1英语真题解析(部分)

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2022年考研英语（一）完整版真题及答案解析（2）

2022年考研英语（一）完整版真题及答案解析（2）1. 英语在研究生招生考试中往往是很多理工科考生心中的痛，因为英语这一科考试科目的复习内容是没有上限的，所以考生在复习过程中也经常无从下手，那么接下来小编就为大家带来2022年考研英语（一）完整版真题及答案解析，快来看看吧！Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles，shopping bags，and other trash litter the planet，from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench， because plastics are everywhere and don＇t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They ＂weep＂out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions，such as museums，trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying： early radios， avant-garde sculptures，celluloid animation stills from Disney films，the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn＇t always know how to mix ingredients properly，says Thea van Oosten， a polymer chemist who，until retiring a few years ago，worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. ＂It＇s like baking a cake： If you don＇t have exact amounts. itgoes wrong.＂ She says. ＂The object you make is already a time bomb.＂And sometimes， it＇s not the artist＇s fault. In the 1960s，the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright，colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen ＂nature carpets＂–large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins，cabbages，and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets –which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately， the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It＇s especially vulnerable to light damage， and by the mid-1990s，Gilardi＇s pumpkins，roses，and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi＇s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals ＂sunscreens＂because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again，albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten＇s， preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse，biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate，are increasingly common. And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira，an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology，notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history-Stone Age， Iron Age， and so on-after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic， she says，＂and what we decide to collect today，what we decide to preserve. …will have a strong impact on how in the future we＇ll be seen.＂21.【题干】According to Paragraph 1， museums are faced with difficulties in_____.【选项】A.maintaining their plastic itemsB.obtaining durable plastic artifactsC.handling outdated plastic exhibitsD.classifying their plastic collections【答案】A22.【题干】Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are_____.【选项】A.immune to decayB.improperly shapedC.inherently flawedplex in structure【答案】C23.【题干】Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi＇s artworks to_____.【选项】A.keep them from hurting visitorsB.duplicate them for future displayC.have their ingredients analyzedD.prevent them from further damage【答案】D24.【题干】The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_____.【选项】A.costlyB.unworthyC.unpopularD.challenging【答案】D25.【题干】In Ferreira＇s opinion，preservation of plastic artifacts_____.【选项】A.will inspire future scientific researchB.has profound historical significanceC.will help us separate the material agesD.has an impact on today＇s cultural life【答案】BText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate applications and weigh up their options，it may be worth considering just how the point， purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Gen Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school， got a decent degree， you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal，they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. T oday， 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles； a percentage which is double the average amongst the OECD.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree，but， rather stress that a degree is not for everyone， that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully， there are signs that this is already happening，with Gen Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors，even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route， consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists，it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree， it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Gen Z will be done with education at 18 or 21； they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay agile，relevant and employable. It has been estimated that this generation due to the pressures of technology，the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education， and not just knowledge gained on campus， will be a core part of Generation Z＇s career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense：I am a geographer＇or I am a classist. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing；it＇s as if they already know that their degree won＇t define them in the same way.26.【题干】The author suggests that Generation Z should_____.【选项】A.be careful in choosing a collegeB.be diligent at each educational stageC.reassess the necessity of college educationD.postpone their undergraduate application【答案】C27.【题干】The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect_____.【选项】lennial’s opinions about workB.the shrinking value of a degreeC.public discontent with educationD.the desired route of social mobility【答案】B28.【题干】The author considers it a good sign that_____.【选项】A.Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degreeB.school leavers are willing to be skilled workersC.employers are taking a realistic attitude to degreeD.parents are changing their minds about education【答案】C29.【题干】It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_____.【选项】A.make an early decision on their careerB.attend on the job training programsC.team up with high-paid postgraduatesD.further their studies in a specific field【答案】D30.【题干】What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs？【选项】A.Lifelong learning will define them.B.They will make qualified educators.C.Depress will no longer appeal them.D.They will have a limited choice of jobs.【答案】AText 3Enlightening， challenging， stimulating， fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said，they had collaborated with artists：and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. ＂Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.