原代培养的背根神经节神经元作为实验模型，通过MTT法检测细胞的存活率；通过流式细胞术检测凋亡细胞率；通过Western blot法检测相关蛋白的表达变化，比较IGF-1预处理组与单纯使用紫杉醇组的差异。
同时，还将加入IGF-1抑制剂以验证其缓解作用是否与IGF-1有关。
最后，通过统计学方法比较各组数据的差异。
研究预期成果：
本研究预期可以证实IGF-1具有缓解紫杉醇诱导的背根神经节神经元毒性的作用，并初步探讨其可能的作用机制。
这将有助于揭示背根神经节神经元毒性的发生机制，并为临床上应用紫杉醇提供一种新的神经保护策略。
Benefits of Nature Therapy for Stress Relief
Benefits of Nature Therapy for Stress Relief Nature therapy, also known as ecotherapy or green therapy, is a practice that involves spending time in nature to improve mental and physical health. It has gained popularity in recent years as a natural and effective way to relieve stress and promote overall well-being. There are numerous benefits of nature therapy for stress relief, and in this response, we will explore these benefits from various perspectives.One of the key benefits of nature therapy for stress relief is the calming effect that nature has on the mind and body. Being in natural environments such as forests, parks, or beaches can help reduce feelings of anxiety and tension, and promote a sense of peace and tranquility. The sights, sounds, and smells of nature can have a soothing effect on the nervous system, helping to lower stress levels and improve overall mood.In addition to its calming effect, nature therapy also provides an opportunity for physical activity, which has been shown to be effective in reducing stress. Whether it's going for a hike, taking a leisurely walk, or practicing yoga outdoors, engaging in physical activity in nature can help release endorphins, the body's natural feel-good chemicals, and reduce the production of stress hormones. This combination of physical activity and exposure to nature can have a powerful impact on stress levels and overall well-being.Furthermore, nature therapy offers a break from the fast-paced, technology-driven world that many of us live in. Spending time in nature allows individuals to unplug from their devices, disconnect from constant notifications, and take a break from the pressures of work and daily life. This break from technology and the urban environment can help reduce mental fatigue, improve concentration, and provide a much-needed mental reset, all of which contribute to stress relief.Another important benefit of nature therapy for stress relief is its ability to foster a sense of connection and belonging. Many people feel a deep connection to nature and experience a sense of awe and wonder when surrounded by natural beauty. This feeling of connection can help individuals put their own problems and stressors into perspective, and foster a sense of gratitude and appreciation for the world around them. This sense ofconnection and belonging can be incredibly grounding and comforting, and can help individuals feel more resilient in the face of stress and adversity.Moreover, nature therapy can also provide a sense of purpose and meaning, which are important factors in reducing stress and improving overall well-being. Engaging in activities such as gardening, birdwatching, or nature conservation can provide a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment, and can help individuals feel more connected to something larger than themselves. This sense of purpose and meaning can help individuals cope with stress more effectively, and can contribute to a greater sense of happiness and fulfillment in life.Lastly, nature therapy offers a unique opportunity for social connection and support, which are important factors in managing stress. Whether it's going for a nature walk with a friend, joining a nature-based group activity, or simply spending time in nature with loved ones, the social aspect of nature therapy can provide valuable emotional support and a sense of community. This social connection can help individuals feel more supported and understood, and can provide a source of comfort and encouragement during times of stress.In conclusion, nature therapy offers a wide range of benefits for stress relief, including its calming effect on the mind and body, the opportunity for physical activity, a break from the pressures of modern life, a sense of connection and belonging, a source of purpose and meaning, and the opportunity for social connection and support. By spending time in nature and engaging in nature-based activities, individuals can experience a profound sense of stress relief and overall well-being. It is clear that nature therapy has the potential to be a powerful and natural tool for managing stress and improving mental health.。
2023年考研英语真题及解析
1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experienc e demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expense s[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove t he author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept thepaper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches ta ller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at t his genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist WilliamCameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, auth or of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessa ry to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a Stateof Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that d escribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring t o his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his ownPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2023年全国硕士硕士招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
The Role of Nature in Promoting Mental Health
The Role of Nature in Promoting Mental Health Nature has long been recognized as having a positive impact on mental health. The calming effect of nature has been shown to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. In this essay, we will explore the role of nature in promoting mental health from multiple angles.Firstly, spending time in nature can help to reduce stress levels. The hustle and bustle of daily life can be overwhelming, leading to increased stress and anxiety. However, being in nature can help to reduce these feelings. Studies have shown that spending time in nature can lower cortisol levels, a hormone associated with stress. This reduction in cortisol levels has been linked to a decrease in anxiety and an increase in feelings of calmness.Secondly, nature can help to improve mood. The beauty of nature can be uplifting and inspiring. Being in nature can help to increase feelings of happiness and contentment. Studies have shown that spending time in nature can increase serotonin levels, a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of happiness and well-being. This increase in serotonin levels can lead to an improvement in mood and a decrease in symptoms of depression.Thirdly, nature can help to improve cognitive function. Spending time in nature has been shown to improve attention and focus. This is especially true for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies have shown that spending time in nature can improve cognitive function and attention in children with ADHD. Additionally, spending time in nature can help to improve creativity and problem-solving