Stylistics 4
(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)
II. What is style?
style as rhetoric — Gorgias（风格即 修辞）;
style as form — Aristotle（风格即形 式）;
style as eloquence — Cicero (风格即 雄辩术);
proper words in proper places —
2021/7/26
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Langue(语言)(Longman Dictionary P382)
The French word for “language”. The
term was used by the linguist Saussure
to mean the system of a language, that is the arrangement of sounds and
interpretation of the text; or in order to
relate literary effects to linguistic
‘causes’ where these are felt to be
relevant…. Stylisticians want to avoid
situationally-distinctive uses of
language, with particular reference to
literary language, and tries to establish
principles capable of accounting for the
saying the right thing in the most effective way — Enkvist（以最有效 的方式讲恰当的事情） ;
读Peter Verdonk的Stylistics一书中Perspective的概念及其应用
读Peter Verdonk的Stylistics一书中Perspective的概念及其应用摘要：Peter Verdonk的Stylistics一书中，Perspective是文体学文本分析的一个重要概念。
本文将解读Perspective原始意义，并介绍这一概念是如何引入文体学中；同时，在文本分析中这一概念的意义及在文本解读、新闻解读、文学评论、翻译、案犯供词分析等方面的应用。
关键词：Perspective文本分析案犯供词分析一、Perspective的原始意义在the free dictionary 中（），perspective的意思解释如下：1. A view or vista。
2. A mental view or outlook：“It is useful occasionally to look at the past to gain a perspective on the present.”（Fabian Linden）。
该词的原始意义即风景、视野，该意义和苏轼的《题西林壁》相契合：横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同，不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。
或说，苏轼所题诗正揭示出了perspective最早的概念，即看景的不同角度。
而后，卞之琳的《断章》，亦有同旨：你站在桥上看风景，看风景的人在楼上看你。
明月装饰了你的窗子，你装饰了别人的梦。
只是卞诗中的角度，比苏轼更多了一层意思，即看事情的角度。
可见中国诗人早已对Perspective这个抽象概念有所觉察。
在绘画中，也早已有画者利用这个概念，画出神秘的画，如那幅有的人第一眼看是位老人，有的人第一眼看是一位姑娘的画。
在此类画作中，不同视角看同一幅画，却有不同的解读，不同的是看画的perspective。
而电影作品，最早对此概念有所揭示的，当属日本导演黑泽明的《罗生门》：12世纪的日本，在平安京，一名武士金泽武被人杀害在丛林中。
案件相关的人，樵夫、强盗多囊丸、死者的妻子、借女巫来说话的死者的魂都在纠察署，提供了不同的证词。
词汇学007-stylistic
to be used in these two styles.
Style 3 is a polite and fairly neutral
style; it is used when we are talking to a person whom we do not know well or to somebody who is senior to ourselves in terms of age or social
chuck: infml, 扔 loot: infml， 赃物 cop: infml
did a bunk: BrE, sl 逃跑，开小差
1. They chucked a stone at the cops
and then did a bunk with the loot. by two criminals, talking casually
thus literary, or neutral words.
fame
renown meet
disaster
cataclysm job / task
level
demolish thought
encounter spectacle
assignment agony
prospect
unaware
sight / scene pain
rescind: to officially end a law, or change a decision or agreement shall: You use shall to indicate that something must happen, usually because of a rule or law. You use shall not to indicate that something must not happen. 通常指按照规则或法律规定: 必须，一定，将
新视野大学英语视听说教程4(第二听力原文与答案
新视野大学英语视听说教程4（第二版）听力原文与答案Unit 1 Enjoy your feelings!Lead inOver the moon-Happiness Out of sorts-SadnessHit the roof-AngerII(1)M:lot of money in the lottery.W:Really? Well, you do know that money is the root of all evil, right?Q:What does the woman mean?(2)W:Mary was furious when her son wrecked up her car.M:He shouldn't have driven a car on his own without a driver's license. He's still taking driving lessons.Q:What do we know about Mary's son?(3)M:Susan, I hear you're going to marry that guy. Maybe you'll regretit.W:Is that so? Only time will tell.Q:What does the woman imply?(4)M:Mary, I just want to say how sorry I was to learn of your mother'spassing. I know how close you two were.W:Thank you. It was so sudden. I'm still in a state of shock. I don't know what to do.Q:Which of the following is true?(5)W :I get furious at work when my opinions aren't considered just because I'm a woman.M:You should air your views more emphatically and demand that your voice be heard.Q:What is the woman complaining about?C BD A Dl Listening InTask 1 what a clumsy man!Maria:Jack, can you help me move this heavy box?Jack:No problem, Maria. Here let me lift this end... Oops!Maria:Ouch! My foot! Come on, can't you be a little more cautious?Jack:I'm so sorry. It was an accident. No need to be furious!Maria:You're always so clumsy, Jack. I'm really losing my patience with all the stupid mistakes you make around the office.Jack:Calm down, Maria; I'll certainly be more careful next time. This was just an accident.Maria:If you aren't more careful, then next time someone could be badly hurt. Oh, look! The glass in the box is all broken now. Mr. Johnson is going to flyinto a rage.Jack:Oh no! What can I do to keep him from hitting the roof?Maria:Well, you can begin by helping me clean up the mess and then honestly tell him about your mistake.Jack:Maybe if I offer to pay for the damage, he won't be so angry. What do you think?Maria:That might help solve the problem, though it could be quite expensive to replace it.Jack:Well, I'm willing to do what it takes to keep Mr. Johnson from exploding.I need to keep my job!Keys: A C D C BTask 2 causes of depressionHello, everyone. Today I invite you to join me in an exploration of the causes of depression. There are many factors involved, but I believe some deserve special attention.Heredity certainly plays a role. The tendency to develop depression may be inherited; there is evidence that this disorder may run in families.Physiology is another factor related to depression. There may be changes or imbalances in chemicals which transmit information in the brain, called neurotransmitters. Many modern antidepressant drugs attempt to increase levels of certain neurotransmitters so as to increase brain communication. While the causal relationship is unclear, it is known that antidepressant medications do relieve certain symptoms of depression.Researchers also study psychological factors. They include the complex development of one's personality and how one has learned to cope with external environmental factors, such as stress. It is frequently observed that low self-esteem and self-defeating thinking are connected with depression. While it is not clear which is the cause and which is the effect, it is known that sufferers who are able to make corrections to their thinking patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem.Another factor causing depression is one's early experiences. Events such as the death of a parent, the divorce of the parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse can increase the likelihood of depression later in life.Some present experiences may also lead to depression. Job loss, financial difficulties, long periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or other painful events may trigger depression. Long-term stress at home, work, or school can also be involved.It is worth noting that those living with someone suffering from depression experience increased anxiety, which adds to the possibility of their also becoming depressed.Keys: (1)families (2)chemicals (3)information (4) certain symptoms (5)self-esteem (6)thinking patterns (7)mood (8)divorce (9)physical abuse (10)financial difficulties (11)stress (12)anxietyTask 3 happiness indexAustralians were the happiest people in the world according to a survey undertaken by two market researchers. They conducteddoor-to-door surveys and interviews with nearly 30,000 people in 30 countries. They asked respondents how satisfied they were with their overall quality of life. Forty-six percent of Australians proclaimed to be "very happy" and expressed optimism about their future. Following them in the "very happy" group was the USA (40 percent), Egypt (36 percent), India (34 percent) and the UK and Canada (32 percent). Hungary got the wooden spoon, finishing bottom of the happiness chart. Thirty-five percent of its citizens said they were either "disappointed" or "very unhappy", followed by Russians at 30 percent.The research demonstrated that money and age were key determinants in how happy people are. Although the study did not indicate money could buy happiness, it did reveal a link between a lack of money and unhappiness. Less happy populations were found among lower-income groups or the unemployed.The study also suggested that on the whole, the older we become, the less happy we are. Globally, teenagers are the happiest people. The age group with the lowest levels of happiness was 50-59. Only 16 percent of those in their 50s said they were very happy.The factors that make us happy include good health, financial security and a happy marriage. Material comforts such as cars, clothes and gadgets ranked comparatively low.Keys: B D A A Cl Let’s TalkWhen I first met my parents, I was really shy, and I was, and I was in my foster home and I ran upstairs, shy, and I was in my bedroom crying,and my mum came up and said, "Oh William, are you OK?" and I ignored my mum, 'cause I didn't know her and I was scared. So, then my foster mum came up and I came down and we had some fun time. It was nice when I first arrived. I thought, "Oh goody, two sisters, I can play with them." But now it's just, "Oh no, not them again!" I argue with one of my sisters about her rabbits, 'cause she doesn't let me touch them. Well she does, but...When I have a bit of a bad time with my sister, I go and speak with my mum and my dad. I feel most comfortable speaking to my dad about all my worries and stuff. I wish I had a brother in this family, but then it's just nice (being...) having two sisters, but I'd rather have a brother anyway. I mix with different people. I'm mostly friends with adults, 'cause I normally see adults more than children for some reason, I don't know why. It was scary going from my primary school to secondary school, but then that's just me growing up, and I've got to take the chances and take, just take what I've learned already and just move on and learn different things.Keys: (1) shy (2) crying (3)scared (4) came down (5) fun (6) nice (7) two sisters (8) argue (9) touch (10) bad time (11) speak (12) comfortable (13) brother (14) adults (15) children (16) secondary (17) growing up (18) learnl Further Listening and SpeakingTask 1: Big John is coming!A bar owner in the Old West just hired a timid bartender. The owner of the establishment was giving his new employee some instructions on running the place. He told the timid man, "If you ever hear that Big John is coming to town, drop everything and run for the hills! He's the biggest, nastiest outlaw who's ever lived!"A few weeks passed uneventfully. But one afternoon, a local cowhand came running through town yelling, "Big John is coming to town! Run for your lives!"When the bartender left the bar to start running, he was knocked to the ground by several townspeople rushing out of town. As he was pickinghimself up, he saw a large man, almost seven feet tall. He was muscular, and was growling as he approached the bar.He stepped up to the door, ordered the poor bartender inside, and demanded, "I want a beer NOW!"And with one strike of his heavy fist, he split the bar in half. The bartender nervously handed the big man a beer, hands shaking. He took the beer, bit the top of the bottle off, and downed the beer in one gulp.As the terrified bartender hid behind the bar, the big man got up to leave. "Do you want another beer?" the bartender asked in a trembling voice."Dang it, I don't have time!" the big man yelled. "I got to get out of town! Didn't you hear Big John is coming?"(S1) owner(S2) running(S3) drop(S4) run(S5) local(S6) yelling,(S7) lives(S8) As he was picking himself up, he saw a large man, almost seven feet tall.(S9) The bartender nervously handed the big man a beer, hands shaking. (S10)I got to get out of town! Didn't you hear Big John is comingTask 2 Reason and emotionEmotion is sometimes regarded as the opposite of reason, as is suggested by phrases such as "appeal to emotions rather than reason" and "don't let your emotions take over". Emotional reactions sometimes produce consequences or thoughts which people may later regret or disagree with;but during an emotional state, they cannot control themselves. Thus, it is generally believed that one of the most distinctive facts about human beings is the contradiction between emotion and reason.However, recent empirical studies do not suggest that there is a clear distinction between reason and emotion. Indeed, anger or fear can often be thought of as an instinctive response to observed facts. The human mind possesses many possible reactions to the external world. Those reactions can lie on a continuum, with some of them involving the extreme of pure intellectual logic, which is often called "cold", and others involving the extreme of pure emotion not related to any logical argument, which is called "the heat of passion". The relation between logic and emotion merits careful study. Passion, emotion, or feeling can reinforce an argument, even one based primarily on reason. This is especially true in religion or ideology, which frequently demands an all-or-nothing rejection or acceptance. In such areas of thought, human beings have to adopt a comprehensive view partly backed by empirical argument and partly by feeling and passion. Moreover, several researchers have suggested that typically there is no "pure" decision or thought; that is, no thought is based "purely" on intellectual logic or "purely" on emotion—most decisions are founded on a mixture of both.Key : A B C C DTask 3 Every cloud has a silver liningPat:You look depressed. Are you feeling blue? I've come to cheer you up.Ted:But there's nothing that can cheer me up. I'm down in the dumps. Life's miserable.Pat:You have to try to get your mind off things.Ted:But I can't. I just feel there's too much pressure on me sometimes!Pat:You can't let things get you down. Learn to relax and stop worrying all the time. What's your problem anyway?Ted:I failed my last exam, and another exam is coming. What can I do?Pat:If I were you, I'd start working hard. If you work hard for a long time, you're bound to get better grades. You see, "no pain, no gain."Ted:It's easier said than done. I get bored after reading only for 15 minutes. Pat:You have to learn some self-discipline.Ted:Worse than that! If I work for half an hour, I get a headache. Then I startto worry about passing the next exam.Pat:It's all in your mind. Stay cheerful and everything will soon be OK.Ted:But how can I stay cheerful all the time?Pat:Try to look on the bright side of things.Ted:But what if there isn't a bright side?Pat:You know the saying: Every cloud has a silver lining. It means there're always two sides of everything—both the dark and bright sides. So, try to identify your strengths and then bring them into full play.Ted:Oh no! Your old sayings are making me even more depressed.Key : T F F T Fl Viewing and speakingReporter:They are, of course, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, but whena certain Dr. Livingstone chanced upon them 150 years ago, one can onlypresume he didn't indulge in this...Attendant:5, 4, 3, 2, 1 BUNGEE!Reporter:The Victoria Falls, long a favourite with tourists, now a mecca for bungee jumpers from across the globe. They launch themselves from thebridge spanning the magnificent gorge. At 111 metres, it's the highestnatural bungee jump in the world.Man:It just goes by so fast and just you don't really know what's happening.Simple as that, you don't know what's happening.Woman:Um, it's pretty awesome, yeah it's cool!Reporter:Briton Tim Barker is nervously contemplating his first ever jump; the first time he's trusted his life to an ankle harness and an elasticatedrope.AttendantYou gotta check one...