adaptation theory

合集下载

Adaptation及其新发展

C. These choices are made with various degree of consciousness.
• On some occasions, it is plausible that we are highly conscious of our linguistic choices.
• Characteristically, talking or using language expressively and/or communicatively consists of constantly making linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal(i.e. structural) and/or language-external reasons.
• The adaptability of language is embodied in its variability and negotiability. • Variability: the property of language which defines the range of
possibilities from which choices can be made. • Examples: John asks someone for a ride, the available choices are:
• The answers that the Adaptation Theory offers is: language is an adaptable means of human life and survival.

顺应论

(Zhao Huawei,2009)
LOGO
●From 1987 when Verschueren first proposed the notion of adaptation till 1999 when a comprehensive linguistic adaptation theory was presented, this theory attracted a great deal of attentions both in China and abroad. Strong responses from many researchers and scholars further contributed to the development of the theory. Chinese scholars reacted strongly towards the adaptation theory after it was introduced to China. In the next section, a brief review of the studies on the topic in China will be presented.
LOGO
2.2 Chinese scholars’ view
●The first systematic introduction to linguistic adaptation theory was in 1991 by Qian Guanlian. About ten years later in 2000, Qian discussed the theoretical origins and construction, on the basis he further summarized that Understanding Pragmatics presented a basic question, three key notions and four angles for investigation.

13 Adaptation Theory顺应论

13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
Defined
as the study of linguistic adaptation or adaptability, pragmatics is necessarily a discipline that undertakes the analysis of verbal communication as a form of adaptation vital to life and survival.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
Adaptability
refers to the property of language which enables human beings to make negotiable linguistic choices from a variable range of options in such a way as to approach points of satisfaction for communicative needs.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
It
is the variability and negotiability of language that make its adaptability possible. related notions must be invoked to understand the dynamic process of choicemaking characteristics of language use.

顺应论概况

1.顺应论的由来
语用综观
“综观”是顺应理论总的指导思想。宏观上，它指对语言使用现象从认知、社会、文化方面进行综合观察；微观上，它包括在语言结构所有层次上对语言的选择与顺应作全面、细致的考察。
2.顺应论的理论来源
进化认识论语言起源或进化说语言习得的研究 “局部的”顺应性解释
3.顺应论的核心概念
使用语言是一个不断选择语言的过程，这种选择可能是有意识或
无意识的活动，可能是由语言内部原因或外部原因驱动的。
Variability 变异性
Variability is the property of language which defines the range of possibility from which choices can be made. It is dynamic rather than static.
Variability 变异性
就变异性而言，语言选择的范围并非静止不变而是不断变化的。一些陈旧的表达可能会很少使用甚至不再使用，而同时又有新的表达产生。
Negotiability 商讨性
Choices are not made mechanically or according to strict rules or fixed form-function relationships, but rather on the basis of highly flexible principles and strategies that are both rational and reflexive.
出发点选择的前提和基础手段与策略目的和归宿
References
Verschueren , J. (1999). Understanding Pragmatics. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社.

