--高血压英文PPT精品课件_8
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高血压(英文版) ppt课件
Hypertension
Introduction
Hypertension is a major public health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
<90
130140-159 140-149
Epidemiology
Prevalence rate （ 患 病 率 ） China: In 1959, In 1979, 5.11% 7.73% of hypertension in
In 1991,
11.88%
The prevalence of high BP increases with age. Hypertension is more common in men than in women up to age 50, after that age, hypertension is more common in women. Hypertension is more common in northern China than in southern China.
For instance:
21/3 1st visit: 146/98mmHg, 150/98mmHg 23/3 2nd visit: 128/84, 126/80
27/3 3rd visit: 130/80, 130/82
Notes(continue)
4. Optimal BP with respect to cardiovascular risk is less than 120/80 mmHg. However, unusually low readings should be evaluated for clinical significance. For example, 70/50 mmHg is less than 120/80 mmHg, but it is not optimal.
Introduction
Hypertension is a major public health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
<90
130140-159 140-149
Epidemiology
Prevalence rate （ 患 病 率 ） China: In 1959, In 1979, 5.11% 7.73% of hypertension in
In 1991,
11.88%
The prevalence of high BP increases with age. Hypertension is more common in men than in women up to age 50, after that age, hypertension is more common in women. Hypertension is more common in northern China than in southern China.
For instance:
21/3 1st visit: 146/98mmHg, 150/98mmHg 23/3 2nd visit: 128/84, 126/80
27/3 3rd visit: 130/80, 130/82
Notes(continue)
4. Optimal BP with respect to cardiovascular risk is less than 120/80 mmHg. However, unusually low readings should be evaluated for clinical significance. For example, 70/50 mmHg is less than 120/80 mmHg, but it is not optimal.
高血压英文PPT精品课件Developmentalabnormalitiesandinflammat
Polycystic kidney (ADPKD)
Frequency: 1: 400-1000
CRF 5-10%
AD
PKD1 : 16p13.3
polycystin-1
PKD2 : 4q21
polycystin-2
(85%) RF: 40 y.: 5%, 50 y: 35%, 60 y.: 70%, 70y: 95%
† cause: 40 % : coronary / hypertensive heart disease 25 % : infection 15 % : aneurysm rupture, hypertensive
intracerebral haemorrhage 20% : other causes
acidosis, neurological, GI, cardiovascular sequales
End-stage: GFR: < 5%
General signs of renal insufficiency Fluid /electrolite
Dehydration Oedema Hyperkalaemia Metabolic acidosis
(15%) RF:
0, 5, 15, 45
Scenario of the development of the ADPKD
Mutation
Cell-cell, cell-matrix relation abnormality
Altered epithelial proliferation, and. differentiation
Renal dysplasia (Cystic renal dysplasia)
高血压 英语PPT课件
• "Blood pressure" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.
9
Signs and Symptoms of High
Blood Pressure
• High blood pressure (HBP) itself usually has no signs or symptoms. Rarely, headaches may occur.
• Some people only learn that they have HBP after the damage has caused problems, such as coronary hear disease, stroke, or kidney failure.
7
• For some women, blood pressure can rise if they use birth control pills, become pregnant, or take hormone therapy.
• Children younger than 10 years old who have HBP often have another condition that's causing it (such as kidney disease).
8
• An inherited genetic factors: about half of patients have family history of hypertension
9
Signs and Symptoms of High
Blood Pressure
• High blood pressure (HBP) itself usually has no signs or symptoms. Rarely, headaches may occur.
• Some people only learn that they have HBP after the damage has caused problems, such as coronary hear disease, stroke, or kidney failure.
7
• For some women, blood pressure can rise if they use birth control pills, become pregnant, or take hormone therapy.
• Children younger than 10 years old who have HBP often have another condition that's causing it (such as kidney disease).