#1:AttendantCheck two...#2:AttendantYou gotta check one and two...#1:Tim Barker:I'm crazy. I don't know.Attendant: A bit of adrenalin?Tim Barker:No, I think I'm stupid!Attendant:BUNGEE!Reporter:Are you glad you did it?Tim Barker:Yeah, I am. I'd never do it again though. No way!Reporter:The world's bungee aficionados describe this as the ultimate thrill, what you might call the alternative Victoria Falls. The experts arealready taking danger to the limits, plunging into the Zambezi beforespringing back skywards. But if sheer fear isn't enough to deter you,the price, £60 a jump, probably will. These thrills don't come cheap! Key ：(1) Seven (2) 150 (3) favourite (4) bridge (5) 111 (6) fast (7) Simple (8) trusted (9) stupid (10) did (11) No way (12) ultimate (13) limits (14) skywards (15)£60 (16)cheapUnit 2 Beauty can be bought.IfdaehibcjII(1)W:Did you hear that Helen got that modeling job? Her dream was comingtrue.M:Wow, that's great! All that walking practice really paid off. And for once she won't be complaining about being so tall.Q:Why did Helen get the modeling job?(2)M:Julia, come and see the Miss America contest on TV. All those beautifulwomen are walking around in bathing suits, so the judges can decide whohas the best figure.W:Bah! That's the worst kind of exploitation. They are treating women like toys for people to enjoy. I would never take part in this kind of contest.Q:What do the speakers think about the beauty contest?(3)W:What shall I do? I'm fat. I want to be slim and beautiful, but I'm fat. I'vetried all the new diet—high carb, low carb—but nothing works.M:Those diets are just fads, popular for a while and then forgotten. Just follow the usual diet with fruits, vegetables, fish, water, and get plenty ofexercise. Before long you'll see results.Q:What has the woman tried?(4) W1:I think Lily is really attractive.She's half Spanish and has this reallysultry look about her.W2:That explains why she tans so well.I've always been jealous of her skincolor in the summer.Q:Which of the following is true of Lily?(5)M :Trust me. It was right there on the Internet: "Plastic surgery increasing at a faster rate among men". Apparently more and more men are trying to improve their appearance.W:I saw it too on the news. Facelifts, nose jobs, and Botox to hide wrinkles are now very popular with men. They say it's for business reasons, but we know it's vanity.Q:What does the woman think the real reason is for men to have plastic surgery? BACDBIII1.Susan:Rebecca, nice to run into you here. Shopping for anything special?Rebecca:Yes, Susan, makeup. You know, there's a new boy in my law class and I want to make an impression on him.Susan:I'm the one who wears makeup, not you. I've always thought you looked very attractive without makeup—you know, sort of natural.Rebecca:Well, thanks, Susan, but most girls wear makeup these days and I want to compete.Susan:Maybe I can help. My suggestion is that you start with a good makeup base.Look here, this one is made from natural products from the Dead Sea, soit won't irritate your skin.Rebecca:OK. A bit expensive, but I guess I'm worth it. What's next?Susan:You want to give a good overall impression. You have beautiful eyes, so you should highlight them with some mascara to make your eyelashes lookfuller and thicker.Rebecca:I'll buy this one—also made from natural products. How about eyeliner too?Susan:Yes, but you want a subtle color to bring out the green in your eyes...without looking like a clown!Rebecca:That's what I want... to make other girls into green-eyed monsters. How does this one look?Susan:Good choice. Now if we can add a bit of color to your cheeks, you will be the classiest of the class.Rebecca:Thanks! But you haven't said anything about lipstick. I'll need a tube of that, too.Susan:This color will perfectly complement to the rest of your makeup. You look elegant and classy.CAADB2.Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I hope you'll find it interesting learning how to be fashionable without spending too much money.Sure, some famous stars always look stylish. They have unlimited clothing budgets that put the latest looks at their fingertips! But you can also look amazing without spending lots of money on your wardrobe. Simply try the following suggestions on for size.First, make seasonal purchases; that is, you should buy winter coats, leather jackets, bathing suits, and summer dresses at the end of the season. You'll get major discounts as you stock up for the next year.If you want clothes to wear right now, go to discount stores. They may not be the place to buy an expensive evening dress, but they're perfect for buying things like T-shirts.There is yet another cheap way to buy stylish clothes. Many department stores have store brands, which offer current styles but are much cheaper than big-name brands.To save money, an important principle is not to buy "outfits". With the exception of suits, interchangeable pieces are more affordable.Wear-with-anything pieces are always a good buy. For example, you can almost always wear a pair of black trousers and a white dress shirt; you can wear them several times a week, paired with different accessories. Accessories such as nice shoes and fashionable bags make even the simplest outfit look polished.Finally, a great haircut always helps. When your hair looks fabulous, you look more stylish and fashionable.Correct answerthe enddiscountsT-shirtsbig-name brandsInterchangeable piecesblack trousersseveral timessimpleststylish and fashionable3.A beauty contest, or beauty pageant, is based mainly, though not only,on the physical beauty of the contestants. But often it also includes personality, talent demonstration, and question responses as criteria of judgment.The origin of modern beauty pageants can be traced to the Miss America Pageant, which was first held in Atlantic City in 1921. This pageant eventually included preliminary eliminations, an evening gown competition, musical variety shows, and judging by the panel. Still, the contests were at first shunned by middle-class society. Pageants did not become respectable until World War II, when beauty queens were recruitedto sell bonds and to entertain the troops. The Miss America Pageant is the largest provider of college scholarships for women in the world.Many trade associations have multi-level beauty contests which select queens as ceremonial representatives. The queens may appear at official receptions to present awards, to represent the industry in festivals, to present consumer information to the public, or even to lobby for the industry. For example the South Carolina Watermelon Queen may do a tour of supermarkets to do tastings of different varieties of watermelons. With the increasing popularity of beauty contests, winners have become role models for many young girls. They aspire to become a beauty queen one day.However, there are also criticisms of beauty contests. Although some contests are not based purely on physical appearance, "unattractive" contestants are unlikely to win, no matter how talented, intelligent, kind-hearted and educated they are. In addition, since "beauty" in these pageants is usually represented by unusually thin women, some people question this concept of beauty. Worse still, if a pageant violates the religious or cultural practices of a country, it may cause protests and demonstrations.ABACDV let’s talkTask 1In the early part of the 20th century, few people paid attention to fashion. It was only the very wealthy who changed their clothing styles to what they thought were the latest fashions of the day. Fashion in the 1900s was designed to give women an hourglass or s-curved figure. This was achieved by using a tightly fitting corset, stiff underwear worn around their hips and waist to make the body look slimmer. Compared to the last century, women's dresses became lighter in construction and material. A popular style in this period was the lingerie dress, a very light white cotton dress with strips of open lace and net. In the 1900s women's hats began to grow larger. A trend in the early part of this decade was to wear them tilted slightly forward. In Europe, men's clothes had become more formal, but the opposite was true in the United States. There the popular style was brightly colored shirts with hard white collars worn under sporty jackets. In the 1900s men's hats continued to be very popular and were worn by both the rich and the poor. When a new type of hat was first introduced, there was often a period when people from different classeswore it. However, after some time usually members of only one class would wear it. In the early 20th century, top hats were typically worn by wealthy people especially at formal occasions, such as weddings and church services. Often they were accompanied by silk gloves and a cane. Poorer people, on the other hand, particularly younger workers, would usually wear cloth caps.wealthyclothing stylesfigureslimmerconstructionlightlargerformalbrightly coloredthe rich and the poorone classoccasionsPoorer peopleFurther listening > Task 1Stylist:Morning, sir. This chair, please. What can I do for you?Nick: A simple haircut—short on the back and sides.Stylist:Very good. I can, of course, do something more fashionable for only $60. Nick:Sixty dollars! That's highway robbery—twice what I ordinarily pay. Stylist:Perhaps, sir. But your haircuts haven't been in harmony with yourcharacter. Your hair is at war with your soul.Nick:I've never heard of such a thing.Stylist:I'm an expert at matching hairstyles to personalities, if I may say.Believe me, you're suffering a "disjunction".Nick: A disjunction? What the devil is a disjunction?Stylist:Your hair does not match you.Nick:This is utter nonsense. However, I'd like to hear how you'd solve this so-called problem.Stylist:Your character is artistic, imaginative. But your hair is dull. I can correct that imbalance in seconds.Nick:OK, let me see what you can do about the... uh... disjunction, as you call it.Stylist:We're going to use scissors to create peaks, which we'll keep in place with a liberal helping of gel... This tuft in the back we'll braid intoa pigtail. Now, it's the new you!Nick:I love it. It's just like me: imaginative and artistic. Now what are you doing? What's wrong?Stylist:Something's preventing your hairstyle from being a true fashion statement.Nick:For heaven's sake, tell me what's missing.Stylist:Streaks. By putting in a few yellow streaks in your hair, it will becomea work of art. Streaking will cost you more, but...Nick:Do it. Forget the cost. But, by the way, what is the total getting to be?How much am I paying to avoid the disjunction?Stylist:That's... $135. Sir? Sir, are you all right? Oh, he fainted. CAABATask 2John:There goes Camilla. She looks gorgeous today, doesn't she? Her skin is as smooth as a baby's bottom. Her lips are a perfect Cupid's bow. She must have dozens of admirers.Becky:I wonder what she looks like without all that makeup. She must put it on with a spoon. It's like a mask. I don't understand what men find so attractiveabout her.John:Do I detect a hint of jealousy?Becky:She has nothing for me to be jealous about.John:I'll bet you believe in those sayings like, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."Becky:True beauty comes from within. Natural materials should be enough to bring it out.John:But do you always stick to those rules? I remember seeing you in the kitchen with some green substance smeared all over your face.Becky:They were cucumbers. They're natural healers of the skin. Haven't you heard people say on TV that they soften the skin, wipe out the roughness, and build strength and resilience?John:Yeah, yeah, yeah! They wipe out lines and age signs. Blah, blah, blah! See,I can even recite that advertisement.Becky:You've learned a lot, haven't you?John:Since you can keep your skin so young-looking and maintain your figure so well, you might as well write a book on beauty secrets.Becky:Don't pull my leg. Anyway, you'd do well to try the cucumber treatment on yourself. Put some cucumber slices on your head. At least they'll keep that bald spot from shining so brightly.BABABTask 3Susan:Hi, Rebecca, are you all excited about the big trip?Rebecca:Hi, Susan. I sure am. Mix business and pleasure and travel on an expense account.Susan:It looks as if I'll have to pay extra for overweight luggage. How did you manage to fit everything into one suitcase?Rebecca:You need to pack smart. First, I chose two colors, and then built my wardrobe around them.Susan:But we will need clothes for dress, casual wear, and sometimes sort of in-between "dressy casual".Rebecca:That's all true enough, but I have a pair of black dress slacks, with blackshoes to match. If I wear that with my turquoise silk blouse and a matchingnecklace and earrings, I will look dressed up.Susan:Sure you will, but that is only one outfit.Rebecca:If I wear a T-shirt with the same slacks, I am more casual.Susan:And you really have two outfits, don't you?Rebecca:Well, not really, I have three. If I bring a pashmina, or a dress scarf,I can dress up the T-shirt into casual chic.Susan:Three outfits? But your suitcase doesn't look nearly that full!Rebecca:Yes, and if I add a skirt that works with the blouse and the T-shirt, it increases the number of my wardrobe combinations even more.Susan:And different accessories, necklaces and scarves, for example, will give you a different look again without adding much weight.Rebecca:Now my suitcase will be half empty, with lots of room for shopping.Answers：She chose two colors, then built her wardrobe around them.She has a pair of black dress slacks, with black shoes to match. If she wears that with her turquoise silk blouse and a matching necklace and earrings, she will look dressed up.If she wears a T-shirt with the black dress slacks, she is more casual. If she brings a pashmina, or another dress scarf, she can dress up the T-shirt into casual chic.Her suitcase will be nearly empty, with lots of room for shopping.Viewing and speaking > Task 1Andrew:Whereas in the 1960s clothing designers were responding to the space age, designers now are responding to the computer age, so they areliterally combining clothing with new technology.Voice-over:In the 1850s the hardworking cow-herders of the American West began wearing a brand-new style of heavy-duty cotton clothing. Doublestitched and fastened with rivets, this functional industrial designsolution was the brainchild of young entrepreneur Levi Strauss. Thecompany that now bears his name is developing new industrial designsolutions, but this time it's not for cow-herders, it's for the urban。
Stylistics 中文
些）等。
IF: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises. F: A wolf, after all, is a wolf in spite of (despite) it has artful disguises.