＂ One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi＇s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University＇s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November＇s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow， UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll， however，several respondents noted that artists do not simply assistscientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project， are able to jointly design it and can critique each other＇s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century ago，the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies （CAVS）to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hence the ＂visual studies＂ in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in， and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed， and divided into more sub-disciplines， the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists，writers and poets， and vice versa.Nature＇s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever， but， to make a collaboration work， both sides need to invest time， and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication， and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention， and challenge and critique are core to both， too.31.【题干】According to paragraph 1，art-science collaborations have_____.【选项】A.caught the attention of criticsB.received favorable responsesC.promoted academic publishingD.sparked heated public disputes【答案】B32.【题干】The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that_____.【选项】A.art can offer audiences easy access to scienceB.science can help with the expression of emotionsC.public participation in science has a promising futureD.art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations【答案】A33.【题干】Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership_____.【选项】A.their role may be underestimatedB.their reputation may be impairedC.their creativity may be inhibitedD.their work may be misguided【答案】A34.【题干】What does the author say about CAVS？ _____.【选项】A.It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.B.It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.C.Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.D.Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.【答案】B35.【题干】In the last paragraph， the author holds that art-science collaborations_____.【选项】A.are likely to go beyond public expectationsB.will intensify interdisciplinary competitionC.should do more than communicating science.D.are becoming more popular than before【答案】CText 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand＇s Employment Relations Act 2000 （ERA）prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead. dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from ＂unjustified dismissals＂. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest， constraining firms from firing poorly performing. high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk，to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers， those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers＇ wages. Indeed， in ＂An International Perspective on New Zealand＇s Productivity Paradox＂（2014）. The Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country＇s poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA＇s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee， employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea， Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified ＂high-income threshold＂from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand， a 2016 private members＇Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However，the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36.【题干】The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to _____.【选项】A.punish dubious corporate practicesB.improve traditional hiring proceduresC.exempt employers from certain dutiesD.protect the rights of ordinary workers【答案】D37.【题干】It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may_____ .【选项】A.hinder business developmentB.undermine managers＇ authorityC.affect the public image of the firmsD.worsen labor-management relations【答案】A38.【题干】Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support？【选项】A.Imposing reasonable wage restraints.B.Enforcing employment protection lawsC.Limiting the powers of business owners.D.Dismissing poorly performing managers.【答案】D39.【题干】What might be an effect of ERA＇s unjustified dismissal procedures？ _____【选项】A.Highly paid managers lose their jobs.B.Employees suffer from salary cuts.C.Society sees a rise in overall well-being.D.Employers need to hire new staff.【答案】B40.【题干】It can be inferred that the ＂high-income threshold＂ in Australia _____.【选项】A.has secured managers＇ earningsB.has produced undesired resultsC.is beneficial to business ownersD.is difficult to put into practice【答案】CPart BDirections： The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）Teri Byrd_____（41）I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you ＂enhance＂enclosures，they do not allow for freedom， a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions，and it＇s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.Karen R. Sime_____（42）As a zoology professor， I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas，wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows canhelp stir children＇s interest in conservation，they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense， immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos＇treatment of animals with their educational potential.Greg Newberry_____（43）Emma Marris＇s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies？ Of course. But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.Dean Gallea_____（44）As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbedin their natural environments.John Fraser_____（45）Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.41.【题干】41._____.【选项】A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy， zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats， zoos offer the best altemative.F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals＇ wellbeing.G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.【答案】F42.【题干】42._____.【选项】A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy， zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats， zoos offer the best altemative.F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals＇ wellbeing.G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.【答案】C43.【题干】43._____.【选项】A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy， zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats， zoos offer the best altemative.F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals＇ wellbeing.G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.【答案】A44.【题干】44._____.【选项】A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy， zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats， zoos offer the best altemative.F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals＇ wellbeing.G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.【答案】D45.【题干】45._____.【选项】A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would leadto inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy， zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats， zoos offer the best altemative.F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals＇ wellbeing.G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.【答案】G考研考什么内容考研分为初试和复试，初试主要是笔试，科目有外语、政治、专业课和综合，不同专业的考试科目是不一样的；复试是笔试和面试相结合，其内容包括英语测试、专业课笔试和综合素质面试。

