Market for Commercial Mortgage Loans
金融英语术语
金融英语术语Organized at 3pm on January 25, 2023Only by working hard can we be betterinflation通货膨胀deflation通货紧缩tighter credit紧缩信贷monetary policy货币政策foreign exchange外汇spot transaction即期交易forward transaction远期交易option forward transaction择期交易swap transaction调期交易quote报价settlment and delivery交割Treasury bond财政部公债current-account经常项目pickup in rice物价上涨Federal Reserve美联储buying rate买入价selling rate卖出价spread差幅contract合同at par平价premium升水discount贴水direct quoation method直接报价法indirect quoation method间接报价法dividend股息domestic currency本币floating rate浮动利率parent company母公司credit swap互惠贷款venture capital风险资本book value帐面价值physical capital实际资本IPOinitial public offering新股首发；首次公开发行job machine就业市场welfare capitalism福利资本主义collective market cap市场资本总值glolbal corporation跨国公司transnational status跨国优势transfer price转让价格consolidation兼并leverage杠杆financial turmoil/meltdown金融危机file for bankruptcy申请破产bailout救助take over收购buy out购买某人的产权或全部货物go under破产take a nosedive股市大跌tumble下跌falter摇摇欲坠on the hook被套住shore up confidence提振市场信心stave off挡开,避开,liquidate assets资产清算at fire sale prices超低价sell-off证券的跌价reserve储备note票据discount贴现circulate流通central bank中央银行the Federal Reserve System联邦储备系统credit union信用合作社paper currency纸币credit creation信用创造branch banking银行分行制unit banking单一银行制out of circulation退出流通capital stock股本at par以票面价值计electronic banking电子银行banking holding company公司银行the gold standard金本位the Federal Reserve Board联邦储备委员会the stock market crash股市风暴reserve ratio准备金比率division of labor劳动分工commodity money商品货币legal tender法定货币fiat money法定通货a medium of exchange交换媒介legal sanction法律制裁face value面值liquid assets流动资产illiquidl assets非流动资产the liquidity scale流动性指标real estate不动产checking accounts,demand deposit,checkable deposit活期存款time deposit定期存款negotiable order of withdrawal accounts大额可转让提款单money market mutual funds货币市场互助基金repurchase agreements回购协议certificate of deposits存单bond债券stock股票travelers'checks旅行支票small-denomination time deposits小额定期存款large-denomination time deposits大额定期存款bank overnight repurchase agreements银行隔夜回购协议bank long-term repurchase agreements银行长期回购协议thrift institutions存款机构financial institution金融机构commercial banks商业银行a means of payment支付手段a store of value储藏手段a standard of value价值标准deficit亏损roll展期wholesale批发default不履约auction拍卖collateralize担保markup价格的涨幅dealer交易员broker经纪人pension funds养老基金face amount面值commerical paper商业票据banker's acceptance银行承兑汇票Fed fund联邦基金eurodollar欧洲美元treasury bills国库券floating-rate浮动比率fixed-rate固定比率default risk拖欠风险credit rating信誉级别tax collection税收money market货币市场capital market资本市场original maturity原始到期期限surplus funds过剩基金syndication辛迪加underwrite包销,认购hedge对冲买卖、套期保值innovation到期交易spread利差principal本金swap掉期交易eurobond market 欧洲债券市场euronote欧洲票据Federal Reserve Bank FRB联邦储备银行unsecured credit无担保贷款fixed term time deposit定期支付存款lead bank牵头银行neogotiable time deposit议付定期存款inter-bank money market银行同业货币市场medium term loan 中期贷款syndicated credit银团贷款merchant bank商业银行portfolio management 有价债券管理lease financing租赁融资note issurance facility票据发行安排bearer note不记名票价underwriting facility包销安排floating-rate note 浮动利率票据bond holder债券持持有者London Interbank Offered RateLIBOR伦敦同业优惠利率back-up credit line备用信贷额promissory note..p/n本票revolving cerdit 循环信用证,即revolving letter of credit non interest-bearing reserves无息储备金interest rate controls 利率管制interest rate ceiling 利率上限interest rate floor 利率下限破产 insolvency有偿还债务能力的 solvent合同 contract汇率 exchange rate私营部门 private sector财政管理机构 fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策 slack fiscal policy税法 tax bill财政 public finance财政部 the Ministry of Finance平衡预算 balanced budget继承税 inheritance tax货币主义者 monetariest增值税 VAT value added tax收入 revenue总需求 aggregate demand货币化 monetization赤字 deficit经济不景气 recessiona period when the economy of a country is not successful, business conditions are bad, industrial production and trade are at a low level and there is a lot of unemployment经济好转 turnabout复苏 recovery成本推进型 cost push货币供应 money supply生产率 productivity劳动力 labor force实际工资 real wages成本推进式通货膨胀 cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀 demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀 double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀 hyperinflation长期通货膨胀 chronic inflation治理通货膨胀 to fight inflation最终目标 ultimate goal坏的影响 adverse effect担保 ensure贴现 discount萧条的 sluggish认购 subscribe to支票帐户 checking account货币控制工具 instruments of monetry control 借据 IOUsI owe you本票 promissory notes货币总监 controller of the currency拖收系统 collection system支票清算或结算 check clearing资金划拨 transfer of funds可以相信的证明 credentials改革 fashion被缠住 entangled货币联盟 Monetary Union再购协议 repo精明的讨价还价交易 horse-trading欧元 euro公共债务 membership criteria汇率机制 REM储备货币 reserve currency劳动密集型 labor-intensive股票交易所 bourse竞争领先 frontrun牛市 bull market非凡的牛市 a raging bull规模经济 scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价 bid-ask spreads 期货股票 futures经济商行 brokerage firm回报率 rate of return股票 equities违约 default现金外流 cash drains经济人佣金 brokerage fee存款单 CDcertificate of deposit营业额 turnover资本市场 capital market布雷顿森林体系 The Bretton Woods System经常帐户 current account套利者 arbitrager远期汇率 forward exchange rate即期汇率 spot rate实际利率 real interest rates货币政策工具 tools of monetary policy银行倒闭 bank failures跨国公司 MNC Multi-National Corporation商业银行 commercial bank商业票据 comercial paper利润 profit本票,期票 promissory notes监督 to monitor佣金经济人 commission brokers套期保值 hedge有价证券平衡理论 portfolio balance theory 外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves固定汇率 fixed exchange rate浮动汇率 floating/flexible exchange rate 货币选择权期货 currency option套利 arbitrage合约价 exercise price远期升水 forward premium多头买升 buying long空头卖跌 selling short按市价订购股票 market order股票经纪人 stockbroker国际货币基金 the IMF七国集团 the G-7监督 surveillance同业拆借市场 interbank market可兑换性 convertibility软通货 soft currency限制 restriction交易 transaction充分需求 adequate demand短期外债 short term external debt汇率机制 exchange rate regime直接标价 direct quotes资本流动性 mobility of capital赤字 deficit本国货币 domestic currency外汇交易市场 foreign exchange market国际储备 international reserve利率 interest rate资产 assets国际收支 balance of payments贸易差额 balance of trade繁荣 boom债券 bond资本 captial资本支出 captial expenditures商品 commodities商品交易所 commodity exchange期货合同 commodity futures contract普通股票 common stock联合大企业 conglomerate货币贬值 currency devaluation通货紧缩 deflation折旧 depreciation贴现率 discount rate归个人支配的收入 disposable personal income 从业人员 employed person汇率 exchange rate财政年度fiscal year自由企业 free enterprise国民生产总值 gross antional product库存 inventory劳动力人数 labor force债务 liabilities市场经济 market economy合并 merger货币收入 money income跨国公司 Multinational Corproation个人收入 personal income优先股票 preferred stock价格收益比率 price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率 prime rate利润 profit回报 return on investment使货币升值 revaluation薪水 salary季节性调整 seasonal adjustment关税 tariff失业人员 unemployed person效用 utility价值 value工资 wages工资价格螺旋上升 wage-price spiral收益 yield补偿贸易 compensatory trade, compensated deal 储蓄银行 saving banks欧洲联盟 the European Union单一的实体 a single entity抵押贷款 mortgage lending业主产权 owner's equity普通股 common stock无形资产 intangible assets收益表 income statement营业开支 operating expenses行政开支 administrative expenses现金收支一览表 statement of cash flow贸易中的存货 inventory收益 proceeds投资银行 investment bank机构投资者 institutional investor垄断兼并委员会 MMC招标发行 issue by tender定向发行 introduction代销 offer for sale直销 placing公开发行 public issue信贷额度 credit line国际债券 international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差 interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款 leveraged loan权利股发行 rights issues净收入比例结合 net income gearing证券行业词汇share, equity, stock 股票、股权;bond, debenture, debts 债券;negotiable share 可流通股份;convertible bond 可转换债券;treasury/government bond 国库券/政府债券;corporate bond 企业债券;closed-end securities investment fund 封闭式证券投资基金; open-end securities investment fund 开放式证券投资基金;fund manager 基金经理/管理公司;fund custodian bank 基金托管银行;market capitalization 市值;p/e ratio 市盈率;price/earningmark-to-market 逐日盯市;payment versus delivery 银券交付;clearing and settlement 清算/结算;commodity/financial derivatives 商品/金融衍生产品;put / call option 看跌/看涨期权;margins, collateral 保证金;rights issue/offering 配股;bonus share 红股;dividend 红利/股息;ADR 美国存托凭证/存股证;American Depository Receipt GDR 全球存托凭证/存股证;Global Depository Receipt retail/private investor 个人投资者/散户;institutional investor 机构投资者;broker/dealer 券商;proprietary trading 自营;insider trading/dealing 内幕交易;market manipulation 市场操纵;prospectus 招股说明书;IPO 新股/初始公开发行;Initial Public Offering merger and acquisition 收购兼并;会计与银行业务用语汇总汇款用语汇款||寄钱 to remit||to send money寄票供取款||支票支付 to send a cheque for payment寄款人 a remitter收款人 a remittee汇票汇单用语国外汇票 foreign Bill国内汇票 inland Bill跟单汇票 documentary bill空头汇票 accommodation bill原始汇票 original bill改写||换新票据 renewed bill即期汇票 sight bill||bill on demand... days after date||... days' after date ... 日后付款... months after date||... months' after date ... 月后付款见票后... 日付款... days' after sight||... days' sight见票后... 月付款... months' after sight||... months' sight同组票据 set of bills单张汇票 sola of exchange||sole of exchange远期汇票 usance bill||bill at usance长期汇票 long bill短期汇票 short bill逾期汇票 overdue bill宽限日期 days of grace电汇 telegraphic transfer邮汇 postal order||postal note Am.||post office order||money order 本票 promissory note P/N押汇负责书||押汇保证书 letter of hypothecation副保||抵押品||付属担保物 collateral security担保书 trust receipt||letter of indemnity承兑||认付 acceptance单张承兑 general acceptance有条件承兑 qualified acceptance附条件认付 conditional acceptance部分认付 partial acceptance拒付||退票 dishonour拒绝承兑而退票 dishonour by non-acceptance由于存款不足而退票 dihonour by non-payment提交 presentation背书 endorsement||indorsement无记名背书 general endorsement||blank endorsement记名式背书 special endorsement||full endorsement附条件背书 conditional endorsement限制性背书 restrictive endorsement无追索权背书 endorsement without recourse期满||到期 maturity托收 collection新汇票||再兑换汇票 re-exchange||re-draft外汇交易 exchange dealing||exchange deals汇兑合约 exchange contract汇兑合约预约 forward exchange contract外汇行情 exchange quotation交易行情表 course of exchange||exchange table汇价||兑换率 exchange rate||rate of exchange官方汇率 official rate挂牌汇率||名义汇率 nominal rate现汇汇率 spot rate电汇汇率||电汇率|| . rate||telegraphic transfer rate 兑现率||兑现汇率 demand rate长期汇率 long rate私人汇票折扣率 rate on a private bill远期汇票兑换率 forward rate套价||套汇汇率||裁定外汇行情 cross rate付款汇率 pence rate当日汇率||成交价 currency rate套汇||套价||公断交易率 arbitrage汇票交割||汇票议付 negotiation of draft交易人||议付人 negotiator票据交割||让与支票票据议付 to negotiatie a bill折扣交割||票据折扣 to discount a bill票据背书 to endorse a bill应付我差额51,000美元 a balance due to us of $51,000||a balance in our favour of $ 51,000收到汇款 to receive remittance填写收据 to make out a receipt付款用语付款方法 mode of payment现金付款 payment by cash||cash payment||payment by ready cash以支票支付 payment by cheque以汇票支付 payment by bill以物品支付 payment in kind付清||支付全部货款 payment in full||full payment支付部分货款||分批付款 payment in part||part payment||partial payment记帐付款||会计帐目内付款 payment on account定期付款 payment on term年分期付款 annual payment月分期付款 monthly payment||monthly instalment延滞付款 payment in arrear预付货||先付 payment in advance||prepayment延付货款 deferred payment立即付款 prompt payment||immediate payment暂付款 suspense payment延期付款 delay in payment||extension of payment支付票据 payment bill名誉支付||干与付款 payment for honour||payment by intervention结帐||清算||支付 settlement分期付款 instalment滞付||拖欠||尾数款未付 arrears特许拖延付款日 days of grace保证付款 del credere付款 to pay||to make payment||to make effect payment结帐 to settle||to make settlement||to make effect settlement||to square||to balance支出||付款 to defray||to disburse结清 to clear off||to pya off请求付款 to ask for payment||to request payment恳求付帐 to solicit payment拖延付款 to defer payment||to delay payment付款被拖延 to be in arrears with payment还债 to discharge迅速付款 to pay promptly付款相当迅速 to pay moderately well||to pay fairly well||to keep the engagements regularly付款相当慢 to pay slowly||to take extended credit付款不好 to pay badly||to be generally in arrear with payments付款颇为恶劣 to pay very badly||to never pay unless forced拒绝付款 to refuse payment||to refuse to pay||to dishonour a bill相信能收到款项 We shall look to you for the payment||We shall depend upon you for thepayment ||We expect payment from you惠请付款 kindly pay the amount||please forward payment||please forward a cheque.我将不得不采取必要步骤运用法律手段收回该项货款 I shall be obliged to take thenecessary steps to legally recover the amount. ||I shall be compelled to take steps to enforcepayment.惠请宽限 let the matter stand over till then.||allow me a short extension of time. ||Kindlypostpone the time for payment a little longer.索取利息 to charge interest附上利息 to draw interest||to bear interest||to allow interest生息 to yield interest生息3% to yield 3%存款 to deposit in a bank||to put in a bank||to place on deposit||to make deposit在银行存款 to have money in a bank||to have a bank account||to have money on deposit向银行提款 to withdraw one's deposit from a bank换取现金 to convert into money||to turn into cash||to realize折扣用语从价格打10%的折扣 to make a discount of 10% off the price||to make 10%discount off the price打折扣购买 to buy at a discount打折扣出售 to sell at a discount打折扣-让价 to reduce||to make a reduction减价 to deduct||to make a deduction回扣 to rebate现金折扣 cash discount货到付现款 cash on arrival即时付款 prompt cash净价||最低价格付现 net cash现金付款 ready cash即期付款 spot cash||cash down||cash on the nail凭单据付现款 cash against documents凭提单付现款 cash against bills of lading承兑交单 documents against acceptance D/A付款交单 documents against payment D/P折扣例文除非另有说明, 30日后全额付现, 如有错误, 请立即通知;Net cash 30 days unless specified otherwise. Advise promptly if incorrect.付款条件: 30日后全额付现, 10日后付现打2%折扣, 过期后付款时, 加上利率为6%的利息;Terms, net cash 30 days, or, less 2% 10 days. Interest charged at the rate of 6% after maturity.