A Theory of Adaptation. By Linda Hutcheon

discourse whose “literariness” can be studied (18). Several chapters are stunning in the scope and development of their argument—most notably, to my mind, the ﬁ nal four chapters dealing with “Critical Practices.” Beyond the stellar quality of the book in general, I particularly enjoy Culler’s commitment to a position—for instance, his anxiety about studying the notion of omniscience “while observing a president who . . . manifestly thinks he has nothing to learn from anyone, and is convinced of the infallibility of his judgment of evil in its accordance with God’s” (184), and, elsewhere, his dismissal of Denis Dutton’s simple-minded thinking with which I’ll conclude this review. Dutton, an analytic philosopher, edits Philosophy and Literature , which annually conducts its Bad Writing Contest, an award based on “a sentence or two” and given to a published work that obfuscates ideas through “jargon-laden prose” which “sug-gests but never delivers genuine insight” (208). Culler properly turns the screw: “I think this is complete rubbish, actually. I wonder who it is who has failed to do serious intellectual work” (208). Culler’s book works wonders, indeed.John DolisPenn State University, ScrantonA Theory of Adaptation . By Linda Hutcheon. New York: Routledge, 2006. xvi + 232 pp. $22.95.Linda Hutcheon’s new book on adaptation begins with the statement, “[a]dapting is a bit like redecorating,” which is an apt description of what is happening across the media landscape today. Interior design shows have revitalized countless homes with new paint and selective staging, bestselling novels have revisited familiar characters and settings without their original authors, ﬁ lm narratives move from the screen to the stage then back to the screen in a few short years, and video games extend classic ﬁ lms and television programs in order to allow gamers to navigate (and often shoot their way) through familiar cinematic environments. With an understanding of this new terrain, A Theory of Adaptation supplements comparative adaptation theory with a critical overview of the entire process of adaptation—the what, who, why, how, where, and when of media incarnations based on previous works. comparative literature studies, vol. 45, no. 3, 2008.Copyright © 2008. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.C O M P A R A T I V E L I T E R A T U R E S T UD IE S404405B O O K R E V I E W SIn doing so, Hutcheon stages a new approach to evaluating the adaptation that considers not only narrative strategies, but also the mediums in which they are presented.The structure of the book provides a concise overview of the exchanges that occur during the process of adaptation across various media forms. Following the lead of Robert Stam, Hutcheon moves the argument about adaptation beyond ﬁ delity, which seems primarily invested in chasing loss, into far more productive critical territory. The ﬁ rst section of the book addresses issues of audience reception related to adapted works. What makes this approach unique is that Hutcheon is interested in understanding the experience of adaptation. She notes: “Part of this pleasure, I want to argue, comes simply from repetition with variation, from the comfort of ritual combined with the piquancy of surprise” (4). Hutcheon identiﬁ es a primary industrial imperative within the contemporary entertainment industry, which is a pattern of repetitive media consumption across a range of forms. For this reason, adaptations dominate the media landscape from video games to television spin-offs to webisodes, establishing what producers hope will be an ongoing entertainment experience without boundaries. Hutcheon draws us into a study of the “politics of intertextuality” (xii) in order to understand that adaptations exist not in a hierarchy of source material and recreation, but rather as works that are in dialogue.Chapter 2 covers the exchanges between telling and showing in r elation to media speciﬁ city. Hutcheon gives special attention to the aspects of per-formance, speciﬁ cally interpretations encompassing gesture, dialogue, and the voice—areas of media studies that have often been neglected in the past. She even extends this analysis of gesture into the area of video games, which is highly relevant to this emerging entertainment form and new media theory. Subsequently, chapter 3 deals with the “who” and “why” of the adaptation, speciﬁ cally considering authorship as “interpretation” with the understanding that media production is collaborative on every level. Hutcheon presents this analysis against the backdrop of intellectual property concerns, speciﬁ cally the legal constraints related to availability of rights, even with works in the public domain. The “why” of adaptation is expanded to consider the nature of cultural capital. For example, media producers must constantly evaluate the viability of an adaptation through an understanding of the audience’s previous awareness of a story and often match this with the institutional imperatives of the distributors, whether that might be PBS or a speciﬁ c theatrical company, which caters to speciﬁ c demographics or audiences. The ﬁ nal chapters of the book address the how, when, and where of the adaptation process, in which Hutcheon connects adaptation to the larger cultural ﬁ eld, speciﬁ cally to celebrity, current events,406C O M P A R A T I V E L I T E R A T U R E S T UD IE Sand transcultural considerations of race and gender. This analysis becomes p articularly important as Hollywood reaches beyond its borders to borrow stories from other nations to create ﬁ lms like The Departed and V anilla Sky.Hutcheon avoids extended case studies, opting instead for examples drawn from many sources in a form of meta-analysis. This approach is simultaneously a strength and weakness. Overall, the author demonstrates an extensive com-mand of examples from novels, the stage, ﬁ lm, and even radio and theme parks, but an extended examination of one or two of these areas might have served as a model for future analysis by students and scholars. The attention paid to this range of works will undoubtedly provoke dynamic and shifting debates within seminars at both the undergraduate and graduate level. For the general reader, The Theory of Adaptation asks audiences to think not just about which was better, the book or the ﬁ lm (or the video game or the theme park ride), but rather what is this process saying about “the human imagination” (177).William WhittingtonUniversity of Southern CaliforniaRomantic Theory: Forms of Reﬂ exivity in the Revolutionary Era. By Leon Chai. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. xx + 283 pp. $55.00.The nine chapters of this thoughtful portrait of the Romantic period survey key transformations in European thought in the wake of the French Revolu-tion. According to Leon Chai, the writing as well as the scientiﬁ c research of the period are best understood through their explicitly articulated rela-tionship with the process of thinking, or with a mode of reﬂ exivity that can be associated with “theory.” However, because his paradigm is broad, Chai identiﬁ es several tendencies unique to the “revolutionary era,” writing, for example, that “the dominant topoi” of high Romantic theory include “the spatial treatment of concepts, the primacy of development over concepts, and, ﬁ nally, the creation of metatheory” (xiv). These are taken as symptoms of the Romantic turn and as the deﬁ ning foundations of contemporarycomparative literature studies,vol.45, no.3, 2008.Copyright © 2008. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.。