3. IF: He tried to prevent the marriage but it took place all the same. F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语： IF: He spoke confidently. F: He spoke in a confident manner. F: He spoke with confidence.
Syntactically, more verb phrases are used in
informal style while single verbs of equivalent meaning are used in formal style. IF : The criminals finally turned themselves in. F: The criminals finally surrendered. IF: I can’t put up with your bad manners. F: I cannot tolerate your bad manners. IF: He tried to make good use of his abilities in the new job. F: He endeavoured to utilize his abilities in the new position.
新视野大学英语视听说教程(第二版)第四册-原文和参考答案-修正版-unit2
Uint2II. Basic Listening Practice1.ScriptW: Did you hear? Helen got modeling jib! She’s going to be sashaying down the catwalk.M: Wow, that’s great! All that walking practice really paid off. And foe once she won’t be complaining about being so tall.Q: Why did Helen get modeling job?2.ScriptM: Julia, come and see the Miss America contest on TV. All those beautiful girls are walking around in bathing suits, so the judges can decide who has the best figure. W: Bah! That’s the worst kind of exploitation. They are treating women like toys for people to enjoy. I would never take part in this kind of contest.Q: What do the man and the woman think about the beautify contest?3. ScriptW: What shall I do? I’m fat. I want to be slim and beauty, but I’m fat. I’ve tried all the new ideas, high carb and low carb, but nothing works.M: Those diets are just fads, popular for a while and then forgotten. Just follow the usual diet with fruits, vegetables, fish, water, and get plenty of exercise. Before long you’ll see results.Q: What has the woman tried?4. ScriptW1: I think Lily is really attractive. She’s half Spanish and has this really sultry look about her.W2: That explains why she tans so well. I’ve always been jealous of her skin color in the summer.Q: Which of following is true of Lily?5. ScriptM: Trust me, it was tight there on the Internet: “Plastic Surgery Increasing at a Faster Rate Among Men”. Apparently more and more men are trying to improve their appearance.W: I saw it too on the news. Face-lifts, nose jobs, and box to hide wrinkle are now very popular with men. Men say it’s for business reasons, but we know it’s vanity. Q: What does the woman think the real reason is that men have plastic surgery? Keys: 1.B 2.A 3. C 4D 5BIII. Listening InTask 1: A Friendly StylistStylist: Morning, sir. This chair, please. What can I do for you?Nick: A simple haircut: short on the back and sides.Stylist: Very good. I can, of course, do something fashionable for only $60.Nick: 60 dollars! That’s highway robbery—twice what I ordinarily pay.Stylist: Perhaps, sir. But your haircuts haven’t been in harmony with your character.Your hair is at war with your soul.Nick: I’ve never heard of such a thing.Stylist: If I may say, I’m an expert at matching hairstyle to personalities. Believe me;you’re suffering a “disjunction”.Nick: A disjunction? What the devil is a disjunction?Stylist: Your hair does not match you.Nick: This is utter nonsense. However, I’d like to hear how you’d solve this so-called problem.Stylist: Your character is artistic, imaginative. But your hair is dull. I can correct that imbalance in seconds.Nick: Okay, let me see what can you do about the…uh…disjunction, as you call it. Stylist: We’re going to use scissors to create peaks, which we’ll keep in place with a liberal helping of gel….This tuft in the back we’ll braid into a pigtail. Now, it’s the new you!Nick: I love it. It’s just like me: imaginative and artistic. Now what are you doing?What’s wrong? Don’t you see harmony in my new hairstyle?Stylist:Something’s preventing your hairstyle from being a true fashionable statement.Nick: For heaven’s sake, tell me what’s missing.Stylist: Streaks. By putting in a few yellow streaks in your hair, it will become a work of art. Streaking will cost you more, but…Nick: Do it. Forget the cost. But, by the way, what is the total getting to be? How much am I paying to avoid disjunction?Stylist: That’s…$135. Sir? Sir, are you all right? Oh, he fainted.1.When the stylist mentions $60, what does the customer say?2.What does the stylist think about the customer’s hairstyle?3.What will the stylist do with the customer’s hair?4.What will streaking do to the man’s hair according to the stylist?5.What is the passage mainly about?Keys: 1C.A 3.D4.B 5.AFor Reference:1.It means there is no match between you and your hair.2.That’s…$135. Sir? Sir, are you all right? Oh, he fainted.Task 2: The Voice LiftScriptAfter the face-lift, the forehead tightened, and the (S1) nose job, something still might be revealing your age: your (S2) voice.For patients who think their trembly, hoarse words don’t (S3) match their newly face and figure, there’s a procedure that claims to make them (S4) sound younger too: the voice lift.There are two general kinds of voice lifts. In some cases, implants (S5) inserted through an incision in the (S6)neck bring the vocal cords closer together. Doctors also use injections of (S7) fat or other substances to plump up the cords, so that the voice sounds younger.(S8) The voice lift is becoming more widely known among an aging population, who try to make themselves sound younger.“I speak in a great deal, or I was shouting, on a particular day, at the end of the day, I would feel exhausted,”said Robert Brown, 75, (S9) a retired construction engineer who underwent the voice lift several years ago, “I don’t know if I sound younger, but the hoarseness is gone, which is such a great improvement.”(S10)V oice lift can also benefit people like performers, lawyers, teachers, and telephone operators who need to have a strong voice and hope to shave years off the sound of their voice.Task3: A View of HappinessScriptMen are turning to plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures to brighten up their appearances at a faster rate than women, according to a survey released on Wednesday.Men’s use of fat injections to soften deep wrinkles leaped 47 percent last year from the previous year. Women’s use of the injections fell 36 percent, according to a survey by the American Academy of Facial and Plastic Reconstructive Surgeons.Men’s use of botox injections to eliminate frown lines rose 88 percent, while women’s botox use fell 8 percent.And for smoothing skin, the use of laser resurfacing among men rose 13percent, the survey showed. Meanwhile, women’s use of laser resurfacing dropped 38 percent during the same time period.The number of men getting nose jobs rose 47 percent, while the number of women doing so rose 5 percent.Typically, men and women visiting plastic surgeons for cosmetic reasons were age 40 to 59.The study said 44 percent of men and 57 percent of women tell their doctor that looking younger is the reason they are choosing cosmetic surgery.By about 18 percent, men are more likely than women to say they want facial cosmetic surgery for work-related reasons.The study was conducted by written questionnaires from January 20 to March 3 among more than 2,600 members of the association, who focus on treatment of the face, head, and neck.By comparison, in the previous year, women’s use of botox rose 60 percent while men’s fell 14 percent; women’s use of laser resurfacing rose 13 percent while men’s fell 19 percent; women’s use of fat injections fell17 percent and men’s fell 54 percent.1.What is true of men and women’s use of fat injections?2.While of the following is true of nose jobs?3.How much greater is the percentage of women choosing cosmetic surgery to lookyounger than the percentage of men?4.What is true of men and women using botox in the previous year?5.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?Keys: 1C 2.C3. B 4.B 5.DIV. Speaking OutMODEL 1 She’s having some cosmetic surgery.Amy: Did you hear Nora’s off to Korea?Bill: why is she going to Korea?Amy:She is having some cosmetic surgery.Bill:I’m floored! I thought she was beautiful already.Amy: I know what you mean. She’s having her nose fixed.Bill: Was it broken?Amy: No, stupid, she’s having it made smaller.Bill: If she wasn’t beautiful already,I could understand getting surgery. But she already has a nice nose.Amy: But not a fashionable one. She’s also having her teeth straighten. She wants to have a perfect smile.Bill: What for?Amy: She believes a better physical appearance will improve her chance of getting a good job.Bill: We won’t even recognize her when she gets back.MODEL2 I think I need a face-lift.ScriptSusan: Hey!Amy: Hi! Don’t you know anyone who’s had cosmetic surgery?Susan:You mean like a liposuction? I don’t think that’s necessary. That’s not the way a woman should stay attractive.Amy: Honestly, I won’t go as far as that. With surgery, I might look gorgeous, but it wouldn’t be the real me.Susan: Yeah, people should be happy with the way they are.Amy: I see your point. But I’m worried about the wrinkle around my eyes. I think I need a face-lift. Why can’t we go back to the way things were?Susan: Because…I don’t know! But, Amy, you wouldn’t do that, would you?Amy:Darned right I would! I don’t expect my skin to be baby-smooth, but I should at least be young-looking.Susan: Isn’t makeup enough?Amy: Come on, Susan. Be open-minded! Look at my eyes! They’re puffy. And my lower lids are dark and loose, and full of lines and circles. I really hope surgery can wipe out the tired look.Susan: But what would other people think?Amy: I don’t care other people think. I’m already for a lift.MODEL3 How did you find the plastic surgery there?ScriptSusan: How was your trip to Korea? How did you find the plastic surgery there? Nora:It was all pretty scary at first.Susan: As I see it, they certainly did a beautiful job for you. If I hadn’t recognized your clothes, I wouldn’t have known it was you!Nora: Tanks, but underneath this surgery, it’s still the same old me.Susan: Well, why did you want the surgery after all?Nora:If I want to be competitive in the job market, I think this is indispensable. Susan: How can you say that! You don’t need to change your looks to get a good job.Anyway, shall we get some lunch?Nora: I’m not hungry, really I’m not.Susan: Did you already have lunch?Nora:I’m skipping lunch. I want to stay in good shape. I think I’m getting a bit too fat already.Susan:Oh, Nora, don’t be so silly! You’re not fat at all, and you need to eat. If you don’t eat, you’ll get sick and wind up in hospital.Nora: Ok, maybe I could eat a little. I do want to stay healthy.Now Your TurnTask 1SAMPLE DIALOGSally: Hi, John, nice to see you here.John: Hi, sorry, your name escapes me momentarilySally: Oh, I’m Sally. Don’t you recognize me?John: Now I see, you’re Sally! You have changed beyond recognition!Sally: I had cosmetic surgery.John: I’m confuses! I thought you were good-looking before.Sally: My nose was rather flat. The bridge of my nose wasn’t high enough. So I got my nose fixed.John: That’s absolutely unnecessary. I can also see your eyes have changed a lot.Sally: Yeah, my single-folded eyelids have become double-folded.John: What else did you do?Sally: I also have my teeth straightened. I felt uncomfortable about my uneven teeth whenever I smiled. Now I think I have a better smile.John: Why do you have so much surgery?Sally: I believe a better physical appearance will help me land a better job.John:Nonsense. Most employers are more interested in your practical ability than your looks.V. Let’s TalkScriptGreetings, ladies and gentlemen. I hope you’ll find it interesting how to be fashionable without spending too much money.Sure, some famous stars always look stylish. They have unlimited clothing budgets that put the latest looks at their fingertips! But you can also look amazing without spending lots of money on your wardrobes. Simple try the following suggestions on for size.First, you should make seasonal purchases; that is, you should buy winter coats, leather jackets, bathing suits, ad summer dress at the end of the season. You’ll get major discounts as you stock up for the next year.If you want clothes to wear right now, you can go to discount stores. They may not be the place to buy an expensive evening dress, but they’re perfect for buying things like T-shirtsThere is yet another cheap way of you to buy stylish clothes. Many department stores have a store brand. It means they offer current styles but are much cheaper than big-name brands.To save money, an important principle for you to follow is to not buy “outfits”. With the exception of suits, interchangeable piece are more affordable—buying clothing in separate.Wear-with- anything pieces are always a good buy. For example, you can almost always wear a pair of black trousers and a white dress skirt; you can wear them several times a week, paired with different accessories.If you can’t afford expensive clothes, you can spend money on accessories such as nice shoes and fashionable bags. Such extras make even the simplest outfit look polished.Finally, a great haircut always helps. When you hair looks fabulous, you look more stylish and fashionable.VI. Further Listening and SpeakingTask1: Beauty Contests and Plastic SurgeriesScriptJuliana Borges, who was named “Miss Brazil” early on Tuesday, had plastic surgery four times and underwent 19 smaller operations. She was just one of many competitors who were determined to improve their appearance through surgery. “Plastic surgery make me more beautiful and gave me confidence in myself and the perfect measurement that won me this title,” said the beauty queen in a green dress, who was representing Brazil’s southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul.Borges, 22, had liposuction and had her chin, nose, and ears worked on, as well as, had her breasts enlarged.With the development of plastic surgery, more and more of Brazil’s would-be beauty queen are finding it easier to achieve the ideal measurements. These days, younghopefuls from the Amazon jungle to big cities in Brazil’s south are