8
• An inherited genetic factors: about half of patients have family history of hypertension
《高血压英语》课件
了解高血压可能导致的一些严重健康问题，如心脏病、中风和肾脏问题。
预防与治疗
饮食
了解如何通过健康的饮食来预防和管理高血压。
减肥
了解如何通过控制体重来降低高血压的风险。
运动
探索适合高血压患者的运动方式，以维持健康。
药物治疗
介绍高血压的常用药物和治疗选项。
与高血压相关的英语词汇
1 血压
了解血压的定义和测量方 式。
2 心脏
探索心脏的结构和功能， 以及它与高血压之间的关 系。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3 动脉
了解动脉的作用和与高血 压的相关性。
4 血管
了解血管的结构和功能，以及其在高血压中 的角色。
5 测量血压的工具
介绍用于测量血压的不同工具和设备。
医生的面诊
了解在与医生交流时使用的常见英语表达，如病症描述和治疗方案。
处理心理问题
1
《高血压英语》PPT课件
# 高血压英语PPT课件 探索高血压的定义，症状和风险。了解如何预防和治疗高血压以及相关的英 语词汇。
什么是高血压？
高血压是一种常见的健康问题，也称为高血压。了解什么是高血压以及它对 身体的影响。
高血压的症状
探索高血压可能引起的一些常见症状，如头痛、头晕和呼吸困难。
高血压的风险
被诊断出患有高血压的心理反应
了解当你被诊断出患有高血压时可能出现的心理反应。
2
减轻心理负担的方法
探索如何通过积极的心理策略来减轻与高血压相关的心理负担。
3
支持小组
介绍参加支持小组的好处，并了解如何加入。
总结
高血压的关键知识点
简要回顾高血压的关键知识点， 以加强理解。
处理高血压的英语技能
预防与治疗
饮食
了解如何通过健康的饮食来预防和管理高血压。
减肥
了解如何通过控制体重来降低高血压的风险。
运动
探索适合高血压患者的运动方式，以维持健康。
药物治疗
介绍高血压的常用药物和治疗选项。
与高血压相关的英语词汇
1 血压
了解血压的定义和测量方 式。
2 心脏
探索心脏的结构和功能， 以及它与高血压之间的关 系。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3 动脉
了解动脉的作用和与高血 压的相关性。
4 血管
了解血管的结构和功能，以及其在高血压中 的角色。
5 测量血压的工具
介绍用于测量血压的不同工具和设备。
医生的面诊
了解在与医生交流时使用的常见英语表达，如病症描述和治疗方案。
处理心理问题
1
《高血压英语》PPT课件
# 高血压英语PPT课件 探索高血压的定义，症状和风险。了解如何预防和治疗高血压以及相关的英 语词汇。
什么是高血压？
高血压是一种常见的健康问题，也称为高血压。了解什么是高血压以及它对 身体的影响。
高血压的症状
探索高血压可能引起的一些常见症状，如头痛、头晕和呼吸困难。
高血压的风险
被诊断出患有高血压的心理反应
了解当你被诊断出患有高血压时可能出现的心理反应。
2
减轻心理负担的方法
探索如何通过积极的心理策略来减轻与高血压相关的心理负担。
3
支持小组
介绍参加支持小组的好处，并了解如何加入。
总结
高血压的关键知识点
简要回顾高血压的关键知识点， 以加强理解。
处理高血压的英语技能
--高血压英文PPT精品课件Blood
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Risk Factors
• Major diet and hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes
• Rare before age 50 • Throbbing pain • Visual disturbances • Temporal artery • Corticosteroids • Polymyalgia rheumatica
Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant Cell Arteritis
Blood Vessels
Frank A. Acevedo, PA-C
Vascular Abnormalities
• Narrowing of the lumen • Thrombosis • Weakening of the walls
Normal
• Intima - Endothelial Cells • Media - Smooth Muscle Cells • Adventitia - Connective Tissue
Wegener’s Granulomatosis
Buerger’s Disease
• Thromboangitis obliterans • Cigarette smoking • “instep” claudication
• Minor obesity, lack of exercise, age, male, family history, stress, BCP, High CHO intake, hyperhomocysteinemia
高血压英文PPT精品课件HYPERTENSIONANDVASCULAR
Moderation of alcohol consumption
Hale Waihona Puke Limit consumption to no more than 2 drinks (1 oz or 30 mL ethanol; eg, 24 2–4 mm Hg oz beer, 10 oz wine, or 3 oz 80-proof whiskey) per day in most men and to no more than 1 drink per day in women and lighter-weight persons.