10年真题英语一答案解析

10年真题英语一答案解析一、阅读理解部分1. A对于这一题，我们需要识别关键词：“international education”、“share global perspectives”、“study abroad”、“broaden their horizons”。

通过分析这些关键词，我们可以得出理解这段文字的关键信息为：国际教育的重要性，通过留学可以拓宽视野，促进自身发展。

答案是A。

2. B这一题的关键信息在第二段的最后一句：“language exposure”。

根据这个信息，我们可以得出答案为B。

3. D此题的答案位于第三段的最后一句：“the majority of immigrants end up....where many feel they do not belong”。

根据这一信息我们可以得出答案为D。

4. C这一题的答案可以从第四段的最后一句中得到：“show impressive declinations in violence”。

根据这一信息我们可以得出答案为C。

5. A这一题的关键信息在第五段的第一句：“the U.N. has proclaimed that access to sanitary facilities is a human right”。

根据这个信息，我们可以得到答案是A。

二、完型填空部分6. B根据题干我们可以得知这一题目为一个对比题。

它与前面的“figures of speech”相呼应，我们需要选出与“figures of speech”相对应的词语。

选项B相对应于“statistics”。

答案是B。

7. D题干中提到了“realize the value of the individual”，我们需要识别关键词找出与之相呼应的人物。

选项D中的“leaders”与题干意思相呼应。

答案是D。

8. C题干中的关键信息为“administrators....classes”，选项C中的“are in charge of”与之意思相对应。

考研英语(一)真题答案及解析(2012年)

2012年考研英语（一）真题答案及解析1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是"_ _法官表现得像政治家"的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain"维持，保持"，其他显然语义不通。

2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。

所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。

只有B，when表示这个意思。

3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。

只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。

4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as..."被认为是"。

5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于"法官没有_ _道德规范"。

后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。

所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。

6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to 连用，表示"服从某物，受…支配"。

故本题选B。

7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。

apply to "适用于"符合题意。

resort to "求助于";stick to "坚持(原则等)"语意不通。

8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政。

2022考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)

2022考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版）一、完形填空1. 题目分析：本题主要考查考生对上下文语境的理解及词汇辨析能力。

文章讲述了人们对于时间的感知及其影响因素。

答案解析：第一空选A，根据下文提到的“我们的时间感知受到注意力的影响”，可知此处应选与“注意力”相关的词汇，故A选项“focus”符合题意。

2. 题目分析：本题要求考生根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词。

答案解析：第二空选B，前后两句为因果关系，故B选项“because”为正确答案。

3. 题目分析：本题考查考生对固定搭配的掌握。

答案解析：第三空选C，"range fromto"为固定搭配，表示“从……到……的范围”，故C选项正确。

二、阅读理解Part APart B分析：本文为议论文，主要讨论了社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响。

答案解析：第41题选F，根据文章结构可知，F选项“社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响”为文章主旨。

三、翻译分析：本题要求考生将一段关于中国传统文化与现代科技融合的中文翻译成英文。

四、写作Section A分析：本部分要求考生根据所给图表写一篇短文，图表展示了某高校学生阅读兴趣的变化趋势。

答案解析：The chart illustrates the changes in college students' reading interests over a period of three years. It is evident that there has been a significant shift in their preferences. Initially, fiction was the genre of choice for the majority of students, accounting for 60%. However, over the next two years, the interest in fiction gradually declined to 40%. Conversely, the popularity of nonfiction surged from 30% to 50%, indicating a growing trend among students to engage with more informative and educational content.Section B分析：本部分要求考生根据所给题目和提纲，写一篇论述文。

考研英语一真题及答案完整解析(1)

