(全)高考英语语法真题详解-情态动词和虚拟语气

高考英语语法真题详解-情态动词和虚拟语气
[感悟高考]
单句语法填空/单句改错
1．Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ________ (tell) me，I could have helped.(2016·北京，34)
2．I was wearing a seatbelt.If I hadn't been wearing one，I ________ (injure)．(2016·天津，15)
3．We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.(2016·全国Ⅱ，短文改错)
4．Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest
nearby.(2016·全国Ⅱ，短文改错)
5．We must found ways to protect the environment.If we fail to do so，we'll live to regret it. (2015·全国Ⅰ，短文改错)
答案 1.had told 2.would have been injured 3.chose→choose 4.去掉can或can→should 5.found→find
[考点清单]
情态动词
考点一can，could与be able to的用法
规则❶表示能力，意为“能，会”。

The man can/could speak two foreign languages.
那个人能说两门外语。

Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain.
昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。

规则❷can/could表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。

How can you be so careless while driving?
你开车时怎么这么粗心呢？
规则❸can/could表示礼貌地请求别人做某事，意为“能，可以”。

—Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?
—Yes，of course you can.
——明天早晨我用一下你的自行车，行吗？
——当然可以。

考点二may与might的用法
规则❶表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't，表示“不可以”“禁止”“阻止”之意。

—May I play basketball this afternoon?
—No，you mustn't.
——今天下午我可以打篮球吗？
——不，不行。

规则❷“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，倒不如”，may/might well＋动词原形，意为“很可能”。

If you think the price of beef is too high，you might as well buy some pork.It depends on you.如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。

你自己决定。

考点三must的用法
规则❶must用于否定句，表示“禁止”，表示说话者的命令或指令，语气比较强烈。

That car is my property；you mustn't use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。

规则❷must表示必要性，意为“必须”。

The children must be back by 4 o'clock.
孩子们必须在4点钟以前回来。

规则❸must表示偏执、固执，意为“非得，偏要”。

If you must go，at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走的话，至少等到暴风雨结束。

考点四will与would的用法
规则❶表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。

Would you mind opening the window for me?
请你给我打开窗户好吗？
规则❷will和would表示意志、愿望和决心。

—Why didn't you come to Simon's party last night?
—I wanted to，but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night. ——为什么你昨天晚上没来参加西蒙的聚会？
——我想去参加，但只是我妈妈不愿意让我那么晚出去。

规则❸will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。

Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。

考点五shall，should与ought to的用法
规则❶shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。

Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
规则❷shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。

It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
已宣布，在所有试卷收上来之前，应试者必须留在自己的座位上。

规则❸should表示义务、职责等，意为“应该”。

You should be strict with yourself as an officer.
作为一名官员，你应该严格要求自己。

规则❹ought to表示应该。

You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。

规则❺shall还可表示法律、规定和条例中规定的“应该”。

Whoever drives through a red light shall be fined at least 200 yuan.不论谁驾车闯红灯，罚款至少200元。

考点六情态动词表推测的用法
规则❶can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can't意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。

On such a rainy day，accidents can happen.
在这样的下雨天，有时会发生事故。

He can't have left.His coat is here.
他不可能已经走了。

他的外套还在这里。

Mr Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the meeting？布什先生做什么事情都很准时。

他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
规则❷may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。

—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I'm not sure，but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
——本周六你打算干什么？
——还说不定，但我可能会去滚石音乐会。

规则❸must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。

—Has Peter started out？He said he would go hiking with us.
—He must have started.He is a man of his word.
——Peter已经出发了吗？他说他会与我们一起去远足。

——肯定已出发了。

他是一个信守诺言的人。

规则❹should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。

She promised to come by 10 o'clock.She should/ought to be here at any moment.
她答应10点之前来的。

她随时都可能来到。

考点七“情态动词＋have done”的用法
It must have rained last night，for the road was quite wet.昨晚肯定下雨了，因为路面十分潮湿。

You needn't have taken a taxi here，for it was near my home.
你本来不必打车来这里的，因为这里离我家很近。

[考点清单]
虚拟语气
考点一if条件句中的虚拟语气
If I were you，I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。

If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow，I would invite him home.
如果明天见到他，我会邀请他到我家。

考点二错综时间条件句的虚拟语气和含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
规则❶当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。

If we had booked a table earlier，we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.如果我们早一点订一张桌子，现在就不会站在这里排队了。

规则❷有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是由otherwise，but，or，without，but for等来引导或者通过上下文引出。

Without your help，I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.
＝If you hadn't helped me，I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.没有你的帮助，我无论如何也不会成功。

考点三名词性从句中的虚拟语气
规则❶用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中
常见的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。

宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.
他们坚决要求那个小男孩跟他们一起去。

规则❷用于主语从句中
在It is
desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/stran ge/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句中，从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。

