harvard citation worksheet
哈佛商学院英文参考文献格式
BOOK______________________________ Single authorIN-TEXT...(Doss 2003)REFERENCEDoss, G 2003, IS Project Management Handbook, Aspen Publishers, New York2 authorsIN-TEXT...(Laudon & Laudon 2003)REFERENCELaudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2003, Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm, PrenticeHall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.3 or more authorsIN-TEXT (INITIALLY)...(Coveney, Ganster, Hartlen & King 2003)IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER)...(Coveney et al 2003)REFERENCECoveney, M, Ganster, D, Hartlen, B & King, D 2003, The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winningstrategies, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.Corporate authorIN-TEXT (INITIALLY)...(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002)IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER)...(DFAT 2002)REFERENCEDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Connecting with Asia's tech future: ICT export opportunities,Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth Government,Canberra.EditorIN-TEXT...(Shaw 2003)REFERENCEShaw, MJ (ed) 2003, E-business management: integration of Web technologies with business models, KluwerAcademic, London.BOOK CHAPTER_____________________ Single authorIN-TEXT...(Howard 1998)REFERENCEHoward, S 1998, 'Verbal Protocol Analysis', in B Henderson-Sellers, A Simons and H Younessi (eds.), The OpenProcess Specification, Addison Wesley, Sydney, pp. 272-274.2 authorsIN-TEXT...(Degen & Pedell 2004)REFERENCEDegen, H & Pedell, S 2004, 'The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications', in D Diaper and N Stanton (eds.),The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-ComputerInteraction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA),London, pp. 193-220.3 or more authorsIN-TEXT (INITIALLY)...(Johnston, Mak & Kurnia 2001)IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER)...(Johnston et al 2001)REFERENCEJohnston RB, Mak HC & Kurnia S 2001, 'The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chainreform - a case study', in S Barnes & B Hunt (eds.), E-Commerce and V-Business, Butterworth-Heinemann,Oxford, pp. 232-249.JOURNAL ARTICLE__________________ Single authorIN-TEXT...(Hammer 1990)REFERENCEHammer, M 1990, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate', Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp.104-112.2 authorsIN-TEXT...(Lamb & Kling 2003)REFERENCELamb, R & Kling, R 2003, 'Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research', MIS Quarterly,vol. 27, issue 2, June, p. 197.3 or more authorsIN-TEXT (INITIALLY)...(Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny 1995)IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER)...(Lacity et al 1995)REFERENCELacity, MC, Willcocks, LP & Feeny, DF 1995, 'IToutsourcing: maximize flexibility and control', HarvardBusiness Review, vol. 73, issue 3, May, pp. 84-93. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES_ IN-TEXT...(Karlof 2002)REFERENCEKarlof, B 2002, 'Benchmarking', in H Bidgoli (ed).Encyclopedia of information systems, Academic Press,New York, vol. 1, pp. 65-80.NEWSPAPERS______________________ PrintIN-TEXT...(Barker 2004)REFERENCEBarker, G 2004, '$54m Deal To Heat Up Broadband War', The Age, Business, 24 February, p 2.OnlineIN-TEXT...(Varghese 2004)REFERENCEVarghese, S 2004, 'The Linux desktop is here', The Age, accessed 1 March 2004, from<.au/articles/2004/02/13/1076548215848.html>MAGAZINE ARTICLE_________________ Single authorIN-TEXT...(Knight 2004)REFERENCEKnight, W 2004, 'How to second guess the next hack attack', New Scientist, 24 January, p 19.2 authorsIN-TEXT...(Berlind & Becker 2003)REFERENCEBerlind D & Becker D 2003, 'Metadata: where content and storage meet', Technology & Business, December, p 30.3 or more authorsIN-TEXT (INITIALLY)...(Nielsen, Pernice, Coyne & Tahir 2001)IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER)...(Nielsen et al 2001)REFERENCENielsen, J, Pernice Coyne, K & Tahir, M 2001 'Make it usable', PC Magazine, 6 February, p 11.PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS___________ Conferences, Seminars and MeetingsIN-TEXT...(Eidenberger et al 2002)REFERENCEEidenberger, H, Breiteneder, C & Hitz, M 2002, 'A Framework for Visual Information Retrieval', in Shi-Kuo Chang, ZenChen, Suh-Yin Lee (eds.), Recent advances in visualinformation systems: 5th international conference,VISUAL 2002 proceedings, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, March 11-13, 2002, pp. 105-116.UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL_____________ Theses and ReportsIN-TEXT...(Rouse 2002)REFERENCERouse, AC 2002, 'Information technology outsourcingrevisited: success factors and risks', PhD Thesis, Dept. ofInformation Systems, University of Melbourne.HARVARD (AUTHOR-DATE) STYLE:ELECTRONIC SOURCES Based on .au/cite/harvard_dis/ - citations and the order in which they are arranged.WWW______________________________ IN-TEXT...(Arch & Letourneau, 2002)REFERENCEArch, A & Letourneau, C 2002, 'Auxiliary Benefits ofAccessible Web Design', in W3C Web Accessibilityinitiative, accessed 26 February 2004, from</WAI/bcase/benefits.html>E-BOOK____________________________ IN-TEXT...(Eck 2002)REFERENCEEck, DJ 2002, Introduction To Programming Using Java, 3rd edn., , accessed 26 February 2004, from</Java/Documents/IntroToProgrammingUsingJava/VolumeFrames.html>E-JOURNAL ARTICLE________________ Single authorIN-TEXT...(Lenoir 2003)REFERENCELenoir, L 2003, 'Response of the foraging behaviour of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) to exclusion from trees',Agricultural and Forest Entomology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp 183-189, viewed 10 September 2003, from<http://www.blackwell-/links/doi/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00176.x/full/>.2 authorsIN-TEXT...(Stier & Siebert 2002)REFERENCEStier, SC and Siebert, SF 2002, 'The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversity restoration forestry',Conservation Biology, vol. 16, no. 3, p 575, viewed 10September 2003,from <http://www.blackwell-/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/>.3 or more authorsIN-TEXT (INITIALLY)...(Mueller, Heckathorn & Fernando 2003)IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER)...(Mueller et al 2003)REFERENCEMueller, JK, Heckathorn, SA and Fernando, D 2003,'Identification of a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves ofmature plants', International Journal of Plant Sciences,vol. 164, no. 4, pp 535-542, viewed on 10 September2003, from</IJPS/journal/issues/v164n4/164053/164053.html>.AbstractIN-TEXT (INITIALLY)...(Wolter, Ellis, Corrigan, DeDecker, Curtis, Parr & Webel 2003)IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER)...(Wolter et al 2003)REFERENCEWolter, BF, Ellis, M, Corrigan, BP, DeDecker, JM, Curtis, SE, Parr, EN and Webel, DM 2003, 'Effect of restrictedpostweaning growth resulting from reduced floor andfeeder-trough space on pig growth performance toslaughter weight in a wean-to-finish production system',Journal of Animal Science, (abstract), vol 81, viewed 11September 2003, from<.au:2148/jas/abs/2003/a0340836.htm>.CD-ROM____________________________ IN-TEXT...(World Atlas & Almanac 1995)REFERENCEWorld Atlas & Almanac 1995, CD-ROM, Mindscape Inc., Novato, California, USA.VIDEO & AUDIO RECORDINGS_________ GeneralIN-TEXT...(Grumpy meets the orchestra 1995)REFERENCEGrumpy meets the orchestra 1992, video recording, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney. Featuring the SydneySymphony Orchestra.Named performerIN-TEXT...(Sangare 1997)REFERENCESangare, O 1997, 'Dugu Kamalemba', in The divas from Mali, (audio CD), Network Medien GmbH, D-60316 Frankfurt.Track #10.TV & RADIO BROADCASTS____________ On-air presentationIN-TEXT...(Sold down the river 2003)REFERENCESold down the river 2003, television program, 4 Corners, ABC Television, Sydney, broadcast 14 July.Recording or TranscriptIN-TEXT...(Radio National 2003)REFERENCEThe politics of milk 2003, transcript of radio program,Background Briefing, Radio National, ABC Radio,Melbourne, viewed 10 September 2003, from<.au/rn/talks/bbing/stories/s913647.htm>HARVARD (AUTHOR-DATE) STYLE:OTHER SOURCES Based on .au/cite/harvard_dis/ - citations and the order in which they are arranged. SOFTWARE_________________________Named authorIN-TEXT...(Rawson-Tetley 2005)REFERENCERawson-Tetley, R Animal Shelter Manager, computersoftware, accessed 11 January 2005 from<>No named authorIN-TEXT...( 2005)REFERENCE, computer software, accessed 11 January 2005from <>Corporate publisherIN-TEXT...(MATLAB 2005)REFERENCEMATLAB version 6.5.1, 2003, computer software, TheMathWorks Inc., Natick, Massachusetts.PERSONAL COMMUNICATION_________PrintIN-TEXT...(Viking O'Neil 1991)REFERENCEViking O'Neil 1991, Australian Road Atlas, 10th edn, PenguinBooks Australia, Melbourne, pp 32-33.ElectronicIN-TEXT...( 1999)REFERENCE 1999, Bhutan, viewed 11 September 2003, from</cgi-bin/search/hyperseek.cgi?search=CAT&Category=Asia%3ABhutanP&Qualifier=>MEDIA RELEASE____________________IN-TEXT...(Alston 2003)REFERENCEAlston, R (Australian Minister for Communications,Information Technology) 2003, Australian Government toban spam, media release 122/03, National Office forInformation Economy, Canberra, 23 July. From<.au/publications/media_releases/2003/Jul/spam.htm>。
哈佛类型论文引用方式说明与举例- Citing quotations (Harvard style)
Citing quotations (Harvard style)What is quoting?Quoting is where you copy an author's text word for word, place quotation marks around the words and add a citation at the end of the quote. Quotes should be using sparingly as over quoting can suggest a lack of understanding of the text you are referring to.In scientific writing, it is generally the case that you should paraphrase from sources, rather than quote directly. Quoting more extended sections of text tends to be more common in arts and humanities subjects where it may be appropriate to quote frequently from the literature that is being analysed.As you take notes, ensure you clearly mark where you have quoted directly from the source.Direct quotations1．If you use a direct quotation from an author, you should:✧enclose this in quotation marks✧give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets.Example:"Language is subject to change, and is not caused by unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance" (Aitchison, 1981, p.67).2. If the quotation is more than two lines:✧It is separated from the rest of the paragraph by one free line above and below✧It is indented at left and right margins✧It may be in a smaller point size✧It is preceded by a colon✧It does not use quotation marks✧The citation includes author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from.Example:One answer to this is that language has always been subject to change, just as everything else in the world is, and we should not feel that this is a bad thing. As Aitchison (1981, p.16) puts it:Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance.Aitchison clearly sees every change in language as neither good nor bad, but inevitable...Editing a quoteYou may want to make minor changes to a direct quotation. This is possible (as long as you don't change the meaning), but you must follow the rules.✧If you omit parts of the quotation, use an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three dots (...). Donot begin or end a direct quotation with ellipsis points. The reader already assumes that the quote has been excerpted from a larger work✧If you want to insert your own words, or different words, into a quotation, put them insquare brackets [ ]✧If you want to draw attention to an error in a quotation, for example a spelling mistake orwrong date, do not correct it; write [sic] in square brackets✧If you want to emphasise something in a quotation that is particularly relevant to your essay,put the emphasised words in italics, and state that the emphasis is your own✧If the original has italics, state that the italics are in the original.Example 1:Language changes are natural and inevitable. It has been argued that language:gradually transforms itself over the centuries. In a world where [everything changes], it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change (Aitchison, 1981, p.16, my italics).Example 2:According to Smith (1992, p.45), "Aitcheson [sic] appears to believe that everything changes; but this is questionable" (italics in original).。
Harvard_citation_style_-_All_examples_table
(Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001, Aquaculture development in Australia: a review of Economics 2001) key economic issues, ABARE, Canberra. 'A number of disturbing facts intrude' (Milkman 1998, p. 25) (Drafke 2009) Milkman, R 1998, 'The new American workplace:high road or low road?' in Workplaces of the future, eds P Thompson & C Warhurst, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34. Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organizations, 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Roget's thesarus of English words and phrases, 1987 (1852).