planning surgery.A third of the 27 finalists at the beauty contest went under the scalpel after rules were changed in the 1990s.The new rules permit plastic surgery, colored contact lenses, and hair dye at beauty contests.The organizers of the Miss Brazil contest said, “It’s a war out there, and all of the beauty tools that can be used should be used. Other countries like Venezuela paved the way, and Brazil is going to have to use those tools as well if it wants to compete in Miss University beauty contests.”But Brazil’s love for plastic surgery is not limited to beauty contests. Most young women who undergo surgery want to find a better man or a higher-paying job.1.How many surgical operations did the former Miss Brazil have altogether?2.What change has plastic surgery brought, according to the passage?3.Which of the following is allowed after the rules changed in the1990s??4. Which of the following countries is mentioned as a pioneer in using beauty tools?5. What is the goal of most young Brazilian women who undergo surgery?Keys: 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.ATask 2: Is it true beauty?ScriptJohn:There goes Camilla. She looks gorgeous today, doesn’t she? Her skin is as smooth as a baby’s bottom. Her lips are a perfect Cupi d’s bow. She must have dozens of admirers.Becky: I wonder what she looks like without all makeup. She must out it with a spoon.It’s like a mask. I don’t understand what men find so attractive about her. John: Do I detect a hint of jealousy?Becky: She has nothing for me to be jealous about.John: I’ll be you believe in those saying like: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Becky: True beauty comes from within. Natural materials should be enough to bring it out.John: But do you always stick to those rules? When I went past your apartment last night, I saw you in the kitchen with some green substance smeared all your face.Becky: They were cucumbers. They’re natural healers of the skin. Haven’t you heard people say on TV that they soften the skin, wipe out the roughness, and buildstrength and resilience?John: Yeah, yeah, yeah! They wipe out lines and age signs. Blah, blah, blah! See, I can even recite that advertisement.Becky: You’ve learned a lot, haven’t you?John: Since you can keep your skin so young-looking and maintain your figure so well, you might as well as write a book on beauty secrets.Becky: Don’t pull my leg. Anyway, you’d do well to try the cucumber treatment on yourself. Put some cucumber slice on your head. At least they’ll keep thatbald spot from shining so brightly..Keys: FTFTFTask3: Changing Your Hairstyle to Improve Your AppearanceScriptIf you want to look better, changing your hairstyle can be a simple fix. If you’re trying to reach a weight-loss goal, a new hairstyle is a quick and easy way to freshen up your looks—and boost your confidence.According to a popular hair stylist, clients often say, “I want to cut my hair, but I should lose weight first.” But that’s not the right sequence; it’s the other way around. You should know what hairstyle will flatter you the most, the style that will show off you particular feature to the best advantage even before you begin to lose weight.For example, many may want to follow a tread and wear long hair. But some may look better with shorter hair if they have a round face. “When it’s too long, it can drag your face down and actually bring attention to the features you don’t want to emphasize,” says Guy Riggio, a famous hair stylist in Los Angeles. How short is too short? That depends the length of your neck. Riggio says, “The longer the neck, the shorter you can go.”Some top stylists believe that women should stay clear of bangs. Thick bangs may be fashionable at times, but even thin bangs are hard to wear. “They change the shape of your face, making it seem shorter,” says New York hair stylist O’Connor. Instead, you should pull your hair away from your face. It will make your face look longer. Finally, pick a stylist who’s knowledgeable and whose opinion can be trusted. Then have fun with the new style.For Reference:1. It is a quick and easy way to freshen up your looks—and boost your confidence.2. Clients often say, “I want to cut my hair, but I should lose weight first.” But that’s not the right sequence; it’s the other way around.3. The speaker say if you have a round face, you may look better with short hair.4. That depends the length of your neck. The longer the neck, the shorter you can go.5. They change the shape of your face, making it seem shorterNews ReportMiss WorldScriptThe Miss World title went to first black African contestant ever in its 51-year history at the Miss World finals in Sun City, South Africa on Friday.Organizers of the pageant said they expected about one billion people to have turned in to watch the beauty queen extravaganza. The event was hosted by American talk show host, Jerry Springer, at a glitzy resort in the heart of South Africa’s bush country.[SOUND BITE]The pageant was created in 1951 by a public relations executive for a small leisure and entertainment company. It was initially intended to be only a one-time event, but was continued after the United States began the rival Miss Universe contest in 1952. In more than half a century, there have been only three Miss World winners from Africa, two of them white South Africa and the third from Egypt.Miss World has until now been dominated by winner from Europe, the Americas, and India, the majority of them being Caucasian.The contestants in this pageant are judges in three different categories: beauty, grace, and charm; talent, poise, and personality; and figure and deportment. After the first round of judging, the original group of 92 contestants was pared down to only tenfinalists who would go on to compete for the title.The second-runner up in this ten year’s pageant was Miss Scotland, 18-year-old Juliet-Jane Horne.[SOUND BITE]The People’s Republic of China was represented for the first time this year by 18-year-od Bing Li.[SOUND BITE]The title of first runner up went to Miss Aruba, 19-year-old Zerelda Lee.[SOUND BITE]The competition was fierce as each of the ten finalists took her turn in the spotlight in front of a live audience.But out of the 92 contestants, it was Miss Nigeria, 18-year-old Agbani Darego, who took home covered title and the $100,000 prize.[SOUND BITE]Before being crowed, Darego took the victory walk wearing a lime-green, body hugging dress and waved to a cheering crowd.The news of her victory sparked rapturous celebrations all over Nigeria’s biggest city, Lagos.。
Stylistics
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and method ology of mod ern linguistics to the study of style.It studies the use of language in specific contexts and attempts to account for the characteristics that mark the language use of individuals and social groups. It is usually concerned with the examination of written language, particularly literary texts. The stylistic analysis of a text involves the d escription of a writer’s/speaker’s verbal choices which can be abstracted as style.Concepts of style:1.”styl e” may refer to some or all of the language habits of one person. 2.The word may refer to some or all of the language habits shared by a group of peopl e at one time,or over a period of time. 3.the word may be used in an evaluative sense, referring to the effectiveness of a mod e of expression. 4.Partly overlapping with the three senses just mentioned, the word may refer solely to literary language.The needs for stylistics:1.styl e is an integral part of meaning. 2.Stylistics may help us to acquire a “sense of styl e”. 3.Stylistics prepares the way to the intrinsic study of literature.The concept of text: A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not.The concept of context: “Context” has been und erstood in various ways. It may be linguistic or extra-linguistic. Linguistic context is alternatively termed as CO-TEXT, which refers to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. Extra-linguistic context refers to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning. The term CONTEXT may includ e not only the co-text, but also the extra-linguistic context of a text.An elliptical sentence is contextually conditioned. The ellipsis is recoverable from the preceding linguistic context. The ellipsis avoids repetition so as to focus on the new information.Incomplete sentences: sentences in which for some reason the speaker never reaches the end of what he intends to communicate.Reiteration refers to the use of an alternative expression as a replacement for an expression in the preceding context.Collocation may refer to: A. the conventional restriction of the ways in which words are used together. B. a tend ency of co-occurrence. Sets of words tend to turn up together.Medium refers to graphic signs or speech sounds by meas of which a message is conveyed from one person to another.Attitud e is related to the Role Relationships in various situations. Role Relationships range from temporary to permanent. Some role relationships are easier to id entify by the language than others.Fiel d of discourse refers to the type of social activity in which language plays a part. One aspect of the field is the subject matter. The subject matter can be practically anything, ranging from technical to non-technical: the theory of relativity, physiology and medicine.Another important aspect of the field—the purpose which the language serves in a social activity.The administration=the government/ apartment=flat/attorney=solicitor or barrister/automobile=car/bar=pub/biscuit=scone/can=tin/cookie or cracker=biscuit/elevator=lift/engineer=engine driver/faculty=staff/fall=autumn/first floor=ground floor/gas or gasoline=petrol/mail=post/movie=firm/one way ticket=single(ticket)/overpass=flyover/round-trip ticket=return(ticket)/sneakers=plimsolls/store=shop/truck=lorry or van/yiel d=give awayslang: baby=girl or woman/bad=good or excellent/hip=sophisticated or uptodate/high=a non-intoxicated feeling of exhilaration/square=a conventional person/swell or super or some=good or excellent or outstanding or notable or distinguished/a couple of=a few/kind of or sort of=somewhat or rather/a lot or lots of=a great d eal or many/sure=surely or absolutely/awfully or so or plenty or real=very or extremely or exceedingly or acutelyeuphemisms: senior citizen for ol d man or woman/newly single for divorced/memorial park for graveyard/funeral director for und ertaker/sanitation collector for garbage collector/industrial action for strike/to eliminate for to kill or to murd er/domestic helper for servant/hair stylist for barber/airhostess for waitress aboard a plane/knowl edge-based nonpossessor for idiot/the South, or the developing countries for countries that have littl e industrialization and low standard of living/Two freedom fighters took the oppressor’s life away for The general was murdered by two terrorists头韵：Alliteration/腹韵：Assonance/辅韵：Consonance/倒韵：Reverse Rhyme/头尾韵：Pararhyme/韵:Rhyme。
语言学讲义 考研 9 Stylistics
• In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
5
• Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people‘s dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular language registers语域, etc.
4
• Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.
However, in Linguistic Criticism, Roger Fowler makes the point that, in non-theoretical usage, the word stylistics makes sense and is useful in referring to an enormous range of literary contexts, such as John Milton‘s ‗grand style‘, the ‗prose style‘ of Henry James, the ‗epic‘ and ‗ballad style‘ of classical Greek literature, etc. (Fowler, 1996: 185).12题三：Chiming 谐音
Chapter 9 Stylistics
• Style was first presumably involved in classical rhetoric (McArthur, 1992), the art of good speaking in the time of Aristotle. Style in classical rhetoric is mainly concerned with how the arguments in persuasion or public speaking can be dressed up into effective language.
• Widdowson (1975: 3): “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation”.
• Baldick(1991) a branch of modern linguistics devoted to the detailed analysis of literary style, or of linguistic choices made by speakers and writers in non-literary contexts.
6.Vocabulary and Stylistcs
• •
H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler (co-writer of Modern English Usage)
Comments of the General
• That is to say standard English should be put first in the choice of words, and those English such as non-standard, colloquial, literary, formal, informal, slang(俚语), and archaism （古语）should be careful in the choice of writing. • However, this rule is quite fit for the English beginners for it neglects another rule that language should be in accordance with context which contains subject, audience and purpose. • For example, it will be very funny if we use colloquial and slang English in academic discussions or legal documents. • And the same is true that we can’t say “Shut the door！”to our senior. • Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demands different words which in their long time use acquires stylistic colouring. • So the style of a text determines choice of words and choice of words affects the text styles.
英语文体学-第1-4讲
Lectures on Stylistics
• General stylistics concentrates solely on the general features of various types of language use. It studies the stylistic features of the main varieties of language, covering the functional varieties from the dimension of fields of discourse (different social activities), formal vs informal varieties from the dimension of tenors of discourse (different addresser-addressee relationships), and the spoken vs written varieties from the dimension of modes of discourse (different mediums).
Lectures on Stylistics
or writing), the setting (private or public), the relationship with the addressee (in terms of the degree of intimacy or social distance), the subject matter (technical or nontechnical), and the purpose (to inform, to persuade, etc.)”.