skills.Fourthly, nature can help to improve physical health, which in turn can improve mental health. Regular physical activity, such as hiking or gardening, can help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. These diseases have been linked to an increased risk of depression and anxiety. Therefore, by improving physical health, nature can indirectly improve mental health.Fifthly, nature can help to promote social connections. Spending time in nature with friends and family can help to strengthen relationships and promote a sense of community.This social support can be beneficial for mental health, as it can help to reduce feelings of loneliness and isolation.Finally, nature can provide a sense of purpose and meaning. Gardening, for example, can provide a sense of accomplishment and purpose. This sense of purpose can be beneficial for mental health, as it can help to improve self-esteem and feelings of self-worth.In conclusion, nature plays a vital role in promoting mental health. From reducing stress and anxiety to improving mood and cognitive function, nature has a multitude of benefits for mental health. By spending time in nature, we can improve our physical health, strengthen social connections, and find a sense of purpose and meaning. Therefore, it is important to prioritize spending time in nature as a way to promote mental health and well-being.。
关于天然产物spirastrellolidea中c1-c10及c17-c24片段的合成研究
关于天然产物Spirastrellolide A中C1-C10及C17-C24片段的合成研究Synthesis of C1-C10 and C17-C24Fragments of Spirastrellolide A学科专业：药物化学研究生姓名：王超超指导教师：杜云飞副教授Richard. P. Hsung 教授唐宇副教授天津大学药物科学与技术学院二零一三年四月独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢之处外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得天津大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解天津大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定。
特授权天津大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，并采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编以供查阅和借阅。
同意学校向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权说明）学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月中文摘要Spirastrellolide A 是在2003年由Andersen和他的同事从加勒比海旋星海绵属蚧亚目（Spirastrellolide coccinea）中分离得到的大环内酯类化合物。
Spirastrellolides家族化合物具有抗有丝分裂作用，是一种潜在的抗癌以及抗神经代谢紊乱的治疗剂，从而吸引了很多化学家致力于该天然产物的合成。
我们课题组在开发了一条非常规的螺缩酮的合成方法后，开始对该天然产物的合成产生兴趣。
本论文旨在通过反应原料价廉易得，反应类型常见且易操作的合成路线完成该天然产物的C1-C10及C17-C24片段的合成。
本论文中，我们以1, 5-戊二醇为起始原料，通过单羟基保护，Swern氧化，Wittig成烯反应以及DIBAL-H还原得到α, β-不饱和羟基化合物，为后面的Sharpless 环氧化进而得到所需手性碳原子做准备。
The Effects of Light Pollution on Wildlife
The Effects of Light Pollution onWildlifeLight pollution has become a significant issue in today's world, and its impact on wildlife is a growing concern. The excessive and misdirected artificial light produced by human activities has been shown to have detrimental effects on various species of animals, including birds, insects, and marine life. This problem is particularly concerning as it disrupts natural ecosystems and can lead to serious consequences for the affected species. In this response, we will explore the effects of light pollution on wildlife from multiple perspectives, considering the ecological, behavioral, and conservation implications of this pressing issue. From an ecological perspective, light pollution disrupts the natural rhythms and behaviors of wildlife. Many species rely on the natural cycle of light and darkness to regulate their activities, such as foraging, mating, and migration. The introduction of artificial light can confuse and disorient these animals, leading to a range of negative consequences. For example, birds may become disoriented by bright city lights, leading to collisions with buildings or exhaustion from circling around illuminated structures. Similarly, sea turtle hatchlings are known to become disoriented by artificial lights on the shore, causing them to move away from the ocean and towards danger instead of following the natural moonlight to the water. Furthermore, light pollution can have significant impacts on the behavior of nocturnal animals. Many species of insects, for instance, are drawn to artificial lights, which can disrupt their natural behaviors and lead to population declines. This disruption in the food chain can have cascading effects on other species that rely on insects as a food source, ultimately impacting the balance of entire ecosystems. The ecological implications of light pollution are therefore far-reaching and can have serious consequencesfor the stability and health of natural environments. From a behavioral perspective, the effects of light pollution on wildlife are equally concerning. Many animals rely on visual cues for navigation, communication, and finding food. The presence of artificial light can interfere with these essential behaviors, leading to increased stress and reduced reproductive success in affected species.For example, studies have shown that artificial light can disrupt the courtshipand mating behaviors of certain bird species, leading to decreased breeding success and population declines. Similarly, the disruption of natural light cues can affect the ability of some species to find food, leading to decreased foraging success and potential starvation. Moreover, the effects of light pollution on wildlife can also have significant conservation implications. As the human population continues to grow and urban areas expand, the prevalence of artificial light is only expected to increase. This poses a serious threat to many species of wildlife, particularly those that are already facing other pressures such ashabitat loss and climate change. Conservation efforts must therefore take into account the impact of light pollution on wildlife and work to mitigate its effects. This may involve implementing measures to reduce the spread of artificial light, such as using more efficient and targeted lighting designs, as well as creating dark sky reserves to protect critical habitats from excessive light pollution. In conclusion, the effects of light pollution on wildlife are a pressing and multifaceted issue that demands attention and action. From an ecological perspective, light pollution disrupts natural behaviors and rhythms, leading to a range of negative consequences for affected species. Behaviorally, the presence of artificial light can interfere with essential behaviors such as navigation and foraging, leading to increased stress and reduced reproductive success. Additionally, the conservation implications of light pollution are significant, as it poses a growing threat to many species already facing other pressures. Addressing this issue will require a concerted effort to reduce the spread of artificial light and protect critical habitats from excessive light pollution. By doing so, we can help mitigate the impacts of light pollution on wildlife and work towards a more sustainable and harmonious coexistence between humans and thenatural world.。
2023年国开非英语专业学位英语考试真题
