--高血压英文PPT精品课件Alterations of Cardiovascular
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--高血压英文PPT精品课件Renovascular
– The overall prevalence rate of RVD (>60% stenosis) was 6.8%, which would represent 2.4 million affected individuals in the U.S.
– Those variables independently associated with the presence of RVD were increasing age (OR 1.87), increasing systolic blood pressure (OR 1.44) and HDL <40 (OR 2.63).
Etiology
Atherosclerosis (ARAS) – 70-90% of cases
– Usually involves the ostium and/or proximal third of the main renal artery, with non-ostial lesions comprising only 15-20% of cases
– 834 patients consecutive patients who were participants in the Forsyth county cohort of the Cardiovascular Health Study underwent RAD. The Cardiovascular Health Study is a longitudinal cohort study of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults >65 y/o.
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) – 10-20% Renal thromboembolic disease Renal atheroembolic disease Aortorenal dissection Vasculitis involving the renal artery (i.e. PAN) AVMs involving the renal artery Nephroangiosclerosis (hypertensive injury) Trauma Irradiation of the renal artery Scleroderma
– Those variables independently associated with the presence of RVD were increasing age (OR 1.87), increasing systolic blood pressure (OR 1.44) and HDL <40 (OR 2.63).
Etiology
Atherosclerosis (ARAS) – 70-90% of cases
– Usually involves the ostium and/or proximal third of the main renal artery, with non-ostial lesions comprising only 15-20% of cases
– 834 patients consecutive patients who were participants in the Forsyth county cohort of the Cardiovascular Health Study underwent RAD. The Cardiovascular Health Study is a longitudinal cohort study of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults >65 y/o.
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) – 10-20% Renal thromboembolic disease Renal atheroembolic disease Aortorenal dissection Vasculitis involving the renal artery (i.e. PAN) AVMs involving the renal artery Nephroangiosclerosis (hypertensive injury) Trauma Irradiation of the renal artery Scleroderma
【高血压英文PPT精品课件】 cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Adhesion Molecules
Monocyte
Vessel Lumen LDL
Endothelium
LDL
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Cytokines
Oxidized LDL
Macrophage
Intima
Macrophages take up modified LDL
Monocyte
Adhesion Molecules
Different from arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), which is due to calcification of the arterial wall.
Oxidized LDL Induces leukocyte “homing”
Etiology
• Mutations in the gene coding for LDL receptors
Protein synthesis, expost and import
Ways to get proteins into organelles or membranes
Co-translational import
Genetic factors are prevalent (like in familial hypercholesterolemia)
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Incidence: 1 in 500 The most common known form of genetic disease Results in
Atherosclerosis: A disease of large and mediumsized arteries that results in progressive accumulation of smooth muscle cells and lipids within the intima. Typically kills by inducing myocardial infarction
高血压英文PPT精品课件Antihypertensive
• Diagnosis is generally based on repeated, reproducible measurements of elevated blood pressure and not on patient symptoms. Patient compliance is a major obstacle to therapy
Kidney
Na loss
Thiazides
Summary of Long Term Renal Control of BP
Regulates BP by Changing:
1.
Directly – by allowing more or less fluid to enter kidney tubules
• Pakistan (NHSP):the prevalence of hypertension is 17.9%
• 24% of the USA adult population representing 43,186,000 persons had hypertension.
Diagnosis
CNS
BV
Na retention Clonidine
CO
Venous tone
NE release
Sympathetic tone
TPR
Arteriolar tone
dry mouth sexual dysfunction
The left ventricle is markedly thickened in this patient with severe hypertension that was untreated for many years. The myocardial fibers have undergone hypertrophy.
Kidney
Na loss
Thiazides
Summary of Long Term Renal Control of BP
Regulates BP by Changing:
1.
Directly – by allowing more or less fluid to enter kidney tubules
• Pakistan (NHSP):the prevalence of hypertension is 17.9%
• 24% of the USA adult population representing 43,186,000 persons had hypertension.