付款条件: 月底后10日后付现2%折扣, 现在付现3%折扣, 否则, 全额付现;财会名词1会计与会计理论会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements财务分析 Financial Analysis会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption持续经营假设 ContinuityGoing-concern Assumption会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense 收益 Income 亏损 Loss历史成本原则 Cost Principle收入实现原则 Revenue Principle配比原则 Matching Principle全面披露原则 Full-disclosure Reporting principle客观性原则 Objective Principle 一致性原则 Consistent Principle 可比性原则Comparability Principle重大性原则 Materiality Principle稳健性原则 Conservatism Principle权责发生制 Accrual Basis 现金收付制 Cash Basis财务报告 Financial Report 流动资产 Current assets流动负债 Current Liabilities 长期负债 Long-term Liabilities投入资本 Contributed Capital留存收益 Retained Earning2会计循环会计循环 Accounting Procedure/Cycle会计信息系统 Accounting information System帐户 Ledger 会计科目 Account 会计分录 Journal entry原始凭证 Source Document 日记帐 Journal总分类帐 General Ledger 明细分类帐 Subsidiary Ledger试算平衡 Trial Balance 现金收款日记帐 Cash receipt journal现金付款日记帐 Cash disbursements journal销售日记帐 Sales Journal 购货日记帐 Purchase Journal 普通日记帐 General Journal 工作底稿 Worksheet调整分录 Adjusting entries 结帐 Closing entries3现金与应收帐款现金 Cash 银行存款 Cash in bank 库存现金 Cash in hand流动资产 Current assets 偿债基金 Sinking fund定额备用金 Imprest petty cash 支票 Checkcheque银行对帐单 Bank statement银行存款调节表 Bank reconciliation statement在途存款 Outstanding deposit 在途支票 Outstanding check应付凭单 Vouchers payable 应收帐款 Account receivable应收票据 Note receivable 起运点交货价 shipping point目的地交货价 destination point 商业折扣 Trade discount现金折扣 Cash discount 销售退回及折让 Sales return and allowance 坏帐费用Bad debt expense 备抵法 Allowance method 备抵坏帐 Bad debt allowance损益表法 Income statement approach 资产负债表法 Balance sheet approach帐龄分析法 Aging analysis method 直接冲销法 Direct write-off method带息票据 Interest bearing note 不带息票据 Non-interest bearing note出票人 Maker 受款人 Payee 本金 Principal 利息率 Interest rate到期日 Maturity date 本票 Promissory note 贴现 Discount背书 Endorse 拒付费 Protest fee4存货存货 Inventory 商品存货 Merchandise inventory 产成品存货 Finished goods inventory在产品存货 Work in process inventory原材料存货 Raw materials inventory起运地离岸价格 shipping point目的地抵岸价格 destination寄销 Consignment 寄销人 Consignor 承销人 Consignee定期盘存 Periodic inventory 永续盘存 Perpetual inventory购货 Purchase 购货折让和折扣 Purchase allowance and discounts存货盈余或短缺 Inventory overages and shortages分批认定法 Specific identification 加权平均法 Weighted average先进先出法 First-in, first-out or FIFO后进先出法 Lost-in, first-out or LIFO 移动平均法 Moving average成本或市价孰低法 Lower of cost or market or LCM市价 Market value 重置成本 Replacement cost可变现净值 Net realizable value上限 Upper limit 下限 Lower limit 毛利法 Gross margin method零售价格法 Retail method 成本率 Cost ratio5长期投资长期投资 Long-term investment 长期股票投资 Investment on stocks长期债券投资 Investment on bonds 成本法 Cost method权益法 Equity method合并法 Consolidation method 股利宣布日 Declaration date股权登记日 Date of record 除息日 Ex-dividend date 付息日 Payment date 债券面值 Face value, Par value债券折价 Discount on bonds 债券溢价 Premium on bonds票面利率 Contract interest rate, stated rate市场利率 Market interest ratio, Effective rate普通股 Common Stock 优先股 Preferred Stock现金股利 Cash dividends股票股利 Stock dividends 清算股利 Liquidating dividends到期日 Maturity date到期值 Maturity value直线摊销法 Straight-Line method of amortization实际利息摊销法 Effective-interest method of amortization6固定资产固定资产 Plant assets or Fixed assets 原值 Original value预计使用年限 Expected useful life预计残值 Estimated residual value 折旧费用 Depreciation expense累计折旧 Accumulated depreciation 帐面价值 Carrying value应提折旧成本 Depreciation cost 净值 Net value在建工程 Construction-in-process 磨损 Wear and tear 过时 Obsolescence 直线法Straight-line method SL工作量法 Units-of-production method UOP加速折旧法 Accelerated depreciation method双倍余额递减法 Double-declining balance method DDB年数总和法 Sum-of-the-years-digits method SYD以旧换新 Trade in 经营租赁 Operating lease 融资租赁 Capital lease 廉价购买权Bargain purchase option BPO 资产负债表外筹资 Off-balance-sheet financing最低租赁付款额 Minimum lease payments7无形资产无形资产 Intangible assets 专利权 Patents 商标权 Trademarks, Trade names 着作权 Copyrights 特许权或专营权 Franchises 商誉 Goodwill 开办费 Organization cost租赁权 Leasehold 摊销 Amortization8流动负债负债 Liability 流动负债 Current liability 应付帐款 Account payable应付票据 Notes payable 贴现票据 Discount notes长期负债一年内到期部分 Current maturities of long-term liabilities应付股利 Dividends payable 预收收益 Prepayments by customers存入保证金 Refundable deposits 应付费用 Accrual expense增值税 Value added tax 营业税 Business tax应付所得税 Income tax payable 应付奖金 Bonuses payable产品质量担保负债 Estimated liabilities under product warranties赠品和兑换券 Premiums, coupons and trading stamps或有事项 Contingency 或有负债 Contingent 或有损失 Loss contingencies或有利得 Gain contingencies 永久性差异 Permanent difference时间性差异 Timing difference 应付税款法 Taxes payable method纳税影响会计法 Tax effect accounting method递延所得税负债法 Deferred income tax liability method9长期负债长期负债 Long-term Liabilities 应付公司债券 Bonds payable有担保品的公司债券 Secured Bonds抵押公司债券 Mortgage Bonds 保证公司债券 Guaranteed Bonds信用公司债券 Debenture Bonds 一次还本公司债券 Term Bonds分期还本公司债券 Serial Bonds 可转换公司债券 Convertible Bonds可赎回公司债券 Callable Bonds 可要求公司债券 Redeemable Bonds记名公司债券 Registered Bonds 无记名公司债券 Coupon Bonds普通公司债券 Ordinary Bonds 收益公司债券 Income Bonds名义利率,票面利率 Nominal rate 实际利率 Actual rate有效利率 Effective rate 溢价 Premium 折价 Discount面值 Par value 直线法 Straight-line method实际利率法 Effective interest method到期直接偿付 Repayment at maturity 提前偿付 Repayment at advance偿债基金 Sinking fund 长期应付票据 Long-term notes payable抵押借款 Mortgage loan10业主权益权益 Equity 业主权益 Owner's equity股东权益 Stockholder's equity 投入资本 Contributed capital 缴入资本 Paid-in capital 股本 Capital stock资本公积 Capital surplus 留存收益 Retained earnings核定股本 Authorized capital stock 实收资本 Issued capital stock 发行在外股本Outstanding capital stock 库藏股 Treasury stock 普通股 Common stock 优先股Preferred stock累积优先股 Cumulative preferred stock非累积优先股 Noncumulative preferred stock完全参加优先股 Fully participating preferred stock部分参加优先股 Partially participating preferred stock非部分参加优先股 Nonpartially participating preferred stock现金发行 Issuance for cash 非现金发行 Issuance for noncash consideration股票的合并发行 Lump-sum sales of stock 发行成本 Issuance cost成本法 Cost method 面值法 Par value method捐赠资本 Donated capital 盈余分配 Distribution of earnings 股利 Dividend 股利政策 Dividend policy宣布日 Date of declaration 股权登记日 Date of record除息日 Ex-dividend date股利支付日 Date of payment 现金股利 Cash dividend股票股利 Stock dividend 拨款 appropriation11财务报表财务报表 Financial Statement 资产负债表 Balance Sheet收益表 Income Statement 帐户式 Account Form报告式 Report Form 编制报表 Prepare工作底稿 Worksheet 多步式 Multi-step 单步式 Single-step12财务状况变动表财务状况变动表中的现金基础 Basis现金流量表财务状况变动表中的营运资金基础 Capital Basis资金来源与运用表营运资金 Working Capital 全部资源概念 All-resources concept直接交换业务 Direct exchanges 正常营业活动 Normal operating activities财务活动 Financing activities 投资活动 Investing activities13财务报表分析财务报表分析 Analysis of financial statements比较财务报表 Comparative financial statements趋势百分比 Trend percentage 比率 Ratios普通股每股收益 Earnings per share of common stock股利收益率 Dividend yield ratio 价益比 Price-earnings ratio普通股每股帐面价值 Book value per share of common stock资本报酬率 Return on investment 总资产报酬率 Return on total asset债券收益率 Yield rate on bonds已获利息倍数 Number of times interest earned债券比率 Debt ratio 优先股收益率 Yield rate on preferred stock营运资本 Working Capital 周转 Turnover 存货周转率 Inventory turnover应收帐款周转率 Accounts receivable turnover流动比率 Current ratio 速动比率 Quick ratio 酸性试验比率 Acid test ratio14合并财务报表合并财务报表 Consolidated financial statements 吸收合并 Merger 创立合并Consolidation 控股公司 Parent company 附属公司 Subsidiary company 少数股权Minority interest权益联营合并 Pooling of interest 购买合并 Combination by purchase权益法 Equity method 成本法 Cost method15物价变动中的会计计量物价变动之会计 Price-level changes accounting一般物价水平会计 General price-level accounting货币购买力会计 Purchasing-power accounting统一币值会计 Constant dollar accounting历史成本 Historical cost 现行价值会计 Current value accounting现行成本 Current cost 重置成本 Replacement cost物价指数 Price-level index国民生产总值物价指数 Gross national product implicit price deflatoror GNP deflator消费物价指数 Consumer price index or CPI批发物价指数 Wholesale price index货币性资产 Monetary assets货币性负债 Monetary liabilities货币购买力损益 Purchasing-power gains or losses资产持有损益 Holding gains or losses未实现的资产持有损益 Unrealized holding gains or losses现行价值与统一币值会计 Constant dollar and current cost accounting。
金融市场学CH10 The Mortgage Markets
约风险。
Securitization of Mortgage
• 1960s后，抵押贷款二级市场萎缩，美国政府对
Fannie Mae重组，并成立了Ginnie Mae (The
Government National Mortgage Association)和Freddie
Mac(或FHLMC，the Federal Home Mortgage
• 其他类型的抵押贷款
– 分级偿还抵押贷款(GPMs, Graduated-Payment Mortgages)：初始几年
还款额较低，随后逐年上升。适用于预计未来收入上升的贷款人，
可使其获得更多贷款额。 – 权益增长型抵押贷款(GEMs, Growing-Equity Mortgages)：最初还款额
The Mortgage Markets
Outline
What Are Mortgages?
Characteristic of the Residential Mortgage
Types of Mortgage Loans Loan Servicing Secondary Mortgage Market
• 固定利率和可变利率贷款(Fixed and Adjustable-Rate Mortgages)
– 可变利率贷款与某种市场利率挂钩，随时变化，一般对 利率上浮（或下浮）有限定(Caps)。
– 由于贷款人偏好固定利率贷款，因此浮动利率抵押贷款 的初始利率通常较低，以吸引贷款人。
Types of Mortgage Loans
Types of Mortgage Loans
• 其他类型的抵押贷款
– 权益参与抵押贷款(Equity Participation Mortgages)：外部投资者，而
金融行业英语词汇大全
金融行业英语词汇大全一、债券和股票- Bond（债券）- Stock（股票）- Share（股份）- Dividend（股息）- Equity（股权）- Coupon（利息券）- Par Value（面值）- Yield（收益率）- Maturity（到期日）- Initial Public Offering (IPO)（首次公开募股）二、投资和交易- Investment（投资）- Portfolio（投资组合）- Asset（资产）- Liability（负债）- Hedge Fund（对冲基金）- Mutual Fund（共同基金）- Stock Exchange（证券交易所）- Bull Market（牛市）- Bear Market（熊市）- Option（期权）三、银行和金融机构- Bank（银行）- Investment Bank（投资银行）- Central Bank（中央银行）- Retail Bank（零售银行）- Mortgage（抵押贷款）- Loan（贷款）- Interest Rate（利率）- ATM（自动取款机）- Credit Card（信用卡）四、风险管理和保险- Risk Management（风险管理）- Insurance（保险）- Underwriter（承销商）- Premium（保费）- Claim（索赔）- Policyholder（保单持有人）- Insurer（保险公司）- Reinsurance（再保险）- Actuary（精算师）- Catastrophe（灾难）五、国际金融- International Trade（国际贸易）- Foreign Exchange (Forex)（外汇）- Exchange Rate（汇率）- Tariff（关税）- Balance of Trade（贸易余额）- World Bank（世界银行）- International Monetary Fund (IMF)（国际货币基金组织）- Free Trade Agreement（自由贸易协议）- World Trade Organization (WTO)（世界贸易组织）- Globalization（全球化）以上是金融行业英语词汇大全的部分内容，希望对您有所帮助。
金融英语词汇大全
金融英语词汇大全1. Introduction金融英语是指与金融相关的英语表达和词汇。
在全球化的经济和金融市场中，金融英语的学习和应用显得尤为重要。
本文将为您提供一个综合的金融英语词汇大全，帮助您更好地了解和应用金融英语。
2. Banking and Finance2.1 基本金融词汇•Bank - 银行•Deposit - 存款•Withdraw - 取款•Account - 账户•Transaction - 交易•Credit - 信贷•Debit - 借记•Interest - 利息•Loan - 贷款•Invest - 投资•Exchange - 兑换•Stock - 股票•Bond - 债券•Mortgage - 抵押贷款•Insurance - 保险•Asset - 资产•Liability - 负债•Interest Rate - 利率•Inflation - 通货膨胀•Market - 市场•Economy - 经济•Currency - 货币•Exchange Rate - 汇率2.2 金融机构和职位•Banker - 银行家•Investor - 投资者•Broker - 经纪人•Accountant - 会计师•Economist - 经济学家•Trader - 交易员•Analyst - 分析师•Auditor - 审计员•Financial Planner - 理财规划师•Risk Manager - 风险经理•Asset Manager - 资产经理•Underwriter - 承销商•Teller - 出纳员2.3 金融活动和操作•Open an Account - 开户•Close an Account - 销户•Make a Deposit - 存款•Withdraw Money - 取钱•Transfer Funds - 转账•Take out a Loan - 借款•Pay off a Loan - 还款•Invest in Stocks - 投资股票•Buy Bonds - 购买债券•Trade on the Stock Market - 在证券市场交易•Issue Shares - 发行股票•Apply for Insurance - 申请保险•Calculate Interest - 计算利息•Analyze Financial Statements - 分析财务报表•Audit Financial Records - 审计财务记录•Manage Risk - 管理风险•Plan for Retirement - 规划退休3. Investment and Trading3.1 投资和交易相关词汇•Portfolio - 投资组合•Dividend - 股息•Capital Gain - 资本收益•Hedge Fund - 对冲基金•Short Sell - 卖空•Day Trading - 日内交易•Leverage - 杠杆•Margin - 保证金•Diversification - 分散化投资•Blue-chip Stock - 蓝筹股•Bull Market - 牛市•Bear Market - 熊市•Volatility - 波动性•Volatility Index (VIX) - 波动率指数•Option - 期权•Futures - 期货•Commodity - 商品•Exchange-traded Fund (ETF) - 交易所交易基金3.2 金融市场•Stock Market - 股票市场•Bond Market - 债券市场•Forex Market - 外汇市场•Commodity Market - 商品市场•Derivatives Market - 衍生品市场•Cryptocurrency Market - 加密货币市场4. Risk Management4.1 风险管理相关词汇•Risk - 风险•Risk Assessment - 风险评估•Risk Tolerance - 风险承受能力•Risk Appetite - 风险偏好•Risk Mitigation - 风险缓解•Risk Diversification - 风险分散•Credit Risk - 信用风险•Market Risk - 市场风险•Operational Risk - 运营风险•Systemic Risk - 系统性风险•Liquidity Risk - 流动性风险•Reputation Risk - 声誉风险•Counterparty Risk - 对手方风险•Risk Management Plan - 风险管理计划•Risk Control - 风险控制5. Conclusion通过阅读和学习这个金融英语词汇大全，您已经了解了金融英语中最常用的词汇和表达方式。
金融行业英语口语表达
金融行业英语口语表达在当今世界经济日趋全球化的环境下，金融行业的交流和沟通成为非常重要的一环。
对于金融从业人员来说，熟练掌握金融英语口语表达，不仅能够提高沟通的效率和质量，更能够突显自身的专业能力和竞争力。
本文针对金融行业英语口语表达进行了总结和归纳。
一、交易类1. 合同：（1）劳动合同：labor contract（2）销售合同：sales contract（3）政府合同：government contract（4）保密协议：secrecy agreement2. 股票（1）股票市场：stock market（2）股票交易：stock trade（3）股票价格：stock price（4）股票指数：stock index（5）股票投资：stock investment3. 期货（1）期货交易：futures trading（2）期货市场：futures market（3）期货合约：futures contract （4）期货价格：futures price（5）期货保证金：futures margin二、银行类1. 银行账户（1）储蓄账户：savings account （2）支票账户：checking account （3）存款账户：deposit account （4）借记卡账户：debit card account （5）信用卡账户：credit card account 2. 贷款类（1）住房贷款：mortgage loan（2）汽车贷款：car loan（3）个人贷款：personal loan（4）商业贷款：business loan（5）抵押贷款：secured loan3. 银行产品（1）定期存款：time deposit（2）货币市场账户：money market account （3）保险：insurance（4）外汇：foreign exchange（5）信用卡：credit card三、保险类1. 保险类型（1）健康保险：health insurance（2）人寿保险：life insurance（3）财产险：property insurance（4）车险：car insurance（5）商业保险：business insurance2. 保险条款（1）投保人：policyholder （2）被保险人：insured（3）受益人：beneficiary （4）保险金额：policy amount （5）保险费：premium四、投资类1. 投资产品（1）股票：stocks（2）债券：bonds（3）基金：funds（4）期货：futures（5）商品：commodities2. 投资策略（1）多头买入：long position （2）空头卖出：short position （3）止损：stop loss（4）加仓：add to position（5）减仓：reduce position以上只是金融行业英语口语表达的冰山一角，金融行业的专业术语和行业概念非常丰富，需要根据具体情况进行学习和掌握。
常见的金融词汇中英对照
常见的金融词汇中英对照1. 金融市场 (Financial Markets)金融市场是指用于实现资金交易和资金融通的场所，包括股票市场、债券市场、外汇市场和商品市场等。
•股票市场 (Stock Market): the market for buying and selling shares of publicly traded companies.•债券市场 (Bond Market): the market for buying and selling bonds.•外汇市场 (Foreign Exchange Market): the market for trading foreign currencies.•商品市场 (Commodity Market): the market for trading commodities such as oil, gold, and agricultural products.2. 资本市场 (Capital Market)资本市场是指长期融资和投资的市场，包括股票市场和债券市场等。
•股票市场 (Stock Market): the market for buying and selling shares of publicly traded companies.•债券市场 (Bond Market): the market for buying and selling bonds.3. 证券 (Securities)证券是指可以转让和交易的金融工具，包括股票、债券、证券投资基金等。
•股票 (Stocks): shares of ownership in a company that can be bought and sold on a stock market.•债券 (Bonds): debt securities issued by governments, corporations, or other organizations to raise capital.•证券投资基金 (Mutual Funds): investment funds that pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, orother securities.4. 风险管理 (Risk Management)风险管理是指识别、评估和处理金融交易和投资中的各种风险，以减少损失和提高效益。
银行从业者必知的金融英文词汇
银行从业者必知的金融英文词汇第一篇：银行从业者必知的金融英文词汇体验式英语教育先锋美联英语银行从业者必知的金融英文词汇StartStop银行从业者必知的金融英文词汇正如下文所示，虽然有一些让人感觉到匪夷所思的地方，但是只要掌握了相关的窍门，那么在背诵起来的时候依然可以很容易，接下来我们就到下文的内容介绍中去一看究竟，只有这样才能学得更好。
deficit 亏损roll展期wholesale批发default不履约auction拍卖collateralize担保markup价格的涨幅dealer交易员broker经纪人pension funds 养老基金face amount 面值commerical paper商业票据banker's acceptance银行承兑汇票Fed fund 联邦基金eurodollar欧洲美元treasury bills 国库券floating-rate 浮动比率fixed-rate 固定比率default risk 拖欠风险credit rating信誉级别tax collection税收money market货币市场capital market资本市场original maturity 原始到期期限surplus funds过剩基金lead bank牵头银行neogotiable timedeposit议付定期存款inter-bank money market银行同业货币市场medium term loan 中期贷款syndicated credit银团贷款merchant bank商业银行portfolio management 有价债券管理lease financing租赁融资note issurance facility票据发行安排bearer note不记名票价underwriting facility包销安排floating-rate note 浮动利率票据bond holder债券持持有者London Interbank Offered Rate（LIBOR）伦敦同业优惠利率back-up credit line备用信贷额promissory note（P.Np/n）本票revolving cerdit 循环信用证，即revolving letter of creditnon interest-bearing reserves无息储备金interest rate controls 利率管制interest rate ceiling 利率上限interest rate floor 利率下限银行从业者必知的金融英文词汇正如上文所示，大家在意识到了这些内容后，自己才会更好的学好这些相关的事项，同时，由于大家很好的把握了这些内容，相信我们的英语水平也将会产生了很大的转变，那么好好的把握这些吧。
金融专业英语词汇大全
金融专业英语词汇大全一、基本金融术语1. 金融（Finance）：指货币的筹集、分配和管理活动。
2. 银行（Bank）：提供存款、贷款、支付结算等金融服务的机构。
3. 证券（Securities）：代表财产所有权或债权的凭证，如股票、债券等。
4. 投资（Investment）：将资金投入到某个项目或资产，以获取收益的行为。
5. 债务（Debt）：借款人向债权人承诺在一定期限内偿还本息的义务。
6. 股票（Stock）：股份有限公司发行的，代表股东对公司所有权和收益分配权的凭证。
7. 债券（Bond）：债务人向债权人发行的，承诺按一定利率支付利息并在到期日偿还本金的债务凭证。
8. 利率（Interest Rate）：资金的价格，反映资金借贷的成本。
9. 汇率（Exchange Rate）：一种货币兑换另一种货币的比率。
10. 通货膨胀（Inflation）：货币购买力下降，物价普遍持续上涨的现象。
二、金融衍生品词汇1. 金融衍生品（Financial Derivatives）：基于现货金融工具派生出来的新型金融工具。
2. 期货（Futures）：双方约定在未来某一时间、按约定的价格买卖某种标的物的合约。
3. 期权（Options）：买卖双方在未来一定期限内，按约定价格买入或卖出某种标的物的权利。
4. 掉期（Swap）：双方约定在未来某一时间，相互交换一系列现金流的合约。
5. 远期合约（Forward Contract）：双方约定在未来某一时间、按约定的价格买卖某种标的物的合约。
三、金融机构及监管部门词汇1. 中央银行（Central Bank）：国家金融政策制定和执行的机构，如中国人民银行。
2. 商业银行（Commercial Bank）：以盈利为目的，提供存款、贷款、支付结算等金融服务的银行。
3. 证券公司（Securities Company）：从事证券经纪、投资咨询、资产管理等业务的金融机构。
CFA金融词汇翻译及解释-金融英语词汇(含解释).
Average Price Call平均价格买入期权权一种期权,其收益为零或相等于资产平均价格高于行使价格的金额Average Price Put平均价格出售期权一种期权,其收益为零或相等于行使价格高于资产平均价格的金额Average Up 提高平均价格以比原先买入价格高的价格买入更多股票,从而提高所有股票的平均价格Back Door Listing后门上市/借壳上市未能符合股票交易所上市要求的企业采用的一种上市策略,公司通过收购一家已经上市的公司而达到上市的目的Backlog订单积压等候完成的出售指示Back Office后线金融服务公司的行政及支援人员,主要职能包括交易结算、清理、记录、合规监察、会计等Back Pricing往后定价某些期货合约采用的方法,期货商品的价格由买方在签署合约后特定日期决定Back-to-Back Loan背对背贷款两家位于不同国家的公司向对方借贷相同金额的对方国家货币贷款,目的在于对冲货币波动的风险Backstop最后担保为一项证券发行提供最终的保证或担保Bad Debt不良贷款不能回收的债务,因此对债权人没有价值Balanced Fund平衡基金将资产投资于货币市场、债券、优先股及普通股的共同基金,目的在于同时实现增长及收益Balanced InvestmentStrategy平衡投资策略旨在平衡风险及回报的投资组合分配及管理方法Balance Of Payments (BOP国际收支差额一个国家在特定期间进行的所有交易的纪录,可用作比较一个国家与其他国家的经济活动量Balance Of Trade (BOT国际贸易差额一个国家收支差额的最大组成项目。
指出口及进口的差额。
减项包括进口、外国援助、国民在国外的开支及国民在国外的投资。
加项包括出口、外国国民在国内的开支以及外国国民在国内的投资Balance Sheet资产负债表一家企业的财务报表,报告公司在一个特定时间的资产、负债及净值Balloon Option气球型期权名义付款额在达到若干标准后提高的期权1. 在一次债券发行中,在某一时间(一般于最终到期日有大量债券到期的还款安排2. 贷款最后一次的偿还金额远高于之前偿还金额Bancassurance银行出售保险法文词汇,指通过银行既有的分销渠道销售保险Bank Guarantee银行担保放贷机构发出的担保,证明债务人的负债可获偿还。
常用金融英语词汇地翻译
常用金融英语词汇的翻译acquiring company收购公司bad loan呆帐chart of cash flow现金流量表clearly-established ownership产权清晰debt to equity债转股diversity of equities股权多元化economy of scale规模经济emerging economies新兴经济exchange-rate regime汇率机制fund and financing筹资融资global financial architecture全球金融体系global integration, globality全球一体化，全球化go public上市growth spurt（经济的）急剧增长have one's "two commas"百万富翁hedge against套期保值housing mortgage住房按揭holdings控股，所持股份holding company控股公司initial offerings原始股initial public offerings首次公募innovative business创新企业intellectual capital智力资本inter-bank lending拆借internet customer网上客户investment payoff period投资回收期joint-stock参股mall rat爱逛商店的年轻人means of production生产要素(the)medical cost social pool for major diseases大病医疗费用社会统筹mergers and acquisitions并购mobile-phone banking移动电话银行业moods人气net potato网虫non-store seling直销offering新股online-banking网上银行业online-finance在线金融online client（银行的）网上客户paper profit帐面收益physical assets有形资产project fund system项目资本金制度pyramid sale传销recapitalize资产重组regional corrency blocks地区货币集团regulate调控sell off变现share(stock) option期权，股票认购权smart card智能卡slash prices杀价spare capacity闲置的生产能力strong growth强劲的增长势头switch trade转手贸易take…public上市tap the idle assets盘活存量资产transaction（银行的）交易transfer payment from the exchequer财政转移支付venture-capital风险资本virtual bank虚拟银行wire transfer电子转帐经济金融术语汉英对照表A-BA安全网safety net按可比口径on comparable basis按轻重缓急to prioritize暗补implicit subsidy暗亏hidden lossB颁发营业执照to license;to grant a licence to办理存款业务to take deposits保护农民的生产积极性to protect farmers'incentive to produce备付金（超额准备金）excess reserves本外币并账consolidation of domestic and foreign currencyaccounts 本外币对冲操作sterilization operation本位利益localized interest;departmentalism奔小康to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do避税（请见“逃税”）tax avoidance币种搭配不当currency mismatch币种构成currency composition变相社会集资disguised irregular（or illegal）fund raising表外科目（业务）off-balance-sheet items（operation）薄弱环节weaknesses;loopholes不变成本fixed cost不变价at constant price;in real terms不动产real estate不良贷款problem loans；non-performing loansC财务公司finance companies财政赤字fiscal deficit财政挤银行fiscal pressure on the central bank（over monetary policy）财政政策与货币政策的配合coordination of fiscal and monetary policies采取循序渐进的方法in a phased and sequenced manner操作弹性operational flexibility操纵汇率to manipulate exchange rate产品构成product composition;product mix产品积压stock pile;excessive inventory产销率current period inventory;（即期库存，不含前期库存）sales/output ratio产销衔接marketability产业政策industrial policy长期国债treasury bonds敞口头寸open position炒股to speculate in the stock market承购包销underwrite（securities）成套机电产品complete sets of equipment;complete plant（s）城市信用社urban credit cooperatives（UCCs）城市合作银行urban cooperative banks;municipal united banks城市商业银行municipal commercial banks城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅real growth in household income持续升温persistent overheating重复布点duplicate projects重置成本replacement cost重组计划restructuring plan筹资渠道funding sources;financing channels初见成效initial success出口统一管理、归口经营canalization of exports出口退税export tax rebate储蓄存款householddeposits（不完全等同于西方的savingsdeposits，前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。
金融英语词汇汇总
金融英语词汇汇总小编为大家整理了金融英语词汇汇总。
一起来学习吧! 金融英语词汇汇总：宏观经济的 macroeconomic通货膨胀 inflation破产 insolvency有偿还债务能力的 solvent合同 contract汇率 exchange rate紧缩信贷 tighten credit creation私营部门 private sector财政管理机构 fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策 slack fiscal policy税法 tax bill财政 public finance财政部 the Ministry of Finance平衡预算 balanced budget继承税 inheritance tax货币主义者 monetariest增值税 VAT (value added tax)收入 revenue总需求 aggregate demand货币化 monetization赤字 deficit经济不景气 recessiona period when the economy of a country is not successful, business conditions are bad, industrial production and trade are at a low level and there is a lot of unemployment经济好转 turnabout复苏 recovery成本推进型 cost push货币供应 money supply生产率 productivity劳动力 labor force实际工资 real wages成本推进式通货膨胀 cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀 demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀 double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀 hyperinflation长期通货膨胀 chronic inflation治理通货膨胀 to fight inflation最终目标 ultimate goal坏的影响 adverse effect担保 ensure贴现 discount萧条的 sluggish认购 subscribe to支票帐户 checking account货币控制工具 instruments of monetry control 借据 IOUs(I owe you)本票 promissory notes货币总监 controller of the currency拖收系统 collection system支票清算或结算 check clearing资金划拨 transfer of funds可以相信的证明 credentials改革 fashion被缠住 entangled货币联盟 Monetary Union再购协议 repo精明的讨价还价交易 horse-trading欧元 euro公共债务 membership criteria汇率机制 REM储备货币 reserve currency劳动密集型 labor-intensive股票交易所 bourse竞争领先 frontrun牛市 bull market非凡的牛市 a raging bull规模经济 scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价 bid-ask spreads 期货(股票) futures经济商行 brokerage firm回报率 rate of return股票 equities违约 default现金外流 cash drains经济人佣金 brokerage fee存款单 CD(certificate of deposit)营业额 turnover资本市场 capital market布雷顿森林体系 The Bretton Woods System经常帐户 current account套利者 arbitrager远期汇率 forward exchange rate即期汇率 spot rate实际利率 real interest rates货币政策工具 tools of monetary policy银行倒闭 bank failures跨国公司 MNC ( Multi-National Corporation) 商业银行 commercial bank商业票据 comercial paper利润 profit本票，期票 promissory notes监督 to monitor佣金(经济人) commission brokers套期保值 hedge有价证券平衡理论 portfolio balance theory 外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves固定汇率 fixed exchange rate浮动汇率 floating/flexible exchange rate货币选择权(期货) currency option套利 arbitrage合约价 exercise price远期升水 forward premium多头买升 buying long空头卖跌 selling short按市价订购股票 market order股票经纪人 stockbroker国际货币基金 the IMF七国集团 the G-7监督 surveillance同业拆借市场 interbank market可兑换性 convertibility软通货 soft currency限制 restriction交易 transaction充分需求 adequate demand短期外债 short term external debt汇率机制 exchange rate regime直接标价 direct quotes资本流动性 mobility of capital赤字 deficit本国货币 domestic currency外汇交易市场 foreign exchange market国际储备 international reserve利率 interest rate资产 assets国际收支 balance of payments贸易差额 balance of trade繁荣 boom债券 bond资本 captial资本支出 captial expenditures商品 commodities商品交易所 commodity exchange期货合同 commodity futures contract普通股票 common stock联合大企业 conglomerate货币贬值 currency devaluation通货紧缩 deflation折旧 depreciation贴现率 discount rate归个人支配的收入 disposable personal income 从业人员 employed person汇率 exchange rate财政年度fiscal year自由企业 free enterprise国民生产总值 gross antional product库存 inventory劳动力人数 labor force债务 liabilities市场经济 market economy合并 merger货币收入 money income跨国公司 Multinational Corproation个人收入 personal income优先股票 preferred stock价格收益比率 price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率 prime rate利润 profit回报 return on investment使货币升值 revaluation薪水 salary季节性调整 seasonal adjustment关税 tariff失业人员 unemployed person效用 utility价值 value工资 wages工资价格螺旋上升 wage-price spiral收益 yield补偿贸易 compensatory trade, compensated deal 储蓄银行 saving banks欧洲联盟 the European Union单一的实体 a single entity抵押贷款 mortgage lending业主产权 owner's equity普通股 common stock无形资产 intangible assets收益表 income statement营业开支 operating expenses行政开支 administrative expenses现金收支一览表 statement of cash flow贸易中的存货 inventory收益 proceeds投资银行 investment bank机构投资者 institutional investor垄断兼并委员会 MMC招标发行 issue by tender定向发行 introduction代销 offer for sale直销 placing公开发行 public issue信贷额度 credit line国际债券 international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差 interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款 leveraged loan 权利股发行 rights issues净收入比例结合 net income gearing。
关于MBS市场的基本知识
MBS = Mortgage-Backed Securities, and the universe of MBS is vast, it is however reserved by market participants to denote the pass-through mortgage bonds (agency pass-through and nonagency pass-through).CMBS = Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities, which are trust certificates (bonds) backed by a pool of commercial mortgage loans. The certificates are tranched on the basis of prepayment and credit.CMO = Collateralized Mortgage-backed Obligations, which are pool of pass-through mortgage bonds tranched to reflect the degree of sensitivity to prepayment (particularly, agency CMO).ABS = Asset Backed Securities, for example home equity loans (HEL), credit cards, etc. These are securities backed by receivables [payments] that are either secured (HEL) or unsecured (credit card), tranched on the basis of prepayment and default risks.CDO = Collateralized Debt Obligation, for example, ABS CDO which consist of a portfolio of different ABS bonds, and the payments to the holders of these trust certificates are derived from the cash flows of the ABS bonds.CBO = Collateralized Bond Obligation, for example high yield [emerging market] CBO which consist of a portfolio of different high yield [emerging market] bonds.CLO = Collateralized [leveraged] Loan Obligation which consist of a portfolio of different leveraged loans.CDOs consist of two types of structures:Cash CDO - Made up of the standard debt obligationsSynthetic CDO - A synthesized portfolio of CDO/Bonds/ABS using Total Returns Swaps and CDSStructured Products are also originated in one of two ways:Balance Sheet CDO/CLO/CBO... - the reference assets for the SDO portfolio are taken from a company/firm's balance sheetArbitrage CDO/CLO/CBO... - the reference assets are bought by a firm or conduit or SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle) with a view to repackage them and sell them on as the structured product CDOs also come in two management styles:Static CDO - The reference assets are bought and then are kept untouched for the term of the productManaged CDO - The reference assets are bought (the portfolio is ramped up) and then the CDO manager would alter the portfolio as they see fitCFO = Collateralized Fund Obligation, much like a CDO, but the underlying pool are hedge fund shares or one or more funds of hedge funds.CEO = Collateralized Equity Obligation, the underlying pool consists of a portfolio of individual stocks, preferred stock, stock ETFs, indexes, or equity derivatives.Like the other CxO structures, these basically create a "holding company" balance sheet to provide a leveraged/OTM call option to the equity tranche, a high-rated debt claim to the AAA tranche, and mezzanine "call spread" like tranches for the bonds in between with nice portfolio characteristics.Asset Backed Securities (ABS) are securities for which the interest and principal are paid using cash flows derived from a portfolio of underlying assets. Portrayed in a diagram, on the one side are assets generating cash flows (generally receivables) and displaying a certain degree of homogeneity and on the other side are the securities:Selling of assets interest + principalundelying asstes <======================> issuer <=======================> ABS Payments ABS issue proceedsTo put it another way, the underlying assets are said to be securitized, i.e. converted into securities. Securitization enables assets that are not very liquid to be converted into negotiable securities. BesidesMortgage Backed Securities Basics[Part 1][Part 2][Part 3][Part 4] [Return to the blog]Deciphering the GreekNow that there are graphs and MBS prices posted periodically, we've received numerous questions about the significance of the data. This is intended to be a brief companion to the daily mortgage rate analysis that will "get you by" until we release more comprehensive literature on the topic. To some of you this will be old hat, but I'll start completely at the beginning so it is accessible even to the first timer. Keep in mind this will be brutally oversimplified due to the fact that a more detailed version will be released at a later date.What is MBS?Any time you see me write MBS in this blog, or anywhere else for that matter, I am always going to be referring to Mortgage Backed Securities. These are bonds that have a PRICE and a YIELD just like treasuries. The PRICE always refers to the cost of buying $100 of that particular bond. For instance, if the price of a bond is 101.00, then an investor would pay $101.00, and in exchange, would then own only $100.00 worth of that bond. So why pay more or less?In a word: YIELD. Yield is the rate of return paid on that bond over time. There are multiple different types of bonds, and each bond has a certain yield that it pays. You will sometimes hear me refer to yield as "coupon" or "issue." As you might guess, the higher the yield, the more the buyer will make over time, so the more the buyer is willing to pay. For instance, at the very moment this tutorial is being typed, a certain class of MBS (a bond) with a 5% yield costs $97.25. So for every $97.25 you spend, you get$100 dollars of bond, paying you back at a 5% rate of return. Another bond in the same class with a yield of 6.5% is currently costing $103.10. So you'd have to pay over the face value to get the $100 dollars to pay you back at 6.5%. So hopefully this illustrates as we move from coupon to coupon (i.e. 5% to 5.5% to 6.0% to 6.5%) that the cost of ownership will get higher, but so will the yield.Now it gets confusing because all this time I've been telling you that "as PRICE goes up, YIELD goes down." Well, it does, but only when we're talking about one coupon at a time. Talking about the full spectrum of coupon rates means that naturally the price will be higher when we're talking about higher yields. But that concept is not central to bond analysis. We are only ever interest in Price VS. Yield as it relates to supply and demand, and even if we are considering several coupon rates, we will only analyze one at a time.In this way, when price goes up, yield goes down. Why!? Because if the bond's coupon rate is 6.5% and the price drops from 103.10 to 102.10, now the investor that is buying it gets more for his money, plain and simple. So because his 1 million dollars now buys almost 1% MORE than it did at the higher price, the yield on that investment will be higher as well! If this doesn't click for you, please spend some time google searching bonds or try PIMCO's Bond Basics. I'm not saying this to be pedantic or derogatory, but rather because the concept requires immersion for some, and there is a definite learning curve that cannot be achieved simply by trying to digest my definitions. Moving on...Mortgage Backed Bonds and Securitization[Part 1][Part 2][Part 3][Part 4] [Return to the blog]So MBS's are bonds! Where do they come from?Grossly oversimplified and leaving out numerous items that are not germane to rate analysis, MBS are the bonds that mortgage loans are turned into when they are bought or sold. That's a tough one to grasp your first time around. I know it was for me.Basically, Big Bank will write a check for your mortgage, say it's $100,000. Big Bank A then has a promissory note saying that you will pay them a certain interest rate over time (sound familiar?). But Big Bank A needs some more money to lend other people... Where to get it? I know! They can sell your mortgage note to someone else in the form of a bond! Hopefully, that investor is willing to pay something like $102,000 for the right to collect interest on your $100,000 loan. Big Bank A just made $2000, and the investor has something that will hopefully pay them interest over time. Remember price vs. yield? The higher your interest rate, the more the investor would be willing to pay Big Bank A. That's YSP Baby! And if the investor is only going to pay $97,000 for the loan, that means Big Bank has to pay them adiscount to buy it, which was probably passed on to you on line 802 of the GFE! Now YSP starts to become clear I hope!But there's a big problem! The investor doesn't want all of their risk riding on one loan, so we have to find a way to spread out the risk. Because even if you only have a 3% chance of defaulting, in the event that you do, the investor would lose his hat. So to spread out the risk, Big Bank A combines your loan with 10's to hundreds of other similar loans with similar rates and similar credit quality.Then either by selling them directly to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or by utilizing Fannie and Freddies Protocols and doing it themselves, Big Bank A accomplished what is known as SECURITIZATION. Now the "pool" (collective of all the bundled loans which will now be in the millions of dollars) can be broken up into bond-sized chunks. Now instead of buying one loan for $100,000 dollars (give or take), and investor can buy a portion of 10's to hundred's of loans for the same amount of money, with the same rate of return, with the same risk of default. BUT NOW, if you apply the 3% rate of default, the investor only loses 3%! Brilliant! And it's a concept that has allowed a significantly larger amount of money to be available for home loans than ever before.Why do MBS's matter to mortgage rates?[Part 1][Part 2][Part 3][Part 4] [Return to the blog]We just said that investors are paying 102% of the face value of a bond in certain cases right? So what happens if they are not interested at that price any more? No more liquidity for the mortgage market. So how do you combat this? In a nutshell, the market forces of supply and demand take care of it. If demand for a bond is low when the price is 102.00, then the sellers of the bonds may lower the price to 101.50 to ENTICE investors to start buying again. And what did we already say would happen to the YIELD when the price got lower for a particular issue? It goes UP because the same money the investor was going to spend, now buys more shares. So their rate of return per dollar spent (yield) goes up.Those pricing adjustments from 102.00 to 101.50 should look familiar. They move in exactly the same proportion to YSP. Although Big Bank A has to pull profit off that for themselves, THE PRICES OF MBS ALWAYS MOVE IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO THE PRICES (YSP IF POSITIVE, DISCOUNT IF NEGATIVE) OF THE MORTGAGES FROM WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED.That is why we want to follow MBS instead of any other treasury or index in order to gauge the direction of the market. If investors are wanting to buy more MBS, then the prices are going to go up (Price vs. Demand function). Higher prices mean that Big Bank A makes more on a given coupon, which means they can originate a loan for your clients with either a slightly lower interest rate or a slightly higher YSP. Your choice!So that is the theme of any mortgage market analysis. We want to assess the movements of MBS prices (which change by the second), in conjunction with the macroeconomic climate, in order to determine which way they might be headed and what future events can have an impact.For instance, inflation data being negative hurts bonds because bonds return a fixed income. So if inflation has devalued the dollar over time, the bond is not really worth as much as when it first was purchased. So high inflation makes investors seek higher yields in order to get on that boat. Another popular correlation is that a booming economy draws money out of bonds and into more rapidly appreciating stocks. This causes bond owners to lower the price to entice buyers which raises mortgage rates. That is why, if you look at a historical chart of recessions and interest rates, you will almost always see recessions coincide with low rates.Beyond that, there's only a little more you need to know when reading my analysis.1. First of all, there are several coupon rates ranging from 4.5%-7.5%. Right now, we primarilytrack the 5.5% coupon and the 6.0% coupon as most of the trades are taking place in thatrange, giving us a higher sample size and thus more reliable data. We will always report on the bond coupons that are closest to PAR for this reason (par meaning a cost of 100.00).2. Bonds move in 32nds. So 101-32 would actually be 102-00. And 101-16 would actually be101.50 in decimal form. So when you see prices improve by 16/32nds, that means that at some point in the future, lenders have the ability to improve the YSP on rate sheets by .500. NOW, in this day and age, lenders are not quick to pass on a price improvement to its full effect. Theywant to see the market hold its gains for a bit. However, if the market worsens, they will hedgetheir positions by taking even more away from you than they have lost on price. This is justsmart business, and it's a balancing act between lenders to see who reprices and by how much.I will often times refer to 32nds as TICKS. So if I say "we're down 6 ticks on the 5.5," that wouldmean that the 5.5% coupon MBS has declined in price by 6/32nds from yesterday's close. Lotless typing my way!3. Tight or Wide. Bond investors have a choice between MBS and other types of bonds. Thebenchmark competitor is the US 10 year treasury. MBS price relative to treasury price isimportant because even if mortgage prices go up on the day, if treasury prices go up a wholelot more, the MBS will still be the better investment all other things being equal. Because thereis a significantly higher amount of risk in MBS than in treasuries, the MBS prices will ALWAYSbe lower than treasury prices for a similar coupon amount. So when prices rise on MBS and"close the gap" on treasuries, we say "MBS are trading tighter." You might also hear "tighter to the curve," meaning the yield curve. Wide is simply the opposite.4. Graphs. Hopefully the graphs I've been posting make much more sense now. They are simplytracking the curve of the price of a particular coupon throughout the day. As the curve getshigher, rates have the potential to go lower and vice versa. There is a school of thought known as "technical analysis," which some think is crazy voodoo, while others think it is gospel.Basically, technical analysis throws all economical analysis out the window and simply focuses on the numbers, what they have done in the past, their propensity to "obey" certain trends, their resistance to certain price floors or ceilings, etc... I am a fence-sitter when it comesto Technicals. I will comment on them, but always keep in mind that technical analysis mustbe considered in conjunction with the rapidly changing economic climate.So for instance, if I say "there is a price floor today that has been established at 99-16," thatmeans that bond prices have resisted going below the horizontal line on the graph at the 99-16 mark. If bonds then were to break through that floor and go lower, it could indicate a potentialincrease in pressure to sell, which would hurt rates. Hope that makes sense.Some Final Thoughts[Part 1][Part 2][Part 3][Part 4] [Return to the blog]A couple final thoughts...Lenders release rates at different times. They have different mentalities when it comes to pricing. I comment on MBS, not on particular lenders. What your lender does can vary greatly from what is available them on MBS markets, especially if they are overworked or underfunded.Other services may tell you what you want to hear and some may take pride in their strong stance on lock recommendations. The bad news for you and them is that lock recommendations can only ever be accurate enough to help you if you are talking about a VERY short time horizon. So I will present you with the raw data, give you my personal analysis of it, present you with the potential outcomes from impending data, and suggest that you apply your own lens to the facts. The exception is that we are all pretty accurate when it comes to reprice alerts. Just make sure to keep track of who gets em to you quickest and cheapest.If you've read this far, it means you are more dedicated to understanding the mortgage market than 90% of your peers. It is very rewarding when a client chooses you because of your understanding of the subject. It is even more rewarding when you see a .500 YSP reprice 30 minutes before it hits on a $400,000 loan! So if you're not in the boat already, I invite you to come track the mortgage market with me, learn from the data, share your thoughts about how what I am doing can be improved, and we can both continue to improve together by delivering a higher level of quality to our readers. Thanks!Mortgage-backed securityA mortgage-backed security (MBS) is an asset-backed security or debt obligation thatrepresents a claim on the cash flows from mortgage loans through a process knownas securitization.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Overview∙ 2 Historyo 2.1 Backgroundo 2.2 Securitization∙ 3 Typeso 3.1 Covered bonds∙ 4 Market size and liquidity∙ 5 Structure and featureso 5.1 Weighted-average maturityo 5.2 Weighted-average coupono 5.3 Why and where we use WAM and WAC∙ 6 Uses∙7 Pricingo7.1 Theoretical pricing▪7.1.1 Interest rate risk and prepayment risk▪7.1.2 Credit risko7.2 Real-world pricing∙8 See also∙9 References∙10 External links[edit]OverviewFirst, mortgage loans are purchased from banks, mortgage companies, and other originators.Then, these loans are assembled into pools. This is done by governmentagencies, government-sponsored enterprises, and private entities, which may offer features to mitigate the risk of default associated with these mortgages. These securities are usually sold as bonds, but financial innovation has created a variety of securities that derive their ultimate value from mortgage pools.In the United States, most MBS's are issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. Ginnie Mae, backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, guarantees that investors receive timely payments. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also provide certain guarantees and, while not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, have special authority to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. Some private institutions, such as brokerage firms, banks, and homebuilders, also securitize mortgages, known as "private-label" mortgage securities. Today, all three organizations actively repackage and sell mortgages as pass-throughs. Ginnie Mae guarantees timely payment of principal and interest on its pass-throughs. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac guarantee payment of principal and interest.[1][2]Residential mortgages in the United States have the option to pay more than the required monthly payment (curtailment) or to pay off the loan in its entirety (prepayment). Because curtailment and prepayment affect the remaining loan principal, the monthly cash flow of an MBS is not known in advance, and therefore presents an additional risk to MBS investors. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) are secured by commercial and multifamily properties (such as apartment buildings, retail or office properties, hotels, schools, industrial properties and other commercial sites). The properties of these loans vary, with longer-term loans (5 years or longer) often being at fixed interest rates and having restrictions on prepayment, while shorter-term loans (1–3 years) are usually at variable rates and freely pre-payable.[edit]History[edit]BackgroundAfter the Great Depression, the federal government of the United States created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in the National Housing Act of 1934 to assist in the construction, acquirement, and/or rehabilitation of residential properties.[3] The FHA helped develop and standardize the fixed rate mortgage that is prevalent today as an alternative to the only other mortgage at the time, the balloon payment mortgage, and helped the mortgage design garner investors by insuring them.[4]In 1938, the government also created the government-sponsored corporation Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), colloquially known as Fannie Mae, to create a liquid secondary market in these mortgages and thereby free the loan originators to originate more loans, primarily by buying FHA-insured mortgages.[5] In 1968 Fannie Mae was split into the current Fannie Mae and the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA), colloquially known as Ginnie Mae, to support the FHA-insured mortgages, as well as Veterans Administration (VA) and Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) insured mortgages, with thefull faith and credit of the United States government.[6] In 1970, the federal government authorized Fannie Mae to purchase private mortgages, i.e. those not insured by the FHA, VA, or FmHA, and created the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), colloquially known as Freddie Mac, to do much the same thing as Fannie Mae.[6] Ginnie Mae does not invest in private mortgages.[edit]SecuritizationGinnie Mae guarenteed the first mortgage passthrough security of an approved lender in 1968.[7] In 1971 Freddie Mac issued its first mortgage passthrough, called a participation certificate, composed primarily of private mortgages.[7] In 1981 Fannie Mae issue its first mortgage passthrough and called it a mortgage-backed security.[8] In 1983 Freddie Mac issued the first collateralized mortgage obligation.[9]In 1960 the government enacted the Real Estate Investment Trust Act of 1960 to allow the creation of the real estate investment trust (REIT) to encourage real estate investment. In 1977 Bank of America issued the first private label passthrough,[10] and in 1984 the government passed the Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act (SMMEA) to improve the marketability of such securities.[10] The Tax Reform Act of 1986 allowed the creation of the tax-free Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (REMIC) special purpose vehicle for the express purpose of issuing passthroughs.[11] The Small Business Job Protection Act of1996 introduced the Financial Asset Securitization Investment Trust (FASIT) that is similar to the REMIC but is able to securitize a wider array of assets.[edit]TypesMost bonds backed by mortgages are classified as an MBS. This can be confusing, because some securities derived from MBS are also called MBS(s). To distinguish the basic MBS bond from other mortgage-backed instruments the qualifier pass-through is used, in the same way that "vanilla" designates an option with no special features.Mortgage-backed security sub-types include:▪Pass-through mortgage-backed security is the simplest MBS, as described in the sections above. Essentially, a securitization of the mortgage payments to the mortgage originators. These can be subdivided into:▪Residential mortgage-backed security (RMBS) - a pass-through MBS backed by mortgages on residential property▪Commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) - a pass-through MBS backed by mortgages on commercial property▪Collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) - a more complex MBS in which the mortgages are ordered into tranches by some quality (such as repayment time), witheach tranche sold as a separate security.[12]▪Stripped mortgage-backed securities (SMBS): Each mortgage payment is partly used to pay down the loan's principal and partly used to pay the interest on it. These two components can be separated to create SMBS's, of which there are two subtypes:▪Interest-only stripped mortgage-backed securities (IO) - a bond with cash flows backed by the interest component of property owner's mortgage payments.▪Net interest margin securities (NIMS) - resecuritized residual interest of a mortgage-backed security[13]▪Principal-only stripped mortgage-backed securities (PO) - a bond with cash flows backed by the principal repayment component of property owner'smortgage payments.Varieties of underlying mortgages in the pool:▪Prime: conforming mortgages: prime borrowers, full documentation (such as verification of income and assets), strong credit scores, etc.▪Alt-A: an ill-defined category, generally prime borrowers but non-conforming in some way, often lower documentation (or in some other way: vacation home, etc.) (Article on Alt-A)▪Subprime: weaker credit scores, no verification of income or assets, etc.There are also jumbo mortgages, when the size is bigger than the "conforming loan amount" as set by Fannie Mae.These types are not limited to Mortgage Backed Securities. Bonds backed by mortgages, but are not MBS can also have these subtypes.[edit]Covered bondsIn Europe there exists a type of asset-backed bond called a "covered bond" (commonly known by the German term Pfandbriefe). Pfandbriefe were first created in 19thcentury Germany when Frankfurter Hypo began issuing mortgage covered bonds. The market has been regulated since the creation of a law governing the securities in Germany in 1900. The key difference between Pfandbriefe and mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities is that banks that make loans and package them into Pfandbriefe keep those loans on their books. This means that when a company with mortgage assets on its books issue the covered bond its balance sheet grows, which it wouldn't do if it issued an MBS, although it may still guarantee the securities payments.[citation needed][edit]Market size and liquidityThere is about $14.2 trillion in total U.S. mortgage debt outstanding.[14] There are about $8.9 trillion in total U.S. mortgage-related securities.[15] The volume of pooled mortgages stands at about $7.5 trillion.[citation needed] About $5 trillion of that is securitized or guaranteedby government sponsored enterprises (GSEs) or government agencies, the remaining $2.5 trillion pooled by private mortgage conduits.[14] Mortgage backed securities can be considered to have been in the tens of trillions, if Credit Default Swaps are taken into account.[citation needed] According to the Bond Market Association, gross U.S. issuance of agency MBS was:▪2005: USD 0.967 trillion▪2004: USD 1.019 trillion▪2003: USD 2.131 trillion▪2002: USD 1.444 trillion▪2001: USD 1.093 trillion[edit]Structure and features[edit]The weighted-average maturity (WAM) of an MBS is the average of the maturities of the mortgages in the pool, weighted by their balances at the issue of the MBS. Note that this is an average across mortgages, as distinct from concepts such as weighted-averagelife and duration, which are averages across payments of a single loan.To illustrate the concept of WAM, let's consider a mortgage pool with just three mortgage loans that have the below mentioned outstanding mortgage balances, mortgage rates, and months remaining to maturity.LoanOutstandingMortgage BalanceMortgageRateRemaining Months toMaturityEach Loan'sWeightingLoan1$200,000 6.00%30022.22%Loan2$400,000 6.25%26044.44%Loan3$300,000 6.50%28033.33%The weightings are computed by dividing each outstanding loan amount by total amount outstanding in the mortgage pool (i.e., $900,000). These amounts are the outstanding amounts at the issuance/initiation of the MBS. Now, the WAM for the above mortgage pool that consists of three loans is computed as follows:WAM = 22.22% (300) + 44.44% (260) + 33.33% (280)= 66.67 + 115.56 + 93.33= 275.56 Months or 276 months after rounding [edit]Weighted-average couponThe weighted average coupon (WAC) of an MBS is the average of the coupons of the mortgages in the pool, weighted by their original balances at the issuance of the MBS. For the above example this is:WAC = 22.22% (6.00) + 44.44% (6.25) + 33.33% (6.50)= 1.333 + 2.778 + 2.167= 6.28% after rounding[edit]Why and where we use WAM and WACWAM and WAC are used for describing a mortgage passthrough security, and they form the basis for the computation of cash flows from that mortgage passthrough. Just as we describe a bond by saying 30 year bond with 6% coupon, we describe a mortgage passthrough by。
金融业中英文对照表
金融业中英文对照表第一篇：金融业中英文对照表2M method 2M法 3M method 3M法A scores A值Accounting convention 会计惯例Accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理Accounting for debtors 应收账款核算 Accounting for depreciation 折旧核算Accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算Accounting for goodwill 商誉核算Accounting for stocks 存货核算Accounting policies 会计政策Accounting standards 会计准则Accruals concept 权责发生原则Achieving credit control 实现信用控制Acid test ratio 酸性测试比率 Actual cash flow 实际现金流量Adjusting company profits 企业利润调整Advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金Adverse trading 不利交易Advertising budget 广告预算Advising bank 通告银行Age analysis 账龄分析Aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析Aged debtors'exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告Aged debtors'exception report 逾期账款特别报告Aged debtors'report 逾期应收款报告 Aged debtors'report 逾期账款报告All—monies clause 全额支付条款 Amortization 摊销Analytical questionnaire 调查表分析 Analytical skills 分析技巧Analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析Analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析Analyzing liquidity 流动性分析Analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析Analyzing workingcapital 营运资本分析 Annual expenditure 年度支出Anticipating future income 预估未来收入Areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象 Articles of incorporation 合并条款Asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机Assessing companies 企业评估Assessing country risk 国家风险评估 Assessing credit risks 信用风险评估 Assessing strategic power 战略地位评估 Assessment of banks 银行的评估Asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款Asset protection lending 资产担保贷款Asset sale 资产出售Asset turnover 资产周转率Assets 资产Association of British Factors and Discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会Auditor's report 审计报告 Aval 物权担保 Bad debt 坏账Bad debt level 坏账等级 Bad debt risk 坏账风险Bad debts performance 坏账发生情况 Bad loans 坏账Balance sheet 资产负债表Balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构Bank credit 银行信贷Bank failures 银行破产Bank loans．availability 银行贷款的可获得性Bank status reports 银行状况报告 Bankruptcy 破产Bankruptcy code 破产法Bankruptcy petition 破产申请书Basle agreement 塞尔协议Basle Agreement 《巴塞尔协议》 Behavorial scoring 行为评分Bill of exchange 汇票 Bill of lading 提单 BIS 国际清算银行BIS agreement 国际清算银行协定Blue chip 蓝筹股 Bonds 债券Book receivables 账面应收账款 Borrowing money 借人资金Borrowing proposition 借款申请 Breakthrough products 创新产品Budgets 预算Building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓Bureaux(信用咨询)公司Business development loan 商业开发贷款 Business failure 破产Business plan 经营计划 Business risk 经营风险 Buyer credits 买方信贷 Buyer power 购买方力量Buyer risks 买方风险CAMPARI 优质贷款原则Canons of lending 贷款原则 Capex 资本支出Capital adequacy 资本充足性Capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则 Capital commitments 资本承付款项 Capital expenditure 资本支出 Capital funding 资本融资 Capital investment 资本投资 Capital strength 资本实力 Capital structure 资本结构Capitalization of interest 利息资本化Capitalizing development costs 研发费用资本化Capitalizing development expenditures 研发费用资本化Capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化 Cascade effect 瀑布效应Cash assets 现金资产Cash collection targets 现金托收目标 Cash cycle 现金循环周期Cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率Cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间 Cash deposit 现金储蓄Cash flow adjustments 现金流调整 Cash flow analysis 现金流量分析 Cash flow crisis 现金流危机 Cash flow cycle 现金流量周期Cash flow forecasts 现金流量预测 Cash flow lending 现金流贷出 Cash flow profile 现金流概况 Cash flow projections 现金流预测Cash flow statements 现金流量表Cash flows 现金流量Cash position 现金头寸Cash positive JE现金流量Cash rich companies 现金充足的企业Cash surplus 现金盈余Cash tank 现金水槽Cash-in-advance 预付现金Categorized cash flow 现金流量分类CE 优质贷款原则CEO 首席执行官Chairman 董事长，总裁 Chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款 Charge 抵押Charged assets 抵押资产Chief executive officer 首席执行官 Collateral security 抵押证券Collecting payments 收取付款Collection activitv 收款活动Collection cycle 收款环节Collection procedures 收款程序Collective credit risks 集合信用风险Comfortable liquidity positi9n 适当的流动性水平Commercial mortgage 商业抵押 Commercial paper 商业票据 Commission 佣金Commitment fees 承诺费 Common stock 普通股Common stockholders 普通股股东Company and its industry 企业与所处行业 Company assets 企业资产 Company liabilities 企业负债 Company loans 企业借款Competitive advantage 竞争优势Competitive forces 竞争力Competitive products 竞争产品 Complaint procedures 申诉程序Computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息Computerized diaries 计算机化日志 Confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证Confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证 Confirming bank 确认银行 Conservatism concept 谨慎原则 Consistency concept 一贯性原则 Consolidated accounts 合并报表Consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表Contingent liabilities 或有负债Continuing security clause 连续抵押条款Contractual payments 合同规定支出 Control limits 控制限度Control of credit activities 信用活动控制 Controlling credit 控制信贷Controlling credit risk 控制信用风险 Corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析Corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员Corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析 Corporate customer 企业客户Corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型Corporate lending 企业贷款Cost leadership 成本领先型Cost of sales 销售成本 Costs 成本Country limit 国家限额Country risk 国家风险Court judgments 法院判决 Covenant 贷款保证契约 Covenants 保证契约Creative accounting 寻机性会计 Credit analysis 信用分析Credit analysis of customers 客户信用分析Credit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析Credit analysis on banks 银行信用分析 Credit analysts 信用分析 Credit assessment 信用评估Credit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告 Credit bureaux 信用机构 Credit control 信贷控制Credit control activities 信贷控制活动Credit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告 Credit controllers 信贷控制人员Credit cycle 信用循环Credit decisions 信贷决策Creditdeterioration 信用恶化 Credit exposure 信用敞口Credit granting process 授信程序 Credit information 信用信息Credit information agency 信用信息机构 Credit insurance 信贷保险Credit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势 Credit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人 Credit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限Credit limits 信贷限额Credit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额 Credit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额 Credit management 信贷管理 Credit managers 信贷经理Credit monitoring 信贷监控Credit notes 欠款单据 Credit period 信用期 Credit planning 信用计划 Credit policy 信用政策Credit policy issues 信用政策发布 Credit proposals 信用申请Credit protection 信贷保护Credit quality 信贷质量Credit rating 信用评级Credit rating agencies 信用评级机构 Credit rating process 信用评级程序Credit rating system 信用评级系统 Credit reference 信用咨询Credit reference agencies 信用评级机构 Credit risk 信用风险Credit risk assessment 信用风险评估 Credit risk exposure 信用风险敞口 Credit risk insurance 信用风险保险Credit risk．individual customers 个体信用风险Credit risk：bank credit 信用风险：银行信用 Credit risk：trade credit 信用风险：商业信用 Credit scoring 信用风险评分Credit scoring model 信用评分模型 Credit scoring system 信用评分系统Credit squeeze 信贷压缩Credit taken ratio 受信比率Credit terms 信贷条款Credit utilization reports 信贷利用报告 Credit vetting 信用审查Credit watch 信用观察 Credit worthiness 信誉Creditor days 应付账款天数Cross-default clause 交叉违约条款Currency risk 货币风险 Current assets 流动资产 Current debts 流动负债Current ratio requirement 流动比率要求Current ratios 流动比率 Customer care 客户关注Customer credit ratings 客户信用评级Customer liaison 客户联络Customer risks 客户风险Cut-off scores 及格线Cycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环Cyclical business 周期性行业 Daily operating expenses 经营费用Day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数 Debentures 债券 Debt capital 债务资本Debt collection agency 债务托收机构Debt issuer 债券发行人Debt protection levels 债券保护级别Debt ratio 负债比率 Debt securities 债券Debt service ratio 还债率 Debtor days 应收账款天数 Debtor's assets 债权人的资产Default 违约Deferred payments 延期付款Definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义 Deposit limits 储蓄限额Depositing money 储蓄资金Depreciation 折旧Depreciation policies 折旧政策Development budget 研发预算 Differentiation 差别化 Direct loss 直接损失Directors salaries 董事薪酬Discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量Discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出 Distribution costs 分销成本Dividend cover 股息保障倍数Dividend payout ratio 股息支付率Dividends 股利Documentary credit 跟单信用证DSO 应收账款的平均回收期Duration of credit risk 信用风险期 Eastern bloc countries 东方集团国家EBITDA 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益ECGD 出口信贷担保局Economic conditions 经济环境Economic cycles 经济周期Economic depression 经济萧条Economic growth 经济增长Economic risk 经济风险Electronic data interchange(EDI)电子数据交换 Environmental factors 环境因素Equity capital 权益资本 Equity finance 权益融资Equity stake 股权EU countries 欧盟国家 EU directives 欧盟法规 EUlaw 欧盟法律Eurobonds 欧洲债券European parliament 欧洲议会European Union 欧盟Evergreen loan 常年贷款Exceptional item 例外项目Excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项Exchange controls 外汇管制Exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例Exhaust method 排空法Existing competitors 现有竞争对手 Existing debt 未清偿债务Export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构Export credit insurance 出口信贷保险 Export factoring 出口代理Export sales 出口额Exports Credit Guarantee Department 出口信贷担保局Extending credit 信贷展期 External agency 外部机构External assessment methods 外部评估方式External assessments 外部评估External information sources 外部信息来源Extraordinary items 非经常性项目Extras 附加条件 Facility account 便利账户 Factoring 代理Factoring debts 代理收账Factoring discounting 代理折扣Factors Chain International 国际代理连锁Failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值FASB(美国)财务会计准则委员会 Faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析 Fees 费用Finance，new business ventures 为新兴业务融资Finance，repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资Finance,working capital 为营运资金融资Financial assessment 财务评估Financial cash flows 融资性现金流量Financial collapse 财务危机Financial flexibility 财务弹性Financial forecast 财务预测Financial instability 财务的不稳定性Financial rating analysis 财务评级分析 Financial ratios 财务比率 Financial risk 财务风险Financial risk ratios 财务风险比率 Fitch IBCA 惠誉评级Fitch IBCA ratings 惠誉评级Fixed assets 固定资产Fixed charge 固定费用Fixed charge cover 固定费用保障倍数Fixed costs 固定成本Floating assets 浮动资产 Floating charge 浮动抵押 Floor planning 底价协议 Focus 聚焦Forced sale risk 强制出售风险Foreign exchange markets 外汇市场 Forfaiting 福费廷Formal credit rating 正式信用评级 Forward rate agreements 远期利率协议 FRAs 远期利率协议 Fund managers 基金经理FX transaction 外汇交易GAAP 公认会计准则 Gearing 财务杠杆率Geographical spread of markets 市场的地理扩展Global target 全球目标Going concern concept 持续经营原则Good lending 优质贷款Good times 良好时期Government agencies 政府机构 Government interference 政府干预 Gross income 总收入Guarantee of payment 支付担保Guaranteed loans 担保贷款Guarantees 担保High credit quality 高信贷质量High credit risks 高信贷风险High default risk 高违约风险 High interest rates 高利率High risk regions 高风险区域Highly speculative 高度投机High-risk loan 高风险贷款High-value loan 高价值贷款Historical accounting 历史会计处理Historical cost 历史成本 IAS 国际会计准则IASC 国际会计准则委员会IBTT 息税前利润ICE 优质贷款原则Idealliquidity ratios 理想的流动性比率Implied debt rating 隐含债务评级Importance of credit control 信贷控制的重要性Improved products 改进的产品I Improving reported asset values 改善资产账面价值In house assessment 内部评估In house credit analysis 内部信用分析In house credit assessments 内部信用评估In house credit ratings 内部信用评级Income bonds 收入债券 Income statement 损益表Increasing profits 提高利润Increasing reported profits 提高账面利润Indemnity clause 赔偿条款Indicators of credit deterioration 信用恶化征兆 Indirect loss 间接损失Individual credit transactions 个人信用交易 Individual rating 个体评级Industrial reports 行业报告Industrial unrest 行业动荡Industry limit 行业限额 Industry risk 行业风险Industry risk analysis 行业风险分析 Inflow 现金流入Information in financial statements 财务报表中的信息In-house credit ratings 内部信用评级 Initial payment 初始支付Insolvencies 破产Institutional investors 机构投资者Insured debt 投保债务Intangible fixed asset 无形固定资产Inter-company comparisons 企业间比较 Inter-company loans 企业间借款 Interest 利息Interest cost 利息成本Interest cover ratio 利息保障倍数Interest cover test 利息保障倍数测试 Interest holiday 免息期Interest payments 利息支付 Interest rates 利率Interim statements 中报(中期报表)Internal assessment methods 内部评估方法 Internal financing ratio 内部融资率Internal Revenue Service 美国国税局International Accounting Standards Committee 国际会计准则委员会International Accounting Standards(IAS)国际会计准则International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会 International credit ratings 国际信用评级International Factoring Association 国际代理商协会International settlements 国际结算 Inventory 存货Inverse of current ratio 反转流动比率Investment analysts 投资分析人员 Investment policy 投资政策Investment risk 投资风险Investment spending 投资支出Invoice discounting 发票贴现 Issue of bonds 债券的发行Issued debt capital 发行债务资本 Junk bond status 垃圾债券状况Just-in-time system(JIT)适时系统Key cash flow ratios 主要现金流量指标Labor unrest 劳动力市场动荡Large．scale borrower 大额借贷者 Legal guarantee 法律担保Legal insolvency 法律破产Lending agreements 贷款合约 Lending covenants 贷款保证契约Lending decisions 贷款决策Lending proposals 贷款申请Lending proposition 贷款申请Lending transactions 贷款交易Letters of credit 信用证Leverage 财务杠杆率LIBOR 伦敦同业拆借利率 Lien 留置Liquid assets 速动资产 Liquidation 清算Liquidation expenses 清算费 Liquidity 流动性Liquidity and working capital 流动性与营运资金Liquidity ratios 流动比率 Liquidity run 流动性危机Liquidity shortage 流动性短缺 Loan covenants 贷款合约 Loan guarantees 贷款担保 Loan principal 贷款本金Loan principal repayments 贷款本金偿还 Loan review 贷款审查London Inter-bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业拆借利率Long’term debt 长期负债 Long-term funding 长期融资Long-term risk 长期风险Management 管理层Marginal lending 边际贷款Marginal trade credit 边际交易信贷 Market surveys 市场调查Marketing 市场营销 Markets 市场Matching concept 配比原则Material adverse-change clause 重大不利变动条款 Maximum leverage level 最高财务杠杆率限制 Measurement and judgment 计量与判断 Measuring risk 风险计量 Medium-term loan 中期贷款Microcomputer modelling 计算机建模Minimum current ratio requirement 最低流动比率要求Minimum leverage ratio 最低举债比率 Minimum net worth 最低净值Minimum net-worth requirement 最低净值要求 Minimum risk asset ratio 最低风险资产比率Monitoring activity 监管活动Monitoring credit 信用监控Monitoring customer credit limits 监管客户信贷限额Monitoring risks 监管风险Monitoring total credit limits 监管全部信贷限额Monthly reports 月报Moody's debt rating 穆迪债券评级 Mortgage 抵押mpr’oving balance she et 改善资产负债表Multiple discriminate analysis 多元分析National debt 国家债务 NCI 无信贷间隔天数Near-cash assets近似于现金的资产 Negative cash flow 负现金流量Negative net cash flow 负净现金流量Negative operational cash flows 负的经营性现金流量Negative pledge 限制抵押Net book value 净账面价值Net cash flow 净现金流量Net worth test 净值测试New entrants 新的市场进人者 No credit interval 无信贷间隔天数 Non-cash items 非现金项目 Non-core business 非核心业务Non-operational items 非经营性项目Obtaining payment 获得支付One-man rule 一人原则Open account terms 无担保条款Operating leases 经营租赁 Operating profit 营业利润Operational cash flow 营性现金流量 Operational flexibility ~营弹性 Optimal credit 最佳信贷 Order cycle 订货环节Ordinary dividend payments 普通股股利支付 Organization of credit activities 信贷活动的组织 Overdue payments 逾期支付 Over-trading 过度交易Overview of accounts 财务报表概览·Parent company 母公司PAT 税后利润Payment in advance 提前付款 Payment obligations 付款义务Payment records 付款记录 Payment score 还款评分 PBIT 息税前利润 PBT 息后税前利润Percentage change 百分比变动 Performance bonds 履约保证Personal guarantees 个人担保Planning systems 计划系统Pledge 典押Points-scoring system 评分系统 Policy setting 政策制定Political risk 政治风险Potential bad debt 潜在坏账Potential credit risk 潜在信用风险 Potential value 潜在价值Predicting corporate failures 企业破产预测Preference dividends 优先股股息Preferred stockholders 优先股股东Preliminary assessment 预备评估 Premiums 溢价Primary ratios 基础比率Prior charge capital 优先偿付资本 Priority cash flows 优先性现金流量 Priority for creditors 债权人的清偿顺序 Priority payments 优先支付Product life cycle 产品生命周期Product market analysis 产品市场分析 Product range 产品范围Products 产品 Professional fees 专业费用 Profit 利润Profit and loss account 损益账户Profit margin 利润率Profitability 盈利能力Profitability management 盈利能力管理 Profitability ratios 盈利能力比率 Promissory notes 本票Property values 所有权价值Providers of credit 授信者Provision accounting 准备金会计处理 Prudence concept 谨慎原则 Public information 公共信息 Public relations 公共关系Purpose of credit ratings 信用评级的目的 Purpose of ratios 计算比率的目的 Qualitative covenants 定性条款Quantitative covenants 定量条款Query control 质疑控制Quick ratio 速动比率Rating exercise 评级实践 Rating process for a company 企业评级程序 Ratio analysis 比率分析Ratio analyst weaknesses ~L率分析的缺陷 Real insolvency 真实破产Real sales growth 实际销售收入增长率 Realization concept 实现原则 Receivables 应收账款 Recession 衰退Reducing debtors 冲减应收账款 Reducing profits 冲减利润Reducing provisions 冲减准备金Reducing reported profits 冲减账面利润 Reducing stocks 减少存货Registrar of Companies 企业监管局 Regulatory risk 监管风险Releasing provisions 冲回准备金 Relocation expenses 费用再分配 Reminder letters 催缴单Repayment on demand clause 即期偿还条款Replacement of principal 偿还本金 Report of chairman 总裁／董事长报告 Reserve accounting 准备金核算 Residual cash flows 剩余现金流量 Restricting bad debts 限制坏账 Restrictions on secured borrowing 担保借款限制 Retention-of-title clauses 所有权保留条款Revenues 总收入Risk analysis reports 风险分析报告 Risk and banks 风险与银行Risk and companies 风险与企业 Risk and Return 风险与回报 Risk capital 风险资本Risk-reward 风险回报Risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产 ROCE 资本收益率Romapla clauses “一手交钱一手交货”条款Sales 销售额Secondary ratios 分解比率Secure methods of payment 付款的担保方式Secured assets 担保资产Secured creditors 有担保债权人 Secured loans 担保贷款Securities and Exchange Commission(美国)证券交易委员会Security guarantees 抵押担保Security of payment 付款担保Security general principles 担保的一般原则 Segmentation 细分Setting and policing credit limits 信用限额的设定与政策制定Settlement discount(提前)结算折扣Settlement terms 结算条款Share price 股价Short-term borrowing 短期借款Short-term creditors 短期负债 Short-term liabilities 短期债务Short-termism 短期化 SIC 常务诠释委员会Significance of working capital 营运资金的重要性 Single credit customer 单一信用客户Single ratio analysis 单一比率分析 Size of credit risk 信用风险的大小Slow stock turnover 较低的存货周转率Sources of assessments 评估信息来源Sources of credit information 信用信息来源 Sources of risk 风险来源Sovereign rating 主权评级Specialist agencies 专业机构Specific debt issue 特别债券发行 Speculative 投机性Speculative grades 投机性评级 Split rating 分割评级Spot rate 现价(即期比率)Spreadsheets 电子数据表Staff redundancies 员工遣散费Standard and Poor 标准普尔Standard security clauses 标准担保条款Standard&Poor's 标准普尔 Standby credits 备用信用证Standing Interpretations Committee 证券交易委员会Standing starting credit limits 持续更新信用限额Statistical analysis 统计分析Statistical techniques 统计技巧Status reports(企业)状况报告Stock valuations 存货核算Stocks 股票Straight line depreciation method 直线折旧法Strategic positioning 战略定位Suplus assets 盈余资产 Suplus rating 盈余评级Supplier power 供应商的力量Supply chain 供应链Support rating 支持评级 Swap agreement 换合约Swaps 互换SWOT analysis SWOT分析Symptoms of failure questionnaires 企业破产征兆调查表Takeovers 收购Tax payments 税务支付Technical insolvency 技术破产Technology and change 技术进步Term loan 定期贷款Term of borrowing 借款期限Third party guarantees 第三方担保Tier 1 capital 一类资本 Tier 2 capital 二类资本Total credit limit 整体信用限额 T otal current assets 流动资产总额Trade companies 贸易企业 Trade credit 商业信用Trade creditors 应付账款Trade cycle 商业循环Trade cycle times 商业循环周期Trade debt 应收账款Trade debtors 贸易债权人Trade Indemnity 贸易赔偿Trade references 贸易参考 Trade-off 协定Trading outlook 交易概况 Trading profit 营业利润Traditional cash flow 传统现金流量Triple A 三AUCP 跟单信用证统一惯例Uncovered dividend 未保障的股利Uniform Customs&Practice 跟单信用证统一惯例Unpaid invoices 未付款发票Unsecured creditors 未担保的债权人Usefulness of liquidity ratios 流动性比率的作用Uses of cash 现金的使用Using bank risk information 使用银行风险信息 Using financialassessments 使用财务评估 Using ratios 财务比率的运用Using retention-of-title clauses 使用所有权保留条款Value chain 价值链 Value of Z scores Z值模型的价值Variable costs 变动成本 Variable interest 可变利息Variety of financial ratios 财务比率的种类Vetting procedures 审查程序Volatitle revenue dynamic 收益波动Volume of sales 销售量Warning signs of credit risk 信用风险的警示 Working assets 营运资产 working capital 营运资本Working capital changes 营运资本变化额Working capital management 营运资本管理 working capitalratios 营运资本比率Write-downs 资产减值Write-offs 勾销Z score assessments Z值评估 z score models z值模型Z scores z值Z scoring Z值评分系统第二篇：乐器中英文对照表Woodwinds: 木管乐器Brass:铜管乐器 1.Piccolo 短笛 2.Flute 长笛3.Soprano Recorder 高音竖笛4.Oboe 双簧管5.English Horn 英国管6.Bassoon 大管7.Contrabassoon 低音巴松8.Clarinet in Eb 降E调单簧管(小黑管)9.Clarinet in A A调单簧管10.Clarinet in Bb 降B调单簧管11.Bass Clarinet 低音单簧管12.Soprano Saxophone 高音萨克斯 13.ALto Saxophone 中音萨克斯 14.Tenor Saxophone 次中音萨克斯 15.Baritone Saxophone 上低音萨克斯 16.Alto Flute 中音长笛* 17.Bass Flute 低音长笛 18.Oboe d' Amore 双簧管的一种 19.Piccolo Clarinet 高音单簧管*20.Alto Clarinet 中音单簧管(Eb调的，属于低音单簧管）21.Contrabass Clarinet 倍低音单簧管 22.Descant Recorder 高音竖笛23.Alto Recorder 中音竖笛24.Tenor Recorder 次中音竖笛25.Bass Recorder 低音竖笛 26.Bagpipes 风笛27.Basset Horn 巴赛管（单簧管）28.Panpipes 排萧Organ(风琴)Church Organ 教堂管风琴Draw Organ 拉杆式舌风琴Percussion Organ 敲击试管风琴Pipe Organ 管风琴Reed Organ 簧风琴Rock Organ 摇滚管风琴1.Cornet 短号2.Trumpet in Bb 降B调小号3.Trumpet in C C调小号4.Flugelhorn 夫吕号（行进乐队常用）5.Horn in F F调圆号6.Trombone 长号7.Tenor Trombone 次中音长号8.Bass Tromone 低音长号9.Baritone(T.C.)次中音号 10.Baritone 次中音 11.Euphonium 小低音号 12.Tuba 大号13.Bass Tuba 低音大号 14.Piccolo Cornet 高音短号15.Piccolo Trumpet in A A调高音小号 16.Bass Trumpet in C C 调低音小号 17.Alto Trombone 中音长号 18.Contrabass Trombone 倍低音长号Drums: 鼓 1.Drum Set 架子鼓2.Bongo Drums 邦加鼓（用手指敲的小鼓，夹在两腿间）3.Timbales 蒂姆巴尔鼓4.Conga Drums 康加鼓（橄榄型）5.Snare Drum 小军鼓6.Quad Toms 4组鼓筒鼓7.Quint T oms 五组筒鼓8.Tenor Drum 次高音鼓9.T om Toms 筒鼓 10.Roto T oms 轮鼓 11.Bass Drum 低音鼓12.Aerial Tom-T oms 悬空通通鼓13.Floor Tom-T om/Tom-T om/T enor Drum 落地通通鼓/中鼓14.Hi-Hat Cymbal 脚钹 15.Side Cymbal 小钹 16.Top Cymbal 大钹 17.Side Drum 击边Ethnic and Other Instrument 民族乐器Accordion 手风琴Agogo bell 阿哥哥铃Alpine Herd Cowbell牧牛铃Angklung 摇竹Appalachian Dulcimer 阿帕拉契扬琴(美国的民族乐器)Autoharp ***齐特琴Bagpipe 风笛(苏格兰民俗乐器)Balalaika 巴拉拉卡琴(俄国的弦乐器之一，琴身呈三角形)Bamboo chime 竹风铃Bandurria 墨西哥传统吉他Banjo 班左琴/五弦琴(相传源起於西非，以手指奏鸣的五弦或六弦的乐器)Bell plate 铁片Bell tree 树铃Bongos 邦哥小对鼓/曼波鼓(拉丁音乐)Boobam 火箭筒鼓Bouzouki 布祖基琴(一种形状似曼陀林的希腊弦乐器)Cabasa 椰予沙铃/卡巴沙铃/串珠沙铃Castanets 响板(常用於西班牙佛们哥舞曲)Caxixi 编织摇铃Charango 夏朗哥吉他/小型八弦(盛行於中南美)Chinese hand drum 手摇鼓Chinese temple bell 中国钵Citterns 西特恩(类似吉他的梨形古乐器，流行於十五至十八世纪) Concertina 六角形手风琴(用於阿根廷探戈曲)Conga 康加鼓/细长型大手鼓/墨西哥鼓(拉丁音乐)Cowbell 牛铃Crumhorn 克鲁姆管/钩形管/J形管(流行於15世纪末叶)Cuica 锯加鼓Darabucca 土耳其手鼓Didgeridoo 澳洲土著的吹管乐器Djembe 非洲鼓(源起於非洲之肯亚部落，属於原住民型之乐器) Domra 苏俄传统乐器(状似吉他，三或四弦)Fiddle 古提琴Fife 横笛Flageolet 六孔的竖笛Flexatone 弹音器Frame drum 手鼓Gadulka 一种保加利亚传统的弦乐器Gaida 风笛(保加利亚的传统乐器)Gamelan 木琴(印尼的一种竹制打击乐器)Glass chime 玻璃风铃Guiro 葫芦锯琴/刮胡/刮葫(拉丁音乐)Gusli 古斯里琴(一种俄国古代的弦乐器)Harmonica/Mouth-Organ 口琴Hurdy-Gurdy 绞弦琴/手摇风琴(18世纪流行於法国社交界)Japanese temple bell 日本钵Jew’s Harp 口拨琴/单簧口琴Kalimba 卡林巴琴Kantele 齐特琴(芬兰)Kaval 长笛/牧羊人的笛子(保加利亚的传统乐器)Kazoo 卡祖笛(一种木制或金属制玩具笛子)Kokiriko 鼓牌板Koto 科多琴Lithophone 石板琴Lute 诗琴/鲁特琴(最古老的乐器之一)Lyre 七弦竖琴(古希腊)Mark tree / Wind chime 风铃Mirliton 膜笛Nefer 古埃及吉他Ocarina 亚卡利那笛/陶制甘薯形笛/小鹅笛(17世纪后半源於义大利)Ocean drum 波浪鼓Panpipe 排笛/牧神笛Pifano 印地安鼓Quena 八孔木笛(安第斯山脉民族的乐器，声音浑厚)Ratchet 辣齿/嘎嘎器Roarer/Barker 吼声器Saltepry 萨泰里琴(上古及中古的乐器，可能源自伊朗、印度)Shaker 金属沙铃Shamisen 三弦琴(日本)Shanai 山奈琴Sistrum 叉铃/ㄙㄙ铃(古埃及)Sitar 锡他琴/西塔琴/西他琴(形似吉他的北印度民族弦乐器)Slit drum 非洲裂缝鼓Steel Drum 钢鼓(来自於加勒比海的千里达)Surdo 印地安笛Symphonle 三弦共鸣弦乐器(约十三世纪前出现)Tablas 塔布拉鼓/印度鼓(印度的一种手敲小鼓)TaikoDrum/Kodo 太鼓(日本)Talking drum 讯息鼓Tambura 冬不拉(保加利亚的民俗弦乐器)Thunder sheet 雷板Timbales 天巴鼓/廷巴鼓Tin Whistle / Penny Whistle 六孔小笛/锡笛(镀锡铁皮所制造的玩具笛)Tub Fiddle 金盆琴Tupan 牛皮鼓Ukulele/Ukelele 尤库里里琴(源於葡萄牙，形如小吉他的弦乐器) Vibra-slap 震荡器/震音板Vihuela 古吉他(源起於墨西哥)Viola da Gamba 古大提琴Waterphone 水琴Whistle 哨子Wind machine 风声器Zither 齐特琴(欧洲的一种扁形弦乐琴)Dulcimer 扬琴Crotales/Antique cymbal 古钹 Temple block 西洋木鱼Electric Instrument 电子乐器Clavinova 数位钢琴/数位化电子琴Double-Neck Guitar 双颈吉他Electone 电子琴Electric Guitar 电吉他Electric Organ 电子琴Electric Piano 电钢琴Electronic Piano 电子钢琴Pedal Steel Guitar/Hawaiian Guitar 立式电吉他/夏威夷式电吉他Portatone keyboards 手提电子琴Synthesizer 电子合成器Percussion: 小打击乐器1.Percussion 小打击乐器组2.Wind Chimes3.Bell Tree 音树 4.Triangle 三角铁 5.Crotales 响板6.Finger Cymbals 手指小镲7.Sleigh Bells 马铃8.Cymbals 大镲9.Cowbell 牛铃10.Agogo Bells（由两个锥型铁筒组成，比牛玲音高）11.Flexatone12.Musical Saw 乐锯 13.Brake Drum 闸鼓 14.Tam Tam 大锣15.Gong 锣16.Claves 响棒17.Slapstick 击板18.VibraSlap19.Sand Block 沙轮20.Ratchet 齿轮剐响器21.Guiro （木制，用铁棍剐）22.Cuica（发出的声音象狗叫的拉丁乐器）23.Maracas 沙槌24.Castanets 响板25.Wood Blocks 盒棒26.Temple Blocks 木鱼27.Log Drum 木鼓 28.Tambourine 铃鼓 29.Whistle 哨 30.Siren 汽笛 31.Jawbone32.Anvil 乐钻 33.Bar Chimes 风铃 34.Crash cymbal 双面钹 35.Finger Cymbal 手指钹 36.Gong 锣37.Jingle-ring 铃环38.Maracas 响葫芦/沙球/沙铃39.Rotary Tom 轮旋鼓 40.Sleighbells 雪铃 41.Suspended Cymbal 吊钹Plucked Strings: 弹拨乐 1.Harp 竖琴 2.Guitar 吉他 3.Scoustic Guitar4.electric Guitar 电吉他 5.Banjo 班卓6.Bass 贝司7.Acoustic Bass 非电贝斯 8.Electric Bass 电贝司 9.String Bass 弦贝司 10.Mandolin 曼陀林 11.Lute 琉特琴ulele 夏威夷四弦琴 13.Zither 齐特尔琴 14.Sitar 锡塔尔琴Keybords: 键盘 1.Piano 钢琴 an 管风琴 3.Harpsichord 大键琴4.Celesta 钢片琴5.Accordion 手风琴6.Clavichord 古钢琴7.Harmonium 脚踏式风琴 8.Synthesizer 电子合成器Chorus: 合唱 1.Soprano 女高2.Soprano Ⅰ 女高1 3.Soprano Ⅱ 女高2 4.Mezzo-Soprano 女次高5.Contralto 女低6.Alto 女低7.Counter-Tenor8.T enor 男高9.Tenor Ⅰ 男高1 10.Tenor Ⅱ 男高2 11.Baritone 男中 12.Bass 男低13.Bass Ⅰ 男低1 14.Bass Ⅱ 男低2 15.Voice 人声 16.Vocals 元音Strings: 弦乐 1.Violin 小提琴2.Violin Ⅰ 小提琴1 3.Violin Ⅱ 小提琴2 4.Viola 中提琴 5.Cello 大提琴6.Violoncello 低音提琴7.Contrabass 低音提琴8.Double Bass 倍低音提琴9.Solo Violin 独奏小提琴10.Solo VIola 独奏中提琴11.Solo Cello 独奏大提琴12.Solo Bass 独奏低音提琴13.Viola d' AmoreHandbells: 手铃 1.Handbells 手铃2.Handbells(T.C)手铃（中音）钢琴0 Acoustic Grand Piano 大钢琴（声学钢琴）1 Bright Acoustic Piano 明亮的钢琴2 Electric Grand Piano 电钢琴3 Honky-tonk Piano 酒吧钢琴4 Rhodes Piano 柔和的电钢琴5 Chorused Piano 加合唱效果的电钢琴 6 Harpsichord 羽管键琴（拨弦古钢琴）7 Clavichord 科拉维科特琴（击弦古钢琴）色彩打击乐器8 Celesta 钢片琴9 Glockenspiel 钟琴10 Music box 八音盒11 Vibraphone 颤音琴12 Marimba 马林巴13 Xylophone 木琴14 Tubular Bells 管钟15 Dulcimer 大扬琴风琴Hammond Organ 击杆风琴17 Percussive Organ 打击式风琴18 Rock Organ 摇滚风琴19 Church Organ 教堂风琴20 Reed Organ 簧管风琴21 Accordian 手风琴22 Harmonica 口琴Tango Accordian 探戈手风琴吉他Acoustic Guitar(nylon)尼龙弦吉他25 Acoustic Guitar(steel)钢弦吉他26 Electric Guitar(jazz)爵士电吉他27 Electric Guitar(clean)清音电吉他28 Electric Guitar(muted)闷音电吉他29 Overdriven Guitar 加驱动效果的电吉他30 Distortion。
房地产英语词汇大全
房地产英语词汇大全property 物业，资产interest 产权subsidiary 附属机构，子公司valuation 评估open market value 公开市场价值leaseback 售后回租（即租回已出售的财产）on a residual basis 剩余法capital value 资本价值cost of development 开发费（指拆迁费，七通一平费等professional fee 专业人员费（指勘察设计费等）finance costs 融资成本（指利息等）sale proceeds 销售收益on the basis of capitalisation 资本还原法floor area 建筑面积title document 契约文书plaza 购物中心land use certificate 土地使用证commercial/residential complex 商住综合楼land use fee 土地使用费（获得土地使用权后，每年支付国家的使用土地费用）Grant Contract of Land Use Right 土地使用权出让合同plot ratio 容积率site coverage 建筑密度land use term 土地使用期project approval 项目许可planning approval 规划许可commission 佣金permit 许可证business license 营业执照strata-title 分层所有权public utilities 公共设施urban planning 城市规划state-owned land 国有土地fiscal allotment 财政拨款grant or transfer 出让或者转让the Municipal Land Administration Bureau 市土地管理局infrastructure 基础设施financial budget 财政预算public bidding 公开招标auction 拍卖negotiation /agreement协议land efficiency 土地效益location classification 地段等级projecting parameter 规划参数government assignment 政府划拨administrative institution 行政事业单位key zones for development 重点开发区tract 大片土地biding document 标书prerequisitioned land 预征土地competent authorities 主管部门construction project 建设项目planning permit of construction engineering 建设工程规划许可证go through the formalities 办手续comprehensive sub-areas 综合分区reconstruction of old area 旧区改造purchasing power 购买力property trust 物业信托equity 权益cash flows 现金流量appreciation 增值disposition 处置hedge 保值措施income tax shelter 收入税的庇护downturn （经济）衰退wealth maximisation 最大限度的增加财产(同其他投资相比) forecast 预测rules-of-thumb techniques 经验法mortgage lender 抵押放贷者vacancy 空房discounted cash flow models 折现值现金流量模型expectation 期望值letting 出租equity reversion 权益回收bad debts 坏帐depreciation allowances 折旧费supplies 日常用品utilities 公共事业设备allowances for repairs andmaintenance 维修费unpaid mortgage balance 抵押贷款欠额stamp duty印花税recession 衰退overproduction 生产过剩glut 供过于求high-technology 高科技investment strategy投资策略circulation 发行量entrepreneur 倡导者，企业家coliseum 大体育场，大剧院chambers （商业资本家联合组织的）会所arena 室内运动场socioeconomic status 社会经济地位amenities 便利设施condominium 个人占有公寓房，一套公寓房的个人所有权income bracket 收入档次tenement 分租合住的经济公寓area code （电话）地区代码community 社区assessment 估价downzone 降低区划规模housing residences住宅房地产英语常用名词（5）real estate planning 房地产策划developers 开发商rent 租房sell/buy 卖房/买房apa naked decorate 毛坯房rtment 公寓，泛指高层住宅house 独门独户同时带花园的平房（不是别墅，深圳不多见）villa 别墅，泛指豪宅sea view villa 海景别墅mount view villa 山景别墅shop 商铺warehouse仓库centiare 平方米或者者㎡来代替，英联邦国家喜欢用sqm代替bathroom 卫生间kitchen 厨房balcony 阳台have security access 有保安系统studio(studio apartment) 单身公寓double bedroom 双人卧室single bedroom 单人卧室1 bedroom 1 sitting room 一房一厅2 bedrooms 2 sitting rooms 两房两厅以此类推…open plan kitchen 开放式厨房（厨房连接小阳台）sitting room/bedroom open to balcony (客厅/卧室连接阳台) car park 停车位guest parking 非固定停车位open Home 看房时间alhambresque 豪华装修（宫殿式）sunshine Sitting room (阳光客厅)offer furniture/home appliances 提供家具/家用电器property 物业，资产interest 产权subsidiary 附属机构，子公司valuation 评估open market value 公开市场价值leaseback 售后回租（即租回已出售的财产）on a residual basis 剩余法capital value 资本价值cost of development 开发费（指拆迁费，七通一平费等）professional fee 专业人员费（指勘察设计费等）finance costs 融资成本（指利息等）sale proceeds 销售收益on the basis of capitalisation 资本还原法floor area 建筑面积title document 契约文书plaza 购物中心land use certificate 土地使用证commercial/residential complex 商住综合楼land use fee 土地使用费（获得土地使用权后，每年支付国家的使用土地费用）Grant Contract of Land Use Right 土地使用权出让合同plot ratio 容积率site coverage 建筑密度land use term 土地使用期project approval 项目许可planning approval 规划许可commission 佣金permit 许可证business license 营业执照strata-title 分层所有权public utilities 公共设施urban planning 城市规划state-owned land 国有土地fiscal allotment 财政拨款grant or transfer 出让或者转让the Municipal Land Administration Bureau 市土地管理局房地产英语常用名词（4）infrastructure 基础设施financial budget 财政预算public bidding 公开招标auction 拍卖negotiation /agreement协议land efficiency 土地效益location classification 地段等级projecting parameter 规划参数government assignment 政府划拨administrative institution 行政事业单位key zones for development 重点开发区tract 大片土地biding document 标书prerequisitioned land 预征土地competent authorities 主管部门construction project 建设项目planning permit of construction engineering 建设工程规划许可证go through the formalities 办手续comprehensive sub-areas 综合分区reconstruction of old area 旧区改造purchasing power 购买力property trust 物业信托equity 权益cash flows 现金流量appreciation 增值disposition 处置hedge 保值措施forecast 预测mortgage lender 抵押放贷者discounted cash flow models 折现值现金流量模型expectation 期望值letting 出租equity reversion 权益回收depreciation allowances 折旧费supplies 日常用品utilities 公共事业设备allowances for repairs and maintenance 维修费unpaid mortgage balance 抵押贷款欠额stamp duty印花税recession 衰退overproduction 生产过剩glut 供过于求high-technology 高科技investment strategy投资策略circulation 发行量coliseum 大体育场，大剧院chambers （商业资本家联合组织的）会所arena 室内运动场socioeconomic status 社会经济地位amenities 便利设施condominium 个人占有公寓房，一套公寓房的个人所有权income bracket 收入档次tenement 分租合住的经济公寓area code （电话）地区代码community 社区assessment 估价downzone 降低区划规模housing residences住宅bay开间depth进深access玄关deed tax契税comprehensive sub-areas 综合分区condominium 个人占有公寓房，一套公寓房的个人所有权construction project 建设项目cost of development 开发费（指拆迁费，七通一平费等）depreciation allowances 折旧费discounted cash flow models 折现值现金流量模型disposition 处置downturn （经济）衰退downzone 降低区划规模entrepreneur 倡导者，企业家房地产英语常用名词（3）equity reversion 权益回收equity 权益expectation 期望值finance costs 融资成本（指利息等）financial budget 财政预算fiscal allotment 财政拨款floor area 建筑面积forecast 预测glut 供过于求go through the formalities 办手续government assignment 政府划拨Grant Contract of Land Use Right 土地使用权出让合同grant or transfer 出让或者转让hedge 保值措施high-technology 高科技housing residences住宅income bracket 收入档次income tax shelter 收入税的庇护infrastructure 基础设施key zones for development 重点开发区land efficiency 土地效益leaseback 售后回租（即租回已出售的财产）letting 出租location classification 地段等级mortgage lender 抵押放贷者negotiation /agreement协议on the basis of capitalisation 资本还原法open market value 公开市场价值overproduction 生产过剩permit 许可证plaza 购物中心plot ratio 容积率prerequisitioned land 预征土地professional fee 专业人员费（指勘察设计费等）project approval 项目许可projecting parameter 规划参数property trust 物业信托public bidding 公开招标public utilities 公共设施purchasing power 购买力reconstruction of old area 旧区改造sale proceeds 销售收益site coverage 建筑密度socioeconomic status 社会经济地位state-owned land 国有土地strata-title 分层所有权subsidiary 附属机构，子公司supplies 日常用品tenement 分租合住的经济公寓the Municipal Land Administration Bureau 市土地管理局title document 契约文书unpaid mortgage balance 抵押贷款欠额urban planning 城市规划utilities 公共事业设备valuation 评估wealth maximisation 最大限度的增加财产(同其他投资相比) 房地产英语常用名词（2）deposit 定金unfurnished house/ apartment 无家具的房子/公寓a vacant room/ a spare room 空房single room 单人间double room 双人间utilities 水、电、煤气与垃圾处理等费用flatmate 合住一套公寓的人；合租者letting agency 房屋中介agency fee 中介费private accommodation 私人住房Room 房间cozy 温馨的living room/lounge 起居室；客厅bedroom 卧室main bedroom 主卧carpet 地毯coffee table （置于沙发前的）茶几armchair 单人沙发sofa 沙发remote control 遥控器radiator 暖气片central heating 中央供暖stool 厨房高脚椅bathroom 卫生间main bathroom 主卫Buy a (an)flat/ apartment 买房down payment 首付completed apartment/flat 现房（指已建好供销售的房子）forward housing delivery 期房resold apartment 二手房affordable housing 经济适用房housing price 房价key zones for development 重点开发区tract 大片土地biding document 