Adaptation-theory教学提纲

A d a p t a t i o n-t h e o r yAdaptation Theory1.IntroductionVerschueren’s Adaptation Theory appeared as a complete and mature theory in 1999 when his book Undersatnding Pragmatics was published. Compared with traditional views on pragmatics, Verschueren detaches pragmatics from the traditional linguistic braches, regards language use as the object of pragmatics. On his approach, “pragmatics does not constitute an additional component of a theory of language, but it offers a different perspective” (Verschueren, 2000: 2). He defines pragmatics as “a general cognitive, social and cultural perspective on linguistic phenomenon in relation to their usage in forms of behaviour (ibid:7). He takes pragmatics as a functional perspective, instead of taking it as one brach of linguistics along aside with phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.2.Linguistic choices makingUsing language must consist of the continuous making of linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal and/or language-external reasons. These choices can be situated at any level of linguistic forms: phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic (Verschueren, 2000: 55-56). Making choices is a two-way process which requires the choice both in the producing and interpreting an utterance. There are some features in the process of choice making:●Choices are indeed made at every possible level of structure which ranges fromphonetic, phonological, morphological to syntactic, lexical and semantic, etc;●Speakers do not only choose forms but also strategies;●The process of choice making may show various degrees of consciousness;●Choices are made both in producing and interpreting an utterance;● A language user has no freedom og choice between choosing and not choosing,except that at the level where he or she can decide either too use language or to remain silent;●Influenced and restricted by the social and cultural factors, choices are notequivalent for every user.3.Three key notions of language use●Variability: is the property of language which defines the range of possibilityfrom which choices can be made. It is dynamic rather than static. E.g.A: Where is Acton?B1: He died two weeks ago.B2: He has been asleep in the arms of God.B3: He went to his long home.●Negotiability: choices are not made mechanically or according to strictictrules or fixed from-function relationships, but rather on the basis of highlyflexible principles and strategies. E.g.A: How is my boy in school?B1: He must be taught right from wrong.B2: He needs to be brought back into the mainstream.●Adaptability enables human beings to make negotiable linguistic choicesfrom a variable range of possibilities in such a way as to approach points ofsatisfaction for communicative need. It is based in the previous twoproperties of language variablity and negotiability. E.g.A: How does he get along with his classmaates?B1: The student is a bully. He is quarrelsome and browbeats, frightens or hurts smaller or weaker puplils.B2: He needs help in learning to use his leadership qualities democratically.4.Four angles of adaptation●Contextual correlates of adaptability. It includes all the ingredients of thecommunicative contexts with which linguitic choices have to be interadaptable.The range goes from aspects of the physical surrounding to social relationships between speakers and hearers and the interlocutors’ state of mind.Physical worldProduction Social world interpretationMintal world●Structural objects of adaptability. The process of choice-making takes place at allpossible levels of linguistic structure that involves variability of any layer ofstructure, from sound to discourse. The language user selects linguistic structures in a wide range of linguitic realities in order to adapt to the spefic context.Richard: Can I drive you home?Elexandra: No thanks. The train is just up the street. It won’t take me long at all.Philip: She is a smart young lady, and very nice.●Dynamics concerns more the nature and development over time of therelationship between context and structure. It refers to actual processes ofadaptation in which, language use generates meaning dynamically by making use of the context-and structure-related tools. E.g.1.I hereby bequeath all my possessions to my wife. (Only after decalringthis sentence in court can the wish become effective.)2.I take Mary Alice to be my wedded wife. (in a Catholic weddingceremony and this oath can be declared void at a later time if themarriage is not consummated.)Salience. It clearly shows the status of adaptation process in people’s minds.Degree of the salience of the adaptation processes are basically a function of the operation of the reflexive awareness involved in language use. Not all choices, whether in production or interpretation, are made equally consciously orunconsciously. Some are virtually automatic and others are highly motivated.In all these four aspects, the ‘mind in society’ plays a crucial role in making evry decision. The using of labguage to express meaning is a dynamic process, in which the relationship between context and structure is influenced by the different degrees of salience. The Adaptaion Theory presents the major concptual framework for universal pragmatic phenomena.5.Adaptbility and adaptationAdaptability is the property of language which enables human beings to make negotiable linguistic choices from a variable range of possibilities in such a way as to approach points of satisfaction for communicative needs. Adaptation is a dynamic process in which language producers manipulate linguistic structures to adjust to the contextual demands in accordance with their intentions so that they can succeed in achieving their overaall communicaative needs. The adaptability of language is one of the prerequisites which make the process of adaptabilty. Other prerequisites are variability and negotiability. All linguistic choices are results of linguistic adaptation, no matter it is made automatically or highly motivated. The objects to which linguistic structures adapt cover both intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors.。

13AdaptationTheory顺应论

13.2 Language use as choice-making
A. These choices are made at every possible level of linguistic structure.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
Defined as the study of linguistic adaptation or adaptability, pragmatics is necessarily a discipline that undertakes the analysis of verbal communication as a form of adaptation vital to life and survival.
13.1 Adaptability, variability and negotiability
A fundamental question the Adaptation Theory raises is what and how language contributes to life and survival.
13.2 Language use as choice-making
Talking or using language expressively and /or communicatively consists of constantly making linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal (i.e. structural) and /or language-external reasons.

