SSS 听力原文
视听说教程第三册听力原文汇编
Unit 1 Lesson 1VideoHome ListeningA conservation group says 163 newly discovered species of plantsand animals in the Greater Mekong region of Southeast Asiawhere the Mekong River 1) flows are at risk of extinction becauseof rising global temperatures.Some of the most 2) unusual animalsincluded a frog with fangs in Thailand that eats birds and a leopard-spottedgecko found on an island in Vietnam. But in a report 3) released in Bangkokon Friday, the WWF says that temperatures in the region are 4) expected torise by as much as four degrees Celsius in the next 60 years and that couldthreaten their existence.The WWF says rare and endangered species are at the greatest 5) risk from climate change, because rising temperatures could affect food 6) supplies or cause weather problems that damage habitats. The newly discovered species that live at the tops of mountains only or low-lying islands only, like this Cat Ba gecko that was just found are 7) especially vulnerable to climate-change impacts because of their restricted habitats. More than 1,000 new species have been discovered in the Greater Mekong region in the past 8) decade.Changes to wildlife in the Mekong area could also affect many of the 60 million people who depend on the river for their livelihoods. Of all the region’s the WWF works in, the Mekong region 9) probably has the closest link between its resource and human livelihood than any other region in the world.The WWF report comes just days ahead of a major United Nations meeting in Bangkok on climate change. The Bangkok meeting will 10) try to narrow down a framework agreement on global emission targets to be negotiated at the end of this year.Unit 2Lesson 1AudioScriptWhen it comes to intelligence, there has always been one fundamental question: Is intelligence a function of nature? Is it simply encoded in a child’s genes? Or is it a function of nurture? Is it more about the environment that a child grows up in?On the one hand, if we take two people at random from the crowd, it is very likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. However, if we take two identical twins, chances are that they will be as intelligent as each other. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn thatintelligence is to some extent something we are born with. On the other hand, though, if we put identical twins in different environments, we would find differences in their intelligence several years later, which indicates that environment does play a crucial role in people’s intelligence.Recently, data has clearly indicated that nurture is indeed more than 50% of the equation. That is good news for educators, but even better news for society as a whole.Fortunately, President Obama has come out in strong support of early childhood education, particularly for those children most at risk of school failure. Investing in quality pre-school opportunities clearly helps give children from poverty-stricken areas the chance at a stronger start in school and in life.If we are serious about helping our children succeed in school, if we are truly interested in “Leaving No Child Behind,” we will take a hard look at t his compelling data and begin investing greater sums at the early childhood level.VideoScriptEinstein’s destiny as a great physicist was not obvious. As a child, his passion was music, not physics.“I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician.”But Einstein’s life changed when he was given a book on geometry. The universe could be tamed through numbers. His life’s work would be to control the music of the universe.During his life, Einstein changed our concept of space and time forever. He harnessed energy, mass and the speed of light in the most famous equation all time – E equals MC’ square.What made Einstein’s brain so exceptional? Dr. Jim Al-Khalili, like Einstein, is a physicist and is obsessed by the work of his hero. Brain specialist，Mark Lythgoe hunts for secrets of creativity inside the human mind.“My name is Dr. Jim Al-Khalili I believe Einstein’s genius came from his imagination, and no man or no machine can measure that. Am I right?”“M y name is Dr. Mark Lythgoe and I believe that Einstein’s genius comes from nerve cells, which can be analyzed. We can find out what made Einstein a genius. Am I right?”So which view is correct? To solve the riddle of Einstein’s genius, Mark and Jim would have to journey to America to hunt down and examine Einstein’s disembodied brain. Nature or nurture? Biology or training? Are geniuses born or are they made? Neurophysiologist Dr. Mark Lythgoe is a keen climber and finds parallels between his hobby and his profession.“N ow, there are two scenarios for how the brain works. The first scenario is the brain is like a muscle. Now I’ve trained to develop the stamina in my muscle, hopefully then I can hold on to this hole for a period of time. The second is that the brain is like a skeleton and it doesn’t matter how much I’ve trained, I’m never, ever going to be able to reach that hole right up there. “Now, in Einstein’s day they believed that the brain was like a skeleton that had natural limits, but that view is changing today. Instead, it is now understood that more and more parts of the brain behave like a muscle. They can expand with use. Then, if all of our brains are like muscles, could it be that we all have the ability to become Einstein?”Lesson 2AudioAlbert Einstein was a German-born physicist, although most people probably know him as the most intelligent person who ever lived. His name has become part of many languages when we want to say someone is a genius, as in the phr ase, “She’s a real Einstein”. He must have been pretty brainy to discover the Theory of Relativity and the equation e=mc2.In 1999, Time Magazine named Einstein as the Person of the Century. No one could have guessed this would happen when he was in school. He was extremely interested in science but hated the system of learning things by rote memory. He said it destroyed learning and creativity. He had already done many experiments but failed the entrance exams to a technical college.He didn’t let this s etback stop him. When he was 16, he performed his famous experiment of imagining traveling alongside a beam of light. He eventually graduated from university, in 1900, with a degree in physics.Twelve years later he was a university professor and in 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for Physics. He went on to publish over 300 scientific papers.Einstein is the only scientist to become a cult figure, a household name and part of everyday culture. He once joked that when people stopped him in the street, he alway s replied, “Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein.” Today, he is seen as the typical mad, absent-minded professor, who just happened to change our world.VideoScriptSo Einstein’s brain has given up some of its secrets to Mark and Jim. In the battle of biology versus ideas, Jim and Mark have each scored points. Seemingly, Einstein was born with overlaps in his brain. These overlaps may have meant maths and spatial thinking were more intuitive to him. Thinking like a child let him see the world in a unique way. And his unique, perhaps autistic, level of concentration, forced his brain to expand like a muscle. Extra glial cells were needed to cope with the extra demand, possibly helping make the maths area in the brain more than 15% wider than normal. All these effects united to give Einstein a mind unlike any other, perhaps the greatest mind in history. In the future, could we preserve a genius like Einstein in something better than the jar? Imagine a brave new world, where a genius’brain could be copied onto silicon using microscopic robots called nanobots. This is the vision of the futurologist Ray Kurzweil.“I think by the 2020s or the late 2020s, we will have completely reverse engineered the brain and understand how all the diff erent regions work. It’ll take us longer to be able to scan the entire brain and get capture of every detail of someone’s personality. The blood vessels of the brain go everywhere, and so if we send billions of nanobots through the capillaries of the brain, they can scan everything in the brain of a specific person at very high resolution. Then you could create a machine, a non-biological entity, that would simulate a specific person’s brain and that simulation will act just like that person, and if you the n talk to that simulation, you’d be convinced that it was that person.”“I am little worried about whether I’m talking to the real Ray or he’s at home having a cup of tea.”“Well, I worry about that too. Once we understand the basic principles of operatio n of how the brain works, we can take a brain-like system and expose it to a complicated problem and the system will learn on its own. It can actually do it thousands maybe eventually millions of times faster than a real human brain and actually develop skills that are far greater than a human being isSo a future Einstein could be put on a computer, literally a ghost in the machine.“Do you believe that, you know, just by looking at that, genius is– or genius is something else for you?It’s a k ey moment. Has Mark won Jim round?“Day by day, I’ve been changing my views. I’ve been–I started off feeling that Einstein’s ideas have gone forever. What he thought of, what he’s capable of imagining were something of the past. I’m not so sure now. I fe el somehow there are still, maybe, possibly, some secrets locked inside in this jar.”Home ListeningMost people know that Albert Einstein was a famous scientist who came up with the formula e=mc2. But do you know other facts about this 1) genius?When Einstein died in 1955, his body was cremated and his ashes 2) scattered according to his wishes. However, before his body was cremated, Thomas Harvey at Princeton Hospital 3) conducted an autopsy in which he removed Einstein’s brain. Rather than putting the brain back in the body, Harvey decided to keep it for study. Harvey did not have 4) permission to keep Einstein’s brain, but days later, he 5) convinced Einstein’s son that it would help science. Shortly thereafter, Harvey was fired from his position at Princeton because he refused to give up Einstein’s brain. For the next four 6) decades, Harvey k ept Einstein’s chopped-up brain in two mason jars with him as he moved around the country.Einstein’s mother, Pauline, was an 7) accomplished pianist and wanted her son to love music too, so she started him on violin lessons when he was six years old. Unfortunately, at first, Einstein hated playing the violin. 8) He would much rather build houses of cards, which he was really good at, or do just about anything else. When Einstein was 13-years old, he suddenly changed his mind about the violin when he heard the music of Mozart. 9) With a new passion for playing, Einstein continued to play the violin until the last few years of his life.Part of Einstein’s charm was his disheveled look. In addition to his uncombed hair, one of Einstein’s peculiar habits was to never wear socks. 