规则❸用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。

Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。

考点四wish宾语从句中的虚拟语气
规则❶对现在情况的虚拟：wish＋主语＋动词过去式(be用were)
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.但愿我是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。

规则❷对过去情况的虚拟：wish＋主语＋had＋过去分词
I wish you had come to the lecture.
但愿你当时来听报告了。

规则❸对将来情况的虚拟：wish＋主语＋would/could/might＋动词原形We wish we would live on the moon one day.
但愿我们有一天能住在月球上。

考点五其他句型中的虚拟语气
规则❶would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。

用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

When my father is upset，he would rather we left him alone.当我的父亲烦恼的时候，他更喜欢我们不打扰他。

规则❷在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气，注意should不可省略。

It's high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection. 是我们致力于环境保护的时候了。

规则❸as if，as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

It seems as though it were spring already.
看起来好像已经是春天了一样。

规则❹if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。

Look at the trouble we're in.If only we had taken our teacher's advice！看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！
[正误探究]
1．【误】Just be patient.You mustn't expect the world to change the world. 【正】Just be patient.You can't expect the world to change the world. 【探究】表示否定的推测时应该用can't不用mustn't，mustn't 表示“禁止”。

2．【误】If you had worked hard yesterday，you would__have__been__tired now.
【正】If you had worked hard yesterday，you would__be__tired now. 【探究】该句为错综时间条件句，从句指过去，主句指现在。

故主句的谓语动词改为would do。

[易错防范]
易错点1情态动词＋have done结构的误用
What a pity! Considering his ability and experience，he ________(do) better.
误填must have done
答案might have done [句意：真是遗憾！考虑到他的能力和经验，他当时有可能做的更好些。

]
【点拨】此题容易误用must have done结构表示对过去已经发生的事情进行推测，意为“一定做了……”；might have done结构表示过去本有可能发生某事，但实际上并未发生，是一种虚拟表达。

易错点2 情态动词的特殊用法易错点
Peter ________ be really difficult at times even though he's a nice person in general.
误填must
答案can [句意：尽管Peter从整体上不错，但有时确实不好相处。

情态动词can除了表示能力，意为“能够”，还可以表示“(有时)可能”的含义，这是can 的一个很重要的用法。

]
【点拨】本题易误用must。

must常译为“必须”，常指说话者主观要求“必须”。

[针对训练]
Ⅰ.用适当的情态动词或括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1．—Can't you stay a little longer?
—It's getting late.I really ________ go now.My daughter is home alone. 2．You ________ feel all the training a waste of time，but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.
3．Although you ________ find bargains in London，it's not generally a cheap place to shop.
4．It was sad to me that they，so poor themselves，________ bring me food. 5．________ I have a word with you? It won't take long.
6．Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I ________ (dance) as well as her. 7．It is lucky we booked a room，or we ________ (have) nowhere to stay now.
8．It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I ________ (do) it?
9．We would rather our daughter ________ (stay) at home with us，but it is her choice，and she is not a child any longer.
10．Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam ________ (be) at the age of six months old.
答案 1.must 2.may/might 3.can 4.should 5．Can/May 6.danced 7.would have 8.had done 9．stayed 10.(should)be
Ⅱ.单句改错(每句仅1处错误)
1．I wish I knew the truth of the matter.
2．It is time that I go to pick up my daughter at school.
3．If only I have read the books on reading list before I attended the lecture.
4．If you listened to the doctor，you would be all right now.
5．But for the rain，we should have a pleasant journey yesterday. 6．He had telephoned to inform me of your birthday，or I would have known nothing about it.
7．My suggestion is that we will hold a meeting this evening.
8．If I am you，I would take an umbrella.
9．It's surprising that she won over her mother.
10．I'd rather you saw the film yesterday.
答案 1.knew→had known 2.go→went/should go 3．have→had
4.listened前加had
5.have后加had 6．去掉had 7.will→should或去掉will 8.am→were 9.won→(should) win 10.saw→had seen
Ⅲ.语篇填空(用适当的情态动词填空)
Miss Fang __1__ (not) read for very long without getting a headache.Her mother told her that she __2__ go to the Health Service and see a doctor.“You should see a doctor as soon as possible，”she said.“You __3__ need glasses.”
When Miss Fang had free time，she went to the Health Service.The appointment clerk said that the doctor __4__ see her at 3：30.
Miss Fang replied that she __5__ not be able to be there at 3：30 because she had a class then.“The doctor might take you at about 3：50，”the appointment clerk suggested.
“__6__ I put you down for 3：50，or __7__ you rather come tomorrow？”Miss Fang replied，“I think I __8__ make it at 3：50.”
Miss Fang went to the class.She asked her teacher，“__9__ I leave at 3：45 today？I must have an eye examination.”As expected，the teacher said，“Yes，of course you __10__．”
答案 1.couldn't 2.should 3.might/may 4.could 5.would 6.Shall 7.would 8.can 9.May/Can 10．can。