维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观

纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，其中折射出的语言哲学观具体表现在以下三方面： 1. 意义观维特根斯坦认为应将意义理解为人类语言活动中的重要内容，应把语言放到动态的交际过程中，并联系语境来分析意义。“这里的意义已不是传统的字面义，而是动态的‘非自然意义’ 。隐含意义问题，即“意义真空”现象也正是维索尔伦关注的焦点。说话者在交流过程中所用语句与其意欲表达的意义之间存在差距。并且力求澄清隐含意义的确定含意，这与语用学主流理论乃至整个语言学的研究体系相一致，其宗旨就是从不确定中寻找确定。
小结
言语顺应在交际过程中并不总会做出积极的
贡献；顺应普遍性的基础仍是悬而未决的问题，并且顺应论与其它语用理论如何形成一个有效互补的整体还有待探究。顺应论的提出既融贯了一些语用学中的主导性内容，又力求提炼并且超越传统。理解顺应论就应该在语用现象与哲学性的互动中把握两者的内在相关性。维索尔伦顺应论从更多元、更深刻、更丰满的角度拓宽了语用学的研究视角，具有为语言事实提供有意义的功能解释的可能性，
语境观语用分析方法的客观性及其意义是以语境的实在性为前提的。“语言顺应的本质是‘语言是人类与其生存环境之间相互作用的一系列适应现象之一’。维索尔伦认为语言顺应不是单向的,而是双向的或多维的,语言顺应环境、或环境顺应语言,或两者同时顺应。” 维索尔伦的语境观具有达尔文进化认识论的哲学内涵，选择是手段，适应是目的也是结果。既然选择在语言使用中普遍存在，顺应也应具有普遍性。

从维索尔伦意义研究的核心来看，他更多地汲取了日常语言研究中功用论的思想养料，用商讨性和变异性来概括语言意义的特点。维氏也继承了功能主义的语言观，动态地考察语言的动态功能，因为他的研究目标就是“语言与人类生命的其他特征的功能相关性”。维索尔伦的动态顺应正反映了语言使用者在与他人的交往中，主动去选择说话的内容，说话的方式等等。意义是通过人与人之间的互动协商而建构出来的，意义只关乎语言使用得当与否的问题，而不再停留在命题的真假值问题上。

顺应论视角下学术论文翻译(英文版)

Structural Objects of Adaptabilityin E-C Translation of Academic ThesisAdaptation Theory thinks that “... using language must consist of the continuous making of linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously...” (Versehueren, 2000: 55-56) Versehueren points out that the process of making-choice can be comprehended on three linguistic properties -- variability, negotiability and adaptability. Adaptability can be viewed from four perspectives, namely contextual correlates of adaptability, structural objects of adaptability, dynamic adaptability and salience of adaptability process. (Versehueren, 1999: 65-66) This passage will analyze the translation of academic thesis mainly from the perspective of structural objects of adaptability.Structural objects of adaptability means making choices at various layers of linguistic structure including sound, word, syntax, cold, style and chapter. In this thesis, the author will mainly analyze E-C translation of academic thesis from the perspective of structural objects of adaptability.1 Adaptation at the Lexical LevelIn order to achieve better the informative and communicative function of the text, we need to make adaptability in the process of translation. At lexical level, the translator needs to understand correctly the meaning of words combining specific contexts and also convey the meaning in appropriate way of expression.1.1 Transformation of Lexical MeaningTransformation of lexical meaning means the meaning of the word can be transformed into another one, with one as literal meaning in the dictionary and the other one as specific meaning considering specific context. (Yang Man, 2015) In the process of translation, the translator should comprehend the meaning of the word combining the context and choose the most suitable expression to convey the meaning. Adaptation at lexical level conforms to the reading habit of target reader so as to improve reading experience.ST1 Hume interprets our tendency to assign identity through time as a "natural propension,"TT1休谟把我们确定长期身份的倾向解释为一种“自然天性”ST2 pension" to ascribe identity where evidence shows diversity "is so great,"TT2 迹象呈现多样性时，确定身份的“倾向”“极大”Analysis: Common meaning of “assign” in the dictionary is “distribute, attribute”. In the text, we can see a paragraph explaining that people start to investigate question of identity “what makes an individual the same through time despite partial changes” and we “constructs experience to conform to our modes of cognition”. Here we know the “assign identity” means we “determine identity”. For example, we may assign identity to a “dog” saying “this is a dog”, which means we are also determining identity for it. Therefore, the word “assign”is translated as “确定”. So it is the same as the translation of the word “ascribe”. In the dictionary it means “be caused by”or “make sb possess”. In the context, “ascribe” has the same meaning as “assign” so it is translated as “确定” as well. By choosing the best expression of a word, we convey the meaning of the word correctly and improve the reader’s understanding.ST3 the factors that enter into constructing these fictions become a topic of cognitive science, TT3 而构建想象涉及的多种因素成为认知科学的主题。