Stylistic Devices(全)
Stylistic Devices (Rhetorical Devices, Figures of Speech)Stylistic devices make your speeches, essays etc. more interesting and lively and help you to get and keep your reader‟s / listener‟s attention.Stylistic DevicesAlliteration : repetition of initial consonant soundThe initial consonant sound is usually repeated in two neighbouring words (sometimes also in words that are not next to each other). Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis.Examples:Repetition of initial consonant sounds means that only the sound must be the same, not theconsonants themselves.Examples:▪killer command▪fantastic philosophy▪ A neat knot need not be re-knotted.If neighbouring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial sound, the words are not alliterated.Examples:▪ a Canadian child▪honoured and humbled (the …h‟ in honoured is silent)Allusion is used to explain or clarify a complex problem. Note that allusion works best if you keep it short and refer to something the reader / audience is familiar with, e.g.:▪famous people▪history▪(Greek) mythology▪literature▪the bibleIf the audience is familiar with the event or person, they will also know background and context. Thus, just a few words are enou gh to create a certain picture (or scene) in the readers‟ minds. The advantages are as follows:▪We don‟t need lengthy explanations to clarify the problem.▪The reader becomes active by reflecting on the analogy.▪The message will stick in the reader's mind.Examples:▪the Scrooge Syndrome (allusion on the rich, grieve and mean Ebeneezer Scrooge from Charles Dicken‟s “Christmas Carol”)▪The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion on the Trojan horse from Greek mythology) ▪Plan ahead. It was not raining when Noah built the Ark. (Richard Cushing) (allusion on the biblical Ark of Noah)Many allusions on historic events, mythology or the bible have become famous idioms.Examples:▪to meet one‟s Waterloo (allusion on Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo)▪to wash one‟s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it.)▪to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph‟s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament)▪to guard sth with Argus‟s eyes (allusion on the giant Argus from Greek mythology, who watched over Zeus‟ lover Io.)The same word or phrase is used to begin successive clauses or sentences. Thus, the reader's / listener's attention is drawn directly to the message of the sentence.Example:▪Every child must be taught these principles. Every citizen must uphold them. And every immigrant, by embracing these ideals, makes our country more, not less, American. (2)▪If we had no winter, the spring would not be so pleasant; if we did not sometimes taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome. (Anne Bradstreet)▪The beginning of wisdom is silence. The second step is listening. (unknown)▪ A man without ambition is dead. A man with ambition but no love is dead. A man with ambition and love for his blessings here on earth is ever so alive. (Pearl Bailey)Anaphora is often used in conjunction with parallelism or climax.Antithesis emphasises the contrast between two ideas. The structure of the phrases / clauses is usually similar in order to draw the reader's / listener's attention directly to the contrast.Examples:▪That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. (Neil Armstrong)▪To err is human; to forgive, divine. (Pope)▪It is easier for a father to have children than for children to have a real father. (Pope)Hyperbole : deliberate exaggerationUsed sparingly, hyperbole effectively draws the attention to a message that you want to emphasise.Example:▪I was so hungry, I could eat an elephant.▪I have told you a thousand times.The author / speaker raises a question and also gives an answer to the question. Hypophora is used to get the audience's attention and make them curious. Often the question is raised at the beginning of a paragraph and answered in the course of that paragraph. Hypophora can also be used, however, to introduce a new area of discussion.Example:▪Why is it better to love than be loved? It is surer. (Sarah Guitry)▪How many countries have actually hit […] the targets set at Rio, or in Kyoto in 1998, for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions? Precious few. (6)Litotes is a form of understatement which uses the denied opposite of a word to weaken or soften a message.Examples:▪That's not bad. (instead of: That's good/great.)▪Boats aren't easy to find in the dark. (4) (instead of: Boats are hard/difficult to find in the dark.)Metaphor compares two different things in a figurative sense. Unlike in a simile (A is like B.), “like” is not used in metaphor (A is B.).Example:▪Truths are first clouds, then rain, then harvest and food. (Henry Ward Beecher)▪Through much of the last century, America's faith in freedom and democracy was a rock in a raging sea. Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations. (2)Metonomy (unlike metaphor) uses figurative expressions that are closely associated with the subject in terms of place, time or background. The figurative expression is not a physical part of the subject, however (see synecdoche).Examples:▪The White House declared … (White House = US government / President)▪The land belongs to the crown. (crown = king / queen / royal family / monarchy)▪Empty pockets never held anyone back. Only empty heads and empty hearts can do that.(Norman Vincent Peale)▪(empty pockets = poverty; empty heads = ignorance / dullness / density; empty hearts = unkindness / coldness)▪the spit-and-polish command post (meaning: shiny clean) (3)First-person narratorThe narrator tells the story from his / her point of view (I). It is a limited point of view as the reader will only know what the narrator knows. The advantage of the first person narration is that the narrator shares his / her personal experiences and secrets with the reader so that the reader feels part of the story.Example:▪Charlotte Bronte: Jane EyreThird-person narratorThe narrator is not part of the plot and tells the story in the third person (he, she). Usually the narrator is all-knowing (omniscient narrator): he / she can switch from one scene to another, but also focus on a single character from time to time.Example:▪Charles Dickens: Oliver TwistThe third-person narrator can also be a personal narrator (point of view of one character) who tells the story in the third person (he, she), but only from the central character's point of view. This point of view is rarely used.Example:▪James Joyce: UlyssesThe pronounciation of the word imitates a sound. Onomatopoeia is used because it's often difficult to describe sounds. Furthermore, a story becomes more lively and interesting by the use of onomatopoeia.Examples:▪The lion roared.▪The steaks sizzled in the pan.▪The bomb went off with a bang.Successive clauses or sentences are similarly structured. This similarity makes it easier for the reader / listener to concentrate on the message.Example:▪We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interest, and teach us what it means to be citizens. (2)▪The mediocre teacher tells, The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates.The great teacher inspires. (William A. Ward)▪The mistakes of the fool are known to the world, but not to himself. The mistakes of the wise man are known to himself, but not to the world. (Charles Caleb Colton)▪Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn. (Benjamin Franklin)Note: When writing, parallelism is a useful device for instructions. Due to the parallel structure, the reader can concentrate on the message and will immediately know what to do (see examples below).Example 1 (no parallelism):▪Open the book first.▪You must read the text now.▪There are pictures in the book–Look at them.▪The questions must be answered.Example 2 (parallelism):▪Open the book.▪Read the text.▪Look at the pictures.▪Answer the questions.You surely agree that the second instruction is easier to follow (and to remember) than the first one. The change of structure in the first example is confusing and distracts the reader from the actual message. It might be okay withsimple messages like the ones we used here. But following more complex instructions is really hard if they are not in parallel structure.The normal progression of a sentence is interrupted by extra information or explanations enclosed in commas, brackets or dashes. The extra information can be a single word, a phrase or even a sentence.Examples:▪We (myself, wife Lorraine and daughters Caroline and Joanna) boarded our boat 'Lynn', a Duchess class vessel barely a year old, at Black Prince Holidays' Chirk boatyard. (4)▪The boats have remarkably few controls and we were given a thorough briefing about 'driving' ours–along with advice on mooring, lock operation and safety considerations–by Pauline, who even set off with us for a few minutes to ensure we were confident. (4)Personification:attribution of human characteristics to animals, inanimate objects or abstractionsAnimals, inanimate objects or abstractions are represented as having human characteristics(behaviour, feelings, character etc.). Personification can make a narration more interesting and lively.Examples:▪Why these two countries would remain at each other's throat for so long. (3)▪I closed the door, and my stubborn car refused to open it again.▪The flowers nodded their heads as if to greet us.▪The frogs began their concert.Repetition : repeating words or phrasesWords or phrases are repeated throughout the text to emphasise certain facts or ideas.Examples:▪Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! »I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?« she said aloud. […]Down, d own, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began talking again. […] (5)▪America, at its best, matches a commitment to principle with a concern for civility. A civil society demands from each of us good will and respect, fair dealing and forgiveness. […]America, at its best, is also courageous. Our national courage […]America, at its best, is compassionate. In the quiet of American conscience, we know that deep, persistent poverty is unworthy of our nation's promise. […] (2)Rhetorical Question : question without a direct answerThe author / speaker raises a question, but doesn't answer it directly as he/she sees the answer (usually Yes or No) as obvious.Rhetorical questions are used to provoke, emphasise or argue.Examples:▪When public money brings windfalls to a few, why should the state not take a share? (6)▪But was the best way to win them over to threaten to ignore them altogether? Like so many things this week, the adminitstration's diplomacy needs a smoother touch. (6) (Note that thesentence following the question is not an answer to it.)Simile : direct comparisonTwo things are compared directly by using 'like' (A is like B.).Other possibilities are for example:▪ A is (not) like B▪ A is more/less than B▪ A is as … as B▪ A is similar to B▪ A is …, so is B▪ A does …, so does BExamples:▪conrete box-style buildings are spreading like inkblots (3)▪The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel (5)▪Personality is to a man what perfume is to a flower. (Charles Schwab)▪My friend is as good as gold.Synechdoche is some kind of generalization or specification that uses a part, a member or a characteristic of what is meant. The following possibilities are common:Part used instead of the wholeExample:▪Turning our long boat round […] on the last morning required all hands on deck… (hands = people) (4)Whole used instead of a partExample:Specific term used instead of a general one:Example:A statement is deliberately weakened to sound ironical or softened to sound more polite.Note that understatement is a common feature of the English language (especially British English) used in everyday-life situations.Examples:▪I know a little about running a company. (a successful businessman might modestly say.)▪I think we have slightly different opinions on this topic. (instead of: I don't agree with you at all.)。