Diagnosis
CNS
BV
Na retention Clonidine
CO
Venous tone
NE release
Sympathetic tone
TPR
Arteriolar tone
dry mouth sexual dysfunction
The left ventricle is markedly thickened in this patient with severe hypertension that was untreated for many years. The myocardial fibers have undergone hypertrophy.
--高血压英文PPT精品课件CORONARY
Effects of coronary artery disease: •Fatal cardiac arrhythmia. •Myocardial infarction. •Myocardial fibrosis.
Postmortem findings: •coronary atheroma. •areas of myocardial fibrosis. •rarely, areas of recent infarcts.
dissections is a rare condition,
mostly occurring in females particularly in the peripartum period. Usually presenting as
Cross photograph of ruptured aneurysm of right coronary artery and
Sites of coronary artery occlusion: •First 2 cm of the left anterior descending coronary artery. •Right coronary artery. •Circumflex coronary artery.
with atheroma. • Coronary artery spasm. • Dissecting coronary aneurysm. • Myocardial bridging.
ATHEROMA
• A fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery, resulting from atherosclerosis.
surபைடு நூலகம்ounding hemorrhage.
Postmortem findings: •coronary atheroma. •areas of myocardial fibrosis. •rarely, areas of recent infarcts.
dissections is a rare condition,
mostly occurring in females particularly in the peripartum period. Usually presenting as
Cross photograph of ruptured aneurysm of right coronary artery and
Sites of coronary artery occlusion: •First 2 cm of the left anterior descending coronary artery. •Right coronary artery. •Circumflex coronary artery.
with atheroma. • Coronary artery spasm. • Dissecting coronary aneurysm. • Myocardial bridging.
ATHEROMA
• A fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery, resulting from atherosclerosis.
surபைடு நூலகம்ounding hemorrhage.
--高血压英文PPT精品课件_5
Hypertension is often symptom less, so screening is vital - before damage is done. Many surveys continue to show that hypertension remains under diagnosed, undertreated and poorly controlled in the UK
Approximately 25% are due to Reno vascular disease - most frequently atheromatous (e.g. elderly cigarette smokers with peripheral vascular disease) or fibromuscular dysplasia (more common in younger females). Endocrine disease
Secondary hypertension 5% Underlying cause
Causes of Secondary Hypertension
Renal disease
Approximately 75% are from intrinsic renal disease: glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic sclerosis, chronic pyelonephritis, or polycystic kidneys.
Hypertension, Introduction.
Hypertension is one of the most important preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality in the UK. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke (ischemic and haemorrhagic), myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death. Untreated hypertension may result in vascular and renal damage that can culminate in a treatment-resistant state.
Approximately 25% are due to Reno vascular disease - most frequently atheromatous (e.g. elderly cigarette smokers with peripheral vascular disease) or fibromuscular dysplasia (more common in younger females). Endocrine disease
Secondary hypertension 5% Underlying cause
Causes of Secondary Hypertension
Renal disease
Approximately 75% are from intrinsic renal disease: glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic sclerosis, chronic pyelonephritis, or polycystic kidneys.
Hypertension, Introduction.
Hypertension is one of the most important preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality in the UK. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke (ischemic and haemorrhagic), myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death. Untreated hypertension may result in vascular and renal damage that can culminate in a treatment-resistant state.
高血压(英文版) ppt课件
Hypertension
Introduction
Hypertension is a major public health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
<90
130140-159 140-149
Epidemiology
Prevalence rate （ 患 病 率 ） China: In 1959, In 1979, 5.11% 7.73% of hypertension in
In 1991,
11.88%
The prevalence of high BP increases with age. Hypertension is more common in men than in women up to age 50, after that age, hypertension is more common in women. Hypertension is more common in northern China than in southern China.
For instance:
21/3 1st visit: 146/98mmHg, 150/98mmHg 23/3 2nd visit: 128/84, 126/80
27/3 3rd visit: 130/80, 130/82
Notes(continue)
4. Optimal BP with respect to cardiovascular risk is less than 120/80 mmHg. However, unusually low readings should be evaluated for clinical significance. For example, 70/50 mmHg is less than 120/80 mmHg, but it is not optimal.