2023年国开非英语专业学位英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12023 National Open Non-English Major Degree English ExamSection I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The Amazon Rainforest, also known as the Amazon Jungle, is a vast forest that covers most of the Amazon Basin of South America. It is often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth" because it produces approximately 20% of the world's oxygen. The Amazon Rainforest is home to an incredible array of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth.1. What is the Amazon Rainforest also known as?2. Why is the Amazon Rainforest often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth"?3. How much of the world's oxygen does the Amazon Rainforest produce?4. What makes the Amazon Rainforest a unique habitat for plant and animal species?Section II: Writing (60 points)Write an essay of at least 300 words on the following topic:"The Importance of Biodiversity in Preserving Ecosystems"In your essay, discuss the importance of biodiversity in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. Provide examples of how different plant and animal species contribute to the health and stability of their habitats. Explain how human activities such as deforestation and pollution can impact biodiversity and what steps can be taken to protect and preserve it.Section III: Listening Comprehension (30 points)Listen to the audio recording and answer the questions that follow.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their plans for the upcoming summer vacation.1. What are the students planning to do during the summer vacation?2. Where do they intend to go for their summer vacation?3. How long will they be away for?4. What activities are they looking forward to during their vacation?Section IV: Speaking (70 points)In this section, you will be given a topic to discuss for 2-3 minutes.Topic: The Impact of Climate Change on the EnvironmentDiscuss how climate change is affecting the environment and what can be done to address this issue. Provide examples of ways in which individuals and governments can reduce their carbon footprint and mitigate the effects of climate change on the planet.Overall, the 2023 National Open Non-English Major Degree English Exam aims to test students' proficiency in English language skills, including reading comprehension, writing, listening comprehension, and speaking. Good luck!篇22023 National College Entrance Examination Non-English Major English TestPart I Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) She expects the man will have his suit dry cleaned.B) She suggest the man try a different brand of detergent.C) She thinks the man should wash his suit on delicate cycle.D) She offer to help the man clean his suit after work.2. A) The woman's wallet is in her purse.B) The woman's wallet isn't missing.C) The man is as surprised as the woman.D) The man saw the wallet in the laundry room.3. A) The man knows a lot about fabric.B) The man is going to learn more about sewing.C) The man doesn't mind going fabric shopping with the woman.D) The man thinks more stuffing isn't needed for the pillow.4. A) The man likes to discuss his ideas.B) The man is used to working on a team.C) The man is a good leader.D) The man solves all his problems.5. A) The man thinks he can charge his phone in the car.B) The man is open to making phone calls on his computer.C) The man plans to keep his phone turned off.D) The man prefers charging his phone in a travel adapter.Section BPassage OneDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read twice. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard.Don't hesitate to get help with your English, no matter how little money you have. There are several ways to improve your English ________. You can join a program, __________ a class at a community center, or get involved with an online group. Practicing with native English speakers is ________ the most effective language study strategy.Passage TwoDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage with 5 questions. The passage will be read twice. After the first reading, you are required to fill in the gaps in each question. After the second reading, you will hear the answer to the question.1. Where did the speaker see the job posting for Olive Garden?2. What's the speaker's main reason for wanting to work for Olive Garden?Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the fourpossible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Conversation OneQuestions:1. What is the man's role?2. What does the woman suggest?3. How does the woman believe the man solved the problem?4. How does the woman suggest the man categorize the data?Conversation TwoQuestions:1. Why is the man calling the woman?2. What does the woman regret?3. What does the man promise to do once the woman sends him the data?4. How does the woman suggest the man deal with a new problem in the future?Part II Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions:Lena Adams, a welder and fabricator working on Earth, always wanted to travel to Mars. Recently, She got her wish, as NASA chose her to spend a year at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah.1. What was Lena's former job?A) Scientist B) Engineer C) Welder D) Researcher2. What will Lena experience during her year at the Mars Desert Research Station?A) Traveling to Mars B) Conducting experiments C) Working as a welder D) Training as an astronautPassage TwoQuestions:Bee venom has long been used in traditional medicine to address various health issues. Recent research shows that bee venom may hold even more potential than previously thought.3. What are the properties of bee venom that make it valuable for medicine?A) Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory B) Antioxidant and antiviral C) Anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory D) Antioxidant and anti-cancer4. What is the main focus of the recent research on bee venom?A) Its potential as a food source B) Its use in traditional medicine C) Its role in bee behavior D) Its new health benefitsPassage ThreeQuestions:Caroline Wilson, a self-taught artist, recently held her first solo exhibition at a gallery in New York. Her stunning watercolor landscapes received rave reviews from critics and viewers alike.5. How did Caroline Wilson become an artist?A) She studied at a prestigious art school B) She learned from her family members C) She took online painting courses D) She taught herself how to paint6. What was the response to Caroline's artwork at the gallery?A) Negative B) Mixed C) Positive D) IndifferentPassage FourQuestions:The ancient city of Pompeii, buried by a volcanic eruption in 79 AD, has been a treasure trove for archaeologists. Each discovery sheds more light on the daily life of Pompeii's inhabitants before the disaster.7. When did the volcanic eruption bury Pompeii?A) 70 AD B) 73 AD C) 76 AD D) 79 AD8. What is the main focus of the archaeological discoveries in Pompeii?A) The city's political structures B) The residents' daily lives C) The eruption's aftermath D) The city's cultural heritagePart III Writing (60 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 60 minutes to write a letter responding to an invitation. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.Outline:1) Thank the person for the invitation.2) Explain why you are unable to attend.3) Express your regret and suggest meeting at a different time.4) Close politely.2023 National College Entrance Examination Non-English Major English Test Ends篇32023 National Open University Non-English Major Degree English Exam QuestionsPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice while reading the passages.Passage 1During the 2023 Tokyo Olympics, some athletes have been punished for violating anti-doping regulations. As a result, they have been stripped of their medals and banned from competing in future events. This raises the question of how to prevent doping in sports and ensure fair competition.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The 2023 Tokyo OlympicsB. Anti-doping regulationsC. Athletes being punishedD. Fair competition in sports2. What is the consequence for athletes who violateanti-doping regulations?A. They lose their medalsB. They are banned from competingC. They face legal actionD. They receive a warning3. What is the author's view on doping in sports?A. It is a necessary evilB. It should be allowedC. It should be preventedD. It benefits athletesPassage 2Climate change is a pressing issue that affects people around the world. As global temperatures rise, we are seeing more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and loss of biodiversity. It is crucial that we take action to mitigate these effects and protect the planet for future generations.4. What is the main concern of the passage?A. Climate changeB. Global temperaturesC. Extreme weather eventsD. Biodiversity loss5. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of climate change?A. Rising sea levelsB. Increase in biodiversityC. Extreme weather eventsD. Global temperatures rise6. What is the author's call to action in the passage?A. Ignore climate changeB. Accept the consequencesC. Take action to protect the planetD. Wait for governments to actPassage 3In recent years, there has been a growing trend of online shopping. With the convenience of ordering products from the comfort of your home and having them delivered to your doorstep, many people are opting for this option over traditional retail stores. However, this shift has raised concerns about the impact on brick-and-mortar businesses.7. What is the main topic of the passage?A. Online shoppingB. Traditional retail storesC. Convenience of ordering products onlineD. Impact on brick-and-mortar businesses8. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the growth of online shopping?A. ConvenienceB. Cost savingsC. Social interactionD. Wide selection of products9. What is the author's view on the impact of online shopping on brick-and-mortar businesses?A. It has no impactB. It benefits themC. It harms themD. It is a neutral factorPassage 4The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects on society and the economy. From lockdowns and social distancing measures to remote work and online schooling, people aroundthe world have had to adapt to a new way of life. As we navigate through the challenges of the pandemic, it is important to stay informed and follow guidelines to protect ourselves and others.10. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The COVID-19 pandemicB. Society and the economyC. Lockdowns and social distancing measuresD. Adapting to a new way of life11. Which of the following has NOT been a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic?A. Remote workB. Online schoolingC. Faster travel timesD. Social distancing measures12. What is the author's advice in dealing with the challenges of the pandemic?A. Ignore guidelinesB. Stay informed and follow guidelinesC. Panic and worryD. Disregard the situationPart II: Writing (30 points)Directions: Write an essay on the following topic. You should write at least 250 words in English within 30 minutes.Topic: The importance of learning a second language in the 21st centuryIn today's globalized world, knowing only one language is no longer sufficient. With advancements in technology, travel, and communication, the ability to speak a second language is becoming increasingly important. In your essay, discuss why learning a second language is essential in the 21st century. Provide examples of how being bilingual can benefit individuals in their personal and professional lives.---------------------------------------------This is just a sample of the types of questions that may appear on the 2023 National Open University Non-English Major Degree English Exam. Students are encouraged to study and prepare for the exam thoroughly to achieve the best results.。
natural selection
Observing Natural SelectionWitnessing natural selection would not have seemed possible to Darwin because he assumed natural selection was too slow and gradual for our short-term minds to perceive.Yet later biologists have been able to witness flashes of evolutionary change.In the late1980s,for example, biologist David Reznick began to use the guppies that swim in the streams of Trinidad forests in natural experiment.At lower elevations these guppies face the assault of predatory fishes,but the ones in higher waters live in peace because few of the predators can move upstream past the waterfalls and craggy rocks.Like all animals,guppies have a timetable for their lives–how long they take to reach sexual maturity how fast they grow during that time, how long they live as adults.Theoretical biologists have predicted that the life history of animals can evolve if mutations that alter it bring the animals more reproductive success.Reznick put their predictions to the test.In ponds with a lot of predators,guppies that grow fast should be more successful than slow-growing ones.With the threat of death hanging over a guppy,it will grow as quickly as possible so that it can start mating as soon as possible and have as many offspring as possible.Of course, the strategy comes with a heavy price.By growing so quickly,a guppy may shorten its own natural life span,and by quickly giving birth to babies, female guppy cannot take time to support her offspring with energy,which put them at risk of dying young.But Reznick reasoned,that the threat,of an early death offset by other risk..To see whether this trade-off was real,Reznick relocated guppies that were being terrorized in the downstream by putting them in pools with relatively few predators.Eleven years in these conditions produced guppies that were,on average,in less of a rush.T hey took10percent longer to mature than their ancestors and were over10percent heavier by the time they were fully grown.They were also laying smaller broods of eggs.but each of the new guppies that hatched from those was bigger.Sometimes nature runs evolutionary experiments of its own without any help from humans whatsoever.In1973Peter and Rosemary Grant, husband-and-wife biologists,arrived on the Galapagos Islands to study the effects of natural selection on the birds.Most years on the Galapagos, the weather follows a standard pattern.For the first five months of the years it is hot and rainy,followed by a cool,dry period.But in1977 the wet season never came.A periodic disturbance of the Pacific oceancalled La Nina altered weather patterns over the Galapagos,causing a disastrous drought.On Daphne Island,where the Grants worked,the drought was lethal.Out of the1,200medium ground finches Geospiza fortis that lived on the Island, more that1,000died.But the Grants discovered that the decimation was not random.G fortis lives mainly on seeds,which it cracks with its strong beak.Small G.fontis can break only small seeds,but larger birds have beaks that are strong enough to break big ones.The drought had lingered for a few months,the small finches ran out of small seeds and began dying off.But the big finches managed to survive,because they could eat seeds that the smaller ones couldn’t get to.