(elevated serum creatinine,
▪(2) Renovascular disease
abnormal urinalysis),
(abdominal bruits)
▪(3) APKD-autosomal dominant
polycystic kidney disease (abdominal or flank masses)
Prehypertension:
recheck in 1 year
2. Stage 1 hypertension: SBP 140–159 or DBP 90–99
Stage 1 hypertension:
confirm within 2 months
2 separate office visits)
▪(5) Primary hyperaldosteronism
(hypokalemia)
7
JNC VII 2003 recommendations
Normal: recheck in 2 years (see Comments)
高血压(英文版) ppt课件
Etiology and pathogenesis of EH
No
cause can be established Possible mechanisms Genetic tendency
Spontaneous hypertension rat EH tends to cluster in families
Classification of Blood Pressure Levels (mmHg)
Category Systolic Diastolic Hypotension??? <60 Optimal <120 <80 Normal <130 <85 High-normal 139 85-89 Grade 1 hypertension(mild) 90-99 Subgroup: borderline 90-94
Optional investigations
Plasma renin( 肾 素 ) activity & aldosterone (醛固酮), urinary VMA（香草杏仁酸），to identify secondary hypertension Echocardiography, to detect ventricular hypertrophy Vascular ultrasonography should be performed if arterial disease is suspected. Renal ultrasonography should be performed if renal disease is suspected.
perhaps by catecholamines儿茶酚胺
【高血压精品英文课件】高血压 Hypertension
Pathophysiology
Hypertensive Emergency
Failure of normal autoregulatory function Leads to a sharp increase in systemic
vascular resistance Endovascular injury with arteriole necrosis Ischemia, platelet deposition and release of
Epidemiology
Why should we care about hypertension?
One of the most common chronic medical concerns in the US
Affects >30% of the population > age 20 Risk factor for
vasoactive substances Further loss of autoregulatory mechanism Exposes organs to increased pressure
Diagnosis and Recognition
Presentation
Always present with a new onset symptom
Take a good history
History of HTN and previous control Medications with dosage and compliance Illicit drug use, OTC drugs
Diagnosis and Recognition
Normal BP
高血压英语PPTPPT课件
Blood pressure readings of 180/110 mmHg or higher
Headache
Vision changes
Shortness of Breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Chest pain or discomfort
01
02
03
04
05
06
Symptoms of Hypertension
Mental stress
Sleep quality
Chronic stress
03
The HAZARDS of Hypertension
Increased risk of heart disease
High blood pressure can damage the heart muscle, leading to heart disease
Hypertension English PPT courseware
contents
目录
Introduction to Hypertension The causes of hypertension The HAZARDS of Hypertension Diagnosis and prevention of hypertension
Diagnostic method
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preventive measure
Healthy die: A balanced die rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce blood pressure Limiting salt and reducing intake of saturated fat and trans fat are also important
Headache
Vision changes
Shortness of Breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Chest pain or discomfort
01
02
03
04
05
06
Symptoms of Hypertension
Mental stress
Sleep quality
Chronic stress
03
The HAZARDS of Hypertension
Increased risk of heart disease
High blood pressure can damage the heart muscle, leading to heart disease
Hypertension English PPT courseware
contents
目录
Introduction to Hypertension The causes of hypertension The HAZARDS of Hypertension Diagnosis and prevention of hypertension
Diagnostic method
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preventive measure
Healthy die: A balanced die rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce blood pressure Limiting salt and reducing intake of saturated fat and trans fat are also important
【高血压英文PPT精品课件】 Improving Blood Pressure Treatment
100 80
66.5
60 40 20
0
84**
8*9* 8*3*.4
89**.3
68
70.9
65.9
73.4
No-Disease Dyslipidemia Mets DM CKD Stroke CHF PAD CAD
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 when compared to No-Disease group Treatment is in persons with HTN