10) Whether it was while out sailing or at a formal dinner at the White House, Einstein went without socks everywhere. To Einstein, socks were a pain because they often would get holes in them. Plus, why wear both socks and shoes when one of them would do just fine?Unit 3Lesson 1AudioScriptMcDonald’s Corporation (MCD) is one of the leading fast-food restaurant chains in the world, touching the lives of people every day. As the world’s largest chain of restaurants, it primarily sells hamburgers, chicken, french fries, milkshakes, soft drinks, etc.The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Dick and Mac McDonald. Initially, they just owned a hotdog stand. But after establishing the restaurant they served around 25 items, which were mostly barbecued. It became a popular and profitable teen hangout.Their introduction of the “Speed Service System” in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant. The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc on April 15, 1955.In effect, Kroc opened his first and the overall ninth restaurant in Chicago, Illinois, and gave birth to McDonald’s Corporation. In 1958, the restaurant chain sold its 100 millionth hamburger. In 1960, Kroc renamed his company as “McDonald’s Corporation”. In 1961, Kroc convinced the McDonald brothers to sell the business rights to him in the company. Thus he purchased the brothers’ equity for a sum of $2.7million and led to its worldwide expansion.As McDonald’s expands successfully into many international markets, the company became a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence also made it a frequent subject of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics and consumer responsibility. VideoScriptTanya: It’s the fast food chain with the iconic golden arches that have been spotted all over the world. Yes, we are talking about McDonald’s. But did you know McDonald’s, year after year, is voted one of the best places to work? We’re looking today at this all-American company and what we can learn from its success. We’re joined by Paul Facella, author of the book, Everything I Know About Business, I Learned At McDonald’s: The Seven Leadership Principles That Drive Breakout Success. Paul was a former McDonald’s executive who has the behind-the-scenes story on the world’s most successful restaurant organization. Hi there, Paul. Thanks for joining us. Paul: Thank you, Tanya. Nice to be here.Tanya: Now, while you no longer work for McDonald’s, I understand that the company has had a huge impact on your life. Tell us why you decided to write a book on business lessons that you learned from a fast food chain.Paul: Sure. Well, not only myself but literally hundreds of thousands of people that went to the McDonald’s system and were guided by a lot of the principles. When I left McDonald’s, I went into consulting and, and one of the surprises I had was many of the organizations, both large and small, was the fact that some of the basic principles, some of the foundations that good organizations need to be successful, weren’t there. And I was constantly being asked about, “Well, tell me how you did in McDonald’s”. And my thinking was, “Gee, I’ll write a book about it and help my client base and I’ll be able to help them move forward with it.” So that was the thinking behind it.Tanya: Well, we’re gonna get into some of those secrets of success. I wanna start by asking you, you know, obviously a lot of people know McDonald’s for their burgers and Big Macs. But, I’m sure a lot people will be surprised to know that it has one of the highest corporate employee retention rates of any company, I mean people assume, fast food chain, people just want to get in and get out. What makes McDonald’s so successful?Paul:I think, I think there’s a number of factors, but I think the retention piece is about McDonald’s, when you work, there it’s really about a meritocracy. It is about advancement that is based on achievement. And from the first crew person moving in all the way up to store manager, all the way up to the present CEO, Jim Skinner, who was a crew person 35 years ago and moved into, after 35 years, moved into the CEO ranks. So it’s always been a progression of opportunity for people, and I think that's one of the great things that keeps folks there. Every CEO has gone through the ranks.Tanya: Is there any crossover from those who work on the server side to the executive side, or you have to go back to school for that?Paul: Oh, no, all the time, I mean, I started as a 16-year-old crew person. Mike Quinlan, who’s a CEO for 14 years started in the mail room, so there’s plenty of crossover.Lesson 2AudioScriptSince setting up the first McDonald’s in China, the Western restaurant chain has been expanding steadily and successfully. So far, other than the home market–the United States–China is the No. 1 growth market for McDona ld’s, with over 1000 restaurants and over 60,000 employees.China also represents one third of all capital expenditures in the Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa region, where the fast-food giant is in 37 markets. According to Skinner, vice-chairman and CEO of this world’s largest fast-food company, “We’ve been steadily growing with China for the past 20 years and are very excited for what the future holds,” he says.In 1990, McDonald’s chose Shenzhen, a pioneer Special Economic Zone in Guangdong province bordering Hong Kong, to open its first 500-seat store in the developing market. McDonald’s quickly won over the local consumers, due to its many attractions like its Ronald McDonald clown, Golden Arches or the yellow “M” logo, Big Mac, the smiling attendants and the quick service. The success of the Shenzhen outlet prompted McDonald’s to expand its chain nationwide. And McDonald’s has not stopped from aggressively increasing the number of its outlets in China. The mainland’s fast-food market is growing at a rate of16 percent per year. “We are going to continue our growth at a faster rate in China. China is a huge market with great opportunities for businesses around the world, and it's no different for McDonald’s,” Skinner adds.VideoScriptT anya: And in your book, you’ve broken down some of the keys, the fundamental keys of McDonald’s success, in terms that can be applied to other companies. So, let’s go through these one by one. The first you say is honesty and integrity, and this obviously comes at a time when so many people have lost trust in Wall Street. How can we apply this?Paul: Yeah, I think, it’s, well, honesty and integrity started very early on with Ray Kroc who started the McDonald’s system in 1955, and back then franchise s were just starting to proliferate, and there were not a lot of laws about how they would conduct businesses. And one of the things was done, sadly, was that many of those franchisors would take commissions back from suppliers that supplied the franchisees product. From the beginning, that's now how we’re gonna do businesses. We’re gonna have integrity, we’re gonna be honest with our franchisees, I wanna the franchisees to make the first dollar, I’ll make the second dollar, and that kind of got into the DNA very early. And to this day, there is a wonderful relationship of integrity and honesty with our relationships with our operators, with our vendors.Tanya: And I would imagine that motivates everybody because you feel like if you do well, you will get rewarded.Paul:That’s correct. Absolutely, no question about that. How important everybody working together as a team is!Tanya: Right, and another secret to McDonalds’ success, I understand, is relationships, and the company apparently promotes the idea that relationships are sort of the secret sauce, as, if you will, and everyone who works for the company is a part of an extended family, is that right?Paul: The Mcfamily!Tanya: Yeah.Paul: It's a great safe way from honesty and integrity. If you start with the foundation of honesty [and] integrity, it goes right into relationships. And Fred Turner, who is still to this day, 54 years later, is active, was actually the one that coined the phrase “the three-legged stool”. What it really meant was, that there were three legs in our relationship: the franchisees, the suppliers and the company people. And all of us pulling together, and working together as a team and the synergy of that team, is how it will be successful. And if you think about that, you know how important that is, that you really don’t want to let your team members down and you want them to be successful. Tanya: Sure, and every leg of the stool is only as strong as the other leg, right?Paul: Absolutely.Tanya: And another secret is the idea of standards. One of the McDonalds’ mottos, apparently, is never be satisfied? [Yes.] Tell us about the company’s no excuses working environment.Paul: Yeah, well, standards are very important and you know is – in order to have a standard, you have that measurement, and if it’s worth doing, it’s worth measuring. And every time you measure something, performance improves because people have a guideline –they know where they’re going, and that, that’s actually part of even the people side of that. The meritocracy wasn’t based on anything, but clear metrics on how you advance through the ranks on that. But it was never satisfied, we always felt we could do it harder, quicker, faster. And that stayed one step ahead of the competition and kept our franchisees the best in the system.Home ListeningInternational business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics,and transportation) that take place between two or more nations. Usually, private companies 1) undertake such transactions for profit; governments for profit and for political reasons. It refers to all business activities which involve cross 2) border transactions of goods, services and resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people, etc. for international production of physical goods, and services such as finance, banking, 3) insurance, construction, etc.The increase in international business and in foreign 4) investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in 5) negotiation in an international arena as their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to 6) participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been 7) identified that undermine the negotiator’s position, two of which, in particular, are directness and 8) impatience. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. 9) In order to solidify the relationship, they may chooseindirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator. Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. 