语用学Chapter 9 Adaptaion theory陈新仁何自然何伟

Negotiability
the property of language responsible for the fact that choices are not made mechanically or according to strict form-function relationships, but rather on the basis of highly flexible principles and strategies.
What do people do when using language? To make choice to meet one's need. Those three related notions must be invoked to understand the dynamic process of choicemaking characteristic of language use.
Relation of discourse ( intertextuality) （篇际关系） theme style language use
Linear relation (order) （线性关系） order of utterance
Language use in adaptation theory
If someone chooses “Would you give me a ride?”
to ask a favor from his intimate friend, his friend may feel confused or surprised.
Context in adaptation theory
Production choices

顺应论视角下的政府工作报告英译研究

分类号： H315.9 单位代码：10110学号：S2*******中北大学硕士学位论文A Research on the C-E Translation of RWG fromthe Perspective of Adaptation Theory顺应论视角下的政府工作报告英译研究Candidate 高峰Supervisor 张慧琴Major English Language and Literature2011年 6 月 10 日A Research on the C-E Translation of RWG from thePerspective of Adaptation TheorybyGAO FengTHESISPresented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English Language & Literaturein the School of Humanities & Social Sciencesof North University of ChinaJune, 2011图书分类号H315.9 密级非密UDC 81.25硕士学位论文顺应论视角下的政府工作报告英译研究高峰指导教师（姓名、职称）张慧琴教授申请学位级别文学硕士专业名称英语语言文学论文提交日期 2011 年 5 月 18 日论文答辩日期 2011 年 5 月 26 日学位授予日期________年______月______日论文评阅人刘兰云教授; 张爱荣副教授答辩委员会主席刘兵教授（太原理工大学外国语学院）2011年 6 月 10 日原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立进行研究所取得的成果。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。

心理学理论总论考研名词解释(29)

智力适应理论(theory of intelligence adaptation)：智力理论的一种。

认为智力就是适应。

代表人物是儿童心理学家皮亚杰。

他认为，智力是最高形式的适应。

在个体与环境的相互作用中，不断地发生同化和顺应，最终个体与环境取得暂时的平衡，儿童智力的发展就是其智力结构的连续变化达到适应环境要求的最终状态。

美国心理学家萨伊认为，中青年和老年时期的个体在对环境的适应中也体现出智力的发展变化，而且在不同的人生阶段有不同智力活动任务。

颅相学(phrenology)：把人的心理特点与颅骨外形联系起来的学说。

德国医师加尔及其弟子施普茨海姆提出。

该学说的理论基础是：(1)头盖骨的外部结构和内部脑的结构有关；(2)心灵可以被完满地划分为若干官能或机能；(3)心灵的官能或机能分别定位于脑内不同位置，任何特定机能的过度发展都与颅内相应部位的增大有关。

颅相学将人的颅骨划分为37个区域，分别对应于37种心理机能。

如理智的机能对应于前额。

利用专门的方法可以绘制出颅相图，19世纪被广泛用于心理诊断。

在西方流行了一个世纪，但因缺少科学根据，为许多生理和心理学家所反对，这一学说关于大脑机能是分区的思想，对心理学中脑机能的研究有一定的意义。

心理机能定位(localization of mental function)：主张大脑皮层的不同部位主管不同心理机能的心理学理论假说。

最早提出这一主张的是颅相学家。

后来生理学家和医生在研究和临床基础上提出各种机能分区的设想。

其中布洛德曼(Korbinian Brodmann,1868—1918)1909年提出的大脑皮层功能定位分区图影响最大。

布洛德曼根据细胞的排列和类型以及有髓纤维配布形式等的不同，将人脑皮质分为52个区，不同区域具有不同的生理功能。

如将大脑的不同区域分为感觉区、运动区和联合区。

苏联生理心理学家鲁利亚则认为大脑是一个复杂的机能系统。

他将大脑分成三个紧密联系的机能系统。

翻译适应选择论的哲学理据

上海科技翻译Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology 2004No .4[收稿日期]2004204206[作者简介]胡庚申(1949-),男,清华大学外语系国际交流语用学教授,博士,剑桥大学英语与应用语言学博士后学人,研究方向:翻译学,国际交流语用学,英语语言教学。

