城市管理学

一、名词解释1、城市：The city is a geographical, economic and social spatial entities, is a organized systems for a variety of natural elements and human elements gathered.（第一种解释）a large and densely populated urban area； may include several independent administrative districts ；an incorporated administrative district established by state charter ；people living in a large densely populated municipality （第二种解释）任选其一即可2、城市化: Urbanization refers to the process of society progress which a country’s population put together from scattered rural to city.3、过度城市化：Over-urbanization refers to a urbanization mode that the level of urbanization significantly exceeds the level of industrialization and economic development. It mainly occurs in some developing countries.4、低度城市化：Urban population growth rate lower than the actual urban development can accommodate （适应，容纳） the speed of population growth.5、郊区城市化：Suburbanization is a universal phenomenon in modern time, that is suburbs near the city turn into urban.6、逆城市化：Counter-urbanization is a phenomenon that urban population begins to flow to the suburbs and even rural as a result of traffic congestion, the growth of crime, pollution and other urban problems increasing rapidly.7、urban：relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area8、市郊：Suburb is a residential district located on the outskirts of a city9、village：a community of people smaller than a town.10、Migration: significant to urban population growth and composition11、knowledge economy（知识经济）:The knowledge economy is a term that refers either to an economy of knowledge focused on the production and management of knowledge in the frame of economic constraints, or to a knowledge-based economy.12、Elite migration（精英移民）：the patterns of migration could well shift from the migration of essentially low-paid workers to take up relatively unskilled jobs in industry and services13、town：an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city.14、Congestion：拥堵（1）Congestion is a situation in which demand for road space exceeds supply. （2）Congestion is the impedance vehicles impose on each other, due to the speed-flow relationship, in conditions where the use of a transport system approaches capacity.（3）Congestion is essentially a relative phenomenon that is linked to the difference between the roadway system performance that users expect and how the system actually performs.15、excessive congestion：过度拥堵（1）Intuitive feelings：when people say congestion is excessive （2）when the marginal costs to society of congestion exceed the marginal costs of efforts to reduce congestion16、Directly-managed Housing (直管房) directly managed by the local government housing administration17、Self-managed Housing (自管房) built, distributed and managed by Stated-owned enterprises and institutions for their employees and families.18、、住房：Housing is a house for human living and working. It is generally divided into individual housing, commercial housing，residential and commercial housing.19、供给形式：20、公租：二、简答1、社会保障的基本内容：Social security is an economic and social system relating to the vital（生死攸关的，至关重要的） interests of members of the entire society for safeguarding social stability, promoting economic development.The social security system originated in the social salvage system designed to provide material compensation or aid to help citizens overcome difficulties in their livelihood and unexpected disaster.（1）社会福利 social welfare:①．内容：·housing ：住房分配货币化；经济适用房；廉租房；住房金融贷款·health ：医疗福利（公共医疗机构等）与保健福利（饮用水安全；妇幼保健；计划生育；传染病预防；地方病防治等）·education：义务教育；学费减免；奖助学金制度；乘车优惠；职业培训；教育基金等·culture& recreation ：公园；博物馆；图书馆；艺术馆；体育场馆等·special group：残疾人福利（就业照顾）；老年人福利（养老院；老年文化、教育与体育机构）；儿童福利（孤儿院、福利院、儿科医院；少年宫）；妇女福利（妇女保健机构；妇女权利保障）②．模式：城乡一体型与城乡分立型；宏观为主型与微观为主型。

（2）社会保险 social insurance：①．内容：·pension insurance：退休；离休；退职·unemployment insurance：基本生活和再就业·occupational injury insurance：用人单位承担费用·medical insurance：公费医疗到社会统筹与个人账户结合的改革·maternity insurance：单位缴纳、个人不缴费；生育医疗待遇与生育产假待遇②．模式：·“传统型”：国家、雇主与个人三方责任；给付、收入与缴费相关联；国家专门机构管理；美国、荷兰、奥地利、日本等国。

·“福利国家型”：全民保险；普遍性；收入均等化、就业充分化、福利普遍化、福利设施体系化·“国家保障型”：苏联、东欧等前社会主义国家；国家与企业承担费用·“个人储蓄型”：新加坡、马来西亚等东南亚国家；劳资双方共同储蓄；专门机构管理；个人独享·“雇主责任型”：对特定险种的责任承担③．结构：pension；medical insurance；unemployment insurance；maternity insurance；occupational injury insurance；（3）社会救助 social assistance①．特征：对象上的选择性与动态性；权利义务的单向性；保障标准的低层次性与地域差别②．模式：民间救助（慈善机构）；官方救助；官民结合救助。