Reference List Example
Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice-Hall, Sydney. McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, Basic marketing, Irwin, Sydney. Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, Management of small firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. A history of Greece 1994, Irwin, Sydney. Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, Management in Australia, Academic Press, London.
Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)
References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。
论文哈佛大学引用标准格式
Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。
HarvardReferencingGuide
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙sicet alYou read a paper by McLaren (2006) that discusses the work of Cole published in1997. The citation will be:∙∙∙∙et al.∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Text atlas of podiatricdermatologyDiscovering statistics using SPSS,∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Medical pharmacology and therapeutics∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Globalization: Theory and practice∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Infection Control: A psychosocial approach to changingpractice∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Globalization: Theory and practice∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Infection control: A psychosocial approach to changing practice.∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Midwifery,In this example the author’s name is not provided, so the name of the magazine hasbeen used as the corporate author (see p.8).The Spectator∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙BMC Dermatology∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙) 9thInternational Online Information Meeting∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Internal performance management with UK highereducation; strategising and performancingInnovation and competition in a memory process∙∙∙∙∙Funding higher education in Uruguay: a policy questionExploring strategy: Text & cases∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Flash Memory, Inc∙∙∙∙∙∙The GuardianThe TimesThe Independent∙∙∙∙∙Vision and strategy.∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙The community telecentre cookbook forAfrica: Recipes for self-sustainability: How to establish a multi-purpose community telecentre in AfricaAnnual report∙∙∙∙∙The new NHS: Modern and dependable.∙∙∙∙∙Income Support (Pilot Scheme) Regulations∙∙∙∙∙∙Companies Act 2006∙∙∙∙NewsnightThe Young OneThe Bottom Line∙∙∙∙∙The King ’s Speech∙∙∙∙∙∙Living anatomy∙∙∙∙∙∙Media futures – Internet age∙∙∙∙∙∙Avenue Library open on both May BankHolidays (Mon 6th & 27th) from 09.00-16.55. Come and join us in the Spring sunshine!∙∙∙∙∙∙A brief history of management theory (Part 1)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙The Andrew Marr Show∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Financing of Student Unions∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Tabletingsugar and compositions containing itTin can manufacture and method ofsealing∙∙∙∙∙BS 5555:1990: Recommendations for wiringidentificationISO 690 - 2: Information and documentation:Bibliographical references: Electronic documents∙∙∙∙∙∙∙World Development Indicators∙∙Funding higher education in Uruguay: a policy question∙∙∙∙The girl with the dragon tattooFundamental principles of the metaphysic of moralsDie Blechtrommel The Tin DrumA guide to referencing your work: Faculty ofHealth Sciences, University of SouthamptonHarvard systemBU guide to citation in the Harvard styleBS 5605:1990: Recommendations for citing andreferencing published materialHarvard referencing guideCite them right: The essential referencing guide,A Literature Review, by Harry Gibbs (2007)DataShare is a collaborative project led by the University of Edinburgh, with the University of Oxford, the London School of Economics (LSE) and the University of Southampton. Its central aim is to develop a model for the deposit of social science datasets in institutional repositories (IRs). Lewis et al. (2007, p.99) note that, whilst many institutions have outputs,‘…there is currently no equivalent drive to manage primary data in a co-ordinated manner.’The Digital Repositories Roadmap, published last year, is intended to infor m JISC’s future work on digital repositories and presents a vision for data access in 2010. It sees a place for IRs in filling gaps where no suitable data archive is available and states that ‘Institutions need to invest in research data repositories’ (Heery, 2006, p.16). However, Heery goes on to caution that,No single institution is likely to have the appropriate mix of individualsto maintain and migrate for the future all the data and metadata it hasproduced in the previous 12 months, let alone ove r the institution’sdigital lifetime. It is therefore unlikely that departmental or institutionalrepositories will be the long term home of academic research data forpreservation purposes (Heery, 2006, pp.17-18).Both Lewis et al. (2007) and RIN (2007a) found considerable unease towards IRs amongst stakeholders.RIN (2007a)repositories to remain dominant, at least for the time-datasets than with publications.local or departmental repositories (Smith, 2007).The SPECTRa Project reported that there was generally more trust in departmental repositories than in centralised institutional services, and as a result(2007)during the embargo period and transfer it to the IR once it can be made more widely available.On a broader level, policy makers cite cost-effectiveness as one of the key drivers for making data available (OECD 2007; RIN 2007b).ReferencesHeery, R. (2006) Digital repositories roadmap: Looking forward. Oxford: Polity Press. Lewis, L., O’Hagan, J. and Richards, T. (2007) Working with drelationships. Journal of Electronic Information, 24 (2), 97-112.and users’ perspectives. Higher Education Review, 40 (4), 365-381.Tonge, A. and Morgan, P. (2007) A guide to project SPECTRa.Harvard citation of official publicationsCite them right: the essential referencing guide,sic.‘sic。
文章的参考资料如何写 (哈佛系统)
Two Authors: Willams, A. & Fredrick, T. Three Authors: Edwards, W., Richards, D. & Stephens, K. Five Authors: Harris, A., Roberts, D., Harrison, R., Ford, T. & Banner, B.
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Books: Reference List Examples
Single Author
Author’s Name Year of Publication Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Surname, First Initial.
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In-text Citation Next to Textbooks
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Books: Textbooks and Chapters
• When you are referencing only a section of book, such as a chapter, you need a little more information than required for books with singular and multiple authors. The author(s) of the chapter/section The date of publication (in round brackets) ‘The title of the chapter/section’ (in quotation marks) Author(s) or editor(s) of the whole book The title and any subtitle, which should be in italics The first and last page numbers of the chapter/section Place of publication: Publisher.
哈佛参考文献注释体系 Harvard Referencing System
STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemThis student guide presents the most commonly used aspects of the Harvard Referencing System.SourcesSnooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Australia.Sons,American Psychological Association 2001, Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation, 5th edn, APA, Washington, DC.If further information is needed, students can refer to the ‘COMPREHENSIVEGUIDE: Harvard Referencing System’ or to the above publications in the MacquarieUniversity Library. Students can also check with their departments or lecturers foron-campus Harvard referencing support.AcknowledgementA significant component of the Master of Accounting (MAcc) program is the Language for Professional Communication in Accounting Program (LPCA). The LPCA program is a collaboration of the Master of Accounting program and The Centre for Macquarie English (CME), formerly the National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research (NCELTR). The LPCA program provides tailored resources for specific units, as well as providing materials for additional generic workshops. Students are able to develop a high level of communication and professional skills and, at the same time, to develop technical skills. These resources are integrated with relevant technical content and are a significant part of the teaching and learning within individual units. Communication and professional skills are assessed, often together with technical skills, in individual units. The development of these skills is essential to students’ success, not only within the units of this program, but also in an accounting career.As part of the LPCA program, resources have been made available to provide students with an understanding of the plagiarism policies of the University and the Master of Accounting program. Also referencing materials, including this Harvard referencing guide, have been developed to address the methods and style requirements necessary to cite research sources. MAcc and CME acknowledge Eugen Klissarov in collaboration with Mary Cayley, both CME-LPCA staff members, for the design and development of this Harvard referencing guide.This project was funded by the 2006 Macquarie University Flagship Grant Scheme.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemCONTENTSFAQs: referencing & plagiarism 1 Specific guidelines: in-text citations, paraphrases & direct quotations 2 Specific guidelines: reference lists 4 Examples: in-text & reference list citations 7 Sample reference list 14 Excerpts from a paper highlighting in-text citations 15STUDENT GUIDE Harvard Referencing SystemFAQsSTUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing System• When using a referencing system for in-text citations and a reference list , you must usethe appropriate formatting elements. •Formatting refers to the use of layout and punctuation, including spacing, indenting, lower and upper case letters, period or full stops, colons, semicolons, commas, brackets and italics. These formatting elements are used to clearly and consistently present in-text citations and a reference list in your written work.• The examples throughout this guide indicate the formatting you should use.IN-TEXT CITATIONSEach time you use an author's words or ideas in your writing, you must place a citation in the text. This applies to both direct quotations and paraphrases. It is important to place the in-text citation directly in, or immediately after, the sentence or clause which uses information or ideas from a source. It is not adequate to put the in-text citation at the end of the paragraph because this indicates that only the information in the last sentence belongs to the source.The basic in-text citation is very similar for all types of sources. However, the type of source being cited cannot usually be identified until the reader looks at the reference list. In-text citations in written work may appear either: a) as part of a sentence[manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.} [in-text citation ] {paraphrase } The use of [ ] and { }, above, are for explanatory purposes only, and should NEVERbe used in written assignments.In the above example, the author is a grammatical part of the sentence and, in this instance, appears at the beginning of the sentence.The above citation can also be placed in different positions in the sentence, for example: i. According to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993. ii. Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers, according to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.b) or at the end of a sentencei.Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers have suffered a significant loss ofdomestic market share since 1993 (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).These conventions apply to authors and authoring bodies or organizations of all types of sources.It is often useful to vary the citation styles, e.g., as part of a sentence or at the end of asentence. Varying citation styles may allow for better linking between sentences andbetween ideas. It also allows for different emphasis – either on the topic or the author. ParaphrasesParaphrases occur when you read a source and use the information in your assignment, but rephrase or write the information in your own words.i.Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) states that Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.This example is a paraphrase and it needs to be cited.The absence of double quotation marks (“ ”) informs the reader this is a paraphrase.It is expected that you will extensively research and use information found in sources.However, it is also expected that most of the information from the sources will beparaphrased, that is, written in your own words.Direct quotationsDirect quotations are used when you want to use some words exactly as they are found in the source.If you rely on a source and use the exact words in your assignment, you must indicate this by the use of double quotation marks (“ ”). These indicate a direct quotation.Direct quotations need to be as brief as possible. They should only be used occasionally and only for good reasons, for example, when:•the author’s words convey a powerful meaning that cannot be paraphrased with the same effect•you use the author as an authoritative voice in your own writing•you introduce an author’s position which you want to discuss•you need to provide supporting points or evidence for your own position.Generally, direct quotations in the text are placed within your own sentences.i.Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by morethan 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.With direct quotations only, page numbers may also be separated and placed at the end of the direct quotation:i.Innes and Warburton (1998) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).Page numbers or paragraph numbers should be provided in in-text citations for bothdirect quotations and paraphrases.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemREFERENCE LISTSThe reference list is usually the last page/s of the assignment. It should begin on a new page and be simply headed References.• A reference list consolidates all the various sources in alphabetical order using either the author’s surname or the names of authoring bodies. The titles of documents (or the titles of media such as videos, CD-ROMs and radio programs) are used if the author’s name or the name of the authoring body is not known.•Numbers, letters or bullets are not used when citing sources in a Reference List.•The 2nd and subsequent lines of each entry are indented (this is called a ‘hanging indent’). •Single spacing within an entry, but 1.5 spacing between entries is used.•Alignment for the reference list page/s is ‘Align left’. ‘Justify’ should not be used for the reference list.Following are the reference list details needed for the more common source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list aresignificantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print &electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventionsrelating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOK, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of series, if applicable•description of work, if applicable•edition number, if not first edition•editor, compiler, reviser or translator, if applicable•volume number or number of volumes, if applicable•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited,plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationReference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Pedersen, H 1937, A concise comparative Lycian grammar, monograph, Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht, Gottingen, Sweden.CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK, print(An edited book is a collection of writings by different authors; the ‘editor’ is theperson who compiles or selects the work to be included).•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body (use the author of the chapter/ article you have read, not the editor/s of the book)•year of publication•title of chapter/article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•the word ‘in’•editor(s)’ initial(s) and surname(s) (initials precede surnames)•(ed.) or (eds)•title of edited book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •edition number, if not first edition•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited, plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationIn-text:It is likely, as has been suggested, that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until inherent cross-cultural issues have been addressed (Adler, 1980).Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-cultural organizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.JOURNAL ARTICLE, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (in italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for journal articles) Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and textile clothing and footwear industries: Australia 1992/93-1996/97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12. JOURNAL ARTICLE, electronic•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for electronic journal articles,if available)•date article was viewed•name of databaseReference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factorswith a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.WEBSITE•author (person or organization responsible for the site)•year (year the site was created or last revised)•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date website was viewed•domain name enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005,<http:// .au>.WEBSITE DOCUMENT•author (may be person or organization responsible for the site)•year (the year the site was created or last revised)•title of document (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •version number, if applicable•description of document, if applicable•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date document was viewed•complete URL for the page/section, including links, needs to be shown and is enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:Macquarie University 2006, What is Plagiarism?, Macquarie University, Sydney, viewed 10April 2006, <.au/plagiarism>.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemExamples of in-text & reference list citationsExamples of in-text citations for types of sources have been provided. The first example in each case is as part of the sentence, and the second example is at the end of the sentence. Examples of reference list entries have also been provided for these source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list are significantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print & electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventions relating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOKS , printSingle authorApplies to authors of all source types. Page no. spans 22-3, not 22-23.In-text:According to Harris (2001, pp. 22-3), the possibility that ... Statistics indicate that ... (Harris 2001, pp. 22-3).Reference list:Harris, RA 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies for preventing, detecting, and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los Angeles. Single authoring body , e.g. companies, government & non-government organisations In-text:Telstra Corporation (2004) stresses the importance of ...Corporate governance is stressed due to ... (Telstra Corporation 2004). Reference list:Telstra Corporation 2004, Annual report , Telstra, Melbourne.Unknown authorUse title and italicize both in the text and in the reference list. Articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ aredisregarded when placing entry alphabetically in reference list. Page no. spans 111-2, not 111-112.In-text:The inns of court (1965, pp. 111-2) outlines ...It was thought these matters ... (The inns of court 1965, pp. 111-2).Reference list:Department of Finance and Administration 2005, Annual report 2004-05, DFA, Canberra.The inns of court 1965, Jordan & Sons, London.Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations , 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Two authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:Hatim and Munday (2004, pp. 49-50) present data indicating that ... Data has been presented that ... (Hatim & Munday 2004, pp. 49-50). Reference list:Hatim, B & Munday, J 2004, Translation: an advanced resource book, Routledge, New York.Three authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:May, May and Andrew (1999, pp. 31-2) provide ...Guidelines relating to ... (May, May & Andrew 1999, pp. 31-2).Reference list:May, CB, May, GS & Andrew, JD 1999, Effective writing: a handbook for finance people , Prentice Hall, New Jersey.BOOKS, print, continuedFour or more authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use, et al., when part of sentence and when in brackets. Details of all authors cited in reference list.In-text:Kotler et al. (2001, pp. 103-4) believe, however, that ...It is believed, however, that ... (Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 103-4). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney.Secondary sourceThe work of one author, Kotler et al., refers to the work of another author, Gupta. Both sources are cited in the text. Only the source that has been read, Kotler et al., is shown in the reference list.In-text:Gupta (cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12) claims that ... It is argued that ... (Gupta, cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn,Prentice Hall, Sydney.Chapter in edited book Specific chapter in edited book cited. Note use of, in, before names of editors in reference list. Editor’s initials precede surnames. Note use of (eds).In-text:As argued by Adler (1980), cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... It is argued that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... (Adler, 1980). Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-culturalorganizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.Edited bookGeneral focus or content of edited book cited. Editor in author position. Note use of (ed.) in reference list; (eds) if more than 1 editor. In-text:Kamwangamalu’s (1998) evidence that ...There is some evidence that ... (Kamwangamalu, 1998).Reference list:Kamwangamalu, NM (ed.) 1998, Aspects of multilingualism in post-apartheid South Africa, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.2nd or later edition Note use of, edn, in reference list.In-text:Moorhead and Griffin (2001) emphasise that ...It is strongly emphasised that ... (Moorhead & Griffin, 2001).Reference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Multiple works by same author published in same yearLower case letters, a,b,c, used to distinguish works. Multiple works convention applies to all source types. In-text:Nunan (1992a; 1992b; 1992c) indicates that ...A number of theories indicate that ... (Nunan 1992a; 1992b; 1992c). Reference list:Nunan D 1992a, Introducing discourse analysis, Penguin, London.Nunan D 1992b, Research methods in language learning, Cambridge University Press, New York.Nunan D 1992c, Teachers interactive decision-making, National Centre forEnglish Language Teaching and Research, Sydney.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), single authorCite author as for print book; Note translator, trans.; initial(s) precede surname, Sage.In-text:Cirlot (1971) explores the concept of alchemy by using ... The concept of alchemy is explored by using ... (Cirlot 1971).Reference list:Cirlot, JE 1971, A dictionary of symbols, 2nd edn, trans. J Sage, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), no author In-text:The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines drafting as a process by which ... Drafting is defined as a process by which ... (The Macquarie dictionary 2005). Reference list:The Macquarie dictionary 2005, 4th edn, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW.BOOKS, electronic1.For electronic books, the conventions for multiple authors and editors are the same as for print books.2.If page numbers are not available, then paragraph numbering conventions used: para., paras or ¶, ¶¶.3.Electronic books are generally accessed online through university library databases using student access codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic books, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Electronic databaseIf page nos. not available, provide paragraph nos. if they can be reasonably identified. Name of database provided, URL not required. In-text:As Hofstede, Pedersen and Hofstede (2002, para. 14) acknowledge, the ...It is acknowledged that ... (Hofstede, Pedersen & Hofstede 2002, para. 14). Reference list:Hofstede, GJ, Pedersen, P & Hofstede, GH 2002, Exploring culture: exercises, stories, and synthetic cultures, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, Maine,viewed 16 November 2005, NetLibrary database.InternetComplete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Scott’s (1998, paras 3-4) strong support of the view that ...This view is strongly supported because ... (Scott 1998, paras 3-4). Reference list:Scott, WD 1998, Increasing human efficiency in business: a contribution to the psychology of business, viewed 17 June 2006, </ catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=38334>.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Online dictionary (2006) defines governance as ...Governance is defined as ... (Online dictionary 2006).Reference list:Online dictionary 2006, Merriam-Webster, USA, viewed 7 June 2006, <http:// /cgi-bin/dictionary>.PERIODICALS: JOURNALS, MAGAZINES & NEWSPAPERS, print & electronic1.The conventions for journal articles are the basis for magazine and newspaper article conventions.2.In relation to all print and electronic periodicals, the conventions for multiple authors are the same as forprint books.3.Electronic periodicals are generally accessed online through university library databases using studentaccess codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic periodicals, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronicJournal article, print Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 1-12, in reference list. In-text:Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) seems to dismiss the idea that ...The idea that ... (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and the textile, clothing and footwear industry: Australia 1993-97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12.Journal article, electronic databaseName of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 21-8, in reference list. Page no. spans 21-8 not 21-28. In-text:Waldmann’s (2000, p. 23) suggestion that a number of factors relating to ...A number of factors relating to ... (Waldmann 2000, p. 23).Reference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factors with a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronic, continuedJournal article, internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 167-78, in reference list. Page no. spans 171-2 not 171-172 & 167-78 not 167-178.In-text:Shirabe (2004, pp. 171-2) has noted that ...It has been noted that ... (Shirabe 2004, pp. 171-2).Reference list:Shirabe, M 2004, ‘Measures of performance of universities and their faculties in Japan’, Information-Knowledge-Systems Management, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.167-78, viewed 17 November 2005, </citation.cfm?id 1096329.1096334&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=63620412& CFTOKEN= 89901306>.Periodicals: Magazine articles, print & electronicMagazine article, print Note use & placement of day & month of publication in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 33-9. Publisher & place of publication not required.In-text:Le Mesurier and Tandukar (2006, pp. 34-5) clarify this viewpoint which ... This viewpoint holds that ... (Le Mesurier & Tandukar 2006, pp. 34-5). Reference list:Le Mesurier, K & Tandukar, A 2006, ‘Conflict stirs trade fears’, BRW, 1 April, pp. 33-9.Magazine article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided in reference list, pp. 5-9. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. In-text:Reason (2005, p. 7), on the other hand, believes that ...On the other hand, it is believed that ... (Reason 2005, p. 7).Reference list:Reason, T 2005, ‘The narrowing GAAP: the convergence of foreign anddomestic accounting rules could catch some U.S. companies by surprise’, CFO, vol. 21, no. 17, December, pp. 5-9, viewed 5 May 2006, Business Source Premier database.Magazine article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos. (paras 2-3) if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Wolff (2006, paras 2-3) argues that there has been a paradigm shift in ... Due to technology, one argument is that ... (Wolff 2006, paras 2-3). Reference list:Wolff, M 2006, ‘ipod, therefore, I am’, AFR Boss, 9 March, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au/edition.aspx>.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronicNewspaper article, print Day & month provided in reference list. Publisher & place of publication not required. In-text:Indeed, Baker’s (2005, p. 4) confirmation that ...Indeed, it was confirmed that ... (Baker 2005, p. 4).Reference list:Baker, J 2005, ‘No rest for credit cards’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 December, p. 4.Newspaper article, no title, no author, printTitle of newspaper in italics used in in-text citations & reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 13-14. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:As was noted recently in the Sydney Morning Herald (2006, p. 13), the ... The use of natural resources ... (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2006, p. 13). Reference list:The Sydney Morning Herald 2006, 15 May, pp. 13-14.Newspaper article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 11-16. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:Austen (2005, pp. 14-15) reports that ...It is reported that ... (Austen 2005, pp. 14-15).Reference list:Austen, I 2005, ‘A patent dispute threatens to cut executives off’, The NewYork Times, 3 December, pp. 11-16, viewed 26 December 2005, Expanded Academic ASAP database.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronic, continuedNewspaper article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos., paras 5-6, if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Gittins (2003, paras 5-6) examines a number of possible causes for ... Several possible causes for ... are examined (Gittins 2003, paras 5-6). Reference list:Gittins, R 2003, ‘The truth of the rich-poor divide’, The Age, 4 March, viewed 22 July 2005, <.au/articles/2003/10/28/10672331 B71873.html?from=storyrhs&oneclick=true>.WEBSITES & ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION FORUMSWebsite, e.g. companies, government & non-government organisationsYear 1999, year website created or last revised; Author & publisher same entity. Domain name enclosed in < > brackets. In-text:The St Vincent de Paul Society (1999) provides information which ... Available information indicates ... (St Vincent de Paul Society 1999). Reference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005, <.au>.Website document, authorConventions for author & title of document follow that of a print book. Year 2005 refers to year page created or last revised. Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:In discussing the accounting cycle, Ketz (2005, paras 11-12) indicates ... The accounting cycle seems to indicate that ... (Ketz 2005, paras 11-12). Reference list:Ketz, JE 2005, The accounting cycle, viewed 20 February 2006, <http:// /x50918.xml>.Website document, authoring bodyIf the authoring body uses paragraph numbering, these can be used in the in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. AASB, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. AASB may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:In relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, paras 29-32), outlines ... orIn relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, pp. 22-3), outlines ...Multi-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, paras 29-32). orMulti-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, pp. 22-3).Reference list:AASB—see Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006.Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, AASB 119 Employee Benefits,AASB, Canberra, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au>.Website document, no dateIf there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ in place of the date. In-text:According to the Australia China Business Council (n.d.) an FTA between Australia and China would result in increased living standards in both countries.Reference list:Australia China Business Council n.d., Australia China FTA Round-up, viewed 16 July 2008, .au/.Website, PDF document .pdf in URL indicates PDF document and page numbers should be provided in in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. NAATI, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. NAATI may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:According to the National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters (NAATI) (2005, p. 66), it seems that ...... (National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, p. 66).Reference list:NAATI 2005—see National Accreditation Authority for Translators &Interpreters 2005.National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, Manual for candidates 2004, rev. edn, NAATI, viewed 22 December 2005, <http:// .au/documents/manuals/manual_for_candidates.pdf>.。
哈弗参考文献格式harvardreferencing
Harvard referencing: a guide for SoMstudents IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academicjournals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s oreditor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except forthe 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary ofnutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followedby the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at:(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication areincluded in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary ofnutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing,79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronageintentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing,79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb.Available at:(Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal ofRetail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at:(Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, thetitle can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:(Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So checkthat the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular,double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。
Harvard referencing 写Essay的好帮手!
32 Harvard Referencing 2006Note: this page is only an introduction to the Harvard referencing system. Curtin Library & Information Service provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in:Snooks & Co. 2002, Style manual: For authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, n.p.For referencing electronic sources, refer to the American Psychological Association's Publication manual: American Psychological Association 2001, Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edn, APA, Washington, DC.Note: A modified APA style is used for electronic sources to fit in with the Harvard referencing styleprovided by Curtin Library & Information Service as the Style manual does not cover this area fully.The information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above publications.It is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, eg.punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Harvard referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in the in-text citation i.e. (Hamilton, CL 1994) or CL Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text, include the relevant page number, as this might be useful to the reader.In general, page numbers should be included in all in-text citations, as many schools insist on this practice. How to Create a Reference ListA reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader.The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.The Harvard style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as shown in the examples below, to highlight the alphabetical order2 of 11Semester 1 2006Examples of referencing:Books In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)Single author ‘The theory was first propounded in1993’ (Comfort 1997, p. 58)OR‘Comfort (1997, p. 58) claimedthat…’ Comfort, A 1997, A good age, Mitchell Beazley,London.Book2 or3 authors (Madden & Hogan 1997, p. 45)ORMadden and Hogan (1997, p. 45)discuss this idea… Madden, R & Hogan, T 1997, The definition ofdisability in Australia: moving towards nationalconsistency, Australian Institute of Health andWelfare, Canberra.Book4 or more authors (Leeder et al. 1996, p. 69) Leeder, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK,Mathews, PS, Williams, DW & Mariot, DL 1996,The Australian film industry, Dominion Press,Adelaide.BookNo author ‘This was apparently not the casebefore about 1995’ (Advertising inthe Western Cape 1990, p. 14)…OR‘In Advertising in the Western Cape(1990, p. 14) it was claimed that…’ Advertising in the Western Cape 1990, ABCPublishers, Cape Town.BookMultiple works by same author ‘University research (Brown 1982,1988) has indicated that…’Brown, P 1982, Corals in the Capricorn group, CentralQueensland University, Rockhampton.Brown, P 1988, The effects of anchor on corals,Central Queensland University, Rockhampton.Order chronologically in the reference list.Book3of11 Semester12006Multiple works published in the same year by the same author ‘In recent reports (Napier 1993a,1993b)…’Use a/b etc. to differentiatebetween works in same year.Napier, A 1993a, Fatal storm, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.Napier, A 1993b, Survival at sea, Allen & Unwin,Sydney.Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.BookEditor (Kastenbaum 1993, p. 78) Kastenbaum, R (ed.) 1993, Encyclopedia of adultdevelopment, Oryx Press, Phoenix.Edited BookDifferent Editions Renton (2004, p. 5) suggests that… Renton, N 2004, Compendium of good writing, 3rdedn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton.An edition number is placed after the title of thework - this is not necessary for a first edition.BookEncyclopedia or Dictionary The new Grove dictionary of musicand musicians (1980, p. 85)defined it as...Sadie, S (ed.) 1980, The new Grove dictionary ofmusic and musicians, 6th edn, Macmillan,London.Edited BookArticle or chapter in a book As discussed by Blaxter (1976, p.101)…Blaxter, M 1976, ‘Social class and health inequalities’,in C Carter & J Peel (eds), Equalities andinequalities in health, Academic Press, London,pp. 120-135.Book SectionArticle or chapter in a book – no author (Solving the Y2K problem 1997, p.23).‘Solving the Y2K problem’ 1997, in D Bowd (ed.),Technology today and tomorrow, Van NostrandReinhold, New York, p. 27.Book SectionYou will need to edit the in-text citation forit to appear in italics.Brochure (Research and Training Centre1993, p. 2) Research and Training Centre on Independent Living1993, Guidelines for reporting and writing aboutpeople with disabilities [Brochure], 4th edn,Research and Training Centre, Lawrence, KS.The publisher’s name may be abbreviated if it isalso the author.BookYou will need to type [Brochure] manuallyafter the title.4of11 Semester12006E-book (Pettinger 2002) Pettinger, R 2002, Global organizations, CapstonePublishing, Oxford. Retrieved September 28,2004, from NetLibrary database. Electronic Book(put September 28, 2004 in the Date Accessed field, NetLibrary in Name of Database)Thesis (Jones 1998, p. 89) Jones, F 1998, ‘The mechanism of Bayer residueflocculation’, PhD Thesis, Curtin University ofTechnology. Retrieved December 21, 2005, fromCurtin University of Technology Digital Theses. Thesis(put PhD in Thesis Type,December 21, 2005 in Access Date, Curtin University of Technology Digital Theses in URL.)Conference Proceeding (Debono 2000) Debono, C 2000, ‘The National Trust into the newmillennium’, Proceedings of the ninth meeting ofthe International National Trust, AustralianCouncil of National Trusts, Alice Springs, NT, pp.44-6. Retrieved January 20, 2006, from InformitOnline database.Conference Proceeding(put The National trust into the newmillennium in Title, Proceedings of theninth meeting of the International NationalTrust in Conference Name, AustralianCouncil of National Trusts in Publisher,Alice Springs, NT in Conference Location, January 20, 2006 in Access Date,Informit Online in Name of Database.)Annual report of an organisation (Department of Transport andRegional Services 2001)ORBillabong’s annual report (2005)Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2001-2002, Canberra.ORBillabong International Ltd. 2005, Annual report 2005 –brands. Retrieved January 27, 2006, from Connect4database.ReportImage in a book The poster ‘Buy Australian Apples’(Cowle & Walker 2005, p. 65) Cowle, C & Walker, D 2005, The art of apple branding, Apples from Oz, Hobart.BookPrint Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)Article As mentioned by Wharton (1996, p.8)… Wharton, N 1996, ‘Health and safety in outdoor activitycentres’, Journal of Adventure Education andOutdoor Leadership, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 8-9.Journal Article5of11 Semester12006Article – no author ‘It’s a growing problem in the U.K.’(Anorexia nervosa 1969, p. 530)… ‘Anorexia nervosa’ 1969, British Medical Journal, vol.1, pp. 529-30.Journal ArticleYou will need to edit the in-textcitation for it to appear in italics.Newspaper/Magazine article (Towers 2000) Towers, K 2000, 'Doctor not at fault: coroner',Australian, 18 January, p. 3.Newspaper ArticleNewspaper article – no author .....in the Sydney Morning Herald(24 January 2000, p. 12)Provide all the details in the in-text citation – noneed for an entry in the reference list.Press release (Watersmith 2000) Watersmith, C 2000, BHP enters new era, mediarelease, BHP Limited, Melbourne, 1 March.Report(put media release in the AccessionNumber field, BHP Limited in Institution, 1March in Report Number)Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)Full text from an electronic database (Madden 2002) Madden, G 2002, ‘Internet economics and policy: anAustralian perspective’, Economic Record, vol.78, no. 242, pp. 343-58. Retrieved October 16,2002, from ABI/INFORM Global database.Journal Article(put October 16, 2002 in the Access Datefield, ABI/INFORM database in Name ofDatabase.Full text from an electronic database – no author ‘The internet has had a hugeimpact on the Australian economy’(Internet economics and policy2002, p. 350)'Internet economics and policy: an Australianperspective' 2002, Economic Record, vol. 78, no.242, pp. 343-58. Retrieved October 16, 2002,from ABI/INFORM Global database.Journal Article(put October 16, 2002 in the Access Datefield, ABI/INFORM Global database inName of Database)You will need to edit the in-textcitation for it to appear in italics.6of11 Semester12006Full text newspaper, newswire or magazine from an electronic database – no author (WA packed with overseas appeal2004)‘WA packed with overseas appeal’ 2004, WestAustralian, 12 November, p. 47. RetrievedNovember 13, 2004, from Factiva database.Newspaper Article(put November 13, 2004 in the AccessDate field, Factiva database in Name ofDatabase)You will need to edit the in-text citationfor it to appear in italicsFull text from the internet It was proposed by Byrne (2004)that…Byrne, A 2004, 'The end of history: censorship andlibraries', The Australian Library Journal, vol. 53,no. 2. Retrieved November 16, 2004, from.au/publishing/alj/53.2/full.text/byrne.htmlJournal Article(put November 16, 2004 in the AccessDate field,.au/publishing/alj/53.2/full.text/byrne.html in Database)Article from Curtin E-Reserve (Davidhizar & Dowd 1997, p. 29) Davidhizar, R & Dowd, SB 1997, ‘The art of giving aneffective presentation’, Health Care Supervisor,vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 25-31. Retrieved October 16,2002, from Curtin University Library & InformationService E-Reserve.Journal Article(put October 16, 2002 in the Access Datefield, Curtin University Library &Information Service E-Reserve inDatabase)Article from database on CD-ROM (BPO) (La Rosa 1992, p. 58) La Rosa, SM 1992, 'Marketing slays the downsizingdragon', Information Today, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 58-9. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from UMIBusiness Periodicals Ondisc database.Journal Article(put October 16, 2002 in the Access Datefield, UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc inName of Database)Secondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)Book ‘Including neuralgia’ (Carini andHogan, cited in Thibodeau & Patton2002, p. 45)ORCarini and Hogan (cited inThibodeau & Patton 2002, p. 45)… Thibodeau, GA & Patton, KT (eds.) 2002. The humanbody in health and disease, Mosby, St. Louis, Mo.Record the book that you actually sourced.BookYou will need to type Carini and Hoganmanually in the in-text citation.7of11 Semester12006Journal Article ‘…origins of neuralgia’ (Carini andHogan, cited in Patton 2002, p.2154)ORCarini and Hogan (cited in Patton2002) Patton, KT 2002, ‘Neuralgia and headaches’, Science,vol. 4, pp. 2153-55.Record the journal that you actually sourced.Journal ArticleYou will need to type Carini and Hoganmanually in the in-text citation.World Wide Web In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)Document on WWW ‘It’s essential you learn how toreference’ (Dawson et al. 2002). Dawson, J, Smith, L, Deubert, K & Grey-Smith, S2002, ‘S’ Trek 6: referencing, not plagiarism.Retrieved October 31, 2002, from.au/Electronic Source(use Access Date & URL for retrievedstatement.)Document on WWW – No author (Leafy seadragons and weedyseadragons 2001)Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons 2001.Retrieved November 13, 2002, from.au/~jenny/seadragons/Electronic Source(use Access Date & URL for retrievedstatement.)Document on WWW – No date (Royal Institute of British Architectsn.d.)Royal Institute of British Architects n.d., Shaping thefuture: careers in architecture. Retrieved May 31,2005, from /Electronic Source(put Royal Institute of British Architects inthe Author field, n.d. in Year, useAccess Date & URL for retrievedstatement.)Image on the web The image of the bleached coral(Coral bleaching and massbleaching events 2002) Coral bleaching and mass bleaching events [Image]2002. Retrieved September 2, 2005 from.au/corp_site/info_services/science/bleachingElectronic Source(type [Image] manually after the title of theimage)8of11 Semester12006GovernmentPublicationsIn-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)Act of Parliament The Commonwealth’s CopyrightAct 1968...[future references do not includedate] Legislation is included in a list of references only ifit is important to an understanding of the work. Setthe list apart from the main body of the referenceunder the subheading 'Legislation'.Essential elements: Short title Date (Jurisdiction)eg. Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth).If legislation is obtained from an electronicdatabase, add a retrieved statement as forelectronic journal articles.Enter in-text citation manually.Cases The State of New South Wales v.The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR54 Legal authorities are included in a list ofreferences only if they are important to anunderstanding of the work. Set the list apart fromthe main body of the reference under thesubheading 'Legal Authorities'.CaseYou will need to edit the in-text citation forit to appear in italics and add the caseabbreviationAustralian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin (Australian Bureau of Statistics1999)Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, Disability, ageingand carers: summary of findings, cat. no. 4430.0,ABS, Canberra.Report(put cat. no. 4430.0 in the AccessionNumber field, ABS in Institution)Australian Bureau of Statistics from AusStats (Australian Bureau of Statistics1999)Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, Disability, ageingand carers: summary of findings, cat. no. 4430.0,ABS, Canberra. Retrieved October 14, 2002, fromAusStats database.Report(put cat. no. 4430.0 in the AccessionNumber field, October 14, 2002 in AccessDate, AusStats in Name of Database.)Census Information (Australian Bureau of Statistics2001) Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Census ofpopulation and housing: B01 selectedcharacteristics (First release processing) postalarea 6050. Retrieved November 20, 2002, fromAusStats database.Report(use Access Date & Name of Databasefor retrieved statement.)Government Report (Resource AssessmentCommission 1991) Resource Assessment Commission 1991, Forest andtimber inquiry: draft report, vol. 1, AustralianGovernment Publishing Service, Canberra.Report(put vol. 1 in the Accession Number field,Australian Government PublishingService in Institution.)9of11 Semester12006Patent U.S. Patent No. 4554399 (1985) Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gasinsulated transmission systems, U.S. Patent4554399. Patent(put Cookson, AH in Inventor, U.S. Patent 4554399 in Patent Number.)Standard (Standards Australia 1997) Standards Australia 1997, Size coding scheme forinfants’ and children’s clothing – underwear andouterwear, AS 1182-1997. Retrieved January 10,2006, from Standards Australia Online database. Report(put AS 1182-1997 in the Accession Number field, January 10, 2006 in Access Date, Standards Australia Online in Name of Database.)Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote 9 (which reference type?)Personal communication, e-mail and discussion lists with no web archive. ‘It was confirmed that an outbreakoccurred in London’ (S Savieri1999, pers. comm., 24 April).Not included in reference list as they cannot betraced by the reader.Enter in-text citation manually.Films and videorecordings, (Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992) Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992, videorecording,Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney.Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.Any special information may be noted after thecitation.Film or Broadcast(put videorecording in the Format field,Featuring the Sydney SymphonyOrchestra in Credits.)Television and radio programmes (What are we going to do with themoney? 1997)What are we going to do with the money? 1997,television programme, SBS Television, Sydney, 8August.Film or Broadcast(put television programme in the FormatField, SBS Television in Distributor,Sydney in Country.)Podcasts (The wings of a butterfly – children,teenagers and anxiety 2005) The wings of a butterfly - children, teenagers andanxiety 2005, podcast radio programme, ABCRadio National, Sydney, 10 September.Retrieved September 16, 2005, from.au/podcast/default.htm#mindFilm or Broadcast(put podcast radio programme in theFormat field, ABC Radio National inDistributor, Sydney in Country, 10September in Date Released,September 28, 2005 in Access Date,.au/podcast/default.htm#mind in URL.)10of11 Semester12006CD-ROMS (Dr Brain thinking games 1998) Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, KnowledgeAdventure Inc., Torrance, California.Computer ProgramERIC document (microfiche) Davis and Lombardi (1996) putforward the proposal that…Davis, RK & Lombardi, TP 1996, 'The quality of life ofrural high school special education graduates', inRural goals 2000: Building programs that work.ERIC Document No. 394765, microfiche.Generic(put Rural goals 2000: Building programsthat work in the Secondary Title field,ERIC Document No. ED394765 inPublisher, microfiche in Type of Work)E-mail discussion list – web archive (Little 2002) Little, L 2002, 'Two new policy briefs', ECPOLICYdiscussion list, 16 April. Retrieved November 13,2002 from /VirtualListserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003.htmlNewspaper Article(put Little, L in the Reporter field,ECPOLICY in Newspaper, discussion listin Section, November 13, 2002 in Notes,/VirtualListserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003.html in Type ofArticle)It is very important that you check your department's or school's assignment guide as some details, e.g. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.11of11 Semester12006。
哈佛参考文献格式
维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。
与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。
[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。
Harvard Secondary References
Referencing Tool Help Secondary references Direct quotes Feedback ResourcesSecondary referencesIf you are reading a source by oneauthor (in our example McKechnie(1998)) and they cite or quote work byanother author (in our example Wing,Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turncite or quote the original work (e.g.that of Wing et al. (1994)) as aSECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try andlocate the original reference andsecondary references should only beused if it is difficult to access theoriginal work. You must remember thatin a secondary reference you areseeing the original author's work fromsomeone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to referencea secondary or indirect reference type.It should be used in conjunction withthe guidelines demonstrated in thereferencing tool for the appropriatereferencing types used. School of Nursing and Academic Division of MidwiferyRLO: Referencing your work using HarvardIn Text Example:A study by Wing, Lee and Chen (1994 cited by McKechnie, 1998)discussed sleep paralysis in the Chinese OR McKechnie (1998) cites the work of Wing, Lee and Chen (1994) which looks at sleep paralysis in the Chinese population.NOTE 1: If you do not have an author, you can use the abbreviation 'Anon.' to mean 'anonymous'.Reference List Example McKechnie, J. (1998) Incidence and diagnosis of sleep paralysis.Nursing Times 94(22): pp.50-51.NOTE 2: Most referencing guidelines are quite clear that the original reference should not be included in the list of references only the details of the source it is cited in./library/resources/general/info_study_skills/cite02.htm NOTE 3: When citing more than one secondary reference from a single source, each should be treated separately within the in-text citation, but the primary reference need only be included once in the reference list.e.g. In discussions of health it is useful to look at Dubos' theory (1959cited by Tones and Tilford, 2001) and also Maslow's model (1967 citedby Tones and Tilford, 2001).Reference List ExampleTones, K. and Tilford, S. (2001) Health promotion:effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Cheltenham: NelsonThornes.© 2007 School of Nursing and Academic Division of Midwifery , University of NottinghamDeveloper: Heather RaiContent authors: Richard Windle, Jennifer Dandrea , Carolyn Hardy , Heather Rai , Heather WharradRLO released: 16th March, 2007Page last updated: 24 September, 2008。
THEHARVARDCITATIONANDREFERENCINGSYSTEM哈佛的引文和参考系统
THE HARVARD CITATION AND REFERENCING SYSTEM Terry Marris September 2004INTRODUCTIONAs students and scholars, the assignments and work we produce are based on the work of others. In general, the introductions and conclusions we write are entirely our own, but the rest of what we write uses information and ideas we find in textbooks, journals, the Internet, lecture notes and in talking with other people.As students and scholars we are obliged to acknowledge these sources of information and ideas. If we do not, then we are passing off the ideas and work of others' as if they were are our own; this is dishonest.Scholars use systematic methods to acknowledge their sources. One such method is the Harvard Citation and Referencing SystemThe Harvard system uses in-text citation and a list of references.An in-text citation might include the author's name and the year of publication, written within square brackets at the end of the sentence and before the full stop.A reference might include the author's name in capitals, the year published, the book title in italics, and the publisher. A list of references, one for each citation and organised in alphabetical order by author's surname, is placed at the end of the document.A list of references is not a bibliography. A bibliography is a list of sources that may or may not have been used to create your work.IN-TEXT CITATIONTextbookA quality computer program is accurate, reliable, robust, efficient, usable, maintainable and readable [CHANTLER 1981].Surname in capitals, year of publication, written within square brackets at the end of the sentence and before the full stop.A Boolean object has one of two possible values: true and false. [KNOTT et al 1990]et al means "and others". Use if there are more than three authorsWebsiteScholars include references to the words, information and ideas of others in their work [.au/onlib/ref2.html].Cite just the website URL if the author's name is unknown. Otherwise cite the authors name and year of publication.Students are often told they must do their own work and not copy others. But in industry most computing projects are completed by teams [DOBBIE 2003].Dictionaries and Reference WorksTo plagiarise means to steal ideas or passages from another person's work and present them as one's own [Collins Paperback Dictionary 1999].Cite the title of the reference work and the year published.Unpublished work such as lecture notes and lecturesZ is a notation that uses the mathematics of sets and logic to describe the behaviour of computer systems [MARRIS 2004]Z is not difficult. It becomes quite easy when you get used to the notation. What makes Z hard is that it forces you to think about the computer system you are trying to describe [MARRIS 2003]Personal CommunicationsThere is a direct link between the ability to do mathematics and the ability to write computer programs [CHANDARANA H. 2004]include the source's initialsREFERENCE LISTin alphabetical order. Include full publication details.TextbookCHANTLER A. 1981 Programming Techniques and Practice NCC Manchester UK author surname in capitals, initial, year of publication, title in italics, publisher, place of publicationKNOTT G, WAITES N, CALLAGHAN P, ELLISON J. 1990 Computer Studies for BTEC 2nd edn Business Education Publishers Sunderland UKfull list of authors, edition (edn) if not the first, indent if need to continue on the next lineWebsiteDOBBIE G. March 2003 National University of Singapore, accessed 3 Sep 20004 <.sg/link/mar2001/team1.htm>for websites include whatever you can from author, site date, name and sponsor ofsite, date of viewing and URL between angle brackets.The Learning Centre @ The University of south Wales, Sydney, Australia, accessed2 Sep 2004 <.au/onlib/ref.html>Dictionaries and Reference WorksPaperback English Dictionary 1999 Collins Glasgow UKfor dictionaries and reference works include the title, year published, publisher andwhere publishedUnpublished work such as lecture notes and lecturesMARRIS T. 7 Oct 2003 Formal Methods Lecture 1 Leicester College.MARRIS T. 2004 Z Notes Leicester College unpublishedPersonal CommunicationsCHANDARANA H 2004 pers. comm. 3 Sep interview by authorpers. comm. means personal communication e.g. by interview, letter, e-mail etcCONCLUSIONEvery piece of written work you hand in must acknowledge your sources of information and ideas. Within the text of your work you quote the source, at least author and year, and possibly page number, alongside each idea or piece of information. At the end of your document you produce a list of references. Each citation must have an entry in your reference list. Each entry in your reference list must have a citation in the body of your work somewhere. In your reference list you include as much information as you can with the information you have to hand. As far as you possibly can you stick to the conventions for punctuation and layout.A reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography is a set of references that are relevant to the subject.BIBLIOGRAPHYThe Learning Centre @ The University of South Wales, Sydney, Australia, accessed2 Sep 2004, <.au/onlib/ref.html>Maritime/Transport Studies Information Sources Jan 2003, accessed 1 Sep 2004, </lea/info/sci/maritime.htm>The University of Newcastle Australia, Library<.au/services/library/biol1030/ref_harvard.html>Curtin University of Technology Library & Information Service, accessed 21 Jan 2004<.au.reference/harvard.html>。
哈佛系统论文引用格式(harvard system)
Information Resources Harvard systemIn-text references,reference lists and bibliographiesStyle manual for authors,Harvard SystemContentsDefinitions4 Annotated bibliography4 Bibliography4 Citation4 Endnote4 Footnote4 In-text reference4 Periodicals5 Reference list5 Introduction5Steps to referencing6Organising a bibliography or reference list7 Writing a bibliography or reference list7 Collecting references7 In-text references8 Using volume and page numbers8 Dates8 One author or one organisation as author8 More than one work9 More than three authors9 Parts of a work written by someone other than the author9 More than one work by the same author9 No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation10 One author citing another author10 Encyclopedias and dictionaries10 Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs10 Web pages10 Unpublished works11 Personal communications,including email11Reference lists and bibliographies11 Books111.Book with one author122.Book with two or three authors123.Book with organisation as author124.Book with government department as author125.Book with more than three authors126.Book with no author127.Book with an editor138.Book in a series139.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report1310.More than one place of publication1311.Chapter or article from a book1312.Entries in an encyclopedia13Periodicals141.Articles with an author142.Articles with no author143.Individual volumes/issues14plete run of a periodical155.Newspaper articles156.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.157.Annual reports16Conference papers—published proceedings16 Australian Bureau of Statistics documents16 Acts of Parliament16 Standards17 Audiovisual material171.Videorecording e.g.videotapes172.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes173.Slides174.Kit binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material185.Radio and television broadcasts18Pamphlets,leaflets etc.18 Unpublished sources of information191.Unpublished documents:diaries,personal papers,reports etc.192.Personal letters,interviews,conversations19Electronic resources20 Page numbers on the web20 Dates20 Articles in online databases201.Article with an author212.Article without an author213.Conference paper21Articles from online journals21 Reports from online databases22 Articles from online encyclopedias22 Extract from an online book22 Table from an online book22 Web pages221.Web document with an author232.Web page without an author233.Web page of a company or organisation234.Australian standards online235.Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online23Email241.Email with permission to cite the email address242.Email without permission to cite the email address24Other electronic resources24 Personal bibliographic software25 Cite while you write25 Webpages25 Management of qualitative data and electronic text25 Nvivo home page25 Further reading26 Standard abbreviations used in referencing27DefinitionsAnnotated bibliographya bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,explains orevaluates the publication referred to.Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level,bias,style,relevance and credibility.Bibliographya list of books,articles and other sources of information having some relationship to eachother—usually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research.It mayinclude items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.Citationformal description of a book,article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item.Sometimes called a ‘reference’ by the Harvard system.Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.Endnotelike a footnote,but placed at the end of the essay,report or chapter.Footnotea note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the samepage in front of the footnote.In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information.In the Footnote/endnote system,footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information,both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words that paraphrase the author’s ideas.In-text referenceused in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report.It may be placed in bracketsimmediately following the relevant passage,or fully integrated into the text.In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.Periodicalspublications that are produced at regular intervals,such as magazines,journals and newspapers.Reference lista list of books,articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)in the text of your essay or report.This is used with the Harvard system.No additional items are included in a reference list,even those you found broadly relevant to your research.Note:Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotatedbibliography) with your essay or report.IntroductionThis guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for yourassignments.The style used in this guide is the Harvard system,which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system.It is based on the AustralianGovernment style guide,Style manual for authors,editors and printers2002,revised bySnooks and Co,6th edn,John Wiley & Sons,Milton,Qld which can give you furtherinformation and more examples.There are many different citation styles.You can viewa guide to some online resources on the Library’s infogate Styles for reference lists andbibliographies at:.au/lib/infogate/citing.htmYour department may give you instructions about how to cite resources,but if not,you can follow the guidelines given here.There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:1.You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your workare actually the work of other people,this is plagiarism for which you can bepenalised.2.Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you tosubstantiate the statements you make in your assignment.3.Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by readingsome of the books,articles and other information sources you have used.Steps to referencingStep 1:When you are collecting information,you should record all bibliographic details.In the case of a book,bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor,date of publication,title,edition (if not the first),volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.In the case of a journal article,it refers to author of the article,year of publication,title of the article,journal title,volume number,issue number and page number on which the article appears.Step 2:Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.Step 3:Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format.This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books,articles,audiovisual material,web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given.One widely used format,the Harvard system,is described in this guide.Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.Remember,if you are having any problems with writing reference,ask for help from:I the librarian at the Consultation DeskI your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjectsI language support teachers at the Access Department.Organising a bibliography or reference listWriting a bibliography or reference listAlways be consistent.The following points may seem pedantic details but they can beimportant in interpreting a reference.a)Always assemble the information (e.g.author,title,publisher etc.) in the same order.b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.c)Be consistent in your use of capital letters.d)Observe the conventions on italics,underlining etc.which help to distinguish booksfrom articles:I italics for the title of a book (or videotape,periodical or recording)I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marksNote: Underlining may be used instead of italics,however,using italics is now usuallypreferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computerswhich produce clear unambiguous italics.Underlined references can be confused withhypertext links on the Internet.Underlining is mostly used with handwritten ortypewritten material.e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order.A single sequencearranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author’s name or title) is themost common.Alternatives include:I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g.a bibliography on mass mediadivided into general,television and radio)I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g.books,periodicals,audiovisual)Collecting referencesAs you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full.It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time,even if you decide not to use it,than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source,as well as its call number in that library.This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment,but will help you to find the material again if necessary.Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on p.25,and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p.25.In-text referencesIn the Harvard system,you place brief references in the text of your essay or report toacknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed.These briefreferences are called in-text references,or sometimes they are called in-text citations,textual references or textual citations.In-text references must be accompanied by areference list that gives full details of the works cited.The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed ‘References’.Generally,an in-text reference comprises the author’s surname and the year of publication.Additional details such as page numbers,volume numbers and authors’ initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion.Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.e.g.David Miller asks,‘what does each of us,individually,owe to other human beings,regardless of their cultural make-up,or their citizenship,or their place of residence?’(Miller 2000,p.174)Using volume and page numbersIf it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text reference—for example if the work is very long,these may be useful for a reader—add these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977,p.77)Barr (1995,p.29) described…(Russell 1969,vol.3,p.138)See note on Page numbers on the web on p.20.DatesSometimes a publication year cannot be found.As the Harvard system is based on thecombination of author and date,one of the following substitutes should be used:n.d.=no known datec.1995 = circa 1995 (i.e.an approximate date)?1995 = a dubious dateforthcoming = a work to be published shortlyOne author or one organisation as authorThe name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.e.g.These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).Alternatively,the author’s surname may be integrated into the text,followed immediately by the year,in brackets.e.g.Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.If the author is an organisation,use the name of the organisation.e.g.The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities receivedgreater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).More than one workMore than one work may be cited in a single reference:(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order—P before S.or Parsaye and Chignell (1988),and Simons (1985) describe how…Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word ‘and’ is used rather than an ampersand (&).More than three authorsWhen a work has more than three authors,the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation ‘et al.’,which means ‘and others’:(Gajski et al.1993)However,the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.Parts of a work written by someone other than the authorWhen someone other than the author writes part of a work,such as a preface or introduction, give both names.Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed…(Block,in Gallway 2000)In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution,or part of the work, appeared.In this case it would be:Gallway,WT 2000,The inner game of work,Random House,New York.More than one work by the same authorWhen you refer to more than one work by the same author,list the publication years in chronological e lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).e.g.(Barr 1977,1995)(Robertson 1988a,1988b)Robertson (1984,1988b) showed that…No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisationSometimes a work has no identifiable author.In this case,substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author’s name—don’t use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.e.g.…in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)(Age11 Oct.1989,p.10)Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law,2002)In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws…One author citing another authorWhen one author cites another author’s work,use all the authors’ names.e.g.Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…(Chambliss & Ryther,cited in Liazos 1985)‘English as Charlton Laird has noted,is the only language that has,or needs,books of synonyms like Roget’s Thesaurus.“Most speakers of other languages are not awarethat such books exist.”’ (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)In the reference list give details of the citing author:Liazos A 1985 Sociology:a liberating perspective,Allyn and Bacon,London.Encyclopedias and dictionariesIf there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia,use the author-date method already described.For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author,provide in-text information like this:The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as…(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs Provide the title of the item in italics and the datee.g.(Japanese language and people1991)In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…Web pagesIf there is an author for a web page,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Done 2002)If there is no author,use the title of the web page.e.g.(The senior dogs project2002)Unpublished worksIf there is an author for an unpublished work,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Florey 1925)If there is no author,use the title of the unpublished work.e.g.(Using online databases 2002)Personal communications,including emailPersonal communications include conversations,interviews,telephone calls,emails andletters.As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or report is based mainly on personal communications,your in-text reference should make it clear what kind of communication you have usede.g.In a letter dated 29 May 1986,AD Francis,wrote…The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis1986,pers comm.,29 May).In an email dated 15 January 2003,Annette Steere wrote…The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003,email,15 January)Reference lists and bibliographiesIn the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-textreferences and the reference list.In the list of references the same citation details as in a bibliography are included.The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-textreferences.BooksFor books,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)—either a person or an institution—or editor(s)b) Year of publicationSee note on Dates on p.8c) Title—plus the subtitle if there is oned) Title of series and volume number—if applicablee) Edition—if it is not the firstf) Publisherg) Place of publication—cityYou can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue.The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.Usually the author’s name comes first.Put the family name (surname) first,then initials of the given or personal names.No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials.Book titles are e minimal capitalisation for book titles.You should use only the author’s initials in your reference list,regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book.Sometimes you can use an author’s full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author e.g.Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams,Phillip.Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names rather than the word ‘and’.If you know some information for a reference,but it is not on the item itself,you can include it in a square bracket e.g.[Sydney].You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.1.Book with one authorler,D 2000,Citizenship and national identity,Polity,Cambridge.2.Book with two or three authorse.g.Brown,PH & Broeske,PH 1996,Howard Hughes:the untold story,Dutton,New York.3.Book with organisation as authore.g.Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993:the CPAsguide to accounting software,Prentice Hall of Australia,Sydney.4.Book with government department as authore.g.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China:a photographic record:to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationsbetween Australia and the People’s Republic of China:1972–2002,Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade,Canberra.5.Book with more than three authorsNames should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.Gajski,DD,Vahid,F,Narayan,S &Gong,J 1994,Specification and design ofembedded systems,PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.6.Book with no authorUse the title of the work.Training Australians:a better way of working:27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies1990,Business Council of Australia,Melbourne.7.Book with an editore.g.Brown,C (ed.) 1996,Indonesia:dealing with a neighbour,Allen & Unwin in associationwith Australian Institute of International Affairs,St Leonards,NSW.8.Book in a seriesList the name of the series after the title of the work.Stoddard,KM 1983,Saints and shrews:women and aging in American popular film,Contributions in women’s studies,no.39,Greenwood Press,Westport,Connecticut.9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson reportThe reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work,and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.e.g.Henderson report—see Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975,Poverty in Australia,first main report,(Prof.RF Henderson,chairman),Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra.10.More than one place of publicationIf more than one place of publication is listed,use only the first-listed place.11.Chapter or article from a bookGive the details of the chapter or article first,then the details of the publication in which it appeared.Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.e.g.Hesketh,B & Rounds,J 1995,‘International cross-cultural approaches to careerdevelopment’,in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds),Handbook of vocational psychology:theory,research,and practice,2nd edn,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,Mahwah,New Jersey.12.Entries in an encyclopediae.g.Tran,M 2001,‘Swedish massage’,The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,vol.4,Gale Group,Farmington Hills,Michigan,pp.1668–1670.‘Puma’ 1998,The new encyclopaedia Britannica,15th edn,vol.9,EncyclopaediaBritannica,Chicago,p.796.For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p.22.PeriodicalsMaximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals.For all other titles,capitalisationis minimal.Periodical titles are italicised.In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number.An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume.Inspect the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.1.Articles with an authorFor articles in journals and magazines,include the following information:a) Author(s)—if givenb) Year of publicationc) Title of article—enclose title in single quotation marksd) Title of periodicale) Place of publication (city)—only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same titlef) Volume and/or issue numberg) Day,month and season—if applicableh) Page number(s)e.g.Salusinszky,I1995,‘Thomas Keneally:my part in his downfall’,Quadrant,vol.39,no.10,October,pp.23–26.2.Articles with no author‘Calcium levels control human vision’ 1988,New Scientist,no.1636,29 October,p.34.3.Individual volumes/issuesFor a single issue or a limited run,the following details are sufficient:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Year of publicationc) Volume and/or issue number(s)d) Month and day of month or season—if applicablee.g.Overland,1983,no.93,December.Futures:the Journal of Forecasting and Planning,1986–1989,vols.18–21.plete run of a periodicalIf you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Date(s) of publicationc) Name of publisherd) Place of publication (city,state)e) Volume and/or issue number(s)f) Frequency of publicatione.g.The Australian Accountant,1936–,Australian Society of Certified PracticingAccountants,Melbourne,vol.1–,Monthly.‘1936–’ and ‘vol.1–’ means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still being published.5.Newspaper articlesReplace the volume/issue number by the day and month:e.g.Hogan,R1996,‘Investors weigh implications for $A’,Australian Financial Review,1August,p.6.‘A welcome lowering of rates’ 1996,The Australian,1 August,p.10.6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.Include:a) Name of reviewerb) Yearc) Title of the reviewd) Description of what is being reviewed and its authore) Periodical in which the review appearedf) Day and month—if applicableg) Page numberse.g.Carroll,S 2002,‘The stuff of theatre’,review of Double act:a life of Tom Stoppardby Ira Nadel,The Age,28 September,Saturday Extra,p.8.‘Saturday Extra’ before the page number indicates a special independently numbered section of the newspaper.7.Annual reportsThese are not periodicals in the usual sense,but are important regular publications ofgovernment bodies,companies and other organisations.A reference for an annual report should include:a) Name of organisationb)Date of publication—if applicablec)Short descriptive titled)Year(s) coverede.g.Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2000–2001,Canberra.Foster’s Brewing Group 1998,Annual Report 1998.For an example of an online annual report,see p.23 under 3.Web page of a company or organisation.Conference papers—published proceedingsPapers presented at conferences and similar gatherings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference.A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included,while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).DuPont,B 1974,‘Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency with an unrelated MLC compatible donor’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of theInternational Society for Experimental Hematology,International Society for Experimental Hematology,Houston,Texas,pp.44–6.Pockley,P 1987,‘National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology:progress,problems and prospects’,ANZAAS Congress Papers,no.56,paper 76.Australian Bureau of Statistics documentsInclude the ABS catalogue number after the title.Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991,Work patterns of women,cat.no.6204.2,ABS,Canberra. For examples of Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online see p.23.Acts of ParliamentAdd the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.Electoral Act 2002(Vic).StandardsStandards Australia defines a standard as ‘a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do’.For standards,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)b)Year of publicationc)Titled)Standard Numbere)Publisherf)Place of publicatione.g.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,IEEE standard for software userdocumentation,(ANSI/IEEE 1063–1987),IEEE,New York.Standards Association of Australia 1992,Marking of overhead cables for low-levelflying,(AS 3891.2–1992),Standards Australia,Homebush,NSW.For an example of an online Australian standard see p.23.Audiovisual materialYou may need to write a reference for a videotape,DVD,TV program etc.It is similar to a book e the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:a) Author (if there is one)b) Year of productionc) Titled) Format (use a general term such as ‘sound recording’)e) Name of producer/directorf) Place of production1.Videorecording e.g.videotapese.g.Murnau,FW 1984,Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording],Video Yesteryear,Sandy Hook,Conn.2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettese.g.Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording],ABC Radio Tapes,Sydney.3.Slidese.g.Birnstihl,H 1980,Emotions[slide],Northside Productions,North Melbourne.。
Harvard Style哈佛体引用格式精品PPT课件
Harvard style requires:
An in-text citation, that provides the following information:
▪ The name of the author(s)/ editor(s) of the source ▪ it’s date of publication ▪ AND wherever possible, the page numbers you have used material
the work of others AND to locate the sources you have used It allows you to demonstrate that: You have gathered evidence to support your ideas/ arguments You have used credible, good quality sources Have read widely AND have read at an appropriate academic level
pp.165-166) have argued that…
**p. - page number / pp. - page numbers**
What’s an in-text citation?
25% of manufacturing jobs were lost in the 1980’s (Jones, 1995, p.64). Several authors (Ray, 2002, p.23; Smith, 2004, p.70) conclude.. A recent survey (Gordon, 2001, pp.21-28) has found… Page numbers Always cite page numbers except if you merely wish to mention the existence of a book, journal etc. without using material from it. For example: A number of recent studies (Gray, 2002; Toms, 2004; Lee, 2008) have
Harvard Style哈佛体-引用格式
BUT Glasgow is in the west of Scotland and has a population of 530,000 (cite source!)
Citation In the 1980’s, sales of blue jeans slowed and then declined (Ransom, 2002, p.100). or According to Ransom (2002, p.100), the sales of blue jeans….
If you present information exactly as it appears in a source, indicate this by using quotation marks:
‘Market segmentation is where the larger market is heterogeneous and can be broken down into smaller units that are similar in character’ (Easy and Sorensen, 2009, p.133).
AND
a reference list at the end of your work
Citation According to Myers[1] the reason for….
The reference is presented as a footnote at the bottom of the page or at the end of your work: [1]Myers, D. (2008), Construction economics: A new approach, 2nd ed., London: Taylor and Francis, p.159.
harvard_mat格式 -回复
harvard_mat格式-回复Harvard referencing style, also known as Harvard referencing format or Harvard citation style, is a widely used system for acknowledging the sources of information and ideas in academia. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of the Harvard Mat Format and explore how to use it effectively to createwell-referenced and credible academic papers.1. Understanding the Basics of Harvard Mat FormatThe Harvard Mat Format is an extension of the Harvard referencing style that incorporates the use of brackets or square brackets instead of the traditional Author-Date format. It is commonly used in disciplines such as law, social sciences, and humanities. The format allows the author to provide in-text citations within the body of the paper, and a corresponding full reference list at the end.2. Formatting In-Text CitationsIn the Harvard Mat Format, in-text citations are indicated by placing the author's surname, followed by the publication year, within brackets at the end of the relevant sentence or paragraph. For example, (Smith 2019) or (Johnson et al. 2020). If multipleauthors are involved, the use of "et al." after the first author's name is permissible.3. Referencing Different Types of SourcesThe Harvard Mat Format requires the inclusion of full reference details in the reference list at the end of the document. The format for referencing different types of sources follows a specific pattern. For books, the author's surname, initials, year of publication, title of the book in italics, edition (if applicable), place of publication, and the name of the publisher should be provided. For example:Smith, J. (2019). The Art of Writing: A Comprehensive Guide. 2nd ed. London: XYZ Publications.4. Online Sources and WebpagesWhen citing online sources, such as websites or webpages, it is important to provide as much information as possible to facilitate easy access for readers. The format includes the author's surname, initials, year of publication (if available), title of the webpage or article in quotation marks, title of the website in italics, date of access, and the full URL. For example:Jones, A. (2021). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. In Environmental Science Today. Retrieved March 15, 2022, from5. Journal ArticlesWhen referencing journal articles, the following information should be provided: author's surname, initials, year of publication, title of the article in quotation marks, title of the journal in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in brackets, page range, and DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available. For example:Brown, L. (2020). The Role of Education in Sustainable Development. Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(2), 150-168. DOI:10.1234/jes.2020.15.2.150.6. Quoting and ParaphrasingIn the Harvard Mat Format, it is essential to correctly attribute any direct quotes or paraphrases to their respective sources. When quoting, the author's surname, publication year, and page number should be provided. If paraphrasing, only the author's surname and publication year are necessary. For example:"Climate change poses a significant threat to global biodiversity"(Smith 2019, p. 45).Jones (2018) suggests that climate change is an imminent danger to the delicate balance of ecosystems.7. Creating the Reference ListThe reference list in the Harvard Mat Format should be arranged alphabetically by the author's surname. Each entry should follow a specific format, depending on the source type. The list should include all the information necessary for readers to locate and retrieve the original source.8. Finalizing Your PaperBefore submitting your academic paper, it is crucial todouble-check your citations and references to ensure accuracy and conformity with the Harvard Mat Format. Adopting a consistent and meticulous approach to referencing will enhance the credibility and academic integrity of your work.In conclusion, the Harvard Mat Format is a variation of the Harvard referencing style that employs brackets or square brackets forin-text citations. By understanding the basics and adhering to theprescribed formats for different types of sources, you can effectively incorporate relevant references into your academic papers.。
harvardreferencing
Helpsheet
REFERENCING: HARVARD SYSTEM
Use this sheet to help you:
• Follow the Harvard referencing conventions • Cite online sources using the Ha test
Read the following text and the paraphrased version below it. Answer the questions. What is the difference between in-text and biobliographical citations? How does the Harvard System differ from the APA? How should you cite internet sources?
Rule 5: When reference is made to more than one work by the same author, arrange in chronological order [order by least recent to most recent]
Cashin (1990, 1990, 1992) was unable to explain…
Cashin, W. E. 1990, ‘Students do Rate Different Academic Fields Differently’, in Students Ratings of Instruction: Issues for Improving Practice: New Directions for Teaching and Learning, vol. 43, (eds Theall, M. and Franklin, J.) Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 113-121.
Harvard_citation_hlp
Harvard guide to citingreferencesThe examples here follow the Open University LTS Referencing Guide , which uses a version of the Harvard system of citing references, but some OU courses may use other referencing systems. Please check the details for your course before using this guide.1. In text citationsIn the Harvard system, references in the text (in text citations) are referred to by the author’s name and year of publication , for example:It is stated that…(Bloggs, 2007) or Bloggs 2007 states…In the reference list or bibliography items are listed only once in alphabetical order . In some cases you may refer to more than one publication by an author for a specific year. To help identify these different items for your in text citation and reference list, you should add a letter of the alphabet to the year of publication, for example:(Thomson 2004a), (Thomson 2004b) and (Thomson 2004c) where a, b and c refer to the order in which they are cited in your text .When you come across a publication with 3 or more authors you only list the first author for the in text citation followed by et al. For example:(Jones, G. et al., 2007), but in the reference list or bibliography you would list each author in full.2. Secondary referencingYou may want to use a quotation, or an idea from a source referenced in another work. You haven‟t read the original, but have discovered it through a secondary source. This is known as secondary referencing. Ideally you should try and get hold of the original, but if you can‟t then you need to make it clear in your work that you have not read the original, for example:In text citation: Bloggs, quoted in Smith (2007 p.4) states “I love chocolate”. Or Bloggs, cited in Smith (2007 p.4) loves chocolate.In the reference list you would provide details for the source you read it in e.g.:Smith, J. (2007) Musings from chocolate lovers , Bicester, JFJ Press3. URLs for e-journalsFor electronic journal articles you are advised to put the name of the service the item is from, or the URL . Some databases and electronic journals provide persistent urls . This is a URL that should get you direct to the article - use this if given. Other journal articles may have a DOI digital object identifier. Again this is a unique address to find the article and if you have this put that beside the “Available from” information. If neither of these apply, and your article is from a database we would recommend just listing the name of the database L i b r a r y S e r v i c e syou got it from. This is because if you copy the address from the database, it is unlikely to work for someone else using it to find the article.4. Books: book, book chapter and ebookBookThe book How to succeed as a working parent, by Steve Chalke (published in London by Hodder & Stoughton, in 2003) would be referred to in the text as (Chalke, 2003).Author's (or editor's) surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title (in italics, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), edition (if not first) place of publication, publisher; for example:Chalke, S. (2003) How to succeed as a working parent, London, Hodder &Stoughton.Book chapterAuthor of chapter’s surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title of chapter (enclosed in single inverted commas, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), in Editor's surname and initials(ed.) title of book (in italics, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), edition (if not first) place of publication, publisher, page reference if known; for example:Mason, R. (1994) …The educational value of ISDN‟, in Mason, R. and Bacsich, P.(eds.), ISDN: applications in education and training, Exeter, Short Run PressIn text citation: (Mason, 1994) or Mason (1994) states…EbooksAuthor's (or editor's) surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title (in italics, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), name of ebook supplier, [Online] Available from: information such as the URL and, in round brackets, the date you accessed the site; for example:Willie, Sarah Susannah (2003) Acting black: college, identity and the performanceof race, Taylor & Francis e-book collection, [Online] Available from:/linking/index.php?id=311027 (Accessed 10 April 2006)In text citation: (Willie, 2003) or Willie (2003) states…5. Journals: journal and ejournal articlesJournal articleAn article by Kristin Thompson, Fantasy, Franchises, and Frodo Baggins: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood, published in Fall 2003 in issue no 52 of the journal The Velvet Light Trap, on pages 45-63, would be referred to in the text as (Thompson, 2003). Author's surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title of article (enclosed in single inverted commas, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), the title of the journal (in italics, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), the volume, issue number and, if given, the date, and the pages on which the article appears; for example: Thompson, K. (2003) 'Fantasy, franchises, and Frodo Baggins : the Lord of theRings and modern Hollywood', The velvet light trap, no. 52, Fall, pp. 45-63.Ejournal articlesAuthor's surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title of article (enclosed in single inverted commas), the title (in italics) of the journal, if given, the volume and issue number of the journal, Online in square brackets, 'available from' information such as the name of the service and/or URL and, in round brackets, followed by the date you accessed the site; for example:Virkus, S. (2003) 'Information literacy in Europe: a literature review.' Informationresearch, 8(4), [Online] paper no. 159. Available from: /ir/8-4/paper159.html (Accessed 28 October 2003)In text cita tion: (Virkus 2003) or Virkus (2003) states…6. OU course materialsCourse textsThe course text T281 Basic physical science for technology, Unit 9, 'Thermochemistry' (published in Milton Keynes by the Open University, in 1984) would be referred to in thetext as (T281, Unit 9).The Open University as the author, year of publication (in brackets), course code, course title (in italics, capitalise the first word of the course title only), unit, unit title (in single quotes) place of publication, publisher; for example:The Open University (1984) T281 Basic physical science for technology, Unit 9,'Thermochemistry', Milton Keynes, The Open University.Course DVDsThe T320 course DVD1: video case studies would be referred to in the text as (T320,DVD1). Below is how it would appear in a reference listThe Open University as the author, year of publication (in brackets), course code, course title (in italics, capitalise the first word of the course title only), DVD number and title (in single quotes) place of publication, publisher; for example:The Open University (2008) T320 E-business technologies: foundations andpractice, …DVD 1: video case studies‟, Milton Keynes, The Open UniversitySecondary referencing of work cited in course unitsIf you wish to cite an author whose work is discussed in a course unit but you haven’t read the original you need to make this clear in your script, for example:In text citation: Porter (cited in B820, Unit 2, p.19) identifies five competitive forces.In the references list you would provide details only for the source you actually read: The Open University (2006) B820 Strategy, Unit 2, …Analysing the externalenvironment‟, Milton Keynes, The Open University.7. Newspapers: Print and onlineNewspaper: printAuthor's surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title of the article (enclosed in single inverted commas, capitalise the first word and proper nouns only), title of the newspaper in italics, date i.e. day and month, page number; for example:Mackay, C. (2002) 'Alert over big cat', The Daily Mirror, 4th July, p.28.In text citation: (Mackay, 2002) or Mackay (2002) states…Newspaper: onlineAuthor's surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title of the article (enclosed in single inverted commas, capitalise the first word and proper nouns only), title of the newspaper in italics, date i.e. day and month, [online] Available from URL and, in round brackets, the date you accessed the site; for example:MacLeod, D. (2007) 'Oxbridge trainee teachers twice as likely to get jobs',Education Guardian, 3rd August, [online] Available from/higher/news/story/0,,2140513,00.html?gusrc=rss&fe ed=8 (Accessed 3 August 2007)In text citation: (MacLeod, 2007) or MacLeod (2007) states…8. ReportsAuthor's surname and initials or organisation, year of report (in brackets), title (in italics), issuing organisation, and report number; for example:Halliday, J. (1995) Assessment of the accuracy of the DTI's database of the UKwind speeds, Energy Technology Support Unit, ETSU-W-11/00401/REP.In text citation: (Halliday, 1995) or Halliday (1995) states…9. Conference papersAuthor's surname and initials, year of publication (in brackets), title of paper (enclosed in single inverted commas, capitalise the first word and proper nouns only), title of conference (in italics), location and date of conference, place of publication, publisher, pages on which the paper appears; for example:Jones, J. (1994), 'Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap', in Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference - Society of Plastics Engineers, San FranciscoMay 1-5 1994, Brookfield, CT, Society of Plastics Engineers, pp. 2865-2867.In text citation: (Jones, 1994) or Jones (1994) states…10. ThesesAuthor’s surname and initials, Year of submission (in brackets), Title: subtitle (if any) (in italics, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), Degree statement (e.g. Unpublished PhD thesis, Unpublished Degree dissertation), place of publication (if not clear from institution name, e.g. Cambridge University), Awarding institution; for example: Morishita, M. (2003) Empty museums : transculturation and the development ofpublic art museums in Japan. Unpublished PhD. thesis, Milton Keynes, OpenUniversity.In text citation: (Morishita, 2003) or Morishita (2003) claims…11. Internet: World Wide Web documents, personal sites, blogs andpodcastsWorld Wide Web documentsAuthor's surname and initials, year of publication if given (in brackets), title of document (in italics, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), [online], place of publication if given, publisher, 'available from information such as the URL, and, in round brackets, the date you accessed the site; for example:Spitzer, K. L., Eisenberg, M.B., & Lowe, C. A. (1998) Information literacy: essential skills for the information age, [online], Syracuse, N.Y.: ERIC Clearinghouse onInformation and Technology, Syracuse University (ED 427 780) Available from:/toc/infoliteracytoc.shtml (Accessed 28 October 2003)In text citation: (Spitzer et al., 1998) or Spitzer et al. (1998) state…Personal or Organisational sitesAuthor's surname and initials or organisation name, year of publication/ last updated if given (in brackets), title of site (in italics, capitalise first word and proper nouns only), Available from: information such as the URL, and, in round brackets, the date you accessed the site; for example:Open University Library (January 2005) Welcome to the Open University Library,Available from: / (Accessed 2 February 2006)In text citation: (Open University Library, 2005) or Open University Library (2005)states…BlogsAuthor of message, Year that site was published/last updated (in brackets), Title of message (enclosed in single inverted commas), Title of Internet site in italics, Day/Month of posted message, Available at: information such as the URL and, in round brackets, the date you accessed the site; for example:Sloniowski, L. (2005) …Because sharing is nice‟, Information literacy in Canada, 30June. Available at: http://blog.uwinnipeg.ca/ilig/archives/learning_objects/(Accessed 2 February 2006)In text citation: (Sl oniowski, 2005) or Sloniowski (2005) states…Note: Some blog authors may choose to remain anonymous by using an alias. Use this instead of surname and initials if that is all that is available.PodcastsTitle of podcast in italics, year of publication (in brackets), podcast type, podcaster, place of podcast. Available from information such as the URL and, in round brackets, the date you accessed the site; for example:The wings of a butterfly (2005), podcast radio programme, ABC Radio National,Sydney. Available from: .au/rn/podcast/default.htm#mind(Accessed 16th September 2005)In text citation: (The wings of a butterfly, 2005) or In The wings of a butterfly (2005) it is said…12. Messages: emails and forumsEmailsAuthor's surname and initials, full date of message (in brackets), subject of message (in single quotes), 'email to' followed by the recipient's name; for example:Knight, C. J., (May 29 1997), …Cumbrian windfarms‟, e-mail to J.Q.Parker-KnollIn text citation: (Knight, 1997) o r Knight (1997) states…Please note: You should always check with the author of the e-mail that they are happy for you to use the content of the e-mail before using the material.Conference messagesAuthor's surname and initials, followed by full date of message (in brackets), subject of message (in single quotes), …conference message to ' followed by the name of the conference; for example:Burrage, R. (10 August 2004) …Virus information‟, conference message to OUService NewsIn text citation: (Burrage, 2004) or Burrage (2004) states…Please note: You should always check with the author of the e-mail that they are happy for you to use the content of the e-mail before using the material.13. Images: online and works of artOnline imagesTitle of image, or a description in italics, year of publication (in brackets), [online] Available from information such as the URL, filename including extension, and in round brackets date accessed; for example:Mary of Modena, fleeing with her son James Francis Edward Stewart (c.1688)[online], (Accessed 2 February 2006)In text citation: When looking at the image “Mary of Modena, fleeing with her sonJames Francis Edward Stewart” (c.1688) it is obvious that…Works of artArtist, title of work (in italics), date, medium, size, location; for example:Horan, David. Kipper in the cats mouth, 2002, watercolour, 20 x 30 cm, NationalGallery, London.In text citation: (Horan, 2002) or Horan (2002) illustrates…14. Audiovisual material: TV programmes, films and DVDsTV programmeTitle of programme(in italics), Year (in brackets), Channel, Date of transmission (day and month) for example:The apprentice, (2008), BBC1, 11 JuneIn text citation: Sir Alan Sugar (The apprentice, 2008) exemplifies…If you are citing something a character from a programme says then the character name is used in the reference e.g. if you were quoting Donna Noble, the assistant from Dr Who: In text citation: but Doctor (Noble, 2008)Reference list: Noble D. (2008) Dr Who, BBC1, 14 JuneIf you are accessing the programme online e.g. via BBC i-player then you would amend the reference as follows:Noble D. (2008) Dr Who, BBC1, 14 June [online] Available from BBC i-player/iplayer/ [Accessed 16 June 2008]Film/movieTitle of film/movie (in italics), Year of distribution (in brackets), Directed by Director, Medium (in square brackets), Place of distribution, Distribution companyLord of the rings: the two towers (2003) Directed by Peter Jackson [Film], New York, Newline Productions IncIn text citation: The animation of the Ents is a good example of … (Lord of the rings: two towers, 2003)YouTube itemTitle of item(in italics), Year of distribution (in brackets), YouTube video, added by details of who uploaded it [Online] Available from information such as URL, Date accessed (in brackets)Google privacy: a look at cookies (2008) YouTube video [Online] added bygoogleprivacy. Available from /watch?v=XfZLztx8cKI[Accessed 12 June 2008]In text citation: Maile Ohye discusses (Google privacy: a look at cookies, 2008)。
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Compile the references activity
Write the elements of the reference in the order in which they should appear to give a correct complete reference in the Cardiff University Harvard style.Question 1 - Book
Question 2 – Chapter in an edited book Question 3 – Journal article San Diego: Academic Press.Lewis, J.S. 1997.
Physics and chemistry of the solar system
.Smith. J. 1980. The instruments of Hungarian folk dance music.London: Edward Arnold, pp. 46-59.Folk music of Eastern Europe .
In: Jones, R. and Green, D. eds. 71(3), pp. 245-260.Journal of Environmental Management Feasibility versus sustainability in urban water management.
Starkl, M. and Brunner, N. 2004.
Question 4 – Electronic journal article
Question 5 – Web document
Citing in the text activity
Fill in the missing information in the parenthesis based on the information given in the references.
One expert argues that although "fuel and vehicle developments have made a huge difference to local air quality", measures to reduce traffic will also be required if the Government is to achieve its targets on air quality ( p. 75). References
Cairns, S. 2003. Getting somewhere: tackling traffic emissions. Town and Country Planning
72(30), pp. 74-75.
2004. Towards the sociology of organizational space./9/1/halford.html [Online] 9(1). Available at:[Accessed: 10th June 2004].Halford, S.Sociological Research Online [Online]. London:Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society. Available at:The future of professionalised work: UK and Germany compared Lane, C. et al. 2003.
[Accessed: 10th June 2004].
/pubs/pdfs/1232web.pdf。