高中英语外研版 选修4(英译汉)
课本模块英文 音标默写选修412021take action /teɪk ˈækʃn/选修412022boyhood /ˈbɔɪhʊd/选修412023ambition /æmˈbɪʃn/选修412024trainee /ˌtreɪˈni:/选修412025corresponden t /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt/选修412026bullfighting /ˈbʊlfaɪtɪŋ/选修412027historical /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/选修412028detective /dɪˈtektɪv/选修412029ultimately /ˈʌltɪmətli/选修412030dot /dɒt/选修412031backwards /ˈbækwədz/选修412032admission /ədˈmɪʃn/选修412033make up one's mind /meɪk ʌp wʌnz maɪnd/选修412034pass up /pɑ:s ʌp/选修412035have second thoughts /həv ˈsekənd 'θɔ:ts/选修412036put off /pʊt ɒf/选修412037reject ... out of hand /rɪˈdʒekt aʊt əv hænd/选修412038weigh up /weɪ ʌp/选修412039participation /pɑ:ˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/选修412040complex /ˈkɒmpleks/选修412041diverge /daɪˈvɜ:dʒ/选修412042undergrowth /ˈʌndəgrəʊθ/选修412043numerous /ˈnju:mərəs/选修412044commercial /kəˈmɜ:ʃl/选修412045thoughtful /ˈθɔ:tfl/选修412046symbolize /ˈsɪmbəlaɪz/选修412047alternative /ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv/选修412048dilemma /dɪˈlemə/选修412049arise /əˈraɪz/选修412050circumstance /ˈsɜ:kəmstəns/选修412051mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/选修412052affection /əˈfekʃn/选修412053qualified /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/选修412054fluency /ˈflu:ənsi/选修412055sincerely /sɪnˈsɪəli/选修412056yours sincerely /jɔ:z sɪnˈsɪəli/选修412057refreshments /rɪf'reʃmənts/选修412058shift /ʃɪft/外研社2019版 选修4（英译汉）选修422059be reunited with /bi ˌriːjuːˈnaɪtɪd wɪð/选修422060weaken /ˈwi:kən/选修422061pessimistic /ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/选修422062anticipate /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/选修422063possession /pəˈzeʃn/选修422064abnormal /æbˈnɔ:ml/选修422065widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/选修422066recognition /ˌrekəgˈnɪʃn/选修422067phrase /freɪz/选修422068cooperate /kəʊ'ɒpəreɪt/选修422069fee /fi:/选修422070university fees /ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:səti fiːz/选修422071outstretched /ˌaʊtˈstretʃt/选修422072cram /kræm/选修422073pure /pjʊə(r)/选修422074transparent /trænsˈpærənt/选修422075vexed /vekst/选修422076absurd /əbˈsɜ:d/选修422077lean /li:n/选修422078Madame /'mædəm/选修422079stroke /strəʊk/选修422080instinctively /ɪn'stɪŋktɪvlɪ/选修422081despair /dɪˈspeə(r)/选修422082luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/选修432083gateway /ˈgeɪtweɪ/选修432084oasis /əʊˈeɪsɪs/选修432085glorious /ˈglɔ:riəs/选修432086boast /bəʊst/选修432087grotto /ˈgrɒtəʊ/选修432088testimony /ˈtestɪməni/选修432089statue /ˈstætʃu:/选修432090mural /ˈmjʊərəl/选修432091religious /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/选修432092Apsaras 选修432093immortal /ɪˈmɔ:tl/选修432094heavenly /ˈhevnli/选修432095peak /pi:k/选修432096Taoist priest /ˈdaʊɪst pri:st/选修432097scroll /skrəʊl/选修432098ceramics /sɪˈræmɪks/选修432099crossroads /ˈkrɒsrəʊdz/选修432100expo /'ekspəʊ/选修432101strengthen /ˈstreŋθn/选修432102coverage /ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/选修432103scholar/ˈskɒlə(r)/选修432104department /dɪˈpɑ:tmənt/选修432105institute /ˈɪnstɪtju:t/选修432106I Ching /aɪ tʃɪŋ/选修432107The Analects /ðə 'ænəlekts/选修432108Sinologist /sɪ'nɒlədʒɪst/选修432109temple /ˈtempl/选修432110tune /tju:n/选修432111shepherd /ˈʃepəd/选修432112historian /hɪˈstɔ:riən/选修432113prior /ˈpraɪə(r)/选修432114prior to /ˈpraɪə(r) tə/选修432115genius /ˈdʒi:niəs/选修432116chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/选修432117romance /rəʊˈmæns/选修432118kingdom /ˈkɪŋdəm/选修432119stratagem /ˈstrætədʒəm/选修432120enormous /ɪˈnɔ:məs/选修442121forehead /ˈfɔ:hed/选修442122blank /blæŋk/选修442123dizzy /ˈdɪzi/选修442124chairwoman /ˈtʃeəwʊmən/选修442125sunrise /ˈsʌnraɪz/选修442126potential /pəˈtenʃl/选修442127bug /bʌg/选修442128enterprising /ˈentəpraɪzɪŋ/选修442129input /ˈɪnpʊt/选修442130obstacle /ˈɒbstəkl/选修442131phase /feɪz/选修442132manufacturer /ˌmænju fæktʃərə(r)/选修442133cosmetics /kɒz'metɪks/选修442134purchase /ˈpɜ:tʃəs/选修442135distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃn/选修442136bonus /ˈbəʊnəs/选修442137entrepreneuri al /ˌɒntrəprə'nɜ:rɪəl/选修442138guidance /ˈgaɪdns/选修442139consultant /kənˈsʌltənt/选修442140conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/选修442141discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/选修442142equator /ɪˈkweɪtə(r)/选修442143estate /ɪˈsteɪt/选修442144superior /su:ˈpɪəriə(r)/选修442145mild /maɪld/选修442146calorie /ˈkæləri/选修442147subjective /səbˈdʒektɪv/选修442148freshman /ˈfreʃmən/选修442149make endsmeet/meɪk 'endz mi:t/选修442150afloat/əˈfləʊt/选修442151interfere/ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)/选修442152interfere with/ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r) wɪð/选修442153rational/ˈræʃnəl/选修442154exceed/ɪkˈsi:d/选修442155go into debt/gəʊ ˈɪntə det/选修442156financial/faɪˈnænʃl/选修442157accumulate/əˈkju:mjəleɪt/选修442158automatically/ˌɔ:tə'mætɪklɪ/选修442159toddler/ˈtɒdlə(r)/选修442160sorrow/ˈsɒrəʊ/选修442161frustration/frʌˈstreɪʃn/选修442162hire/ˈhaɪə(r)/选修442163designerclothes/dɪˈzaɪnə(r) kləʊðz/选修442164rent out/rent aʊt/选修442165thereby/ˌðeəˈbaɪ/选修442166supervision/ˌsju:pə'vɪʒn/选修442167expense/ɪkˈspens/选修442168at theexpense of/ət ðə ɪkˈspens əv/选修442169abuse/əˈbju:s/选修442170theft/θeft/选修442171purse/pɜ:s/选修452172civilisation/sɪvɪlaɪ'zeɪʃən/选修452173intrigue/ɪnˈtri:g/选修452174bury/ˈberi/选修452175pyramid/ˈpɪrəmɪd/选修452176astronomy/əˈstrɒnəmi/选修452177canal/kəˈnæl/选修452178tropical/ˈtrɒpɪkl/选修452179cyclone/ˈsaɪkləʊn/选修452180megadrought/me'ɡɒdrɔːt/选修452181downfall/ˈdaʊnfɔ:l/选修452182ruin/ˈru:ɪn/选修452183fall into ruin/fɔ:l ˈɪntə ˈru:ɪn/选修452184abandon/əˈbændən/选修452185dismiss/dɪsˈmɪs/选修452186expansion/ɪkˈspænʃn/选修452187getaway/ˈɡetəweɪ/选修452188make agetaway/meɪk ə ˈɡetəweɪ/选修452189run for one'slife/rʌn fə(r) wʌnz laɪf/选修452190check out /tʃek aʊt/选修452191test the waters /test ðə ˈwɔːtəz/选修452192steer clear of /stɪə(r) klɪə(r) əv/选修452193retreat /rɪˈtri:t/选修452194subdue /səbˈdju:/选修452195the unknown /ðə ˌʌnˈnəʊn/选修452196set out /set aʊt/选修452197uncharted /ˌʌnˈtʃɑ:tɪd/选修452198delve /delv/选修452199throw oneself into /θrəʊ wʌnˈself ˈɪntə/选修452200think twice /θɪŋk twaɪs/选修452201shrink /ʃrɪŋk/选修452202shrink from /ʃrɪŋk frəm/选修452203look into /lʊk ˈɪntə/选修452204investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈgeɪʃn/选修452205shipwreck /ˈʃɪprek/选修452206archaeologica l /ˌɑ:kɪə'lɒdʒɪkl/选修452207coral /ˈkɒrəl/选修452208millimetre /ˈmɪlimi:tə(r)/选修452209barreleye 选修452210upwards /ˈʌpwədz/选修452211trench /trentʃ/选修452212equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/选修452213stack /stæk/选修452214furthermore /ˌfɜ:ðəˈmɔ:(r)/选修452215notable /ˈnəʊtəbl/选修452216substance /ˈsʌbstəns/选修452217vessel /ˈvesl/选修452218drilling /'drɪlɪŋ/选修452219volume /ˈvɒlju:m/选修462220become accustomed to /bɪˈkʌm əˈkʌstəmd tə/选修462221notion /ˈnəʊʃn/选修462222hazardous /ˈhæzədəs/选修462223unexceptiona l /ˌʌnɪkˈsepʃənl/选修462224shuttle /ˈʃʌtl/选修462225the space shuttle /ðə speɪs ˈʃʌtl/选修462226excursion /ɪkˈskɜ:ʃn/选修462227rekindle /ˌri:ˈkɪndl/选修462228tragically /'trædʒɪkli/选修462229instantaneous ly /ˌɪnstən'teɪnɪəslɪ/选修462230shadow /ˈʃædəʊ/选修462231cast a shadow on/kɑ:st ə ˈʃædəʊ ɒn/选修462232scream /skri:m/选修462233suspend /səˈspend/选修462234crew /kru:/选修462235simulated /'sɪmjuleɪtɪd/选修462236simulator /ˈsɪmjuleɪtə(r)/选修462237lifelike /ˈlaɪflaɪk/选修462238submit /səbˈmɪt/选修462239awesome /ˈɔ:səm/选修462240telescope /ˈtelɪskəʊp/选修462241the naked eye /ðə ˈneɪkɪd aɪ/选修462242angle /ˈæŋgl/选修462243galaxy /ˈgæləksi/选修462244cosmic /ˈkɒzmɪk/选修462245conceivably /kən'si:vəblɪ/选修462246subatomic /ˌsʌbəˈtɒmɪk/选修462247particle /ˈpɑ:tɪkl/选修462248invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəbl/选修462249straightforwa rd /ˌstreɪtˈfɔ:wəd/选修462250self-discipline /self ˈdɪsəplɪn/选修462251fetch /fetʃ/选修462252muscle /ˈmʌsl/选修462253pepper /ˈpepə(r)/选修462254sneeze /sni:z/选修462255disc /dɪsk/。
Stylistics and Translation
In all these varieties, language performs various communicative roles, ie FUNCTIONS. For example, language is used to communicate ideas, to express attitudes, and so on. The roles that language plays are ever changing and the number of the roles can be numerous. There have been many attempts to categorize these roles into a few major functions.
1.4. Language Varieties and Function When language is used, it is always used in a context. What is said and how it is said is often subject to a variety of circumstances. In other words, speech events differ in different situations, for different purposes, through different media, and amidst different social environments. We often adjust our language according to the nature of the situation. Some situations seem to depend generally and fairly consistently on a regular set of linguistic features: as a result, there have appeared different types of a language which are called VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE. For example, there are different types of English. There is no such thing as a homogeneous English.
Stylistics
现代文体观（2）：ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้离观
Style as deviations from the norm 偏离的方式： 数量 性质 偏离的理据： 偏离(deviation)和陌生化 (defamiliarization）突出 (foregrounding)
Development
Diachronic study Synchronic study
• STYLE?
Different definitions of style
Style as form (Aristotle) Style as eloquence (Cicero) Style is the man. (Buffon) Style as personal idiosyncrasy (Murry)
Scholars’ views on stylistics (2)
• Crystal & Davy (1969): Investing English Style [M] : 宏观方面,风格指的是在某时间或某一时期内,由某一群人共 享的语言习惯(Crystal & Davy, 1990:1-10)。
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
• STYLISTICS?
Scholars’ views on stylistics (1) • Widdowson: By stylistics, I mean the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation and I shall take the view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two (1975: 3). • Leech: the study of the use of language in literature(1969:1), stylistics is a meeting ground of linguistics and literary study(ibid,2).