10) For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding.Unit 4Lesson1AudioScriptA leading US scientist has predicted that computers will be as intelligent as humans by 2029. Futurologist Dr Ray Kurzweil told the American Association for the Advancement of Science that in the near future, machine intelligence will overtake the power of the human brain. He said that within two decades computers will be able to think quicker than humans. Dr Kurzweil painted a picture of us having tiny robots called nanobots implanted in our brain to boost our intelligence and health. He told reporters that these microscopic nanobots would work with our brains to make us think faster and give us more powerful memories. Kurzweil explained that we are already “a human machine civilization” and that the upcoming technology “will be a further extension of that.”Dr Kurzweil was one of 18 top intellectuals asked by the US National Academy of Engineering to identify our greatest technological challenges. Other experts included Google founder Larry Page and the human genome pioneer Dr Craig Venter. Kurzweil has a very impressive background in science and innovation. He was an innovator in various fields of computing, including the technology behind CDs. He also pioneered automatic speech recognition by machines. He predicts the pace of new inventions will increase greatly from now, saying: “…the next half century will see 32 times more technical progress than the past half century.” This means scenes from science fiction movies, like Blade Runner, The Terminator and I Robot, will become more and more a part of our everyday lives.VideoScriptSurrogates today are more like Gina Scanlon and Jennifer (again, first name only), both from the Pittsburgh area.Scanlon, 42 years old, is a portrait painter and mother of three. She delivered twins as a surrogate two years ago. And now, in part because her husband Brian needs expensive surgery, Scanlon is pregnant again.In contrast, this is Jennifer’s first try as a surrogate. She’s a 36-year-old stay-at-home mother of two.Jennifer: Being a mother, I can’t imagine life without my children and so you know. It really came to the fact that I would really like to help another couple have a child that they otherwise could not.Anchor: What about you Gina? What do you think is inside of you that said, ‘I want to be a surrogate’?Gina: I love being pregnant. It’s a great experience. And having met friends and family whoexperienced infertility, their choices are limited. I felt that I wanted to do this for someone else. Anchor: Did you ever worry, first time, that you would not want to give up those babies?Gina: It was never something that entered my mind.Anchor: Never at all?Gina: No. You go into it with the thought that this is for someone else. It is not your baby to give up. It’s their baby from the start. And the end is the reward: The end is being able to deliver this baby and turn it over to the parents. And see, they’ve been waiting for years for this to happen. And it finally happens when they’re holding their own child. And it’s so worth it.Paying a surrogate remains illegal in several parts in the United States.It’s also against the law in most of Europe, which is why Sylvia and Michaela came all the way from Italy to the La Jolla IVF Clinic in California.Sylvia lost her uterus –and almost her life –after a miscarriage. The couple watched as embryos created through his sperm and her eggs were placed inside the body of a 30-year-old surrogate –a woman they’d earlier communicated with from afar but never before met.The process took just minutes.Michaela: It is inconceivable to have done this maybe 30 years ago.A few weeks later, they will learn the procedure was a success –and it’s twins.Sylvia: A miracle!The miracle has a high price. The fee for the entire surrogacy process ranges from $80,000 to well over $100,000.Of that, doctors get $9,000 to $15,000; agencies, $15,000 to $20,000; and the surrogates? First-timers get $18,000 to $25,000; experienced surrogates, up to $40,000. And in this tough economy, applications from potential surrogates are escalating. Still, Brisman says, of the 100 to 200 applications received every week, she only accepts about five to ten.Anchor: Some feminists who say, you know, this is like “womb for rent”; “mother for hire”; “it’s like prostituting yourselves.” What’s your reaction to that?Jennifer: It’s, it’s kind of offensive. It’s insulting. It’s very insulting.Anchor: Does it make you angry when you hear something like that?Jennifer: A little bit, yeah.Gina:It’s a service that you’re providing, if you want to think of it that way. More than, it’s an exploitation of your body. You’re not selling your body.All the same, surrogacy remains an act raising questions about our whole notion of motherhood, that unmistakable bond between mother and child.Brisman: The definition of motherhood is changing over time. Like, it’s not necessarily the woman who gives birth is the mother. It’s very hard for people to accept. I th ink in a few years or, you know, maybe ten years, this is just going to be old news.Lesson 2AudioScriptThe scientists who launched the Human Genome Project believed in the power of genetic information to transform health care to allow earlier diagnosis of diseases than ever before and to fuel the creation of powerful new medicines.But it was also clear that genetic information could potentially be used in ways that are。
Sixty-Second-Science(SSS)听力笔记
Date: 2012/7/6 From: sss20120102 Source: D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120102.mp3Happy New Year! And don’t feel bad about taking today off.After all you’ve travelled far.And I’m not about talking about the trip home from the party.According to NASA, just by being on the planet Earth in the last year,you’ve zipped about 584 million miles around the sun to get back where you were,At an average speed of about 67,000 miles per hour.Again, not talking you about the drive home from the party.Of course the trip was not a perfect circle. As Kepler[开普勒] showed, the Earth’s orbit is an ellipse, with the sun at one of the two focal points.He also figured out the planet goes faster when it’s at perihelion, near the sun, than when it’s at aphelion, its farest distance, which would explain why summer seems to zip by, except the seasons are a function of the tilt of the Earth’s axis, not its different distances from the Sun. And the Earth rotated 365 and a quarter times during its sweep around the Sun.The trip took about 8766 hours or 31,557,600 seconds or 525,960 minutes just like this one.Happy New Year! And don‟t feel bad about taking today off. After all, you‟ve traveled far. And I‟m not talking about the trip home from the party. According to NASA, just by being on the planet Earth in the last year, you‟ve zipped about 584 million miles around the sun to get back where you were. At an average speed of about 67,000 miles per hour. Again, not talking about the drive home from the party.Of course, the trip was not a perfect circle. As Kepler showed, the Earth‟s orbit is an ellipse, with the sun at one of the two focal points. He also figured out the planet goes faster when it‟s at perihelion, nearer the sun, than when it‟s at aphelion, its farthest distance. Which would explain why summer seems to zip by, except the seasons are a function of the tilt of the Earth‟s axis, not its different distances from the sun. And the Earth rotated 365 and a quarter times during its sweep around the sun. The trip took8,766 hours. Or 31,557,600 seconds. Or 525,960 minutes just like this one.Main Points1. Last year, just being on the planet, you’ve been zipped around the sun for 584 million miles to get back where you were at an average speed of 67,000 miles per hour, said NASA. But the orbit the Earth goes around the sun is not a perfect circle, but an ellipse.2. It also figured out the planet goes faster when it’s at perihelion, near the sun, than when it’s at aphelion, its farthest distance, explaining why summer seems to zip by, except the seasons are a function of the tilt of the Earth’s axis.3. The Earth rotated 365 and a quarter times during its sweep around the sun, taking 8,766 hours, or 525,960 minutes, or 31,577,600 seconds.Words：Kepler: 开普勒【开普勒望远镜】perihelion: 近地点【夏天，地球自转快】aphelion: 远地点【冬天，地球自转慢】focal points: 焦点Correction：Date: 2012/7/7 From: sss20120103 Source: D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120103.mp3Ever wondered why mosquitoes eat some people up but leave others‘relatively unscathed?A new study finds this preferential treatment is due to the smells produced by the microscopic critters that cover our bodies.The research is in the journal Public Library Science ONE.To a mosquito every human body has a particular smell. And the differences are due in part to the particular bacteria on each individual’s skin.The study tested the malaria-transmitting Anopheles gambiae in mosquito’s attraction to the odors of 50 adult men.The participants avoided items such as garlic, that would change their natural smell. Researchers collected the male scents by rubbing glass beads on the bottom of each participant’s foot, and swabbed the same skin for microbes. And they discovered that mosquitoes preferred the smell of skin with more abundant-but less diverse- bacteria communities.The scientists suggest that diverse communities may includ some microbes that produce compounds mosquitoes naturally dislike.If further research can identify these compounds, it could lead to the development of repellents to make bloodthirsty mosquitoes buzz off.Ever wondered why mosquitoes eat some people up but leave others relatively unscathed?A new study finds that this preferential treatment is due to the smells produced by the microscopic critters that cover our bodies. The research is in the journal Public Library of Science ONE.To a mosquito, every human has a particular smell. And the differences are due in part to the particular bacteria on each individual‟s skin.The study tested the malaria-transmitting Anopheles gambiae mosquito‟s attraction to the odors of 50 adult men. The participants avoided items, such as garlic, that would change their natural smell.Researchers collected the male scents by rubbing glass beads on the bottom of each participant‟s foot, and swabbed the same skin for microbes. And they discovered that mosquitoes preferred the smell of skin with more abundant—but less diverse—bacterial communities.The scientists suggest that the diverse communities may include some microbes that produce compounds mosquitoes naturally dislike. If further research can identify these compounds, it could lead to the development of repellents to make bloodthirsty mosquitoes buzz off.Main Points:Mosquitoes prefer the skin with more abundant but less diverse bacteria communities.Words:unscathed: [,ʌn'skeiðd] 未受伤的microscopic：显微镜可见的critter: [谑，方] 家畜，牛，马；[贬]人preferential: [,prefə'renʃəl] adj. 优先的；选择的；特惠的；先取的malaria-transmitting Anopheles gambiaebead: 玻璃粉swab：[swɔb] n. 药签，拭子；医用海绵，纱布；拖把，擦帚；无赖vt. 打扫，擦拭；涂抹（药）于repellent [ri'pelənt] adj. 排斥的；防水的；弹回的；令人讨厌的n. 防护剂；防水布；排斥力bloodthirsty：buzz: vt. 使嗡嗡叫；暗中散布vi. 作嗡嗡声；东奔西忙Date: 2012/7/8 From: sss20120104 Source:D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120104.mp30:24.770-0:27.986 The study’s proceeding with the academic scientists.The study is in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.0:32.539-0:36.590 and three are crafted by the legendary straterwarrier guonerian in the 18th century.three crafted by the legendary Stradivari or Guarneri0:44.499-0:47.454 in the darkened room were wearing vision modify gogs.in a darkened room while wearing vision-modifying goggles.0:47.751-0:51.583 adept from a few mangdired of the Qingrest even the mass the intruments' scentsA dab of perfume under the chin rests even masked the instruments‟scents.