53.7
55
50
48.3
40 30
30.7 33.3
35.2 28.2
35.4 28.5
39.1 28.9
27.8 26.5
20
10
0 Men
Women White
Black Hispanic
Prevalence Treatment Control
10
Prevalence (%) of HTN in US Adults, by Disease Status (Wong et al, Arch Intern Med 2007, in press)
Prevalence of HTN (%)
100 80 60 40
23.1
20 Mean age0(y): 53.5
51.*8*
7*6*.8 6*1*.5
59.3
54.8 60.5
81**.8 6*9*.5
** **
71.4 73.7
7**3
76.1 65.9 68.2 69.3 67.2
No-Disease Dyslipidemia Mets DM CKD Stroke CHF PAD CAD
高血压英文PPT精品课件Cardiovascular
Myocarditis Morphology
• Gross –dilated, flabby heart, pale patches with hemorrhage
• Microscopic – interstitial inflammatory infiltrate with myocyte necrosis, fibrosis
– Dilated Cardiomyopathy – Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Congestive Heart Failure
• Cardiac output insufficient for metabolic requirements of the body
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – myofiber dysarray – not all fibers are pulling the same direction. Thus the contraction is ineffective. However, the cardiac conduction system can have these same problems, which might cause the arrhythmias and sudden death these patients tend to die of.
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
高血压英文PPT精品课件HYPERTENSIVE
GRADE 2 HTR
SEVERE GENERALIZED AND FOCAL ARTERIOLAR CONSTRICTION
A-V CROSSING CHANGES (SALUS SIGN)
GRADE 3 HTR
Copper wiring of arterioles Venous banking distal to A-V
the arterial & venous circulation
Green et al – Thrombus formation in the region of lamina cribrosa is the primary event
GRADE 4 HTR
All changes of grade 3
Silver wiring of arterioles
Disc edema
Ocular associations of hypertension
Retinal vein occlusion
• CRVO (Central Retinal Vein Occlusion)
crossing (bonnet’s sn) Venous tapering on either
side of crossing (gunn’s sn) Right angle deflection of
veins. Flame shaped hemorrhages
cotton wool spots, hard exudates.
• HRVO (Hemi Retinal Vein Occlusion)
• BRVO (Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion) Constitutes 69.5 % of all RVO cases
高血压英文PPT精品课件PATHWAYSTOHEARTFAILUREINARTERIAL
DEFINITION AND CRITERIA TO BE ACCOMPLISHED BY A BIOMARKER
A biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evalcal processes, pathologic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention
A biomarker must accomplish several criteria
related to its technical measurement in blood . Feasible measurement
. Highly sensitive and specific . Able to be reproduced and standardized . With low inherent error in the measurement
InGenious HyperCare Integrating genomics, clinical research and care
in hypertension
Genetic, genomics and proteomics of transition from hypertension to heart failure
Criteria of appliability as therapeutic targets
its mechanisms, and assess (Berk BC et ala, JdCelqinuIantveelsyt 2t0r0e7;a1t1m7:5e6n8-t575)
高血压英文PPT精品课件CardiovascularDiseasePreventive
Acceptable methods of treatment must be available for the condition (YES).
The condition must have an asymptomatic period during which detection and treatment significantly reduce morbidity or mortality (YES).
CAD screening and EKG (4)
Stress testing (EKG only) more sensitive and specific than resting EKG, but many false + (not specific enough Still, only 1-11% w/ abnormalities suffered
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
Risk Factors, Screening to Prevent
Athertery disease (CAD) Cerebrovascular disease CVD) Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Reno-vascular dis. and renal failure (CRF) >> hypertension
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia
80%-90% of type II diabetics are obese Prevalence of obesity and of diabetes type II have risen in parallel since 1980. 33% increase in prevalence of D/M between 1990 and 1998
The condition must have an asymptomatic period during which detection and treatment significantly reduce morbidity or mortality (YES).
CAD screening and EKG (4)
Stress testing (EKG only) more sensitive and specific than resting EKG, but many false + (not specific enough Still, only 1-11% w/ abnormalities suffered
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
Risk Factors, Screening to Prevent
Athertery disease (CAD) Cerebrovascular disease CVD) Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Reno-vascular dis. and renal failure (CRF) >> hypertension
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia
80%-90% of type II diabetics are obese Prevalence of obesity and of diabetes type II have risen in parallel since 1980. 33% increase in prevalence of D/M between 1990 and 1998
高血压英文PPT精品课件Hypertensioninthe
Clinical Findings
• Of Complications/TOD
– Brain: H/A, N/V, meningism, FND, delirium, decreased LOC, seizures, coma
– Retina: blurred vision, papilledema (IV) +/- cotton wool exudate, flame shape hg, AV nipping and silver wiring (G I-III in chronic Htn)
Definitions: Hypertensive
Crisis (Severe Htn)
• Hypertensive Urgency:
– SBP >180 or DBP>110 w/o TOD
• Hypertensive Emergency (Malignant Htn):
– SBP >180 or DBP>110 (esp >120) or accelerated htn wt TOD – TODs: 1. Brain: Hypertensive encephalopathy/edema, ICH, ischemic
• In the last week, the headaches have become much more severe and frequent, occurring almost daily, and are accompanied by throbbing chest pain, sweating, dizziness and palpitations.
– Including microvascular thrombosis
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CHGA genetic variation: Risk factor for hypertensive ESRD in blacks
Estimator of RR: Odds ratio (OR). Given a risk factor, OR = (have trait/do not have trait).
WHAT IS A ÒCOMPLEX TRAITÓ?
Trait = phenotype.
Disease causation/etiology/origin: The old conundrum of: ÒNature (heredity) versus nurture (environment)Ó. How to solve this riddle: Family/pedigree or twin studies (see below).
Gene3
Common environment
Polygenic background
APPROACHES TO COMPLEX TRAITS.
(Genetic) epide miology. Demographics (age, sex, ethnicity, geography, fam hx). ÒRiskÓ (susceptibility) factors (see above). Relative risk (RR): Given a risk factor, what is the increase in trait
PURPOSE. In the next two hours, we plan to cover the role of heredity and genes in
very common, non-Mendelian traits that are frequently seen by primary care physicians. We will illustrate how we establish the role of heredity on any trait, and then methods to position the particular genes that influence such a trait.
3
3
7
20
6
2
2
5
15
4 3
10
1
1
2
5
1
0
0
0
0
Complex Trait Modege
Gene1
disequilibrium
Linkage Association
Mode of inheritance
Gene2
Disease Phenotype
Individual environment
prevalence? Estimator of RR: Odds ratio (OR). Given a risk factor, OR = (have trait/do
not have trait). OR +/- confidence interval (+/-95% CI) versus reference (no risk) =1. No risk: RR or OR = 1. OR +/- CI >>1 Risk (susceptibility) factor. OR +/- CI <<1 Protective factor. Test by 2 (2x2 contingency table).
Frequency. Most (>95%) of the disease encountered in internal medicine, family
medicine, pediatrics, neurology, or psychiatry is complex, and its origin is not well understood. Not clearly completely hereditary (Mendelian) or environmental. Read: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, stroke, aneurysm, asthma, COPD, diabetes, obesity, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder . . .
get the trait. Some people who do not have the gene still get the trait.
Bimodality: Hallmark of a major gene effect on a quantitative trait.
Bimodality: Hallmark of a major gene effect on a quantitative trait.
Gene tics of comple x human dise ase traits. Daniel T. OÕConnor, M.D. Department of Medicine. Nopm-252. First year curriculum in human genetics. Wed Apr 1, 2009. CMME-2047.
Polygenic Traits
1 Gene
3 Genotypes 3 Phenotypes
2 Genes
9 Genotypes 5 Phenotypes
3 Genes
27 Genotypes 7 Phenotypes
4 Genes
81 Genotypes 9 Phenotypes
Multifactorial: Genes, environment, gene-by-environment interactions.
Non-Me nde lian. Mendelian: Gene Trait (1:1; high penetrance ~100%). Non-Mendelian: Only partial penetrance. Some people with the gene do not