标书prerequisitioned land 预征土地competent authorities 主管部门construction project 建设项目comprehensive sub-areas 综合分区reconstruction of old area 旧区改造property trust 物业信托equity 权益cash flows 现金流量appreciation 增值disposition 处置hedge 保值措施income tax shelter 收入税的庇护forecast 预测mortgage lender 抵押放贷者discounted cash flow models 折现值现金流量模型expectation 期望值equity reversion 权益回收bad debts 坏帐depreciation allowances 折旧费utilities 公共事业设备allowances for repairs and maintenance 维修费unpaid mortgage balance 抵押贷款欠额recession 衰退overproduction 生产过剩glut 供过于求high-technology 高科技investment strategy投资策略circulation 发行量entrepreneur 倡导者，企业家coliseum 大体育场，大剧院chambers （商业资本家联合组织的）会所arena 室内运动场slab-type apartment building 板楼，板式楼a relocated unit or household 搬迁户房地产英语常用名词（1）拆迁补偿费compensation for demolition拆迁费用removal expense低价住房low-cost housing二手房second-hand house房产估价师real estate assessor房产证property ownership certificate房屋置换buy or exchange houses炒房者real estate speculator房改housing system reform房管real estate management房权证property right certificate房产市场real estate market房屋空置率housing vacancy rate福利分房welfare-oriented public housing allocation system个人购房贷款individual housing loan公房商品化commercialization of public housing集资房houses built with funds collected by the buyers居民住房建设residential construction人均住房per-capital housing现房complete department (or flat)期房forward delivery housing商品房commercial residential building商品房空置the vacancy in commercial housing政策性住房policy-related house, policy-based house住房补贴rental allowance; housing allowance住房分配货币化进程capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation 按揭贷款mortgage loan房屋空置率housing vacancy rate福利分房welfare-oriented public housing allocation system个人购房贷款individual housing loan公房商品化commercialization of public housing集资房houses built with funds collected by the buyers居民住房建设residential construction人均住房per-capital housing安居工程：Housing project for the low-income urban residents；危房改造：the dilapidated house transforming；动迁户：households to be relocated；住宅小区：dwelling district；住房公积金：public accumulation funds for housing；住房补贴：housing subsidies；住房零首期：zero first payment；房产抵押：house mortgage; build property mortgage；房产证：property right certification；暂住证：the card of stay temporarily；城市住房改革：urban housing reform；城市规划：urban planning；室内装修：interior decoration；按揭：mortgage；按揭贷款：mortgage loan；期房：forward delivery housing；商品房：commodity housing; commercial housing；政策性住房：policy-related house; policy-based house；福利分房：welfare-oriented public housing distribution system；集资房：houses built on the funds collected by the buyers；。
Mortgage Markets
n Securitization
l Pool and repackage loans for resale l Allows resale of loans not easily sold on an
individual basis
n Explain the role of the federal government in supporting the development of the secondary mortgage market
n Relate the development and use of mortgagebacked securities
$330,000 – $70,000 = $260,000 PV (original investment of the financial institution) 30 12 = 360 N; 7/12 = I; Calculate PMT
PMT = $1,729.79
Residential Mortgage Characteristics
l Interest owed first l Balance to principal
n Interest on the declining principal balance n Calculating monthly payment
l Principal borrowed = PV l Number of months to maturity = years 12 = N l Rate/12 = I l Calculate PMT
n Savings institutions
商业贷款英语作文高中
商业贷款英语作文高中商业贷款是一种常见的金融工具，被广泛应用于各种商业活动中。
它为企业和个人提供了资金支持，促进了经济的发展。
下面是一篇参考范文，以商业贷款为主题，探讨了商业贷款的定义、种类、优缺点以及应用场景等方面。
Commercial Loans: Driving Business Growth and Innovation。
Introduction:Commercial loans serve as a vital financial instrument, empowering businesses and individuals alike to realizetheir aspirations and fuel economic growth. This essay aims to explore the definition, types, advantages, and disadvantages of commercial loans, as well as their applications in various business contexts.Definition:Commercial loans refer to financial arrangements wherein a lending institution provides funds to businesses or individuals for commercial purposes. These loans are typically repaid over a predetermined period, often with interest.Types of Commercial Loans:1. Term Loans: These loans involve a lump sum provided to the borrower, which is repaid over a fixed term with regular installments. Term loans are commonly used for business expansion, equipment purchases, or other long-term investments.2. Lines of Credit: A line of credit offers borrowers access to a predetermined amount of funds that can be drawn upon as needed. Interest is charged only on the amount borrowed, making it a flexible financing option for short-term needs or managing cash flow.3. Commercial Real Estate Loans: These loans are specifically tailored for purchasing, renovating, orrefinancing commercial properties. They may have longer terms and require collateral in the form of the property being financed.4. Small Business Administration (SBA) Loans: Backed by the U.S. Small Business Administration, these loans provide favorable terms and conditions to small businesses, including startups and those facing challenges in obtaining traditional financing.Advantages of Commercial Loans:1. Access to Capital: Commercial loans offer businesses the necessary funds to expand operations, invest in new equipment, or launch innovative projects.2. Flexibility: With various types of loans available, borrowers can choose the option that best fits their financial needs and repayment capabilities.3. Tax Benefits: Interest payments on commercial loans are often tax-deductible, providing potential savings forborrowers.4. Building Credit: Timely repayment of commercial loans can help businesses establish or improve their credit profiles, enhancing their credibility with lenders in the future.Disadvantages of Commercial Loans:1. Debt Obligation: Taking on a commercial loan means committing to regular repayments, which can strain cash flow, especially for businesses with fluctuating revenues.2. Interest Costs: While loans provide access to capital, they come with interest expenses that increase the overall cost of borrowing.3. Collateral Requirements: Many commercial loans require collateral, such as real estate or equipment, which poses a risk of loss in the event of default.4. Qualification Criteria: Lenders assess borrowers'creditworthiness and financial stability before approving commercial loans, making it challenging for some businesses to qualify, particularly startups or those with poor credit history.Applications of Commercial Loans:1. Business Expansion: Whether opening new locations, diversifying product lines, or entering new markets, commercial loans facilitate expansion initiatives.2. Equipment Purchases: Businesses can leverage loans to acquire machinery, vehicles, or technology necessary for operations.3. Working Capital Management: Lines of credit help businesses manage day-to-day expenses, bridge gaps in cash flow, or seize unexpected opportunities.4. Real Estate Investment: Commercial real estate loans enable entrepreneurs to purchase or develop properties for business use, such as offices, retail spaces, ormanufacturing facilities.Conclusion:In conclusion, commercial loans play a crucial role in driving business growth, innovation, and economic development. While offering access to vital capital, they also entail careful consideration of the associated risks and costs. By understanding the various types, advantages, and disadvantages of commercial loans, businesses can make informed decisions to leverage these financial resources effectively and sustainably.。
摩根士丹利外汇词语（中英对照）汇总
摩根士丹利外汇词语（中英对照）汇总摩根士丹利外汇词语（中英对照）汇总摩根士丹利外汇词语（中英对照）DDDAX 德国综合指数Day count 日算[债市] 用以计算债券到期前部份期间的应计利息和折现率的协议日数。
Day order 当日指令Debt equity ratio 债资比率；股本负债率Debt-equity swap 债换股；债转股互换这不是通常意义上的互换。
它是实物工具的一次性交易，不涉及任何未来现金流的交换。
这种交易牵涉到用股权代替债务（债券或贷款），而且通常是在债务变得不能维持时进行的。
它们通常被债务沉重的公司和国家所采用。
Debt issuing vehicles 债务发行工具Debt service coverage ratio 债务偿还比率Default fine 违约罚金Defaulting 违约；不履行义务Default interest 滞纳利息Default risk 不能收回本金的风险Defensive 防守性；具抗跌力Deferred asset 递延资产Deferred charges 递延费用；待摊费用Deferred tax 递延税项Defined Contribution Plan 固定供款计划Deflation 通货紧缩；通缩Deleveraged 削减头寸Delist 停牌；除牌Delta 德耳塔（希腊字母）；避险比率；变动量[期权] 德耳塔描述了期权金对基础工具价格变化的敏感度。
换言之，期权的德耳塔是在基础工具发生小幅变化时，为对冲期权的价格变化所需要的基础工具数量。
期权的德耳塔随着基础工具价格的变化而变化。
Depreciation 折旧Derivatives 派生产品；衍生产品；衍生金融投资工具衍生产品或工具的价值随着一个或多个基础市场变量（如股票或商品价格、利率或汇率）的变化而变化。
基础衍生产品包括远期合约、期货、掉期、期权、认购或认沽权证和可转换债券。
关于金融危机的英文词汇
次贷危机相关词汇1、次级贷款Subprime mortgage crisis次贷危机也可以用Subprime crisis表示，也可以简略为Subprime, mortgage 是指抵押贷款，与mortgage 相对应的另一个词En-mortgage最近使用频率也很高，如Ex-mortgage broker是指推销抵押贷款的中间人。
2、可调整利率贷款项目Option ARMsARM是adjustable rate mortgage缩写，指可调整利率贷款，美国之所以出现次贷危机，就是由于Option ARMs过于“发达”，使得房地产泡沫越吹越大，最终造成不可避免的金融危机。
3、房地产泡沫real estate bubble房地产泡沫The Housing Bubble房地产泡沫破灭the housing bubble busting，经济衰退economic declining经济危机economic crisis市场疲软market weak注意foreclosure这个词，是指贷方lender没有能力给付月供，银行收回用于出售的房产。
4、信用危机credit risk道德风险Moral Hazard系统风险Systemic Risk信用保险Credit Insurance5、部分金融机构和政府部门中英文对照Lehman Brothers 雷曼兄弟公司Countrywide 美国国家金融服务公司Bear stearns 世界顶级投资银行贝尔斯登AIG 美国国际集团Fed 美国联邦储备委员会住房抵押贷款证券mortgage backed securities 证券和交易委员会Securities and Exchange Commission次贷危机Subprime mortgage crisis美国房地产泡沫US housing bubble流动性liquidity无法偿还房贷和丧失抵押赎回权home-loan defaults and foreclosures发放次贷的出贷方subprime lenders借贷打包证券和银行持有的投资组合loans packaged into securities and held in bank portfolios可调整的贷款利率adjustable-rate mortgages（ARM) 贷款欺诈fraudulent loans信用危机credit risk证券化securitization住房抵押贷款证券mortgage-backed securities（MBS) 抵押债务collateralized debt obligations（CDO) 机构投资者institutional investors杠杆操作leveraged manipulation贬值devaluation市值管理Market Capitalization Management Adjustable-rate Mortgage 可调利率抵押贷款Collateralized Debt Obligation 债务抵押债券Credit Crunch 信用危机Discount Rate and Discount Window贴现率和贴现窗口Equity 资产净值Fed Funds Rate 联邦基金利率Foreclosure 止赎权Investment Bank 投资银行Liquidity 流动性Monoline Insurance 单一险种保险Mora Hazard 道德风险Mortgage-backed Security 抵押担保证券Prepayment Penalty 提前还款罚金Rating Agencies 评级机构Reset 利率重设Risk Premium 风险溢价Securitization 证券化Structured Investment Vehicle 结构化投资工具Systemic Risk 系统风险Term Securities Lending Facility 定期证券借贷工具Transparency 透明度Speculation 投机collateral 抵押品Standard & Poor's 标准普尔Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac 房利美和房地美（两大联邦住宅贷款抵押公司）dot-com bubble 网络泡沫Securities and Exchange Commission证券和交易委员会其它金融词汇rating agency 评级机构credit trading 信用secondary listing 第二上市primary market 一级市场secondary market 二级市场financing 融资intermediary 中介机构capital market 资本市场monetary market 货币市场liquidity 流通性hedge fund 对冲基金real estate 房地产share 股票valuation 股价equity market 股市shareholder 股东macroeconomic 宏观经济take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌bourse 证交所corporate champion 龙头企业pension fund 养老基金government bond 政府债券budget 预算deficit 赤字mongey-loser 亏损企业traded company,trading enterprise 上市公司transparency 透明度intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假帐money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动option 期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利bad debt 坏帐a store of value 保值forward exchange 期货交易pickup in rice 物价上涨inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreigh exchange 外汇quote 报价contract 合同domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率venture capital 风险资本(VC)job machine 就业市场consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购on the hook 被套住housing bubble房贷泡沫bubble economy泡沫经济underwriter 保险商valuation 股价government bond 政府债券saving account 储蓄帐户equity market 股市shareholder 股东delist 摘牌mongey-loser 亏损企业inventory 存货traded company,trading enterprise 上市公司stakeholder 利益相关者transparency 透明度market fundamentalist 市场经济基本规则damage-contral machinery 安全顾问efficient market 有效市场intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假帐regulatory system 监管体系portfolio 投资组合money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动diversification 多元化real estate 房地产option 期权call option 看涨期权put option 看跌期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利Securities and Exchange Commission 〈美〉证券交易委员会dollar standard 美元本位制budget 预算deficit 赤字bad debt 坏帐macroeconomic 宏观经济fiscal stimulus 财政刺激a store of value 保值transaction currency 结算货币forward exchange 期货交易intervention currency 干预货币Treasury bond 财政部公债current-account 经常项目pickup in rice 物价上涨Federal Reserve 美联储inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreigh exchange 外汇spot transaction 即期交易forward transaction 远期交易option forward transaction 择期交易swap transaction 调期交易quote 报价settlment and delivery 交割buying rate 买入价selling rate 卖出价spread 差幅contract 合同at par 平价premium 升水discount 贴水direct quoation method 直接报价法indirect quoation method 间接报价法dividend 股息domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率parent company 母公司credit swap 互惠贷款venture capital 风险资本book value 帐面价值physical capital 实际资本IPO(initial public offering) 新股首发；首次公开发行job machine 就业市场welfare capitalism 福利资本主义collective market cap 市场资本总值golbal corporation 跨国公司transnational status 跨国优势transfer price 转让价格consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆Federal Reserve 美联储financial turmoil/meltdown 金融危机file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购buy out 购买(某人的)产权或全部货物go under 破产take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌falter 摇摇欲坠on the hook 被套住shore up confidence 提振市场信心stave off 挡开, 避开,liquidate assets 资产清算at fire sale prices 超低价sell-off 证券的跌价。
与摩根士丹利有关的外汇词语
与摩根士丹利有关的外汇词语与摩根士丹利有关的外汇词语L/C 信用证Labor Arbitrage 劳动套利LBO 杠杆买断交易；借贷融资收购Lead manager 主承销；牵头经办人Legal persons shares 法人股Lender 贷款人Lender of the last resort 最后贷款人Letter of credit 信用状Level playing field 公平竞争环境Leverage = level of debt/equity 债务水平/比重Leveraged Buy Out 杠杆买断交易；借贷融资收购Leveraged rate 杠杆比率LIBOR 伦敦银行同业拆借利率Lien 扣押；扣押权；留置权LIFFE 伦敦国际金融期货及期权交易所Limited recourse 有限追索权Limited partnership 有限责任合伙Linked Exchange Rate System 联系汇率制度Liquid investment 短期投资Liquid Yield Option Note 流动收息权利票据Liquidity 流动性；流动资金；变现能力[市场流动性]用以量度市场的深度- 可以买入/售出多少而对价格不构成影响。
Liquidity ratio 速动比率Liquidity risk 流动性风险指与缺乏流动性之市场的相关交易的风险。
这些市场的特征是：买卖差价过大，缺乏透明度，无论规模大小，在交易发生后，价格都会发生很大变化。
Listed company 上市公司Litigation 诉讼Local toll collecting highway infrastructure index 地方收费公路基楚设施指数Lock-in 自然出现（条件）Lock-out 自然消失（条件）Lock-up 锁定；封锁[股市]由发行公司或第三者供应方（如适用）作出承诺，在事先未取得承销商（包销商）的同意前，不得进一步出售股份。