原文：Can you tell the difference between modern violins and antiques crafted by Italian masters? Don‟t feel too bad—expert players can‟t do it either. In a double-blind test, 21 experienced violinists were unable to tell the difference between rare, old instruments and new ones. The study is in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Claudia Fritz et al., "Player preferences among new and old violins"]Researchers provided violinists with six high-quality instruments: three modern and three crafted by the legendary Stradivari or Guarneri in the 18th century—and worth a hundred times as much as the new ones.To prevent bias, everyone who handled the violins did so without knowing which instrument was which, in a darkened room while wearing vision-modifying goggles. A dab of perfume under the chin rests even masked the instruments‟ scents. After playing each violin, the subjects rated them and selected their favorite one.When it came to instrument quality, the old and new violins earned similar scores, and fewer than half of the participants chose old violins as their favorites. Apparently, a violin by any other craftsman can sound as sweet.Main pointsExperienced violinists were unable to tell the difference between rare, old instruments and new onesWords:Stradivari or Guarnerivision-modifying goggles：A dab of perfume ：少量的香水Date：2012/7/9 From：sss20120105 Source: D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120105.mp30:22.374-0:25.254 the study use the method commonly explored on babiesThe study, used a method commonly deployed on babies0:52.886-0:57.277 meaning the animate delivery style fuse the dogs of an intentioned communicateMeaning the animated delivery style cues the dogs of an intension tocommunicate.0:57.557-1:00.773 dogs thus perceive such an intense similarly to babiesDogs thus perceive such intent similarly to babies.Sit, stay, down, no, don't eat that, drop it. Dogs. We pet them, we love them, we talk to them. But are they listening?Of course they are. And recent research found that dogs are paying attention not only to what we say, but to how we say it.The study, used a method commonly deployed on babies: tracking eye movements. If the baby, or in this case the dog, looks at something, it‟s assumed that they're interested in it. The researchers showed dogs two videos. In one, a person looks into the camera and says "hi dog!" in a high-pitched voice before turning towards a plastic pot. In the other, the person av oids eye contact and says “hi dog” in a lower voice before turning towards the pot.And the dogs looked at the pot more often after the "hi dog!" than after the “hi dog.” Meaning the animated delivery style cues the dogs of an intension to communicate.Dogs thus perceive such intent similarly to babies. Except babies are slightly less likely to dig up the flowers in that plastic pot.Main ideacue sb. of an intention to do sth. : 给某人以做某事的意图sb. perceive sth. similarly to sb.: 某人和某人的想法很像Date：2012/7/10 From：sss20120109 Source: D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120109.mp30:12.283 –0:17.452 had spreaded to the Dominica Republic in the U.S., and then to the Venezuela, Mexico, Spain, and Canada.had spread to the Dominican Republic and the U.S.0:17.566 –0:21.808 thus arger tools are needed to help avoid such national and international perdemics.Fast and accurate tools are needed to help avoid such national andinternational epidemics.0:21.951 –0:26.536 But it often takes weeks for traditional diseases serverlence ma that’s too villn announce its spread.But it often takes weeks for traditional disease surveillance methodsto reveal an illness‟s spread.0:30.046 – 0:36.079 They called information in 8 languages from sources such as new articles and blogs during the first 100 days after the earthquake.They culled information0:41.813 - 0:45622 They matched the outbreaks and determined its progress by an application called Health Map.they mapped the outbreak and determined its progress, via anapplication called Health Map.1:04.493 – 1:07.802 and potentially helps limit suffering such as Haiti’s in the future.After Haiti‟s earthquake two years ago, cholera swept the country. And within a month, the same strain had spread to the Dominican Republic and the U.S., and then to Venezuela, Mexico, Spain, and Canada.Fast and accurate tools are needed to help avoid such national and international epidemics. But it often takes weeks for traditional disease surveillance methods to reveal an illness‟s spread. So researchers turned to the internet as a possible tracking tool. They culled information in eight languages from sources such as news articles and blogs during the first hundred days after the earthquake. They also searched Twitter.With data from more than 4,500 reports and nearly 189,000 tweets, they mapped the outbreak and determined its progress, via an application called Health Map. The information matched official results in certain places and generally followed the same trends. But unlike the officially issued information, this data could be collected immediately—and could have been available up to two weeks faster. The comparison was published in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.The scientists say these methods could provide a faster response to an epidemic—and potentially help limit suffering such as Haiti‟s in the future.Main PointsAnalysis of social media and Internet news reports can enable researchers to track a disease outbreak faster than conventional medical notifications.Words:cholera ['kɔlərə] n. [医]霍乱strain n. 张力；拉紧；负担；扭伤；血缘epidemics [,epi'demiks] n. 流行病；蔓延（epidemic的复数）；时疫Hygiene ['haidʒi:n] 卫生；卫生学Date：2012/7/16 From：sss20120111Source: D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120110.mp3补番~People with high blood pressure are often told to watch the salt. And it‟s long been thought that hypertension related to excess salt is caused by the salt increasing the volume of the blood. Which in turn puts added pressure on the blood vessel walls. But going back to the 1960s and …70s, some researchers thought that the salt might be having a different effect.Now long-time hypertension researchers Irene and Haralambos Gavras at the Boston University School of Medicine have analyzed the studies in the field and published a review article explaining what they think salt‟s role really is: it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to produce adrenalin. And it‟s the adrenalin that constricts the arteries and causes the high blood pressure, not excess fluid volume. The review is in the Journal of Hypertension.Physicians have accepted a nervous system involvement in hypertension that’s bad enough to cause kidney failure. Fluid-decreasing diuretics are a common treatment in those severe cases. This new analysis implies that researchers should look for additional hypertension treatments that focus on the nervous system.Wordshypertension:高血压，过度紧张【hypotension :低血压】sympathetic nervous system：交感神经系统adrenalin肾上腺素arteries ：artery的复数，动脉excess fluid volume 超额的流量kidney failure :肾衰竭Fluid-decreasing diuretics ：减缓流量的利尿药物[diuretic /,daijuə'retik/ adj. 利尿的n. 利尿剂]Main IdeaThe role of salt in the hypertension has changed according to some scientists: i nstead of the excess fluid volume that adds extra pressure to the vessels wall caused by excess salt, it’s the adrenalin produced by the sympathetic nervous system constricts the arteries that cause the hypertension.Rather than increase fluid volume, salt's real role in high blood pressure may be to induce the nervous system to produce excess adrenalin.Date：2012/7/16 From：sss20120113Source: D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120113.mp3 Magnifying glass, calipers, teeny tiny tape measure. These are the weapons with which researchers are fighting it out to find the world‟s smallest frog.One team just announced the discovery of the on-average 7.7 millimeter Paedophryne amanuensis, which can sit comfortably on a dime. It was discovered in the moist under-layer of New Guinea’s tropical rainforest. The research was published in the journal Public Library of Science One.The little guy thus ousts another New Guinea frog, which had only claimed the title in December. The newest frog species is also being cited as the world‟s smallest vertebrate, although it‟s more correctly the smallest free-living vertebrate. A 6.2 millimeter male anglerfish spends its life buried in the body of its mate.Finding the little frog was no small achievement. Besides being tiny, the high-pitched mating calls researchers followed sound more insect than amphibian. [Frog calls.]Tiny vertebrates reveal changes that make miniaturization possible. For instance, some of the digits on the frogs‟ feet have disappeared. And their skulls develop differently than those of larger critters.So we celebrate the world‟s smallest frog and free-living vertebrate. Until the next one is discovered.Wordsmagnifying glass: 放大镜caliper：卡钳teeny tiny tape measure：超级微小的卷尺Paedophryne amanuensisdime：一角硬币New Guinea：新几内亚amphibian：sounds like:anfibian 两栖动物critters:牲畜Mean IdeaResearchers say a newly discovered species is the world's smallest frog--and more.Source：D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\20120117.mp3Date: 2012/7/18 From: sss20120123Source: D:\CHASEDREAM\SSS\201201\201201\sss20120123.mp3Lots of studies suggest limited quantities of alcohol—like one drink a day—can benefit your cardiovascular health. But for the tiny worm C. elegans, dilute booze is a veritable fountain of youth. It actually doubles their life span, according to a study in the journal Public Library of Science ONE.The researchers discovered the alcohol effect by accident. In an earlier study, they thought it was a dose of cholesterol that extended the worms' lives. But after review, they realized that the true agent was the weak alcohol solution the cholesterol was dissolved in. Starving worm larvae that usually live 10 days could survive 20 to 30 in the presence of alcohol. And a watery drink at that—the equivalent of one beer, poured into 100 gallons of water.The authors aren't sure what‟s behind the alcohol outcome. It could be a life-saving energy source for the starving worms. Or it might flip a switch that ups the worms' stress resistance. We humans do share some chemical signaling pathways with worms—the insulin response, for example. But the researchers say assuming a similar longevity effect for us is a dangerous road to go down. Especially after drinking.Words:cardiovascular:心脏血管的[cardio-是心脏的前缀，vascular：血管的]dilute booze：稀释的酒= watery drinkveritable：名副其实的，真正的life span：生命跨度cholesterol：flip a switch：轻弹开一个开关insulin：胰岛素Main IdeaA very dilute alcohol solution doubles the life span of the ubiquitous lab organism C. elegans.It‟s known that taller people tend to have more jobs with more authority—and higher salaries. But there‟s a flip side—the more powerful a person is, the taller he or she feels.The researchers who investigated this phenomenon were inspired by the BPchairman’s comment after the oil spill about the “small people.” There are many such metaphors—think “big man on campus.” Could these metaphors influence—or reflect—reality? Might powerful people actually overestimate how tall they are?Scientists created three experiments with nearly 300 participants. In each, the participants were made to feel more or less powerful: being chosen as, say, a manager versus an underling. Then they faced a task in which they estimated their own height—comparing their actual height to a pole, for example, or choosing the height ofan online avatar.In each case, when the participants were in a position of power, they represented their height as significantly taller than those in weaker positions. The research was publishedin the journal Psychological Science.So, the researchers conclude, the “beleaguered CEO of BP” inadvertently led them a new finding. When we feel powerful, we feel on top of the world—or, quite literally, tall.Words:a flip side:反面metaphors：暗喻underling：下属beleaguered：受围攻的inadvertently：不经意间he or she feels 弱读、连读：heεəshe feelsof an online avatar 弱读、连读：əvanoline avatarthe “beleaguered CEO of BP” inadvertently：thequote “beleaguered CEO of BP” inadvertently 【引用的语的引号读出来了但是不用写出来。
新标准大学英语视听说教程第三册听力原文Word版
5557新标准大学英语视听说教程第三册听力材料文本Unit 1Listening inPassage oneInterviewer: Can you tell me…how do you think you have changed as you have matured?What thingshave had a major influence on you? Speaker 1 : Well, let me think…I suppose going to university had a big impact on my life. Itmade me much more open-minded. I met so manydifferent types of people there with weirdand wonderful ideas and it changed the wayI see the world. I’m much more tolerantnow… It made me a more rounded person. Interviewer: Great, and had any particular person had a central role in forming your character?Speaker 1: I guess that’d have to be my grandfather.I was very close to him, and he taught me tostand up for my beliefs. He was alwaystelling me about this…Interviewer: So what people or events have had an impact on your life?Speaker 2: I think that traveling my gap year made me grow up and see both the beauty of the worldand, well…just the generosity of ordinarypeople. I traveled a lot around Asia and youknow, I found that in some of the poorestcountries, like Cambodia and Laos, peopleshare whatever little they have, and theypossess a real joy for life. It’s probablymade me a less selfish person.Interviewer: Interesting…so you would recommend that young people take a gap year to discoverthemselves and the world?Speaker 2: Definitely. It gives you an opportunity to learn about the world beyond the one you grewup in and I found it really…Interviewer: Could you tell me what things in your life have had the greatest influence informing your personality?○Sp eaker 3: Well…a couple of years ago I was on a reality TV show where a group of young people alllived in a house together. Each week some onewas voted off by the audience. I got down tothe final three! I suppose being on the showand seeing how the other contestants behavedmade me realize how selfish and spiteful somepeople can be just to get what they want. Ialso realized it’s best to just be yourselfin life. If you pretend to be someonedifferent people will eventually see throughthe lies.Interviewer: Right…And how did you feel when you were eventually voted off?Speaker 3: Relieved, to be honest with you. But you know, a slight regret that I didn’t winbecause I kind of…Interviewer: So you can tell me, what one thing do you think that has had the biggest impact on yourlife?Speaker 4: Hmm, that’s a difficult question. But I think helping victims of the tsunami in 2004had a very great impact on me. I’m half Thaiand I’d just arrived in Thailand for afamily Christmas holiday. When I heard the news I knew Ihad to help-you couldn’t not. I ended up acting as an interpreter for a group of volunteer doctors.It was an incredibly difficult time but youknow, even in the middle of such a horrifictragedy there is still a huge amount ofgenuine human kindness.Interviewer: That’s amazing! And has it changed the way you view your future…Passage twoTony: Talking to us today in our Life Choices series is Joan Robinson, an academic counselor atManchester University. She gives advice to schoolstudents on choosing the right subject to studyat university. Joan, welcome to the show.Joan: Thanks Tony.Tony: So Joan, what do our listeners need to think about when choosing a course? It’s a huge, potentiallylife-changing decision, isn’t it?Joan: Yes. I generally give students advice in two areas.Firstly, know yourself, and secondly, think to thefuture.Tony: When you say “know yourself” what do you mean? Joan: Basically, I mean evaluate your own personal strengths and weaknesses, your personality traits（特质） and the things you like.Tony: I see…So how can our listeners do this?Joan: Well, start by asking yourself questions to help reflect on your life so far. For example, whatsubjects are you good at? Are you an organized andself-disciplined person? Are you confident andoutgoing? Do you like working with others in a teamor do you prefer working alone? These kinds ofquestions will help you discover more about yourself.Tony: Sounds like good advice. How about your second point regarding the future?Joan: Well, your choice of major subject is likely to have a significant impact on your future careerso it’s important to look into this carefully.I recommend you check not only which academicsubjects will help you get into a particular area of work, but also look carefully at whatuniversities offer. Each university has itsstrengths so try to choose one that is the best in your chosen field. Find out what links thedepartment has to related industries and leading companies in it.Tony: Good point. Now I’d like to take some calls from our listeners. First up we have James on the line.Hi, James! How can we help?James: Hi. I’m interested in career in IT and I’d like to ask Joan whether she thi nks it’s better to go to a highly respected university, like Oxford, or to study somewhere that has more of a vocational focus?Joan: Well, James, you know it really depends on what you expect to get out of a university and how you see your future. Basically a handful of thebrightest graduates are picked from the topuniversities around the world to join the leading IT companies. So I’d say if you’re a high-flyer then this is the route that might be for you. But if you are looking for a more mainstream （主流）career then you should consider a course thathelps you acquire practical, transferable skills that you can use in the workplace…and look atwhich universities have the best levels ofgraduate recruitment for the kind of job you are aiming for.James: I see! Thanks a lot. That really helps me out…UNIT3Listening in conversation 1Lily: So what was the highlight of your trip to (South)Korea?Hugh: Well that's…let me see...it's got to be going to see Nanta.Lily： What on earth is Nanta?Hugh：It's this amazing live show-part theater-part dance-part music.Lily: Sounds really interesting. But why’s it so brilliant?Hugh: I think it's the energy of the performers. Also it has a unique concept. It's a mixture oftraditional Korean music, percussion and drums,into a western style performanceLily: I've never heard of it. Has it ever been performed in the West?Hugh: Yeah, it's been a sell-out. They've toured in over30 countries since the show began in 1997.It'sa non-verbal performance so there are no languagebarriers. That's what's made it an internationalsuccess.Lily: What else makes it so special then?Hugh: Well...the other thing is that all the action takes place in the kitchen. You see these fourchefs preparing the food for a wedding reception.The performers use knives, dustbin lids andvarious other kitchen utensils to create ahypnotic soundtrack. The food literally flieseverywhere! It's hilarious.Lily: That sounds quite funny I must admit. Is there an actual story though?Hugh: Oh yes, there is a story. The four chefs have to prepare the meal by 6 o'clock and they also haveto give the manager's nephew cooking lessons too,which adds to the fun. There’s loads of audienceparticipation and despite there being nolanguage involved you get completely engrossed.It's really quite wacky!Lily: And what about the audience? I suppose they start throwing food around…?Hugh: Not quite! But they are totally involved in what's going on-everyone loves it. It's a really greatfamily show. In fact it's one of the best showsI've ever seen. Jim, my friend, says he takes allhis visitors. He's seen it about eight times andstill loves it.Lily: I bet it's popular with tourists then.Hugh: Well apparently over a million foreign tourists in (South)Korea have seen the show and it's hada run on Broadway too. It first got popular afterthey appeared at the Edinburgh Festival. Now theyare planning to tour more cities in Asia where(South) Korean popular culture is becomingincredibly trendy.Lily： By the wa y what does“Nanta” mean?Hugh：It means random drumming in Korean. The English name for the show is Cookin’, which gives youa clearer idea of what it's all about.Lily： You've got me interested now. I'll have to check it out on the internet.Listening inConversation 2Interviewer: Kathy Richards is a specialist art tour guide. Kathy-can you tell us what trendsyou've noticed in recent years?Kathy: Well, one of the biggest phenomena I've noticed is a huge increase in visitors togalleries-and a growing interest in modernart in general.Interviewer: What do you think the reason is for that? Kathy: Well, there are several reasons, I think. The most important ones are firstly, that somenew contemporary art galleries have openedwhich have had a lot of publicity, andsecondly the younger generation feel morecomfortable with modern art so the kind ofpeople visiting galleries is changing.Finally, the new generation of gallerieshave become destinations inthemselves...they tend to be housed inamazing buildings.Interviewer: So which are the most popular new galleries?Kathy: Well, the Tate Modern in London has had over30 million visitors since it opened in2000.The annual average is now over 4.5million. The Museum of Modern Art, or MoMAin New York is an older gallery, it was founded in 1929 but has been recently renovated and expanded. This work was finished in 2006 and it had over 2.5 million visitors in the firstyear after reopening. Another verysuccessful new gallery is the Guggenheim inBilbao in Spain. It opened in 1997 and nowgets about a million visitors a year. Interviewer: Those are pretty impressive figures.Maybe the fact that the Tate Modern is freeto visit might have something to do with it? Kathy: It's true that entrance to the permanent collection is free but the numbers of peoplevisiting the temporary exhibition are alsohigh-and the entrance fee is usually aboutten pounds.Interviewer: Do you have to pay to get into the other galleries you mentioned?Kathy: Oh yes. You do. Admission to MoMA is 20 US dollars and the Guggenheim in Bilbao costseight euros.Interviewer: Do people mind paying, do you think? Kathy: No, I don't think they do mind. Most people feel the fees are reasonabl e considering theoutstanding collections of priceless worksof art that they get to see.Interviewer: You mentioned that the buildings that art galleries are in can be an attractionthemselves these days...Kathy: Well, yes, the Guggenheim has literally revitalized the whole city and put Bilbao onthe tourist map. It's got a futuristic, curvymetallic structure and people love it. TheTate Modern has helped redevelop an oldindustrial area beside the River Thames. Thegallery itself is actually inside a huge , old, brick power station.And MoMA is interesting as it's in downtown New York. Interviewer: And who visits these galleries? What's the profile of the average art lover?Kathy: Well, in the past museums and galleries were seen as appealing to the older generation.But in fact, 48 percent of visitors to theTate Modern are under 35...UNIT5Listening in 1Today we’ll focus on two aspects of group behaviour.Firstly,how groups develop,and secondly,the roles individuals play within a group.It’s widely acknowledged that the performance of effective groups is often greater than the sum of the individuals in the group.This is due to what we call synergy-in other words,the extra energy and effevtiveness that people create when they work together.Early research in this field carried out in the 1930s by Elton Mayo discovered something that he called the “Hawthorne effect”.The idea is that when individual know they are part of a study,their productivity automatically increases regardless of other factors,such as how much time or money they are given,for example.The research suggests that things like personal identity,s elf-esteem and the social context in which a group is working are really very important factors in improving the performance of individuals.If we move on to look at the nature of groups more closely,we find that groups have natural phasese that can help us understand their effectiveness.You have probably all had experience of working with other people in a group that,at firsl,wasn,t very productive.This phenomenon was studied by Tuckman in the 1960s,and he created a model to describe the stages of a group.The first stage is known as”Forming”which is when individual members get to know each other.This is followed by”Storming”when individual start to share their ideas and creative energy.The third phase is”Norming”where a group identity begins to form.The final stage is”Performing”when individuals within the group work together.And it is at this stage that the group achieves results.Understanding these phases can help us ensure that members of a group work together to overcome early loner.The”Resource investigator”is the group member who is always curious and explores new ideas and the”Monitorevaluator”is calm and serous and makes good,balanced decisions.The”Team worker”in c ontrast is a socially orientated and sensitive member of the team who is able to encourage a team spirit.And the”Comleter-finisher”is a conscientious perfectionist who follows through on the details and ties up and loose ends.To be effective,a team needs to have a variety of members who can fulfill all these different roles.Listening in 2Today I'm reporting from Phuket in Southern Thailand.Parts of the island were devastated by thetsunami in 2004,and over 250 people lost their lives here. I've come back to see how one community has recovered.Here in the village of The Chat Chai,the rebuilding of the destroyed homes has been led by the international organazition Habitat for Humanity.About a year after the tsunami occurred,volunteers began building 36 new homes for local families.One villager,Somwang,is certainly very happy with the results.He used to live in a small hut on his two square metre plot of land near the sea.The local community wanted him to have a bigger home and despite the small size of his plot of land,t hey built him a three-storey house,which is now the tallest in the village. A happy ending to such a horrific tragedy. The rebuilding here has also had a positive effect on the local economy,because the earth bricks that were used to build the homes were produced in Khao Lak,another tsunami hit island——all part of a post-tsunami livelihood development project.Talking to people here,I've discovered that the project not only provided them with much needed shelter,but also the process has helped rebuild a spirit of community amongst them.A host of foreign as well as local volunteers joined together to work in rebuilding the villagers' homes and lives,and even an American TV celebrity volunteered.The project has also been visited by former US president Jimmy Carter,who is an active supporter of Habitat for Humanity.He and his wife offer one week of their time every year to volunteer on construction projects around the world.It's certainly encouraging to see the strength of the human spirit and generosity of people who help others in times of need.Habitat for Humanity is continuing their work in the south of Thailand,helping poor local families and communities to improve their lives.Their "Save&Bulid" scheme encourages families to save 30 per cent of the cost of building or rebuilding their home.The charity then lends the family the rest of the money they need,and helps in the building of their new home.It's then paid for in monthly repayments of under ＄30,which supports those who want to build a better life for themselves.This is Marianne Harper reporting from Southern Thailand...Uint 9Listening inPart 1OK,so a littletest .Coca-Cola...Nike...ferrari.Think!What image did you get as I said these very famous brand names?Wait a moment.There’s no real need to answer,isthere,because we know,more or less,don’twe?Coca-Cola—that delicious fizzy drink,ice cold,on a summer’s day. Nike, running shoes forstrong,beautiful bodies.Ferrari—anattractive,powerful car for attractive,powerful people.The fact, the names, the brand names say it all.what’s in a brandname?Ideally,everything!Everything the manufacturer wants you to think of when you hear the name.that’s certainly what both customers’exeprience and researchtells us.it’s the reasons why manufa cturers attach such importance to choosing the right name for their products.Let’s have a look at some of the qualities a good brand name should have.Firstly ,it should be simple and easy to remember.Imagine if Coca-Cola had been namd “Cocafantaslicola”.I t’s just too long!Or,take other name—starbucks,the name of a famous coffee shop.now,that’s an easy name to remember,starbucks. Second point,the brand name should bedifferent,unique,something you can’t confuse with anything else.Like Coca-Cola.Or—let’s tak e another famous brand name—Microsoft.It combines two words,micro,meaning very small,and the word soft.Two words that together make a unique name—Microsoft. Thirdly,if the word is a real word,it should be strong,positive associations.Take the name Alfa Romeo,Alfa is the first letter of the Greek alphabet and has the association of the best or thestronges t.Romeo is the name of the most romantic lovers of all in a famous Shakespeare play.Alfa Romeo—strong,romantic.The words have great association,don’t the y?Forth point,the sound of the name is very important.take Ferrari.The word has a long vowel sound—“aaari”—that makes it sound luxurious.So Ferrari must be a luxurious car.How aboutCoca-Cola?It’s got a sharp,fizzy sound,just like the drink.So—all these things are what you should be looking for when choosing a brand name—somethingsimple,memorable,unique,with positive association and a great sound.whew!It’s not easy,is it,to choose a name that does all those things?But the very best brand names do exactly that.Part 2Interviewer: Clare, tell me about the names in your family. You say some of them have quite an interesting history.Clare: Yes, they do. Well, ok, I’ll begin with my own name. My maiden name was Habibis, but I’m married and my name’s Clare T hompson.Interviewer: Thompson.Clare: Yes. I don’t know much about the names or my husband’s side of the family, so I’ll talk about my own instead…OK, so…my full name’s Clare Elsie Thompson. “Elsie” is my middle name , which used to be a very old-fashioned name. in fact, it’s just come back into fashion-I met someone who called their baby ”Elsie”-but when I was younger it was the kind of name that made people laugh and I hated it.. Anyway, my parents wanted to name me after my grandmother, whose name was Elsie Clare, so their first idea was to call me Elsie Clare.Interviewer: Elsie Clare!Clare: Yes, but when they told my grandmother, she was horrified, and said, “you can’t do that to the child, I’ve had to put up with Elsie all my life, I don’t wa nt her to have to” . So they called me Clare Elsie instead.Interviewer: Sounds better!Clare: Yes…My father’s surname is Habibis . My mum’s English but he was Greek, so that was the name I grew up with. But Habibis isn’t a Greek name. It’s a Middle Easter n name and means “loved one” in Arabic. Interviewer: Really?Clare: Yes, and the reason for the surname, we discovered, is that my great-grandfather on my father’s side lived in Lebanon—there was a well-established Greek community there. And my great-grandfather was a very sociable, friendly kind of person and everyone liked him a lot so they gave him the name, “Habibi”,which means “loved one”Interviewer: Ah, that’s lovely!Clare: Yes, I do like that story. But my father had a great first name too. He was called Homer, after the Ancient Greek poet.Interviewer: The English would see that as a very unusual name, but I suppose the Greeks wouldn’t, would they?Clare: No, I don’t think so. But one of his brothers was called Mitton.Interviewer: Mitton , the 17th century English poe t? Clare: Yes. And you wouldn’t think that a Greek family would call their son after an English poet, would you? But they did!Unit 10Inside viewConversation 1Andy: So today, we're meant to be meeting a woman who does walking tours aroundmysterious London.Janet: What's that about?Joe: Aha! That's what we're going to find out. Apparently, she takes visitors round the mysterious sights of London. Anyway, ask her yourself!Janet: Why me?Andy: We were going to ask you, Janet, if you like to do the interview？Janet: Me? But I don't know anything about London! Andy: Which makes you a perfect person to ask some real questions.Janet: I don't believe it.Joe: And if you're any good, we'll upload your interview next week.Janet: I'm not sure what to say .It's great but are you absolutely sure you think I'm OK for this?Joe: Too late, here she comes. Hi, this is Janet……Janet: Emma, tell us about some of the legendary characters in London.Emma: Well, legendary characters might be complete myths or they may have actually existed. For example, most people believe that the famous detective Sherlock Holmes must have existed. But in fact, we know he can't have existed.Janet: And what about Guy Fawkes?Emma: Yes, Guy Fawkes did actually exist and he tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament. But we celebrate him every year on Guy Fawkes Night every 5th of November, and in fact, he's considered to be one of the most popular people in British history!Janet: And I've heard something about Dick Whittington and his cat?。
托福听力SSS音频听写文本4
托福听力SSS音频听写文本4（最新）小马过河为大家准备了“托福听力SSS音频听写文本4（最新）”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267December 27, 2011Deep Frog Voice Signals HisChromosome NumberThe eastern grey tree frog (sound) looks exact ly like the closely related Cope’s grey tree frog (sound). The big difference between the two species is beneath the surface—the eastern has twice the number of chromosomes as does the Cope’s.Having more sets of chromosomes makes the cells of the eastern frog larger than the cells found in the Cope’s. And those bigger cells makes the eastern’s song just a little deeper.Now University of Missouri researcher Carl Gerhardt and his student Mitch Tucker have determined that the slight difference in the calls—here’s the eastern again [sound] and here’s the Cope's (sound)—is how the females know which species’ males to buddy up with: the ones with the same chromosome number that they have. The work is in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. [Mitch A. Tucker and H. C. Gerhardt, "Parallel changes in mate-attracting calls and female preferences in autotriploid tree frogs"]Speciation is often caused by a geographic barrier that keeps populations from mating.But the tree frog situation may be a rare case in which chromosome duplication, and its subsequent effects, presented a reproductive barrier. As in humans, it comes down to whether he calls.—Steve Mirsky来源于：小马过河小马过河资料下载频道，欢迎您来下载！全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267。
新标准大学英语视听说教程3听力原文
Unit 1Passage oneIn terviewer: Can you tell me …how do you think you have cha nged as you have matured?WhatSpeaker 1 :things have had a major influence on you?Well, let me think … I suppose going to university had a big impact on my life. Itmade me much more open-minded. I met so many different types of people there withweird and wonderful ideas and it changed the way I see the world. I'm much moretolerant now …It made me a more rounded person.Interviewer: Great, and had any particular person had a central role in forming your character?Speaker 1: I guess that'd have to be my grandfather. I was very close to him, and he taught me to stand up for my beliefs. He was always telling me about this …Interviewer: So what people or events have had an impact on your life?Speaker 2: I think that traveling my gap year made me grow up and see both the beauty of theworld and, well … just the generosity of ordinary people. I traveled a lot around Asia andyou know, I found that in some of the poorest countries, like Cambodia and Laos, peopleshare whatever little they have, and they possess a real joy for life. It's probably mademe a less selfish person.In terviewer: In teresti ng …so you would recomme nd that young people take a gap year to discover themselves and the world?Speaker 2: Definitely. It gives you an opportunity o learn about the world beyond the one you grew up in and I found it really …Interviewer: Could you tell me what things in your life have had the greatest influence inSpeaker 3: forming your personality?Well … a couple of years ago I was on a reality TV show where a group of young people all lived in a house together. Each week some one was voted off by the audience. I got down to the final three! I suppose being on the show and seeing how the other contestants behaved made me realize how selfish and spiteful some people can be just to get what they want. I also realized it 'sbest to just be yourself in life. If you pretend to be someone different people will eventually see through the lies.Interviewer: Right … And how did you feel when you were eventually voted off?Speaker 3: Relieved, to be honest with you. But you know, a slight regret that I didn't win because I kind of …Interviewer: So you can tell me, what one thing do you think that has had the biggest impact onSpeaker 4: your life?Hmm, that 'sa difficult question. But I think helping victims of the tsunami in 2004 had a very great impact on me. I 'm half Thai and I 'd just arrived in Thailand for a family Christmas holiday. When I heard the news I knew I had to help-you couldn 't not. I ended up acting as an interpreter for a group of volunteer doctors. It was an incredibly difficult time but you know, even in the middle of such a horrific tragedy there is still a huge amount of g kindness.Interviewer: That 's amazing! And has it changed the way you view your futurePassage twoTony: Talking to us today in our Life Choices series is Joan Robinson, an academic counselor at Manchester University. She gives advice to school students on choosing the right subject to study at university. Joan,welcome to the show.Joan: Thanks Tony.a hu Tony: So Joan, what do our listeners need to think about when choosing a course? It ' s potentially life- changing decision, isn ' t it?Joan: Yes. I generally give students advice in two areas. Firstly, know yourself, and secondly, think to the future.Tony: When you say “ know yourself ” what do you mean?Joan: Basically, I mean evaluate your own personal strengths and weaknesses, your personality traits and the things you like.Tony: I see …So how can our listeners do this?Joan: Well, start by asking yourself questions to help reflect on your life so far. For example, what subjects are you good at? Are you an organized and self-disciplined person? Are you confident and outgoing? Do you like working with others in a team or do you prefer working alone? These kinds of questions will help you discover more about yourself.Tony: Sounds like good advice. How about your second point regarding the future?Joan: Well, your choice of major subject is likely to have a significant impact on your future career so it 's important to look into this carefully. I recommend you check not only which academic subjects will help you get into aparticular area of work, but also look carefully at what universities offer. Each university has its strengths so try to choose one that is the best in your chosen field. Find out what links the department has to related industries and leading companies in it.Tony: Good point. Now I 'tod tlai ke some calls from our listeners. First up we have James onthe line. Hi, James! How can we help?James: Hi. I 'm interested in career in IT and I 'd like to ask Joan whether she thinks it go to a highly respected university, like Oxford, or to study somewhere that has more of a vocational focus?Joan: Well, James, you know it really depends on what you expect to get out of a university and how you see your future. Basically a handful of the brightest graduates are picked from the top universities around the world to join the leading IT companies. So I 'd say if youhigh-flyer then this is the route that might be for you. But if you are looking for a more mainstream career thenyou should consider a course that helps you acquire practical, transferable skills that you can use in theworkplace … and look at which universities have the best levels of graduate recruitment for the kind of job you are aiming for.James: I see! Thanks a lot. That really helps me out …Unit 2Passage1One of the strangest feelings I 've ever had was when I returned by chance to a place where I 'd been happy as a child. My husband and I were visiting some friends for the weekend --------------------------- they livedabout 200 kilometers away. We were driving along when I suddenly saw a church in the distance that I recognized. My favorite aunt had lived very near it on a farm that my brother and I used to visit once a year with our parents.We were city kids, brought up in the middle of London, and this was a working farm ---- thereal thing ----- w ith cows in cowsheds, fields with ponds and a muddy yard full of smellypigs ----we had the run of the whole place ---- it was just paradise for us.And then ---- there was the food ---- h ome-made jam and bread and cakes, milk fresh from thecow. And my aunt Lottie ------- a farmer 's wife ------ and her husband, uncle George and their kids,Katie and Ben, our two cousins who my brother and I really got on with. It was heaven that week we used to spend there. They moved from the farm when I was …how old?——about 14. So I ' never been back or seen it again.Anyway, there we were, and I 'd just seen the church ---- , so we turned off and drove down thisreally narrow lane. And before I knew it we were in front of Aunt Lottie 'sfarm. The extraordinarything was that it hadn 'tchanged not one tiny bit.It was a lovely old place with a typical country cottage garden, full of flowers. There were lots of barns and sheds----------------------------- t hey were next to ---- next to the farm. And you know, I can 'teven begin todescribe the feeling I had standing there. It was --- oh, what was it? an incredibly powerful feelingof longing----- n ostalgia for the past ----- f or times I 'd been very very happy. But it was the past. Ihadn'tbeen there for 20 years and I couldn 'tgo back, so also I had a feeling of huge sadness, that I couldn 't have those times again. And ------------------------------------ at the same time ------ great sweetness, because thosetimes had been so happy, so innocent ---- b ecause I was a child. So there was this extraordinarymix -----of longing, sadness and sweetness, all at the same time. It was the strangest feeling I veever had.Passage2ScriptInterviewer: So what's your first memory of school, Kevin?Kevin: I was really looking forward to school, I remember that, I just couldn't wait. Yeah, Johnny, my brother, was a year older than me and he seemed so grown-up, with his red blazer and smart shoes. And I wanted to go to school and be grown-up too. I don't remember much of the first day actually, apart from this little boy lying on the floor and screaming and screaming and me thinking what a baby he was.Interviewer: Right! What about you, Eva?Eva: I just have this one memory of this coat rack with all our coats. And I was looking for my peg which had a little picture of an elephant next to it. I remember I was crying because I wanted to go home and I couldn't get my coat on. I was crying so much and then the teacher came and helped me.Interviewer: OK, so what about your first best friend at school?Kevin: Oh, yeah, well, Steve, I remember him, because he's still my best friend!Interviewer: Still your best friend!Eva: That's so great!Kevin: Yeah, we didn't know each other before we started school but we became really good friends and so did our mums. Our families ended up going on holiday together and that kind of thing. But we used to fight a lot, Steve and I, and the teachers used to get very cross with us. But we were just having fun.Interviewer: Cool! And what about you, Eva?Eva: My best friend was a girl called Robina. She had short blond hair, I remember I thought she looks like an angel.We sat next to each other and held hands and played fairies in the playground. She left in Year 3 and I cried for days.Interviewer: Oh, how sad! So what about the day you left school? How was that?Eva: I had a lot of mixed feelings, I remember walking home with this amazing feeling of freedom, you know, no morerules, no more bossy teachers. But I also felt pretty sad, because I'd had some good times. I was in a group of girls who were so supportive of each other.Kevin: I couldn't wait to leave, I was counting the days.I just wanted to get a job, get a life, earn some cash. The day I left, I went out to celebrate with a couple of my mates and--had a very good time!Unit 6Passage1A US Airways jet landed in the icy Hudson River in New York this afternoon after apparently hitting a flock ofgeese.Miraculously,no one was killed and there were few injuries.James Moore,our correspondent at the scene,has more.An Airbus 330 took off from La Guardia Airport.New York,at 3:26pm this afternoon,bound for Charlotte Airport in North Carolina.It had 155 people aboard.Thirty to 45 seconds after take-off,a flock of geese apparently flew into the plane,causing it to lose power in both engines and one engine to catch fire.Without power the plane was unable to return to La Guardia Airport and the pilot decided to land in the Hudson River in order to avoid crashing in a populated area. Two minutes later the plane made a successful landing in the Hudson and passengers were able to climb out through the emergency exits.The plane immediately started taking in water but fortunately water taxis and boats that had seen the crash were waiting by the aircraft. Passengers and crew stood on the wings of the plane in the icy cold water and were helped into the boats.Over the next hour,as New York watched the event on television,everyone on the plane,including a baby,were taken to hospitals for treatment,mostly because of the extreme cold,Their injuries are not reported to be serious.One of the passengers,Alberto Panero,said people had bugun praying as the plane approached the river but that everyone had stayed clam.The pilot of the plane has been named as Chesley Sullenberger.Aged 57,he has 29 years experience of flying and at one time had been a US fighter pilot.Sullenberger was the last to leave the plane and walked up and down it twice to make sure it was empty before climbing out.He has already been described as a hero.The Governer of New York,David patersm,said at a news conference this afternoon, “I believe now we've had a miracle on the Hudson.Thispilot,somehowwithout any engines,was somehaw able to land this plane and perhaps without any injuris to the passengers. ”It is thought that the survival of all on board is because the plane did not break up when it hit water and because of the immediately arrival of the water taxis and boats.Passage 2Streets Full of HeroesA:Hi,we are asking people who their personal hero is. Someone they really admire and who 's inspired them in some way.B:Oh,right.Interesting.A:Can you tell us a bit about yourself?B:Sure.My name is Paul Smith. I worked at London zoo.A:London zoo? Really?B:Yes,I ' m a zkoeoeper. I look after the elephants.A:Elephants?what a great