西南大学《英语文体学引论》复习思考题及答案
西南大学《英语文体学引论》复习思考题及答案(0099) 《英语文体学引论》复习思考题I. Explain in brief the following terms. (10 points; in test it contains 10 terms)1. stylistics2. style3. dialect4. morpheme5. phoneme6. language7. register 8. acoustic phonetics 9. auditory phonetics10. syllable 11. general stylistics 12. literary stylistics13. form 14. content 15. phonological analysis16. lexical analysis 17. syntactical analysis 18. discoursal analysis19. paralinguistic features 20. social dialect 21. taboo22. whispery voice 23. breathy voice 24. creaky voice25. falsetto 26. common core words 27. technical words28. standard words 29. non- standard words 30. spoken words31. literary words 32. extension 33. specialization34. elevation 35. degradation 36. metaphor37. litotes 38. irony 39. compound sentence40. periodic sentence 41. loose sentence 42. elliptical sentence43. inverted sentence 44. antithesis 45. parallelism46. repetition 47. deviation 48. cataphora49. progressive conjunction 50. field of discourseII. Answer the following questions. (50 points; in test itcontains 5 questions)1. What is the relationship between form and content?2. What are the differences between language and speech?3. What is the methodology of stylistic analysis? What are the levels of stylistic analysis?4. Define paralinguistic features. What are they?5. What are the three ways of studying the sound of language?6. What are the four typical meters in English poetry?7. What is the relationship between sound and meaning?8. What is the relationship between style and the choice of words, according to thestylisticians?9. How many kinds of word meanings may be classified? And what are they?10. What are the three basic components of the English vocabulary?11. Functionally speaking, what are the four types of English sentences?12. What are the conjunctions used in combining English sentences?13. What are the gestures may be used in a casual conversation?14. What are the three types of substitution? Can you give some examples?15. What is the relationship between dialect and register?16. Name at least five kinds of figures of speech in English.17. Can you give some examples of rhetorical questions?18. What are the stylistic features of the Bible?19. What are the five kinds of reference in the English language?20. What are the three factors of register?21. Give examples to illustrate power relationship and solidarity relationship.22. What are the non-linguistic features of casual conversation?23. What are the linguistic features of the language of news reporting?24 .What are the linguistic features of the language of advertisement?25. What is the relationship between literary language and ordinary language?III. Stylistic analysis (20 points):1. Explain the connotative meaning of the italicized words or expressions in the followingsentences (12 points; in test it may or may not appear; it contains 3 words or expressions):.1) Don’t trust her; she is a snake i n the grass.2) The enemy will attack us tomorrow morning, but we are still not well prepared. TheDa mocles’ sword is hanging over us.3) We have to consult him, you know, he is the real Titan in our class.4) News from Pentagon today says …5) She knows nothing about the cruelty of the world. She isa lily.6) Hamlet, according to some psycho-analysis theory, is a character who has theOedipus complex.7) He is a wolf in sheep’s clothing. Don’t believe what he says.8) The doctor told him it is not cancer, however, it is only a white lie.9) He is always ready to help people when they are in need. He’s a real Robin Hood.10) Their policy is all sticks and no carrots.11) 0China never stands on the side of Chauvinism.12) Children are flowers of our country.2. What possible social relationships exist between the participants in the followingsentences? (12 points; in test it may or may not appear)1) Excuse me, could you tell me the right time, please?2) What time is it, please?3) What’ the time?3. Indicate what kind of figures of speech is used in the following examples? (8 points; intest it may or may not appear; it contains 2 items)The young hunter was as strong as a lion.Life is but a brief candle.from the cradle to the graveMany hands make light work.She’s as old as a mountain.A victorious defeatHe is a fool. He never knows where his personal interest lies. His whole heart is concerned about the interest of other people.Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.The drunkard loves his bottle better than his wife.My love is a red, red rose.4. Try to analyze the following sentence and point out its stylistic value (12 points; it mayor may not appear in test; if it appears, it contains onesentence)1) It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortunemust be in want of a wife. (J. Austin. Pride and Prejudice)2) I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)3) O, my luve is like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June;O, my luve is like the melodieTha t’s sweetly play’d in tune.(Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose)4) A grief ago (Dylan Thomas)5) “Don’t be such a harsh parent, father!”“Don’t father me!”(0099) 《英语文体学引论》复习思考题答案I. Explain in brief the following terms (10 points; in test it contains 10 terms):1. stylistics: the study or the investigation of style.2. style: the linguistic habit of a particular person(s) or characteristic of typical situations.3. dialect: a subtype of language which may be determined by geographical locality orparticular social groupings.4. morpheme: the smallest unit in a language that carries meaning.5. phoneme: the smallest sound unit in a specific language capable of semantic distinction.6. language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. register: language determined by situation.8. acoustic phonetics: a branch of phonetics dealing with thephysical properties of thespeech sounds of a language.9. auditory phonetics: the study of how the sound of speech is received by the hearer.10. syllable: a vowel sound either with or without a consonant or consonants in clusters.11. general stylistics:the investigation of the linguistic features of all kinds of language use.12. literary stylistics: the study of the linguistic features of literature in particular, such asthose of poetry, novels and dramas.13. form: the particular way of expressing the message.14. content: the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded orloaded in a linguistic expression.15. phonological analysis: it is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece ofliterature, especially those of poetry.16. lexical analysis: it is chiefly concerned about the internal structure and the stylisticcoloring and the semantic relationship of the words in the text.17. syntactical analysis: it is chiefly concerned about how the words in a text are puttogether to produce meaning and other kinds of message.18. discoursal analysis: it is concerned about how sentences are joined together to produce acohesive and coherent text.19. paralinguistic features: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cordsand openings20. social dialect: it is determined by the social groupings that a person belongs to.21. taboo: words forbidden to be used in public because of their being dirty or offensive22. whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizing contrast.23. breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of the articulation.24. creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations at a low pitch, like a stick being runalong a fence.25. falsetto: a switch of the voice from one vocal register toa higher one; usually found onlyin males.26. common core words: refer to those words used in everyday life.27. technical words: refer to those words used in special professions.28. standard words: words that are used in the standard dialect.29. non-standard words: words labeled as slangs, vulgarisms and colloquialisms in thedictionary. the cultural and social implications of a word simile: a comparison between two things with emphasis on the similarity or likeness between them30. spoken words: words that most often used in face-to- face, casual and everydayconversations.31. literary words: words used in formal writings or literature.32. extension: a specific word comes to mean a general idea.33. specialization: the change of the word meaning may move in the opposite direction, aword with general reference is narrowed to a specific reference.34. elevation: words of derogatory association become words of favorable association.35. degradation: neutral words or words of favorable association degenerated intoderogatory words.36. metaphor: a covert comparison37. litotes: understatement38. irony: a figure of speech that takes the form of saying or implying the opposite of whatone feels to be the case39. compound sentence: a sentence made up of two or more simple sentences, joinedtogether by conjunctions or punctuations40. periodic sentence: one that is not grammatically complete until the end is reached41. loose sentence: one that may be brought to a grammatical close before the end is reached42. elliptical sentence: one in which either the subject or the predicate or part of thepredicate is missing43. inverted sentence: one in which the subject position is filled by other sentence elements44. antithesis: a figure of speech in the formula of X conj. Y with a contrast between them45. parallelism: a rhetorical device in which two or more thantwo similar syntacticstructures with different words are placed side by side46. repetition: a rhetorical device in which identical words are used but not necessarily inidentical position47. deviation: violation of standard use of the language48. cataphora: If the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case ofcataphora.49. progressive conjunction: one sentence that joined by the use of conjunctive words ofaddition or progression50. field of discourse: the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity in whichlanguage is involvedII. Answer the following questions (50 points; in test it contains 5 questions):1. What is the relationship between form and content?One way of talking about style is to make a distinction between form and content.Content is the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded or loaded in a linguistic expression. Form is the particular way of expressing the message.The form is the style which may be different from case to case although the meaning may remain the same. For example, the Chinese term 开始may be expressed indifferent English words, such as start, begin and commence, but each suggests a different style.2. What are the differences between language and speech?Another way of talking about style is to make a distinctionbetween language and speech, which may be translated in Chinese as 语言and 言语. This distinction was first proposed by Saussure, the founder of the modern linguistics. According to Saussure, there are four major differences between language and speech.A. Language is abstract whereas speech is concrete. Language is abstract in the sensethat it has only psychological instead of physical existence. Language is notsomething that you can bring to the classroom and examine under the microscope,not something you can hear, see, smell , touch or taste. Speech is concrete in thesense that it has physical properties. Either can be heard in the spoken form or seenin the written form.B. Language is potential whereas speech is actual. Language is potential in the sensethat it is a kind of can-mean system, while speech is something that has an actualmeaning.C. Language is code whereas speech is message(语言是一个代码系统，言语才是信息). Language is a set of symbols that can be used to transmit information. Speechis the actual use of the language in an act of communication in a particular situationfor a particular purpose. It carries a real message.D. Language is stable and systematic whereas speech is subject to personal andsituational constraint. For example, the word book in the English language alwaysrefers to some printed matter. But in speech it may be used to refer to anything thatthe speaker wants to refer to by the use of it as long as it is understandable. Thecommon example is the sentence: He is a walking dictionary(a kind of book)meaning that he is very knowledgeable.3. What is the methodology of stylistic analysis? What are the levels of stylistic analysis?The major methodology for stylistic analysis is linguistic analysis. It tries to be objective or scientific in its analysis. According to the advocates of this methodology, anyone using this methodology to analyze a given text of literature will reach roughly the same conclusion.Levels of analysisSince stylistic analysis is a kind of linguistic analysis, naturally, how many levels of structure we have in a language correspondingly how many levels of structure at which we may do stylistic analysis.1) PhonologicalPhonological analysis is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece of literature, especially those of poetry.2) LexicalLexical analysis is chiefly concerned about the internal structure and the stylistic coloring and the semantic relationship of the words in the text.3) SyntacticalSyntactical analysis is chiefly concerned about how the wordsin a text are put together to produce meaning and other kinds of message.4) DiscoursalDiscoursal analysis is concerned about how sentences are joined together to producea cohesive and coherent text.4. Define paralinguistic features. What are they?Definition: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cords and openings.Kinds and the corresponding stylistic effects.1) Whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizingcontrast.2) Breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of thearticulation, the effect being one of mild ‘puffing and blowing’. Expressing surprise and astonishment.3) Creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations at a low pitch, like a stickbeing run along a fence.4) Falsetto: a switch of the voice from one vocal register to a higher one; usually foundonly in males.5. What are the three ways of studying the sound of language?A. articulatory phoneticsThe study of the sounds of a language with special attention to the speaker: the movement of the lungs, vocal cords, tongue, the lips and other organs which produce and control the noisy outward breathing.B. acoustic phoneticsThe study of the physical properties of the sound waves in the air when being transmitted from the speaker to the hearer.C. auditory phoneticsThe study of how the sound of speech is received by the hearer6. What are the four typical meters in English poetry?In English poetry, stress is usually used in the realization of meter. The followings arethe four most typical meters.1) Iamb: Iamb is a metric foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by astressed syllable.2) Trochee: Trochee is a metric foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by anunstressed syllable.3) Anapest: Anapest is a metric foot composed of two unstressed syllables followed byone stressed one.4) Dactyl: Dactyl is a metric foot composed of one stressed syllable followed by twounstressed ones7. What is the relationship between sound and meaning?According to Saussure, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary in the sense that why a certain meaning takes a particular sound has no reason and it is completely accident. But in literature, the writers always try to arrange the words in sucha way as to make the patterns of sound to directly suggest the meaning.8. What is the relationship between style and the choice ofwords, according to thestylisticians?The stylisticians’ attitude: they lay emphasis on the adaptability to the sit uation.Standard, non-standard, black, dialectal, slang, archaisms are equally good in their expressiveness. There is no distinction of one being superior and other being inferior.9. How many kinds of word meanings may be classified? And what are they?According to the linguists, a word has various kinds of meaning. The first kind of meaning is denotative meaning.1) Denotative (概念意义)The kind of meaning we can get from the dictionary. It can also be termed as dictionary meaning, conceptual meaning, logical meaning and referential meaning.This is the most basic meaning that we understand a word has.2) Stylistic = social (社会意义)The kind of meaning associated with a particular social situation in which a particular word is often used. e.g begin, start, commence3) Affective meaning(情感意义)It is the emotional, attitudinal and evaluative coloring of a word. e.g. cunning