Introduction
Hypertension is a major public health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
<90
130140-159 140-149
Epidemiology
Prevalence rate （ 患 病 率 ） China: In 1959, In 1979, 5.11% 7.73% of hypertension in
In 1991,
11.88%
The prevalence of high BP increases with age. Hypertension is more common in men than in women up to age 50, after that age, hypertension is more common in women. Hypertension is more common in northern China than in southern China.
For instance:
21/3 1st visit: 146/98mmHg, 150/98mmHg 23/3 2nd visit: 128/84, 126/80
27/3 3rd visit: 130/80, 130/82
Notes(continue)
4. Optimal BP with respect to cardiovascular risk is less than 120/80 mmHg. However, unusually low readings should be evaluated for clinical significance. For example, 70/50 mmHg is less than 120/80 mmHg, but it is not optimal.
高血压英文PPT精品课件Cerebrovascular
deficit that has a sudden onset, lasts more than 24 hours, and results from cerebrovascular disease.
A stroke occurs when there is a disruption
of blood flow to a region of the brain.
Dysphasia: difficulty in speaking and putting words into the correTATIONS
A stroke is usually characterized by the sudden onset of focal neurological impairment.
About one-fourth of strokes are hemorrhagic, resulting from hypertensive vascular disease (which causes an intracerebral hemorrhage), a ruptured aneurysm, or an arteriovenous malformation.
Risk factors for stroke include smoking, hypertension, obesity, cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and use of birth control pills.
Prevention efforts focus on lifestyle changes that can modify risk factors.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A stroke occurs when there is a disruption
of blood flow to a region of the brain.
Dysphasia: difficulty in speaking and putting words into the correTATIONS
A stroke is usually characterized by the sudden onset of focal neurological impairment.
About one-fourth of strokes are hemorrhagic, resulting from hypertensive vascular disease (which causes an intracerebral hemorrhage), a ruptured aneurysm, or an arteriovenous malformation.
Risk factors for stroke include smoking, hypertension, obesity, cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and use of birth control pills.
Prevention efforts focus on lifestyle changes that can modify risk factors.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
《高血压英语》课件
了解高血压可能导致的一些严重健康问题，如心脏病、中风和肾脏问题。
预防与治疗
饮食
了解如何通过健康的饮食来预防和管理高血压。
减肥
了解如何通过控制体重来降低高血压的风险。
运动
探索适合高血压患者的运动方式，以维持健康。
药物治疗
介绍高血压的常用药物和治疗选项。
与高血压相关的英语词汇
1 血压
了解血压的定义和测量方 式。
2 心脏
探索心脏的结构和功能， 以及它与高血压之间的关 系。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3 动脉
了解动脉的作用和与高血 压的相关性。
4 血管
了解血管的结构和功能，以及其在高血压中 的角色。
5 测量血压的工具
介绍用于测量血压的不同工具和设备。
医生的面诊
了解在与医生交流时使用的常见英语表达，如病症描述和治疗方案。
处理心理问题
1
《高血压英语》PPT课件
# 高血压英语PPT课件 探索高血压的定义，症状和风险。了解如何预防和治疗高血压以及相关的英 语词汇。
什么是高血压？
高血压是一种常见的健康问题，也称为高血压。了解什么是高血压以及它对 身体的影响。
高血压的症状
探索高血压可能引起的一些常见症状，如头痛、头晕和呼吸困难。
高血压的风险
被诊断出患有高血压的心理反应
了解当你被诊断出患有高血压时可能出现的心理反应。
2
减轻心理负担的方法
探索如何通过积极的心理策略来减轻与高血压相关的心理负担。
3
支持小组
介绍参加支持小组的好处，并了解如何加入。
总结
高血压的关键知识点
简要回顾高血压的关键知识点， 以加强理解。
处理高血压的英语技能
预防与治疗
饮食
了解如何通过健康的饮食来预防和管理高血压。
减肥
了解如何通过控制体重来降低高血压的风险。
运动
探索适合高血压患者的运动方式，以维持健康。
药物治疗
介绍高血压的常用药物和治疗选项。
与高血压相关的英语词汇
1 血压
了解血压的定义和测量方 式。
2 心脏
探索心脏的结构和功能， 以及它与高血压之间的关 系。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3 动脉
了解动脉的作用和与高血 压的相关性。
4 血管
了解血管的结构和功能，以及其在高血压中 的角色。
5 测量血压的工具
介绍用于测量血压的不同工具和设备。
医生的面诊