2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court ’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court ’s decisio_n4s_ w a s illim b e partial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they areso closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court ’s legitimacy by making them_1s9e_lvt e o sthe code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincingas law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody ’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and hal f forcing, is what most of us thinkof when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new bookJoin the Club , Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives andpossibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, astate-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising ，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness ofmany pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology . ” Dare to be different, please donpleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desirenothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take apage from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filledwith too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that makepeer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it ’s presen work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There ’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of researchshows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer theiractivities in virtuous directions. It e the teache’r w s ho lik breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing themwith better- behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that ’s the problem with a social cure eng from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers ’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author ’s view, Rosenberg ’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. T he company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality ofVermont ’ru s les in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It ’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont ’s only nuclear aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permissionfrom state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of theplant ’s license be subject to Vermont legislature ’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn ’t foresee wha next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an undergroundpipe system leakage, raised serious quest ions about both Vermont Yankee ’ssafety and Entergy ’msanagement –especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy ’s Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and thatonly the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereasthe Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say thatVermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concernsabout the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, thatdebate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that ithas noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission torun a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including PilgrimNuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federalpermission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)reviews the company ’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on ”(Line 3.para.1) is closest inomeaning t[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the auth or ’s view, the Vermont case will test[A]Entergy ’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B]the mature of states ’ patchwork regulations.[C]the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D]the limits of states ’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]Entergy ’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B]the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C]Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D]Vermont ’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected b yobjective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape thecontext of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think ourexperiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deceptionabound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, theyare full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. Thisis the credibility process, through which the individual researcher ’me s, here, now becomes the community ’as n yone, anywhere, anytime . Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; otherscientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives thenew discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual ’s discovery claim into the community ’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus onsome aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little rewardaccompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. N ot surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear tobe important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation byfuture researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologistAlbert Azent- Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking nobody has thought. ” But thinking what nobody else has tho au n g d h tt elling others what they havemissed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens ”to a discova e rp yrc o l c a e im ss that corres–ponds to what philosopher AnnetteBaier has described as the commons of the mind . “Wereason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other ’s reasoning and each other ’s conceptions of reason. ”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy? rgyi would most likely agree t hat[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. W hich of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. WhenHoffa ’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only o ne in ten American government workers belongedto a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America ’s public sector pas fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public- sector unions ’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. Aquarter of A merica ’s pub-s l ie c ctor workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of- centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain ’s Labor Party, a long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votesfrom public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public PolicyInstitute of California points out that much of the state ’s budget is patrolled by unions. unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But thereal gains come in benefits and work prac tices. Politicians have repeatedly “bac-s ke lo c a to dr ed ” p pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that arealready generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that thequality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers ’ unions have fought bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard ’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of theUnited States. Bankers ’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but -a se p c u tb ol r ic system thatdoes not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people ’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue tt’i tud s e atowards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higherthan a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand.Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour t ocreate a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush andgallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production,means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culturemachine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secretwar for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them inpassive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even awareof the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, t heanimal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools butthen turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - andsuperfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after theadvent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material,a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to justconsume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn thepower off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations andexperiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it isto be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyonddownloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media increative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed toembed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - betweenpassive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin toimagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by anotherin the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the w orld'smedia culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtfuldownloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton ’s laws of motion and Darwini evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything —a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) T o filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language —acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.( 50) Chomsky ’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingSome internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students ’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming ”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. （20 points ）1. 【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain “维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。

2020年考研英语一真题答案及解析

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语((一)试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】[C] On【解析】本题考查介词的用法。

在具体的某一天之前要用介词on,故本题正确答案为[C]On o2【答案】[A]match【解析】本题考查语义理解。

前文说数百万的英国人将在本周末庆祝本国的一个重大传统节日：周日烧烤节。

故英国人民在这一天应该特别欢乐的，因而也就没有什么烹饪乐趣(culinary pleasure)能与之媲美，故本题正确答案为[A]match 031 答案答案]][B] enjoyment【解析】本题考查语义理解。

由空前this可知本空应填名词，且该名词在前文应该出现过或与前文出现过的名词同义，而前文反复出现的名词为pleasureo并且，填入之后本句大意为这种快乐将会被视为是某种快乐，语义上能够说通，故本题正确答案为[B]enjoyment41 答案】[D] guaranteed【解析】本题考查语义理解。

前文说这种快乐将被视为是另一种罪悉的欢愉，并且从语法结构来看本句已完整，故本空及空后内容应该是分词短语作后置定语，修饰前文的guilty pleasure0后文说这种欢愉会损害我们的健康，根据情感一致原则可首先排除privileged,再结合上下文语义，可确定本题正确答案为[D]guaranteed,本句意为：这是一种升级的欢愉，并确定无疑地会损害我们的健康。

51 答案][A]issued公开的警示))为本空的宾语，浏览【解析】本句考查语意搭配。

由结构分析可知，空后名词短语a public waning (公开的警示四个选项可知本题正确答案为[A]issued,填入后意为“发布一则公开的警示”。

61答案】[B]at【解析】本题考查介词搭配的用法。

空前后大意为“在高温下烹饪的食物"，a...temperature表示在……温度下，故本题正确答案为[B]at071 答案][D]avoid【解析】本题考查语义理解。