and clever. Both mean the skillful handling of a delicate or difficult situation. But they reveal different attitudes and evaluation of the speaker.4) Collocative (搭配意义)Some words may have the same dictionary meaning, but they collocate withdifferent words, as shown by the pair or synonyms of prettyand handsome.5) Connotative (内涵意义)the cultural and social implications of a word.10. What are the three basic components of the English vocabulary?The three basic components of the English vocabularyA Anglo-Saxona. Members of the familyb. Parts of the bodyc. Natured. Timee. One-syllabled verbsB Frencha. Government and Lawb. Army and military activitiesc. Religiond. CostumesC Latina. Medicineb. Lawc. Theologyd. Sciencee. Literature11. Functionally speaking, what are the four types of English sentences?1) Declarative 2) Interrogative3) Exclamatory 4) Imperative12. What are the conjunctions used in combining English sentences?1) Progressive conjunction (推进性连接): by the use ofconjunctive words of additionor progression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.2) Contrastive conjunction (对照性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of contrastor transition, such as but, whereas, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, etc.3) Temporal conjunction (时间性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of temporalsequence, such as then, later, afterwards, at last, or finally, etc13. What are the gestures may be used in a casual conversation?Facial expressions, eye-contact, body positions, distance, physical touch, soundmodification, clothing, and environment14. What are the three types of substitution? Can you give some examples?A. Nominal substitution (名词性替代)1) The meaning of one/ones e.g. You bought a red pencil, I’d like a blue one.2) The use of the “same”Example:A: I want a cup of teaB: The same.3) T he use of “kind, sort”. e.g. American food is not t he same as the English kind.B. Verbal substitution (动词性替代)Do you like Chinese food?Yes, I do.He likes Chinese food. So do I.C. Clausal substitution (分句性替代)1) The use of “so” “not”Example: A: Do you think he will come tomorrow?B: Yes, I think so./ No, I think not.2) LimitationClausal substitution applies only to sentences, where the predicate verb of amain clause is one of the following verbs:believe, be afraid, expect, fear, hope, imagine, say, tell, think, suppose.15. What is the relationship between dialect and register?Another way of talking about style, is to make a distinction between dialects and registers.A: Speaker orientedDialects are speaker oriented. What kind of speaker speaks what kind of dialect.Dialects may be regional or social. Regional dialect (地域方言)is determined by the geographical locality the speaker lives in. The social dialect is determined by the social groupings that a person belongs to.B: Situation orientedRegister is situational oriented. Register is the language determined by situation, and because of this we have such registers as formal English, informal English, classroom English, legal English, etc.16. Name at least five kinds of figures of speech in English.Simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, overstatement, etc.17. Can you give some examples of rhetorical questions?Idea: a rhetorical question is one which does not really need an answer, or the answer is obviousExamples:Is that a reason for despair?Can any one doubt the wisdom of this action?Is no one going to defend me?What difference does it make then?18. What are the stylistic features of the Bible?1. 1. Biblical simplicity2. Full of balanced sentences3. The use of concrete words4. Short paragraphs5. Heavy use of and to begin a new paragraph6. Syntactical features1) simple and complete sentences2) the use of old forms of personal pronouns3) the second personal pronoun take the verb of –est as in shouldest,gavest,etc.,and the third person doth and hath which are absent in other styles of writing4) negation takes the form of“verb+not” without the use of auxiliaries19. What are the five kinds of reference in the English language?According to relative positions of the referring item and the referred item, reference may be classified into the following kinds.1) Anaphora(后照应)In a case of reference, if the referred item (a word or a phrase) come before the referring item in a text, then it is a case of anaphora.Example: Mr. Wang is an engineer, he graduated from Beijing University.2) Cataphora(前照应)On the other hand, if the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case of cataphora. As in the example:I was introduced to them; it was John Leathwall and his wife.3) Exophora(外照应)If the interpretation of an item in a text depends on something in the immediate environment, then it is a case of exophora.Example: Did the gardener water those plants?4) Paraphora(平行照应)An item which refers to something in another text.Example: He is the Shylock Holmes in our class.5) Homophora(自照应)When the class is composed of only one member, then any mention of it is a case of homophora.Example: The moon moves around the earth.20. What are the three factors of register?1) Field of discourse —the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity inwhich language is involved.2) Tenor of discourse —the kind of social relationships between the participants in aconversation.3) Mode of discourse —the medium along which the message is being transmitted.21. Give examples to illustrate power relationship and solidarity relationship.Power relationship is a kind of vertical relationship in the sense that the two participants in the conversation hold unequalauthority. For example, the relations between boss and employee, or between parents and children, or between teacher and students.Solidarity relationship is a horizontal relationship in that participants in a conversation hold equal authority. For example, the relations between playmates, classmates, friends, etc.22. What are the non-linguistic features of casual conversation?1) Unpreparedness or low degree of preparedness2) Frequent change of roles3) Monitoring4) Simultaneity in space and time5) Topic drifting6) Channel limitation7) Gestures23. What are the linguistic features of the language of news reporting?In news reporting one can find some characteristics in syntax, lexis, and textual structure.A. SyntaxThere is a heavy use of complex sentences and a heavy use of non-finite verb phrases. The subjects of sentences are usually very complicated. Compared with the verb phrases in the previous discussed varieties, the composition of the verb phrases in newspaper reporting is even simpler, mainly simple present or past tense. The structure of the noun phrases in news reporting is very complicated. There is a remarkable increase in the number of modifiers for an average sentence in the variety of newspaper reporting. And the modifiers themselves tend to be more complicatedly structured.B. LexisThere is rare use of pronouns, but by contrast, there is a remarkable increase of the use of proper nouns. The degree of complication in the aspect of word structure is about the same as that in public speech. Both in terms of the number of letters in an average word and the number of morphemes in an average word. Although the word structure in the style of newspaper reporting tends to be complicated, it is ever ready to use short instead of big word wherever possible, especially in headlines.Compound words are used frequently. Moreover, non phrases which actually express actions or state and heavily used, and they are derived from verb phrases in order to make the sentences more compact and save space without lowering the amount of information conveyed.C. Textual structureIn textual structure, one of the most outstanding characteristic is straightforwardness.24. What are the linguistic features of the language of advertisement?A. Syntax:In terms of syntax, the language of advertisement is simple in structure for easy understanding, and colloquial in style for familiarity, intimacy and solidarity. There is a higher frequency of imperative and interrogatives. As to structure, according to statistics, we have the lowest rate of occurrence of passive in comedies, the second lowest is in ads. There is also a heavy use of pre-modifiers, possessive’s, comparative and superlative adjectivesB. Lexis:There is a heavy use of compounds. Simple, short, innerstructure and a high percentage of active, affirmative, commendatory and large quantities of proper names could be found in the vocabulary of advertisement.C. Rhetorical devices:One can easily find a lot of parallelism, reiteration and alliteration.25. What is the relationship between literary language and ordinary language?1) The kind of language people use in daily conversation is the ultimate source of thelanguage of literature.2) Ordinary language follows the norm of convention, and the purpose is to beunderstood fully.3) Literary language is not the mechanical copy of ordinary language, but refined andprocessed.4) Literary language has some linguistic deviation.III. Stylistic analysis (20 points):1. Explain the connotative meaning of the italicized words or expressions in the followingsentences (12 points; in test it may or may not appear; it contains 3 words or expressions):1) Don’t trust her; she is a snake in the grass.Snake is a kind of animal, because of prejudice and cultural conventions now oftenused to refer to a person who is cunning and untrustworthy2) The enemy will attack us tomorrow morning, but we are still not well prepared. TheDamocles’ sword is hanging over us.Damocles’ sword is an allusion to Greek mythology. Damocles was invited to abanquet in the court. In the midst of the entertainment, Damocles looked up and sawsuspended above his head by a single thread a naked sword. By extension, it comesto mean an immediate danger.3) We have to consult him, you know, he is the real Titan in our class.Titan is a name used to refer to a class of gods huge in physical size. By extension,it comes to mean a person of great strength or influence.4) News from Pentagon today says …Pentagon is a huge building in Washington in which the U.S. Department ofDefense exercises its functions, now often used to refer to the ministry itself5) She knows nothing about the cruelty of the world. She isa lily.Lily is a flower and by cultural conventions a symbol of purity and innocence in thewest.6) Hamlet, according to some psycho-analysis theory, is a character who has theOedipus complex.According to psycho-analysis theory, Oedipus complex refers to the sexual love ofan infant for the parent of the opposite sex, with jealousy of the other parent, oftenin an unconscious way. In this play, Hamlet is believed to have。
style组成的单词
style组成的单词以下是style组成的单词：1.stylish -时尚的，时髦的。
2.stylus -书写工具，尖头。
3.stylite -修道士，苦修者。
4.stylometry -风格测定学。
5.stylophone -塑料键盘乐器。
6.styled -经过设计的，有特定风格的。
7.styleless -没有风格的，没有样式的。
8.styling -造型，设计。
9.stylise -使有风格，使具有某种样式。
10.stylishly -时尚地，漂亮地。
11.stylesheet -样式表，用于定义网页外观的代码。
12.styledrawing -样式图，用于展示设计或计划的图纸。
13.stylism -风格主义，一种艺术或文化风格。
14.stylophonist -塑料键盘乐器演奏者。
15.stylopodium -笔杆，书写工具的柄部。
16.styledocument -样式文档，用于定义文本或网页的外观和格式的文档。
17.stylemanual -样式手册，提供写作和出版指南的手册。
18.stylishness -时髦，时尚感。
19.stylesheetlanguage -样式表语言，用于描述网页外观和格式的语言。
20.stylingiron -烫发器，用于塑造或保持头发形状的工具。
21.stylisection -风格部分，特定文化或时期的艺术或写作风格。
22.stylishlydressed -穿着时髦的，穿着讲究的。
23.stylishnumber -时尚款式号码，用于标识时尚款式或产品的编号。
24.stylishnessfactor -时髦度因子，衡量时尚感或流行度的指标。
25.stylishnesslevel -时髦程度，一个人或事物时尚感的表现程度。
这些单词都与“style”相关，涵盖了不同的词性和意义，展示了“style”在英语中的丰富含义和用途。
清华大学外语系2019级研究生新生入学专业教育讲座之四文体研究及其功能
例如，
• 最近几年来，2019年和2019年每年有3部出 版，
• 2019年有7部出版。 • 这充分说明，文体学研究确实是一项方兴
未艾的事业。
初步分析
• 2019年6月首届全国文体学研讨会在南京国际关系 学院召开，召集人为郭鸿教授；
• 2000年9月第二届全国文体学研讨会在山东大学召 开，召集人为王守元教授；
• 因为文体学的研究对象——文体风格，是横着 伸向许多学科之中，如语言学、文艺学、文章 学、美学、心理学、图书分类学、编辑学、翻 译学、鉴别学等等，成为它们的一种共有现象。
研究的范围
• 它所研究的范围，已经远远超出了过去人 们划分的一些传统学科领域。
• 单一的学科方法和视角，只能认识体裁的 某一侧面和局部，
三、 我国的文体学研究成果
• 建国60年来，国内文体学研究及成果的产 出与我国的社会发展阶段可谓紧密相连。
• 我们可以大致将其分为三个阶段来谈。
第一个阶段是建国初期及“文革”期间。
• 据统计，1949年到1976年的28年间，中国为数 不多的几家期刊杂志如《西方语文》、《外语 教学与翻译》和《外语教学与研究》等仅发表 了25篇文体学论文，也就是说，每年不到一篇
• 文体学的这种边缘性，也是近代科学技术 发展趋向的一种体现，
• 即科学技术的高度分化和高度综合、自然 科学和社会科学的互相渗透、科学技术化 和技术科学化、科学的整体化和传统学科 的解体。
对其它学科的促进
• 事实上，文体学已经打破了传统的学科疆界， 成为一门需要多学科、多角度探讨的综合性学 科。
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• The second clause of the sentence is a
statement that is extremely absurd for in reality no clock strikes beyond twelve. Through the use twelve. of the paradox, Orwell seems to hint that the whole story will be absurd. absurd.
In brief
• Oxymoron and paradox are devices that
allow the literary writer to express a certain truth or message through apparent falsehood. falsehood.
1. Contradiction
• Contradiction is a type of semantic
deviation which conveys self-conflicting selfinformation. information. It can be readily divided into two types which are termed in rhetoric oxymoron and paradox. paradox.
• Here, roofs do not refer to the outside coverings
on top of buildings, but to whole houses or buildings. buildings. If we extend a little the definition of synecdoche, we may say that even the wolf and the owl can be said to be synecdochic, for the wolf in this context refers not to one particular wolf but to all the wolves and all beasts of prey and the owl refers not to one particular owl but prey. to all the owls and all the birds of prey. Synecdoche can also be interpreted more broadly to include substitution of the whole for a part, e.g. the substitution of 'the army' for 'a soldier'. soldier'.
• The statement that My only love sprung from
my only hate is absurd because love and hate
have opposite meanings, and it is inconceivable that love can spring from hate. hate. In the play, however, Juliet has fallen madly in love with the son of the family she has been brought up to hate. Thus, the paradox here hate. effectively expresses Juliet’s mixed feelings for Juliet’ what she has done and at the same time, duly anticipates her final tragedy. tragedy.
• The wretched creature in Passage (1)
refers to an old woman who is described in the novel as behaving in many ways like an idiot. The surface contradiction of idiot. the two words hideous and merriment aptly shows the extent of the old woman's idiocy. idiocy.
2. Transference
• In literature, transference of meaning is the •
process whereby literary absurdity leads the mind to comprehension on a figurative plane. plane. Transference is so important an element in literature that poets and critics alike have tended to consider it the only thing that really matters in literature. literature. Transference in literature refers to such traditional figures of speech as synecdoche, metonymy and metaphor. metaphor.
1.1 Oxymoron（茅盾修辞） Oxymoron（茅盾修辞）
• Oxymoron is "the yoking together of two Oxymo
expressions which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality" (Leech, 1969: 132). 1969: 132) (1) As the wretched creature mumbled and chuckled in her hideous merriment, the undertaker turned to go away. away. (Oliver Twist)
•
(4) It was a bright, cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. thirteen. (the opening of Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four ) Orwell’ Eighty-
1.2 Paradox（似是而非的隽语） Paradox（似是而非的隽语） A paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false. selffalse.
(3) Nurse: His name is Romeo, and a Montague. Nurse: Montague. The only son of your great enemy. enemy. Juliet: Juliet: My only love sprung from my only hate. hate. Too early seen unknown and known too late! Prodigious birth of love that it is to me, That I must love a loathed enemy. enemy. (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)
•
• Many hands make light work. work. • The case was defended by eloquent lips. lips. • They came to live under the same roof. roof. • It (the volleyball match) was a close
A victorious defeat A living death Cruel kindness Parting is such sweet sorrow. (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) Writing is busy idleness. (Goethe) He is a clever fool. Open secretain pressed to his blue eyes the tips of the fingers that were disposed on the edge of the wheeled chair with careful carelessness, after the Cleopatra model and Mr. Mr. Dombey bowed. bowed. (Dombey and Son) • The semantic clash is even more apparent in the two antonyms careful and carelessness in Passage (2). The grouping together of the two antonyms vividly and unreservedly demonstrates the pretence and affectedness of the major. major.
• The child is father of the man. • More haste, less speed. • Punctuality is the thief of time. (Oscar Wilde) • Idleness is a luxury. • The more you give, the more you have.