了解在与医生交流时使用的常见英语表达，如病症描述和治疗方案。
处理心理问题
1
《高血压英语》PPT课件
# 高血压英语PPT课件 探索高血压的定义，症状和风险。了解如何预防和治疗高血压以及相关的英 语词汇。
什么是高血压？
高血压是一种常见的健康问题，也称为高血压。了解什么是高血压以及它对 身体的影响。
高血压的症状
探索高血压可能引起的一些常见症状，如头痛、头晕和呼吸困难。
高血压的风险
被诊断出患有高血压的心理反应
了解当你被诊断出患有高血压时可能出现的心理反应。
2
减轻心理负担的方法
探索如何通过积极的心理策略来减轻与高血压相关的心理负担。
3
支持小组
介绍参加支持小组的好处，并了解如何加入。
总结
高血压的关键知识点
简要回顾高血压的关键知识点， 以加强理解。
处理高血压的英语技能
高血压英语PPTPPT课件
Blood pressure readings of 180/110 mmHg or higher
Headache
Vision changes
Shortness of Breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Chest pain or discomfort
01
02
03
04
05
06
Symptoms of Hypertension
Mental stress
Sleep quality
Chronic stress
03
The HAZARDS of Hypertension
Increased risk of heart disease
High blood pressure can damage the heart muscle, leading to heart disease
Hypertension English PPT courseware
contents
目录
Introduction to Hypertension The causes of hypertension The HAZARDS of Hypertension Diagnosis and prevention of hypertension
Diagnostic method
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preventive measure
Healthy die: A balanced die rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce blood pressure Limiting salt and reducing intake of saturated fat and trans fat are also important
Headache
Vision changes
Shortness of Breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Chest pain or discomfort
01
02
03
04
05
06
Symptoms of Hypertension
Mental stress
Sleep quality
Chronic stress
03
The HAZARDS of Hypertension
Increased risk of heart disease
High blood pressure can damage the heart muscle, leading to heart disease
Hypertension English PPT courseware
contents
目录
Introduction to Hypertension The causes of hypertension The HAZARDS of Hypertension Diagnosis and prevention of hypertension
Diagnostic method
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preventive measure
Healthy die: A balanced die rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce blood pressure Limiting salt and reducing intake of saturated fat and trans fat are also important
高血压英文PPT精品课件_3
BPLTTC Meta-analysis: Stroke and CHD
Relative Risk of Stroke Relative Risk of CHD
Stroke
1.50
CHD
1.50
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
2 mm Hg decrease in mean SBP
7% reduction in risk of CHD mortality
10% reduction in risk of stroke mortality
Prospective Studies Collaboration. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-1913.
No Compelling Indications
Stage 1 140-159/90-99 Diuretics for most;
consider ACEI, ARB, B, CCB
Stage 2 BP 160/100 2-drug combo for
most (diuretic + ACEI, or ARB, or BB, or CCB)
What Is Hypertension?
JNC 7 Definitions
Blood Pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic
Diastolic
<120
and <80
120-139
or 80-89
140-159
or 90-99
≥160
高血压英文PPT精品课件Cardiovascular
Myocarditis Morphology
• Gross –dilated, flabby heart, pale patches with hemorrhage
• Microscopic – interstitial inflammatory infiltrate with myocyte necrosis, fibrosis
– Dilated Cardiomyopathy – Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Congestive Heart Failure
• Cardiac output insufficient for metabolic requirements of the body
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – myofiber dysarray – not all fibers are pulling the same direction. Thus the contraction is ineffective. However, the cardiac conduction system can have these same problems, which might cause the arrhythmias and sudden death these patients tend to die of.