(In particular,they depended on a plant called caltrop,which grows spiked shells to protect it seeds).The survivors on the1977drought mated in1978,and the Grants could see evolution’s mark on their offspring.A new generation of G.fortis was born,and the Grants’student Peter Boag discovered that,on average, their beaks were4percent larger than those of the previous generation. The big-beaked finches,which had fared better during the drought had put their trait to their offspring,altered the profile of the population.In the years since the drought the finches changed.In1983,for example, there was a season of heavy rain,abundant seeds favored finches with smaller beaks and Grants found that by1985their average size had dropper 5percent.The finches can change quickly,but it seems that are swinging back and forth like a pendulum.中文大意：关于natural selection，Darwin认为是长期且渐进的。
The Effects of Sleep on Overall Health
The Effects of Sleep on Overall HealthSleep is a fundamental aspect of maintaining overall health and well-being. It is a time when the body and mind rest, repair, and rejuvenate. Adequate sleep is essential for functioning at optimal levels both physically and mentally. The effects of sleep on overall health are far-reaching and can impact many aspects of an individual's daily life.Physical HealthOne of the most significant effects of sleep on overall health is its impact on physical well-being. During sleep, the body performs essential functions such as repairing tissues, regulating metabolism, and strengthening the immune system. Lack of sleep can lead to a weakened immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses and infections. Chronic sleep deprivation has also been linked to an increased risk of chronic health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Additionally, inadequate sleep can impair the body's ability to regulate hormones that control appetite, potentially leading to weight gain and obesity.Cognitive FunctionSleep plays a crucial role in cognitive function, including memory, concentration, and problem-solving abilities. Adequate sleep is essential for consolidating memories and processing information. It also helps in maintaining alertness and focus, which is critical for learning and performing complex tasks. Inadequate sleep can lead to cognitive impairment, including reduced attentionspan, decreased reaction times, and poor decision-making. Chronic sleep deprivation has also been linked to an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.Mental HealthThe effects of sleep on mental health are profound. Quality sleep is essential for regulating mood, emotions, and mental well-being. Sleep deprivation can lead to irritability, mood swings, and increased levels of stress and anxiety. Chronic sleep disturbances are also associated with an increased risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Conversely, individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions are more likely to experience disrupted sleep patterns.Overall Productivity and PerformanceAdequate sleep is essential for maintaining optimal performance and productivity in daily activities such as work, school, and social interactions. Sleep deprivation can impair decision-making, problem-solving, and creativity, leading to decreased productivity and performance. It can also result in an increased risk of accidents and errors, particularly in tasks that require attention and coordination, such as driving.Enhancing Sleep QualityGiven the significant impact of sleep on overall health, it is essential to prioritize good sleep habits and overall sleep quality. Some strategies for improving sleep quality include maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating acomfortable sleep environment, limiting exposure to screens before bedtime, avoiding caffeine and heavy meals close to bedtime, and incorporating relaxation techniques such as meditation and deep breathing exercises.In conclusion, the effects of sleep on overall health are manifold and have far-reaching implications for physical, cognitive, and mental well-being. It is crucial to recognize the importance of prioritizing good sleep habits and to seek help if experiencing persistent sleep disturbances. By promoting better sleep quality, individuals can significantly enhance their overall health and quality of life.。
锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液对类风湿性关节炎的治疗作用及对心理弹性、生活质量的影响
![锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液对类风湿性关节炎的治疗作用及对心理弹性、生活质量的影响](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/88327f25dcccda38376baf1ffc4ffe473368fd06.png)
DOI：10.19368/ki.2096-1782.2023.15.001锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液对类风湿性关节炎的治疗作用及对心理弹性、生活质量的影响聂浩劫1，陈思思1，胡宇萍1，吴开明1，徐永亮1，郭慧萍1，孙平21.黑龙江中医药大学附属第一医院核医学科，黑龙江哈尔滨150040；2.牡丹江医学院解剖教研室，黑龙江牡丹江157011[摘要]目的探讨锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液对类风湿性关节炎的治疗作用及对心理弹性、生活质量的影响。
方法选取2021年1—12月黑龙江中医药大学附属第一医院类风湿性关节炎患者100例为研究对象，按照随机数表法分为对照组和观察组，各50例。
对照组采用传统治疗方案（甲氨蝶呤片+来氟米特），观察组在对照组基础上加用锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液进行治疗。
统计分析两组临床治疗效果、心理弹性、生活质量。
结果用药后，观察组压痛关节计数、肿胀关节计数、疼痛评分、患者对疾病总体状况的自我评分、第三方医生对患者目前疾病总体状况的评分、类风湿因子、血沉、C反应蛋白水平均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；用药后，观察组乐观性、力量性、韧性评分均高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
观察组生活质量评分为（91.45±5.52）分，高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（t=12.143，P<0.05）。
结论锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液对类风湿性关节炎的治疗作用显著，能够改善患者的心理弹性、生活质量。
[关键词]类风湿性关节炎；锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液；治疗作用；心理弹性；生活质量[中图分类号]R593.22 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2096-1782（2023）08(a)-0001-04Therapeutic Effects of Technetium [99Tc] Methylene diphosphate Injection on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Effects on Psychological Resilience and Qual⁃ity of LifeNIE Haojie1, CHEN Sisi1, HU Yuping1, WU Kaiming1, XU Yongliang1, GUO Huiping1, SUN Ping21.Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040 China;2.Department of Anatomy, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mu⁃danjiang, Heilongjiang Province, 157011 China[Abstract] Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of technetium [99Tc] methylene diphosphate injection on rheumatoid arthritis and its effect on psychological resilience and quality of life. Methods 100 patients with rheuma⁃toid arthritis in the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January to December 2021 were selected as the study objects. They were divided into a control group and an observation group, according to the random number table, each with 50 cases. The control group was treated with traditional treat⁃ment program (methotrexate tablets+leflunomide), and the observation group was treated with technetium [99Tc] methy⁃lene diphosphate injection on on the basis of the control group. The clinical treatment effect, psychological resilience, and quality of life of the two groups were statistically analyzed. Results After medication, the patients in the observa⁃tion group had lower pressure-pain joint counts, swollen joint counts, VAS scores, patients' self-ratings of the overall [基金项目]黑龙江省卫生健康委科研课题（2020-300）；黑龙江省医药卫生科研项目（20220101020737）。
阿仑膦酸钠联合钙尔奇D_对比单用钙尔奇D_在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并骨质疏松症患者中的疗效观察
2024年3月第14卷第6期·临床药物应用·▲通讯作者阿仑膦酸钠联合钙尔奇D对比单用钙尔奇D在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并骨质疏松症患者中的疗效观察覃家盟 冯洁美 覃淑娟 陈书平 朱贵朝 吴文彬 韦英婷▲广西贵港市人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科，广西贵港 537100[摘要]目的 比较阿仑膦酸钠联合钙尔奇D 与单用钙尔奇D 在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并骨质疏松症患者中的疗效。
方法 将2019年12月至2022年5月贵港市人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科住院或门诊确诊为COPD 合并骨质疏松症的患者按随机数表法分为试验组（n =50）和对照组（n =50）。
试验组给予阿仑膦酸钠+钙尔奇D 治疗，对照组给予钙尔奇D 治疗。
通过比较治疗前后肺功能、骨密度、骨代谢生化指标、体重指数（BMI）、COPD 评估测试问卷（CAT）评分、6分钟步行距离（6MWD）指标来评价两组疗效。
结果 治疗前后，两组BMI、钙、磷、镁、血清骨源性碱性磷酸酶（BAP）比较，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。
治疗后，两组第1秒用力呼气量（FEV 1）、FEV 1占预计值的百分比（FEV 1%pred）、FEV 1占用力肺活量的比值（FEV 1/FVC）、6MWD 均较治疗前有显著改善，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05），但治疗后两组上述指标比较，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。
试验组CAT 评分、血清抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶-5b（TRACP-5b）、腰椎和股骨的骨密度值较对照组明显改善，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。
结论 阿仑膦酸钠+钙尔奇D 较单用钙尔奇D 在COPD 合并骨质疏松症患者的主观感受、骨密度值及骨代谢生化指标检测上均有改善。
[关键词]慢性阻塞性肺疾病；骨质疏松症；阿仑膦酸钠；钙尔奇D[中图分类号] R563.9；R580 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616（2024）06-0076-05DOI:10.20116/j.issn2095-0616.2024.06.17Observation on the efficacy of alendronate sodium combined withCaltrate D compared to that of Caltrate D alone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoporosisQIN Jiameng FENG Jiemei QIN Shujuan CHEN Shuping ZHU Guichao WU Wenbin WEI YingtingDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guigang City People’s Hospital, Guangxi, Guigang 537100, China[Abstract] Objective To compare the efficacy of alendronate sodium combined with Caltrate D and Caltrate D alone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and osteoporosis. Method s Patients diagnosed with COPD and osteoporosis in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Guigang City People’s Hospital as inpatients or outpatients from December 2019 to May 2022 were randomly divided into a test group (n =50) and a control group (n =50) according to the random number table method. The experimental group was given alendronate sodium + Caltrate D, and the control group was given Caltrate D. The efficacy of the two groups was evaluated before and after treatment by comparing lung function, bone density, bone metabolism biochemical indicators, body mass index (BMI), COPD assessment scale (CAT) score, six minute walk distance (6MWD). Results The BMI, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) levels before and after treatment were compared between the two groups, without statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). The forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1), percentage of the forced expiratory volume in the first second to predicted value (FEV 1% pred), ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity (FEV 1/FVC), and 6MWD of the test and control groups were significantly improved compared to those before,, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). However, the results after treatment were compared between the two groups, without statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). The CAT score, tartrate2024年3月第14卷第6期·临床药物应用·resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b), and bone density values of the lumbar spine and femur in the test group were significantly improved compared to those in the control group, with statistically significant differences(P < 0.05). Conclusion Alendronate sodium + Caltrate D improves subjective perception, bone density values, and bone metabolism biochemical indicators in patients with COPD and osteoporosis compared to Caltrate D alone.[Key words] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Osteoporosis; Aalendronate sodium; Caltrate D慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD）是一种临床常见的、多发的呼吸系统疾病，主要临床特征为持续性的气流受限，其发病率、致残率、病死率高，严重影响患者生活质量[1]。
依达拉奉右莰醇治疗缺血性脑卒中的研究进展
- 179 -①滨州医学院附属医院神经内科 山东 滨州 256600通信作者：鹿树军依达拉奉右莰醇治疗缺血性脑卒中的研究进展席娅琳① 汪临华① 鹿树军① 【摘要】 缺血性脑卒中是脑血管疾病中的常见病，严重可导致高级认知及运动障碍，甚至死亡。
缺血性脑卒中的治疗方法主要包括早期溶栓和保护神经细胞等治疗，然而目前神经保护剂的临床疗效有待考证，大多数神经保护剂仍未得出有益的证据。
新型双靶点复合型神经保护剂依达拉奉右莰醇（ED）可抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的表达，降低自由基过氧化亚硝基阴离子（ONOO -）水平，从而改善缺血性脑卒中所致的神经损伤症状、功能障碍及活动障碍，本文将对ED 的作用机制及其应用发展做一综述，并对ED 的临床应用进行展望，为后续的用药提供指导。
【关键词】 缺血性脑卒中 自由基清除剂 神经保护剂 依达拉奉右莰醇 Research Progress of Edaravone Dexborneol in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke/XI Yalin, WANG Linhua, LU Shujun. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(10): 179-183 [Abstract] Ischemic stroke is a common type of cerebrovascular disease that can lead to advanced cognitive and motor deficits and even death. The treatment of ischemic stroke mainly includes early thrombolysis and neuroprotection. However, the clinical efficacy of neuroprotective agents remains to be verified, and most neuroprotective agents have not yet received useful evidence. Edaravone Dexborneol (ED), a new dual-target neuroprotective agent, can inhibit the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), reduce the level of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO -), and improve the symptoms of nerve injury, dysfunction, and activity disorder caused by ischemic stroke. This article will review the mechanism of ED and its application development, and prospect the clinical application of ED, so as to provide guidance for subsequent medication. [Key words] Ischemic stroke Free radical scavenger Neuroprotective agent Edaravone Dextrogenol First-author's address: Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256600, China doi：10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.10.041 脑卒中已成为我国居民寿命的“第一杀手”，其中，急性缺血性脑卒中（acute ischemic stroke，AIS）约占我国脑卒中的70%，为最常见的卒中类型[1-2]。
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Short communicationEffects of natural zeolite clinoptilolite on passive immunity anddiarrhea in newborn Holstein calvesA.A.Sadeghi a,⁎,P.Shawrang baDepartment of Animal Science,Faculty of Agriculture,Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University,P .O.Box 14515.4933,Tehran,Iran bAnimal Research Section;Agriculture,Medical and Industrial Research School,Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute,Atomic Energy Organization of Iran,P .O.Box 31485-498,Karaj,IranReceived 18May 2007;received in revised form 2August 2007;accepted 7August 2007AbstractIn the present study,the effects of natural zeolite clinoptilolite on absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum and incidence of enteric diseases were evaluated.In a completely randomised design,thirty Holstein calves were fed pooled colostrum and then milk containing zero (control),0.5(T1),1.0(T2),1.5(T3)and 2.0(T4)g clinoptilolite per kg body weight per day through day 45.Blood was collected after birth and at 24h of age and plasma IgG and IgM concentrations were determined.Fecal consistency score and severity of diarrhea were recorded for each calf twice daily.Calves receiving T3and T4had lower (P b 0.05)plasma IgG concentration than control and other treatments.Calves on T2had higher (P b 0.05)plasma IgG concentration than T3and T4,but not T1and control.Inclusion of clinoptilolite to colostrum did not affect (P N 0.05)IgM absorption from the intestine of newborn calves.Fecal consistency scores were lower (P b 0.05)for calves on T1and T2and higher for calves on T3and T4than calves on control.Percent calf days with diarrhea followed the same trend.In overall,seven calves died,those being one each on control and T1,two on T3and three on T4.Based upon these results,addition of 1.0g clinoptilolite per kg body weight per day to colostrum and milk could reduce diarrhea,but its effect on passive immunity was negligible.Over 1.0g/kg body weight per day,clinoptilolite had adverse effect on passive immunity and diarrhea.©2007Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Calves;Clinoptilolite;Colostrum;Diarrhea;Immunoglobulin1.IntroductionZeolites are crystalline,hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline earth cations,consisting of threedimensional frameworks of SiO 4−4and AlO 4−5tetrahedra linked through the shared oxygen atoms.Both natural and synthetic zeolites are porous materials,characterized by the ability to lose and gain water reversibly,to adsorb molecules of appropriate cross-sectional diameter (ad-sorption property,or acting as molecular sieves)and to exchange their constituent cations (ion-exchange proper-ty)without major change of their structure (Tomlinson,1998).The exploitation of these properties underlies the use of clinoptilolite,a main compound of the natural zeolites,in a wide range of industrial and agricultural applications and particularly in animal nutrition since mid 1960s (Mumpton and Fishman,1977;Sadeghi and Shaw-rang,2006).In the medical practice,clinoptilolite is effective as anti-diarrheic drug (Rodriguez-Fluentes et al.,1997),antibacterial and antiviral properties (Grce and Pavelic,2005).Recently,the European Commission has provisionally authorised the use of clinoptilolite of volcanic or sedimentary origin as additive in feedstuffsAvailable online at Livestock Science 113(2008)307–310/locate/livsciCorresponding author.Tel.:+989126602719;fax:+982612246752.E-mail addresses:drsadeghi@sr.iau.ac.ir ,draasadeghi@ (A.A.Sadeghi).1871-1413/$-see front matter ©2007Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.010for farm animals(European Commission Regulation, 2001).The neonatal calves are born with no immunoglobulins in the blood stream and rely on them from colostrum through passive immunity transfer(Davis and Drackley, 1998).Passive immunity is critical to the survival and health of neonatal calves.Low blood immunoglobulin concentrations are directly related to calf morbidity and mortality(Besser and Gay,1994),as well as long-term calf performance(Wittum and Perino,1995).Unfortunately, transfer of passive immunity to neonatal calves is too often inadequate,resulting in excessive rates of morbidity and mortality.In the literature,there were reported that the addition of zeolites to colostrum could enhance passive immunity and decrease susceptibility of neonates to infections(Mumpton and Fishman,1977;Stojic et al.,1995;Nikkhah et al., 2002).Our experiment was designed to supply more accurate information on the effects of clinoptilolite to absorption of immunoglobulins and incidence of diarrhea in newborn calves.2.Materials and methods2.1.Clinoptilolite source and compositionClinoptilolite(Anzymite®)was supplied by the Afrand-tosca Company(Afrandtosca Co.,Tehran,Iran)from Semnan Zeolite Mines located in the central region of Iran.Chemical composition of clinoptilolite used in this study based on X ray diffraction was:695.3g/kg SiO2,36.7g/kg CaO,27.7g/kg K2O,77.5g/kg Al2O3,6.3g/kg Na2O,14.1g/kg Fe2O3,1.9g/ kg TiO2and129.4g/kg LOI(loss of ignition).2.2.Colostrum collectionFresh colostrum was collected from donor cows as they calved.First and second milking colostrum was used to make the pools.When enough colostrum had been collected,it was thawed,pooled and refrozen(−20°C)in2L portions in sealed plastic bags.Two50ml samples were collected for deter-mining of IgG and IgM concentrations.2.3.Calves and treatmentsThirty Holstein calves(16male,14female)born between June8,2006,and September6,2006,at the Animal Research Center of Karaj(Iran)were used.All calvings were supervised to assure that calves had no opportunity to nurse the dam. Calves were removed from the dam within10min of birth, moved to the calf facility,weighed,and placed in an individual stall bedded with wheat straw;and their navels were dipped with iodine.Calves were fed,via nipple bottle,2L of colostrum containing zero(control),0.5(T1),1.0(T2),1.5 (T3)and2.0(T4)g clinoptilolite powder per kg body weight per day as soon as possible after birth and12,24and36h later. Any treatment volume refused was force-fed using an esoph-ageal feeder.These treatments continued when calves fed milk until day45.2.4.Blood samplingTo ensure that calves had no initial circulating immuno-globulin,blood samples were collected from all calves as soon as possible after birth,prior to treatment administration and then24h of age.Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture into evacuated tubes containing EDTA.Plasma was separated by centrifugation(3000×g for15min)and frozen at−20°C prior to analysis for IgG and IgM by single radial immunodiffusion(sRID kit;VMRD,inc.Pullman,WA, USA).Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption at24h of sampling was calculated as:[plasma IgG concentration(grams per liter)×plasma volume(liters)/IgG intake(grams)]×100. Plasma volume was assumed to be9.10%of body weight as previously reported in Holstein calves(Quigley et al.,1998).2.5.Health status evaluationThe calves were daily observed for signs of disease throughout the monitoring period and any disease problems were recorded.Special attention was given to possible adverse effects noticed in the groups received clinoptilolite.Fecal consistency score and severity were assessed visually and characterized as:1=normal(soft without fluid),2=soft(semi-solid,mostly solid),3=runny(semi-solid,mostly fluid),and 4=watery(all fluid)according to Larson et al.(1977)for each calf twice daily.The assessor was an experienced person,who was unaware of the treatment each calf was assigned to.Body temperatures were recorded daily for each calf with tempera-tures≥37.8°C considered elevated.All health status data were averaged in four periods(days0–5,6–12,13–25and26–42).2.6.Statistical analysisAnalysis of variance was performed using the general linear model procedures of SAS(1996)using a completely randomised design.Birth body weight was evaluated in the model as a covariate,but was not statistically significant(P N0.05). Therefore,unadjusted means are presented.Sex of calf did not contribute significantly(P N0.05)and was not included in the model.When differences were significant(P b0.05),means were separated using Duncan's test(Steel and Torrie,1980). 3.Results3.1.Plasma immunoglobulin concentrationThe average of plasma IgG and IgM concentrations are in Table1.Plasma IgG and IgM before feeding were below detectable concentrations of the assay and did not308 A.A.Sadeghi,P.Shawrang/Livestock Science113(2008)307–310produce rings on the radial immunodiffusion plates.Therefore,they were assumed to be zero.At 24h of age,plasma IgG concentration were different (P b 0.05)among treatments.Calves on T2had highest,but were not differ with calves on control and T1,and those on T3and T4had lowest plasma IgG concentration.Calves on T1and T4had highest and lowest (P b 0.05)apparent efficiency absorption of IgG at 24h of age,respectively.Addition of zeolite to colostrum had no effect (P N 0.05)on plasma IgM concentration at 24h of age.Numerically,calves on T1had highest and those on T4had lowest plasma IgM concentration.3.2.Health statusThe calf fecal score,diarrhea severity and mortality are presented in Table 2.Calf fecal consistency scores were lowest (P b 0.05)for calves on T1and T2and highest for calves on T3and T4.Calves on T4scoured more (P b 0.05)days than calves on control and other treatments.Calf days with rectal temperature greater than 37.8°C were greater (P b 0.01)for T3and T4than control,T1and T2at days 13–25,and were greater numerically at days 26–45(calves on T4were statistically different compared to those treatments).Although these variables were statistically different among treatments,these small numerical differences do not suggest biological differences.Four calves died within the first 5days of life,those being one each on control,T3(day 3)and two on T4(days 3and 4).In overall,seven calves died in this experiment with no mortality of calf on T2.4.DiscussionThe results of this study confirm the published data which indicate that the dietary use of clinoptilolite in appropriate amount reduces incidence,severity and duration of diarrhea in neonates (Mumpton and Fishman,1977;Stojic et al.,1995;Rodriguez-Fluentes et al.,1997;Nikkhah et al.,2002),but not enhances passive im-munity.In the above studies,beneficial effects of clino-ptilolite on passive immunity have been reported,but investigations have not resolved the exact mechanism by which these benefits are achieved.Addition of 0.5and 1.0g clinoptilolite per kg body weight per day (i.e.,for a 40kg calf,20and 40g per day or 10and 20g in morning and afternoon meals,respectively)to colostrum and milk reduced fecal score and its severity.Clinoptilolite retar-ding effect on intestinal passage rate and their water adsorption property leads to the appearance of drier and more compact feces (Mumpton and Fishman,1977).The ameliorative effect of clinoptilolite on diarrhea of calvesTable 1The average plasma IgG and IgM concentrations of calves ParametersControl TreatmentsSEM 11234Calf birth weight,kg 41.842.441.240.941.81.82Plasma IgG,mg/ml 0h b 1b 1b 1b 1b 1–24h15.8a 16.2a 16.5a 12.5b 11.8b 1.60Efficiency of IgG absorption,%26.5a 27.6a 27.3a 20.5b 19.8b 1.63Plasma IgM,mg/ml 0h b 0.1b 0.1b 0.1b 0.1b 0.1–24h1.92.1 2.0 2.0 1.80.18a,bMeans in the same row followed by different superscripts differ at P b 0.05.1SEM:standard error of means.Table 2Calf fecal score,diarrhea severity and mortality of calves through day 45Parameters ControlTreatments SEM 11234Average fecal score 20to 5days 1.2c 1.0c 1.0c 1.5b 1.8a 0.216to 12days 2.1c 1.9c 1.8c 2.6b 3.1a 0.2413to 25days 1.5b 1.4b 1.1c 1.7b 2.2a 0.2426to 45days1.3bc1.1cd1.0d1.5b1.8a0.19Calf days with diarrhea,%0to 5days 5a 3b0c 3b 4ab 1.46to 12days 43ab 29c 25c 41b 48a 4.813to 25days 18c 17c 14d 21b 25a 2.226to 45days 10b4c 3c 8b 15a2.1Calf days with temperature ≥37.8°C,%0to 5days 10991011 2.56to 12days 13bc 11cd10d 15b 18a 2.013to 25days 2c 2c 1c5b 7a 1.526to 45days 2b 1b1b 3ab 5a 1.7Mortality status 0to 5days 10012–6to 12days 00011–13to 25days 01000–26to 45days 00000–No.of calves died11023–a,b,c,dMeans in the same row followed by different superscripts differ at P b 0.05.1SEM:standard error of means.2Fecal score system:1=normal (soft without fluid),2=soft (semi-solid,mostly solid),3=runny (semi-solid,mostly fluid),and 4=watery (all fluid).309A.A.Sadeghi,P .Shawrang /Livestock Science 113(2008)307–310maybe results from either the alteration of metabolic acidosis,through effects on osmotic pressure in the intestinal lumen,or the increased retention of the en-terotoxigenic Escherichia coli.There is no evidence in the available literature for retention of E.coli on the outer surface of zeolite particles.However,clinoptilolite is capable to adsorb and partially inactivate enterotoxin of Escherichia coli,thus constricting its attachment to the intestinal cell membrane receptors(Ramu et al., 1997).The adverse effect of T3and T4on passive immunity and diarrhea of calves maybe related to increase of the abomasal pH and osmotic pressure in the small intestine because of ion-exchange property of clinoptilolite. Inhibiting effect of clinoptilolite on clotting of colos-trum and milk proteins(calves on T3and T4excreted fermented whole milk)resulted in increase of fecal score and diarrhea severity.5.ConclusionBased upon these results,addition of1.0g clinopti-lolite per kg body weight per day to colostrum and milk is appropriate dose for reducing incidence and severity of diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves.Extending the clinoptilolite application over1.0g/kg body weight per day to colostrum and milk was considered excessive. Over1.0g/kg body weight per day,clinoptilolite had adverse effect on passive immunity and diarrhea.AcknowledgmentsThe authors gratefully thank the Tehran Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University for financial support.They would also especially like to thank Prof.A.Nikkhah for his comments,Dr.M.Amin Afshar for statistical guidance and Mrs.Saeedeh Mousavy for technical assistance.ReferencesBesser,T.E.,Gay,C.C.,1994.The importance of colostrum to the health of the neonatal calf.Vet.Clin.North Am.10,107–117.Davis, C.L.,Drackley,J.K.,1998.The Development,Nutrition, Management of the Young Calf.Iowa State University Press/ Ames,USA.European Commission Regulation,2001.Provisional Authorisations of Additives in Feeding munities,L229. 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