自考英语一历年真题含答案解析

自考英语一历年真题含答案解析(总6页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--自考英语一历年真题含答案解析目录2016年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2015年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2015年4月自考英语（一）真题及详解2014年10月自考英语（一）真题及详解2014年4月自考英语（一）真题及详解2013年10月自考英语（一）真题及详解2013年4月自考英语（一）真题及详解2013年1月自考英语（一）真题及详解2012年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2012年7月自考英语（一）真题及详解2012年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2012年1月自考英语（一）真题及答案2011年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2011年7月自考英语（一）真题及答案2011年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2011年1月自考英语（一）真题及答案2010年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2010年7月自考英语（一）真题及答案2010年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2010年1月自考英语（一）真题及答案2009年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2009年7月自考英语（一）真题及答案2009年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2009年1月自考英语（一）真题及答案2008年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2008年7月自考英语（一）真题及答案2008年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2008年1月自考英语（一）真题及答案2007年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2007年7月自考英语（一）真题及答案2007年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2007年1月自考英语（一）真题及答案2006年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2006年7月自考英语（一）真题及答案2006年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2005年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2004年10月自考英语（一）真题及答案2004年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案真题试读（部分）2016年4月自考英语（一）真题及答案2016年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（一）试题(课程代码 00012)第一部分选择题一、阅读判断（第1～10题，每题1分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版

考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版【考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版】考研英语一真题及答案解析已成为考研复习的重要内容之一。

对于考生来说，了解历年真题以及解析对于备考至关重要。

本文将为大家提供考研英语一真题及答案解析的完整版，旨在帮助考生更好地复习备考。

一、阅读理解以下是一道考研英语一真题的阅读理解部分，附有答案解析：Passage 1In the late 19th century, the advent of the telephone and transportation of ever-larger quantities of goods led to the elaboration of methods of mass production, with the telephone expanding the market for products of all kinds. But it was also clear at once that the telephone brought with it the disadvantage of the growing number of interruptions in the intimacy (亲密)of family life.As long as only telegrams could be received over the telephone, this disadvantage only concerned business and politicians who could be interrupted at home. But as soon as relatives and friends began to telephone one another, people had to start struggling with new difficulties and new obligations (义务). As many other important inventions in the course of history, the telephone became a burden (负担)for persons of culture who would not easily yield their privacy (隐私权).With the invention of the telephone, ways had to be found to establish rules as to when and by whom telephone calls could be made without interrupting. The telephone, in order to be acceptable, had to bear certain qualities which were also valid for other cultural goods – mainly the quality to bring people toward one another and to integrate (整合)them into the common world.These results could, however, be achieved only by the contribution of a large number of people who followed certain rules of behavior with regard to the telephone. But such rules had to be collectively established, they had to be known and accepted by everyone; it would not have been sufficient if only a few informed persons, acting in a purely academic capacity =by themselves, had found them out and had spread (传播)them – that is, if people had known the rules only in the abstract.As soon as propriety (礼节)became a matter of public interest, the invention of the telephone brought about the establishment of a teachers of telephone behavior – professors who explained the norms (规范)of telephone behavior, who taught people how to accept messages, how to make a call politely and yet firmly (委婉), how to end calls courteously (谦虚地), and how to use a telephone correctly. These professors were also at the service of companies and private persons for individual consultation on the same topics. Thanks to these people the invasion of privacy by telephone could be tempered (缓和), the annoyance (麻烦) of being interrupted by telephone calls could be reduced.11. According to the passage, the advent of the telephone led to ______.A) an almost immediate invasion of privacyB) the formation of new obligationsC) the integration of business and politicsD) the expansion of the market for various products答案解析：D) the expansion of the market for various products.解析：根据文章的第一句“In the late 19th century, the advent of the telephone and transportation of ever-larger quantities of goods led to the elaboration of methods of mass production.”可知，电话的出现推动了商品市场的扩大。

2001考研英语阅读真题解析（1）

Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right； but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________. [A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry 52. We can infer from the passage that ________. [A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________. [A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies 重点词汇： specialisation /7speFElai5zeiFEn/（专业化）即special+is（e）+ation，special（特别的；额外的），-ise动词后缀（specialise即v.专业化），-ation名词后缀；specialist（专家；专科医⽣）←special+ist后缀表⼈。

2024年考研英语一真题答案及解析：阅读理解一

2024年考研英语一真题答案及解析：阅读理解一业务课名称：英语考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。