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
高血压英文PPT精品课件CardiovascularDiseasePreventive
Acceptable methods of treatment must be available for the condition (YES).
The condition must have an asymptomatic period during which detection and treatment significantly reduce morbidity or mortality (YES).
CAD screening and EKG (4)
Stress testing (EKG only) more sensitive and specific than resting EKG, but many false + (not specific enough Still, only 1-11% w/ abnormalities suffered
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
Risk Factors, Screening to Prevent
Athertery disease (CAD) Cerebrovascular disease CVD) Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Reno-vascular dis. and renal failure (CRF) >> hypertension
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia
80%-90% of type II diabetics are obese Prevalence of obesity and of diabetes type II have risen in parallel since 1980. 33% increase in prevalence of D/M between 1990 and 1998
The condition must have an asymptomatic period during which detection and treatment significantly reduce morbidity or mortality (YES).
CAD screening and EKG (4)
Stress testing (EKG only) more sensitive and specific than resting EKG, but many false + (not specific enough Still, only 1-11% w/ abnormalities suffered
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
Risk Factors, Screening to Prevent
Athertery disease (CAD) Cerebrovascular disease CVD) Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Reno-vascular dis. and renal failure (CRF) >> hypertension
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia
80%-90% of type II diabetics are obese Prevalence of obesity and of diabetes type II have risen in parallel since 1980. 33% increase in prevalence of D/M between 1990 and 1998
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4
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Atherosclerosis
Progression
Inflammation of endothelium Cellular proliferation Macrophage migration LDL oxidation (foam cell formation) Fatty streak Fibrous plaque Complicated plaque
11
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Treatment for Hypertension
12
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis of the tunica intima and media
Malignant hypertension
Rapidly progressive hypertension Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mm Hg
Elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increases in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, or both
Complicated hypertension Malignant hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output
Isolated systolic hypertension
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Atherosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis Thickening and hardening is caused by
accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall Plaque development
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Hypertension
Primary hypertension
Essential or idiopathic hypertension Genetic and environmental factors Affects 90% to 95% of individuals with hypertension
10
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Complicated hypertension
Chronic hypertensive damage to the walls of systemic blood vessels
Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to the tunica intima
2
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Arteriosclerosis
3
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5
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Atherosclerosis
6Mosby items an derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Atherosclerosis
7
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8
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Primary Hypertension
9
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Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Acute orthostatic hypotension Chronic orthostatic hypotension
Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
Chapter 30
1
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Arteriosclerosis
Chronic disease of the arterial system
Abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension
Decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing
Lack of normal blood pressure compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Atherosclerosis
Progression
Inflammation of endothelium Cellular proliferation Macrophage migration LDL oxidation (foam cell formation) Fatty streak Fibrous plaque Complicated plaque
11
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Treatment for Hypertension
12
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis of the tunica intima and media
Malignant hypertension
Rapidly progressive hypertension Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mm Hg
Elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increases in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, or both
Complicated hypertension Malignant hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output
Isolated systolic hypertension
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Atherosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis Thickening and hardening is caused by
accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall Plaque development
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Hypertension
Primary hypertension
Essential or idiopathic hypertension Genetic and environmental factors Affects 90% to 95% of individuals with hypertension
10
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Complicated hypertension
Chronic hypertensive damage to the walls of systemic blood vessels
Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to the tunica intima
2
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Arteriosclerosis
3
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5
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Atherosclerosis
6Mosby items an derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Atherosclerosis
7
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
8
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Primary Hypertension
9
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Acute orthostatic hypotension Chronic orthostatic hypotension
Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
Chapter 30
1
Diseases of the Arteries and Veins
Arteriosclerosis
Chronic disease of the arterial system
Abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension
Decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing
Lack of normal blood pressure compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation