英语教育考试28期

16. Three books that affect world history.Robert Downes is president of the former National Library Association, director of the University of Illinois library. He once wrote a book called "the book of changes in the world". The book introduces 16 books that affect world history. Now will these 16 books to the book lovers recommended.1 "the Prince". The author, Machiavelli (Italy)Described by Machiavelli in "the Prince" in the monarchy and politics theory, namely "Machiavelli" doctrine, the principle of the later all the ruling class to consolidate its rule of the country.2 "common sense" author Thomas Paine (UK).Paine was born in January 29, 1737 in a family of civilians in the east of England Norfolk, after moving to the United states. January 16, 1776 "common sense" was officially published. "Common sense" profoundly reveals the nature of the British monarchy and the colonial rule. Paine pointed out: "in the UK, a king can do things, often do not take away the official rank and war. The king of England is a royal family, with a crown of thieves." "Colonial rule is an intolerable evil."In "on the United States the current situation of" chapter, inspiring words to Paine was called "the American people's oppressive rulers have killed enough. Their red blood spray in nature, sobbing tone, as if in the indictment, in the call: now is the time of the independence movement should take! People who love the human, the people who are against the tyranny and the tyrant, please come to the front!""Common sense" caused by the strong response is unusual. Franklin was very excited after reading, called "works of genius".George Trevelyan wrote in "the history of the American Revolution":"It's hard to find a book like" common sense ", which has a direct, extensive, lasting impact on the revolution. According to the world's newspapers and magazines, "common sense" guides the struggle for independence, creating the miracle of the world."People miss Paine, regarded him as "the father of American independence, he is remembered he first proposed" the American Republic ", is his first claim" the business of America is largely the cause of mankind." As Ande Jackson said:"Paine does not need artificial construction of the monument, in the love of freedom and independence of the people's hearts as early as erected his monument."3 "the wealth of the nations" author Adam Smith (UK).In March 9, 1776 officially published "the wealth of the nations". "The wealth of the nations" content is not limited to the economy, it is a small encyclopedia of political, economic and social issues. "". The famous British economist J.A.R Marriott told Adam Smith made a general comment, he said: "Maybe no one of the contemporary works like" the wealth of the nations "as scientific and economic ideas and administrative features had such a profound impact. We have reason to believe that the influence of the book. Adam Smith produced will continue."4 "population theory" author Thomas Malthus (UK)"Population theory" was published in 1798 in the form of a booklet, about fifty thousand words. 1803 second edition of the book published. "Population theory" analyzes the nature of poverty and the causes, and soon became the "wealth of nations" famous works of political economics.John Maynard, a famous economist, is the most fair and typical in the comments on Thomas, he said:"From eighteenth Century to date in the scientific history, Malthus and John. Rock, David Hume, Adam Smith, Charles, Darwin. William. James. Jeremy, Paley, Mir. Bentham's name tightly together, not only emotionally, and in fact, he is great the ranks of his" population theory "occupies an important position in the history of human thought."5 "do not obey the theory of" author Henry David Thoreau (American).Henry David Thoreau's "disobedience theory" flag word is: "the best government is not in charge of the government."In the "disobedience theory", Thoreau with sharp strokes, through the analysis of the state and the nature of the government, criticized the unreasonable tax system, exposes the evil of slavery and autocracy.Thoreau believes that "the government is merely a matter of expediency, but most governments sometimes do not." In the United States government, though it is "relatively good", it is essentially "a slave government", and to make it permanent. Therefore, the citizen's responsibility is to fight against the evil acts of the government. He wrote:"If there are 1/6 people in the country that are free to be protected, they are slaves, and those who are upright must rise up and carry out the revolution."In the history of that time, Thoreau "does not obey the embodied theory" revolutionary is self-evident. Later generations called it the "revolutionary declaration of nineteenth Century", "the most high resistance to the new world"". As the years go by, its influence will spread to the world.6 "Uncle Tom's cabin" author Stowe (Harriet Beecher Stowe.) (USA)"Tom's uncle's house" is a far-reaching impact on social development, especially for the United States and the United States of the abolition of slavery and the civil war had a huge boost. In 1862, President Lincoln met Mrs. Stowe at the White House, praised her "the little lady wrote a book to a great war". The famous writer Charles. Sumner said: "if there is no Stowe's uncle Tom's cabin", Abraham Lincoln will not be elected president of the United states."7 "Das Kapital" author Carle Marx (Germany).September 14, 1869 "capital" the first volume in Hamburg officially published, is written by Devin. Its first volume was published in 1887."Das Kapital" from commodity analysis, put forward the theory of labor value and surplus value. This is a great contribution to Marx.Marx's other major contribution is the creation of a dialectic.Marx's "Das Kapital" published more than one hundred years, great changes have taken place in the world. "Das Kapital" into the world "the Bible of the working class". Posterity has not forgotten thehistorical achievements of Marx. People of different classes, different colors, different occupations, different countries have given him a high degree of evaluation.The "Engels", "Darwin," said the proletariat, "as discovered the law of the evolution of the biological community, Marx discovered the law of development of human history." Marx is a sociology of Darwin, newton".Although scientists Barzun think "Das Kapital" hard to read, loose structure, also admitted that Marx's book is "a masterpiece", "embodies the proletarian feelings and requirements".Theorist Nair pointed out that Marx in "Das Kapital" achievement proves that he is "a symbol of the struggle and proletarian leader".A typical evaluation is made by Dr. Jeffrey Hof:"The man who has lived in poverty in the world has brought hope to the world. He has changed the idea of modern people. I think this is an indelible historical contribution that Marx has left."8 "Alfred Mahan, author of" the strategy of the navy "(USA)In 1890, Mahan published the influence of sea power "Masterpieces of history: 1660 - 1783" - also known as "naval strategy theory".。