翻译适应选择论的哲学理据胡庚申　(清华大学外语系,北京100084)[摘要]从“适应”、“选择”的视角来探讨翻译理论问题是对翻译研究的一种新的尝试,目前尚未见有人从这个视角系统探讨翻译理论的研究。

本文借鉴其它临近学科领域相关的研究思路,借用达尔文生物进化论中“适应选择”学说的基本原理和思想,解释和描述了译文产生的翻译过程,探索了“翻译适应选择论”的哲学理据。

[关键词]适应;选择;译论;哲理[中图分类号]H 059[文献标识码]A[文章编号]100026141(2004)04200012051　引言“适者生存”(亦称“自然选择”)是达尔文生物进化论中的一个重要研究课题。

1859年,查尔斯・达尔文发表了他的《物种起源》(The Origin ofSpecies :The Origin of Species by Means of Natu 2ral Selection or the Preservationof Favored Racesin the Strugglefor life )。

这是“一本近代生物学最具决定性的开山之作,也是对人类整个意识形态领域产生深远影响的雄辩式巨著”(叶笃庄等,1998:封页)。

达尔文的生物进化论从内容上来看大体上包含生物变异(mutation )、生存适应(adaptation )、物种进化(evolution )三个最基本的概念。

“适应”与“选择”是“调节人类行为的基本机制”(Lopreato &Crippen ,1999:85)。

Acculturation theory and evidence

Acculturation: theory and evidenceIn the modern world, many individuals immigrate to other new counties or different places to live or study. Generally, people have to experience a process of adaption to the new lifestyle and a new culture when they begin to live in the new area. Many researcher s name this period “acculturation”.The American researcher, Robin Scarcella, has outlined a four-stage theory of acculturation (1998). Also, Schumann (1986, p. 379) state that, “learner will acquire the target language to the degree they acculturate to th e target language group.” For this investigation an immigrant person to New Zealand was interviewed. His experience in discussed throughout this essay. This essay will discuss the experience of the interviewee in the light of the theory of acculturation, with final comments on the importance of understanding the process of acculturation.My interviewee is a 45-year-old man, from Indonesia, who has been in New Zealand for almost 13 years. The reason for his coming is improving his English. I would to call him Mike. Before Mike came to New Zealand, he could speak two mother languages and a little bit English. He had to study English for one and a half years when he first came here. Now, he works as a nurse in a hospital. For his future plan, he thinks New Zealand is his second home and he wants to stay here.According to Scarcella (1998), in the first stage of life in the new country, immigrant people are typically “a type of euphoria mixed with the excitement…” (Scarcella, 1998, p. 107) which is called honeymoon or streets of gold stage. However, according to my interview my interviewee did not mention he felt excited or pleased. The reasons could be his first coming was alone and he came here with his study goal. He did not think came to here for fun. Moreover, he did not know any information of New Zealand before he came.The second stage in the process of acculturation outlined by Scarcella (1998) isculture shock. In this stage people would face frustration peaks and they would feel fearful (Scarcella, 1998).When Mike first arrived in New Zealand, he felt left out and lonely, it was difficult for him to adept the culture. He told me that there was a big difference between his country and New Zealand. He used to eat rice in his country whereas he ate fish and chips when he lived in a Kiwi homestay family. Moreover, he said it was hot in Indonesia but New Zealand was a little bit cold at that time. Also, he missed his family especially his parents. At the same time, he suffered the communication barriers from New Zealand because he could not speak English well. “When learners attempt to speak a second language they often fear that they will appear comic.” (Stengal, as cited in Schumann, 1986, p. 382). Mike said that the biggest difficulty for him was he was afraid to talk to other people including his homestay family in English.Adjustment is sum up by Scarcella (1998) in the third stage of acculturation. During this period, new immigrants would begin to recover from the setback they met in a new environment (Scarcella, 1998). After few months, Mike began to adjust himself to adept a new life style and he felt more comfortable than he first arrived because he had found some methods to fix up the problems. He said he tried to read a lot of New Zealand books and magazines so that he could understand how New Zealand lived. What’s more, he used to hang out with local people; on one hand he can improve his English. On the other, he could know well about lifestyle of the local people. Second language learning is related to acculturated extent (Schumann, 1986). Mike had improved his English soon. After one and a half years, he finished his English course. At that moment, he tried to plan his further learning in university. Unfortunately, he said he made a wrong decision at the first time. Soon, he analyzed his situation and the society in New Zealand, then, he changed his mind again.Fully acculturation is the final stage in the process of acculturation that outlined by Scarcella. In this stage, people generally fully adept to a new lifestyle. (Scarcella, 1998). Nowadays, Mike feels his life is comfortable and stable because he is marriedand he has his own family. Also, he has a good job here. He has already thought New Zealand is his second home even he still misses his parents in Indonesia. Even though, he still wants to go back to his hometown, he said will not stay there for a long time. Now, New Zealand is more suitable for him. He told me that he has already had his own social life and he gets on well with a lot of friends here. During the holidays, he often goes traveling with his family and also he goes to pray with his family and many friends every night. According to the interview, he has gotten used to live in New Zealand. This process cost him few years but finally he fully adept to New Zealand life. The reason could be that, young generation is easier to adept to another culture(Scarcella, 1998).The experience of my interviewee closely matches the pattern stated in the theory of Scarcella. It can be showed evidence of experiencing culture shock, adjustment and fully acculturation. However, it is not clear that Mike pass through honeymoon. It might because Mike came to New Zealand to study English as his first goal so that he did not think he would stay here. Accidentally, he fully acculturated the lifestyle in New Zealand. Now, he has his happy family here.In conclusion, my interviewee went through three stages in the theory of Scarcella (1998). His experience proved the process of acculturation in Scarcella’s article though he did not experienced the first stage. At the same time, the experience of my interviewee is an evidence to prove another article which was written by Schumann (1986).REFERENCESScarcella, R. (1998). Patterns of acculturation. In Raimes, A. (1998). Exploring through Writing: a Process Approach to ESL Composition. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106-109.Schumann, J. (1986). Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition.Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development,7(5),379-392.。

余锦龙：试论”、“浅议”、“简述”等词的翻译

“试论”、“浅议”、“简述”等词的翻译余锦龙1.尽管中文都是“简论”或者“简述”，英语却根据论文研究性质不同选词（如综述性、探究性等）。

下面的例子中，例1和3论文研究的是概述性内容，所以“简论”翻译成summary；而例2则是评论性的研究，所以翻译成“brief discourse ”.所以，论文的性质决定了标题的选择。

例1：《简论汉唐经学中的语言哲学思想》彭公璞第670页Thought of Language Philosophy in Classical Learning of Han-Tang Dynasties: Brief Summary——《武汉大学学报》2008/11例2：《简论孔德的社会发展阶段理论》杨深第41页A Brief Discourse on Auguste Lomter’s Theory of the Stages of Social Development——《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》2008/05例3：《韩国宗教现状简述》崔仙任第217页Review on Religions in Korea——《宗教学研究》2008/02 2.根据论文研究内容选择英语译文，如分析、探讨、解析等。

例1研究内容是探寻渊源，例2是对德国伯伦汉史学考察传播，例3是分析思想，所以译文也就不同。

例1：《毛利人口及其祖先探源》杨中新、钟若愚第145页The Quest for the Ancestral Root of the Maoli Population——《深圳大学学报》2008/05例2：《德国伯伦汉史学东传考论》李孝迁第97页An Exploration into the Eastern spreading of German Historian Bernheim’s Historical Theory——《深圳大学学报》2008/05例3：《王重阳平等思想探析》史冰川、孔又专第157页Analysis on Wang Chongyang’s Concept of Equality——《深圳大学学报》2008/05 3.谦虚的表达：如“试论”、“浅议”、“简述”等，其英语译文自然会选择preliminary ，brief 这样的谦虚用词。

Adaptability-顺应论

• Fourth, we have to take into consideration differences in the salience of the adaptation processes. not all choices, whether in production or interpretation, are made equally consciously or purposefully. as said before, some are virtually automatic, others are highly motivated. they involve different ways of processing in the medium of adaptability, the human 'mind in society'. with reference to this issue, the distinction between explicitly communicated meaning and implicit information takes on special relevance. salience is basically a function of the operation of the reflexive (or, as we call it, 'metapragmatic') awareness involved in language use.
• Second, the processes in question have to be situated with reference to the different structural objects of adaptability. since the makin reg of communicative choices takes place at all possible levels of linguistic structure that involve variability of any kind, pragmatic phenomena can be related to any layer or level of structure, from sound feature and phoneme to discourse and beyond, or to any type of interlevel relationship. not only 'structures' are involved, but also principles of 'structuring'.

adaption theory的内容

adaption theory的内容
适应理论是一种心理学理论，旨在解释个体是如何适应新环境的过程。

这个理论专注于人类生活中的变革和过渡，并强调个体的适应能
力和应对策略。

适应理论的核心概念是适应。

适应是指个体对外部环境的调整和应对，以实现心理和情绪的平衡。

人们面临各种挑战和变化时，适应理
论认为个体会经历一系列的阶段，从初始的困惑和焦虑到最终的接受
和适应。

这一过程可能包括身体上的适应，如调整生物钟；情绪上的
适应，如处理压力和焦虑；以及社会上的适应，如适应新的社交环境。

适应理论还考虑了适应过程中个体的应对策略。

这些策略可能是积
极的，如积极解决问题、积极寻求支持和寻找新机会；也可能是消极的，如逃避、否认或使用不健康的应对机制。

个体的应对策略会受到
许多因素的影响，例如个人特征、社会支持以及可用资源。

在实际应用中，适应理论可以帮助解释和指导各种情境下的适应过程。

例如，在工作场所的变革中，适应理论可以帮助组织了解员工的
适应过程，采取措施减少负面影响并促进积极适应。

在心理治疗中，
适应理论可以指导治疗师帮助客户理解和改变不适应的应对机制，促
进健康的适应。

总之，适应理论是一种有助于理解个体在面对变化和过渡时的心理
适应过程的理论。

它关注个体的适应能力和应对策略，并为实际应用
提供了理论基础。

通过深入理解适应理论，我们可以更好地应对生活中的挑战和变革，促进个人的健康和幸福。

从顺应论看文化语境与翻译

从顺应论看文化语境与翻译On Cultural Context and T ranslation from the Adaptation-Theoretic PerspectiveAbstractThe paper starts from the context analysis,and builds on V erschueren's theory of adaptation to discuss the importance of cultural context adaptation to translation.The author points out that a translator must adapt to the different culture,religious beliefs,idioms,historical affairs,etc.,thus make an appropriate selection of the lexical meaning in translation.Only by doing so,can a translator achieve the nearly equivalent translation and make the version mirror the style of the original language.Meanwhile,dwelling on the strategies employed in dealing with the cultural context adaptation,which make the translators skillfully grasp the cultural context analysis and improve the quality of translation.The thesis consists of four parts.The first chapter makes a literature review on translation.Then the Adaptation Theory is given an explanation,followed by a discussion of three components,that is,variability,negotiability,and adaptability,of which adaptability is at the core.In second chapter,the theory is employed in examining the translation activity after a short survey of relevant arguments.Adaptability functions in all kinds of language use;translation is thus a process of adaptation,with continuous choice making.Dynamics and salience of the adaptation in translation are also included in our discussion.In the third chapter,the author firstly makes the definition of cultural context;then analyse the importance of cultural context in the source language and target language;and indicates the elements which can influence translator's adaptation inclination;lastly,deals with how different cultural context affect translation.In the forth chapter,author indicates the different translation strategies for cultural context adaptation.Key W ords: adaptation theory,cultural context,translation.内容摘要本文从语境分析出发，以Verschueren的顺应论为理论指导，探讨了顺应文化语境对翻译的重要性。

曼陀罗绘画疗法联合拉玛泽呼吸法在分娩心理创伤患者中的应用

[14] 黄莲花. 念珠菌性阴道炎的用药指导及护理影响[J ].药品评价,2019,16(22):62,71.[15] ROY C. Research based on the Roy adaptation model: last25 years [J ]. Nurs Sci Q, 2011,24(4):312-320.[16] 王喜益,叶志弘,汤磊雯,等.基于罗伊适应模式的护理中域理论发展的文献研究[J ].解放军护理杂志,2020,37(6):1-5.[17] 周玥, 黄叶莉, 蔡伟萍,等. Roy 适应模式理论体系及其应用现状[J ]. 护理研究,2016,30(21):2577-2579.[18] DESANTO-MADEYA S, FA W CETT J. Healing andTranscendence: A Roy Adaptation Model-GuidedComparison [J ]. Nurs Sci Q, 2016,29(3):219-226.[19] BRO W NING CALLIS A M. Application of the RoyAdaptation Theory to a care program for nurses [J ]. Appl Nurs Res, 2020,56:151340.[20] 周玥,黄叶莉,蔡伟萍,等.Roy 适应模式理论体系及其应用现状[J ].护理研究,2016,30(21):2577-2579.[21] 黄登芳, 杨维维. Roy 适应模式联合克霉唑对念珠菌性阴道炎患者并发症和用药依从性的影响作用[J ]. 海军医学杂志,2019,40(1):94-96.[2022-12-29收稿；2023-06-12修回]（责任编辑　刘学英）【摘要】　目的　探讨曼陀罗绘画疗法联合拉玛泽呼吸法在分娩心理创伤患者中的应用效果。

方法　选取2021年1月—2022年7月南通市妇幼保健院产科住院分娩的产妇82例，按照组间基本特征具有可比性的原则分为对照组和观察组，各41例。