2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。

2024年考研英语一真题答案及解析:阅读理解一(回忆版)Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard wasdiscovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the creditgoes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of everyday objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world. The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost —and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had a few niche uses until they became cheap;now they are transforming the global energy system.21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake ofA. saving them for future use.B. keeping them from rusting.C. letting them grow in value.D. hiding them from the locals.22. The example of early 17th century Virginians is used toA. highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.B. illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.C. contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.D. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time.23. What played the major role in lowing the price of nails after the late 1700s?A. Increased productivity.B. Wider use of new energies.C. Fiercer market competition.D. Reduced cost of raw materials.24. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nailsA. have undergone many technological improvements.B. have remained basically all the same since Roman times.C. are less studied than other everyday products.D. are one of the world’s most significant inventions.25. Which of the following best summaries the last two paragraphs?A. Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.B. Technological innovation is integral to economic success.C. Technology defines people’s understanding of the world.D. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.。

考研英语1真题答案及解析

2021 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that aninability to consider the big3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the dailysamles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 ofapperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7 he hadalready sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interview during the sameday, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was11。

2020年考研英语一真题答案及解析

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】[C] On【解析】本题考查介词的用法。

在具体的某一天之前要用介词on,故本题正确答案为[C]On o2【答案】[A]match【解析】本题考查语义理解。

前文说数百万的英国人将在本周末庆祝本国的一个重大传统节日：周日烧烤节。

故英国人民在这一天应该特别欢乐的，因而也就没有什么烹饪乐趣(culinary pleasure)能与之媲美，故本题正确答案为[A]match 031 答案][B] enjoyment【解析】本题考查语义理解。

由空前this可知本空应填名词，且该名词在前文应该出现过或与前文出现过的名词同义，而前文反复出现的名词为pleasureo并且，填入之后本句大意为这种快乐将会被视为是某种快乐，语义上能够说通，故本题正确答案为[B]enjoyment 041 答案】[D] guaranteed【解析】本题考查语义理解。

51 答案][A]issued【解析】本句考查语意搭配。

由结构分析可知，空后名词短语a public waning (公开的警示)为本空的宾语，浏览四个选项可知本题正确答案为[A]issued,填入后意为“发布一则公开的警示”。

61答案】[B]at【解析】本题考查介词搭配的用法。

空前后大意为“在高温下烹饪的食物"，a...temperature表示在……温度下，故本题正确答案为[B]at071 答案][D]avoid【解析】本题考查语义理解。

精品解析：2024年新课标全国Ⅰ卷英语真题(含听力)(解析版)

2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语考生注意：1. 答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试题卷和答题纸规定的位置上。

2. 答题时，请按照答题纸上“注意事项”的要求，在答题纸相应的位置上规范作答，在本试题卷上的作答一律无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。

1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What is Kate doing?A. Boarding a flight.B. Arranging a trip.C. Seeing a friend off.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M: Thanks for the wonderful weekend, Kate.W: That's okay. Bob and I are glad you came to see us.M: Oh, I have to go in. My flight will take off soon. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.W: Sure, we will.2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What are the speakers talking about?A. A pop star.B. An old song.C. A radio program.【答案】B【解析】【原文】W: Paul, listen to the radio. It's You've Stolen My Heart, one of the songs played at our wedding.M: Yeah, how beautiful! It's been popular for almost two decades.3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What will the speakers do today?A. Go to an art show.B. Meet the man's aunt.C. Eat out with Mark.【答案】A【解析】【原文】W: David, forget about Mark. His aunt is in town, so he can't go with us today.M: Oh, what a pity! It's the last day of the art show.4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What does the man want to do?A. Cancel an order.B. Ask for a receipt.C. Reschedule a delivery.【答案】C【解析】【原文】W: How may I help you?M: I bought a desk and asked for it to be delivered to my house this Friday.W: Yes, what’s the problem?M: I need to have it delivered this Saturday.5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】When will the next train to Bedford leave?A. At 9:45.B. At 10:15.C. At 11:00.【答案】A【解析】【原文】W: Next, please.M: Oh, hi, I missed my 9 o'clock train to Bedford. Do I have to buy another ticket?W: No. The next train leaves at a quarter to ten at Platform 11.M: Thank you.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

2001年考研英语真题答案及解析（1）

2001年考研英语真题答案及解析（1）2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。

文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。

第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。

最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。

在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。

结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]as to关于，至于[B]for instance举例[C]in particular特别地[D]such as例如[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。

因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像……一样”的连接词。

首先排除as to和in particular。

for instance（或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。

如：Here in Chicago,for instance,the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。

选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如…，象这种的”的含义。

首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers（政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up...Rosemary West做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。

2020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(新课标I卷,解析版1)

2020年高考真题——英语（新课标I卷）解析版（1）第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）21. — Why, this is nothing but common vegetable soup!— _______, madam. It's our soup of the day.A. Let me seeB. So it isC. Don't mention itD. Neither do I【答案】：A【解析】：本题考查交际用语。

句意：“哎呀，这只是普通的蔬菜汤！” “让我看看，女士。

这就是我们今天的汤。

”选项A适合用于此语境，可表示日常礼貌的交际表达；而选项B、C、D均不符合语境和句意要求。

22. They might just have a place _______ on the writing course — why don't you give it a try?A. leaveB. leftC. leavingD. to leave【答案】：B【解析】：本题考查非谓语动词。

句意：他们可能只保留了一个位置给写作课程——你为什么不试试看呢？leave作动词讲，可表示“使保留，留下备用”，leave和place属于被动关系，故left作place的后置定语，表示“剩下的位置，保留的位置”。

23. Try not to cough more than you can _______ since it may cause problemsto your lungs.A. checkB. allowC. stopD. help【答案】：D【解析】：本题考查固定用法。

句意：想咳就咳出来吧，不要忍着，因为这可能引发你的肺部疾病。

sb. can not help表示“某人忍不住（或无法抑制）”，本句将not前置了，故答案为help。

真题英语一第1篇阅读理解解析

2012年真题英语一第1篇阅读理解解析2012年真题英语一第1篇阅读理解解析魏海妹1. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure. [B] a stimulus to group dynamics.[C] an obstacle to social progress. [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors.解：根据fist paragraph定位第一段，根据peer pressure定位第二句话和第三句话，即...when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no gooddrinking, drugs and casual sex.题干中often是usually的同义再现，D项undesirable是原文no good的同义再现，所以答案为D不良行为的诱因。

其中，A项社会治疗的补充、B项群体活力的刺激、C项社会进步的障碍均不在所定位范围之内，故可排除。

2. Rosenverg holds that public-health advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers. [B] learn from advertisers experience.[C] stay away from commercial advertisers. [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements.解：根据public-health advocates定位第三段最后一句话Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.(注意：不能只根据人名Rosenverg来定位，因为有时范围太大，所以需要根据题干中更多的细节来定位以缩小答案范围。

2020年全国1卷-英语真题(解析版)

年全国1卷英语真题（解析版）第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节(共5小题；每小题分，满分分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例:How much is the shirtA. £.B. £.C. £.答案是C。

are the speakersA. At a swimming pool.B. In a clothing shop.C. At a school lab.【答案】Bwill Tom do nextA. Turn down the music.B. Postpone the show.C. Stop practicing.【答案】Cis the woman busy doingA. Working on a paper.B. Tidying up the office.C. Organizing a party.【答案】Cwill Henry start his vacationA. This weekend.B. Next week.C. At the end of August.【答案】Adoes Donna offer to do for BillA. Book a flight for him.B. Drive him to the airport.C. Help him park the car.【答案】B第二节(共15小题；每小题分，满分分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

精品解析：2022年新高考全国一卷英语真题(解析版)(1)

2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试题共10页,满分120分。

考试用时120分钟。

注意事项：1. 答卷前,考生务必用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔将自己地姓名，考生号，考场号和座位号填写在答题卡上。

用2B铅笔将试题类型(A)填涂在答题卡相应位置上。

将款形码横贴在答题卡右上角“款形码粘贴处”。

因笔试不考听力,选择题从第二部分地“阅读”开始,试题序号从“21”开始。

2. 作答选择题时,选出每小题结果后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项地结果信息点涂黑;如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他结果,结果不能答在试题上。

3. 非选择题一定用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答,结果一定写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上;如高改动,先划掉原来地结果,然后再写上新地结果;不准使用铅笔和涂改液,不按以上要求作答地结果无效。

4. 考生一定保持答题卡地整洁：考试结束后,将试题和符题卡一并交回。

第二部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题：每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下面短文,从每题所给地A，B，C，D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AGrading Policies for Introduction to LiteratureGrading Scale90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.Essays (60%)Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.Group Assignments (30%)Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.Late WorkAn essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is notturned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will geta zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.1. Where is this text probably taken from?A. A textbook.B. An exam paper.C. A course plan.D. An academic article.2. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.3. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?A. You will receive a zero.B. You will lose a letter grade.C. You will be given a test.D. You will have to rewrite it.【结果】1. C 2. B 3. A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。