job! So who is your hero, Paul?B:I ' ve got quite a few heroe.sBut I guess my biggest hero is Al Gore.A:The American politician. So why him?B:Well,he is the guy who made people take climate change seriously.A:You are referring to the film An Inconvenient Truth , I take it?B:That 's right. That film proved to people with statistics and graphs, that kind of thing---that climate change was happening and that it 's man-made. Before that ,most people believed it was just a few crazy scientists who thought it was happening.A:You work with animals. Do you worry about the effect of the climate on animals?B：Sure，I do. All these species are going to become extinct. It 's terrible.A ：It is. Would you say Al Gore 's been an inspiration to you?B:Yes,I would. He 's taught me about importance of taking action when you see something thatneeds to be done. I do volunteer work for Greenpeace---quite a lot actually. That 's the way I domy bit.A:Greenpeace?Excellent.Thanks,Paul.Hi,what 's your name?C:Clare hope.A:What do you do?C:Well, I 'm a mum with two young kids and I work part-time as an accountant for the Red Cross.A:We 're asking people who their personal hero is and if they 've inspired them in any way.C:That 's an easy one. Melinda Gates, she's my hero.A:Why is that?C:Well,she is Bill Gates'wife, one of the richest people in the world. You know ,she could so easily do no thi ng, just enjoy her mon ey. And in stead she co-fo un ded the um …Bill and Meli nda Gates Foundation and I think that it's called---and it is one of the biggest private charity organization in the world. It 's donated more than 280 million dollars to various good causes.A:More than 280 million dollars? Now that 's a lot of money. She is very active in it, isn't she?C:Oh yeah, she is a director. Flies all over the world.A:Do you do any work for charity?C:I make phone calls for Save the Children, asking people to donate. She is a real inspiration, Melinda gates。
sss听力文本
Emulsifiers in Food Linked to Obesity in MiceThe common food additives altered mice microbiomes to encourage gut inflammation and overeating.February 25, 2015Inside our guts is a diverse ecosystem of bacteria: the microbiome. But the makeup of the community can depend on what we eat. Emulsifiers are food additives that extend the shelf life of processed foods. And now research with mice finds that consuming emulsifiers may throw off the microbiome’s delicate balance and thereby contribute to obesity and inflammatory bowel disease.In the study, mice were fed doses of common emulsifiers in their water and mouse chow. The substances appeared to make it easier for gut bacteria to chew through the layers of mucus that typically line the intestine. The result was the triggering of chronic colitis in mice with impaired immune systems that predispose them to the condition. And even in mice with normal immune systems, emulsifier consumption appeared to trigger mild intestinal inflammation. These mice then tended to overeat and become obese and insulin resistant. The study is in the journal Nature. [Benoit Chassaing et al, Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome, direct link to come]Could emulsifiers cause the same health consequences in humans and be behind some of the obesity trend? The researchers hope to find out in future studies. If nothing else, they write that their new finding suggests that there should be improved testing on the total health effects of chemicals in our food.—Dina Fine Maron***Hi, Steve Mirsky here, podcast editor at Scientific American. This episode is the last scheduled 60-Second Health podcast. But reports about health and medicine will continue as part of the daily Scientific American 60-Second Science series of podcasts.Just subscribe to 60-Second Science for health and medical news as well as the latest offerings about all things science.New Map Knows NoiseNational Park Service researchers recorded ambient sound from all over the country to find out where there’s still stillness.February 23, 2015It's harder and harder to find peace and, especially, quiet. Just ask a field researcher deep in the wilderness. Even in the most remote parts of Alaska the sound of a jet crossing overhead is all too common. So scientists with the National Park Service set off across the U.S. to study our audio ecology. They recorded more than a million hours of sound from the depths of the Great Basin's deserts to the hurly burley of the megalopolis that stretches from Boston, through New York City and on to Washington, D.C.They found that if you're craving quiet on the east coast head to the north woods of Maine or the Adirondacks in upstate New York. But for real quiet—defined as less than 20 decibels—the West is best.The great swath of territory west of the Rockies but east of the western coast includes national parks, wilderness areas and even public lands that are probably as quiet as they were centuries ago. The researchers made that claim while presenting their findings at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on February 16th.Noise pollution is not good for people and it's even worse for animals with more sensitive ears, like bats. And the problem is not confined to land but echoes across the seas as well, where human-produced noise interferes with the lives of various ocean dwellers, including whales. These days on Earth it's rare to hear [silence].—David Biello***This episode is the last scheduled 60-Second Earth podcast. But reports about Earth science, ecology and the environment will continue as part of the daily Scientific American 60-Second Science series of podcasts. Just subscribe to 60-Second Sciencefor insights about our planet as well as the latest offerings about all things science.Raw Milk Sicknesses RiseNonpasteurized milk is fueling more outbreaks and hospitalizations.December 16, 2014Got bacteria? That’s the question du jour for people on both sides of the debate about raw milk. That’s milk which has not undergone pasteurization, the century-old process of using heat to kill potentially harmful bacteria.Thirty states allow consumers to buy raw milk. Proponents of raw milk contend that it provides health benefits and tastes better. Opponents note that more people are getting sick from bacteria in the raw milk. And the CDC recommends avoiding it. A new study finds that between 2010 and 2012, 5 percent of all U.S. food-borne outbreaks with a known source were tied to raw milk. An outbreak is defined as two or more cases of similar illness resulting from ingestion of the same food. The research is in the CDCjournal Emerging Infectious Diseases. [Elisabeth A. Mungai, Casey Barton Behravesh and L. Hannah Gould, Increased Outbreaks Associated with Nonpasteurized Milk, United States, 2007–2012] Microbes in raw milk—including salmonella, E. coli, campylobacter and Listeria—sparked an average of three outbreaks per year between 1993 and 2006. But the new study finds an average of 13 such outbreaks annually from 2007 through 2012.During that time raw milk consumption resulted in 979 illnesses and 73 hospitalizations. And more than 80 percent of such cases occurred in states where selling raw milk is legal. So caveat emptor, let the buyer beware. And the drinker even more so.—Dina Fine MaronA Few Hundred Smartphones Could Catch Earthquakes EarlyThanks to their GPS systems, smartphones in an array could pick up movements indicating the onset of an earthquake and provide extra seconds of early warning.Early warning systems can be the difference between life and death in earthquake-prone regions, but they’re expensive. The U.S., Mexico and Japan have such systems. That leaves large swaths of Central and South America, Asia and the Caribbean unprotected.Now, scientists think one solution could be hiding in our pockets: our cell phones.Smartphones employ the latest GPS technology. So scientists tested arrays of smartphones to determine if they could measure displacement caused by the earth’s shaking—and signal the subtle beginnings of an earthquake.For the experiment, the researchers used a hypothetical magnitude 7 earthquake in California and data from the real magnitude 9 earthquake off the coast of Japan in 2011 that led to the tsunami that caused the nuclear accident at Fukushima.They found that as few as 500 cell phones in California could alert the public five seconds before an event, enough time to at least move to a less vulnerable part of a room or dive under a desk.For the Japanese earthquake, early warning would not have helped in the region closest to the epicenter. But such an alert could have helped cut damage in downtown Tokyo. And the information would have reached the coastline lifesaving minutes before the resulting tsunami waves did.The research is in the journal Science Advances. [Sarah E. Minson et al,Crowdsourced earthquake early warning]The scientists say various technological details need to be worked out, such as how companies would allow smartphones to access and share the raw data. They point out that instead of waiting to buy expensive top-grade scientific equipment, governments could consider creating interim early detection systems based on arrays of sensitive smartphones.—Cynthia Graber。
英语三级三套题听力原文
Model Test (3) Band Three听力原文：Scripts:Section A:Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A ), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. W: I heard that you are planning a trip for this summer, Jack. Are you goingto Europe?M: I hope to tour Egypt if I finish my degree in time and save enough money.Q: What does Jack plan to do this summer?12. M: Stop for a while. A display in the window!W: I see some books are on sale. Let’s go inside and see if we can find something on art.Q: Where are they?13. M: How about going to a nice restaurant for lunch with me and a movie afterthat, Susan?W: I’d love to, but I haven’t packe d yet, and my train leaves at 6:00 P.M.Q: Why didn’t S usan accept the invitation?14. M: I have to stay up typing my paper tonight, but I’m afraid the sound wouldmake my roommate hard to sleep.W: There’s a roo m in the basement. Y ou can take your typewriter down there and no one will hear it.Q: What will the man probably do to avoid disturbing his roommate?15. W: George, I’d like you to meet May. She is a chemistry teacher working in acollege.M: It will be nice to meet her. I believe we even work for the same school although in a different department.Q: What do George and May have in common?16. M: Do you know if the bus station has a timetable for buses to London?W: They may not, but I know you can catch a bus that leaves for London every day at 9:00 A. M.Q: What does the man want to find out?17. W: I’d like to exchange this T-shirt for one a size smaller.M: Y es, of course. Pick out another one. I’ll put this one back.Q: Why did the woman return the T-shirt?18. M: I hope Bob’s getting fired taught him a lesson.W: At least he learned that it pays to be rude to the boss.Q: Why was Bob fired?Now you will hear two long conversations.Conversation oneM: Hey, have you heard? Robert is retiring.W: Oh, really? Well, maybe you’ll be made athletic director?M: Oh, I hope not. Whoever they choose is fine as long as it’s not me. I’m the wrong person for that job!W: Why do you say that? I mean, what kind of person does it take?M: Someone with a more easygoing personality.W: Oh, come on. Y ou seem like someone who could handle anything.M: Me? Y ou’ve got to be kidding. That job would make me much too nervous.Besides, I’m happy with things the way they are. I consider teaching tennis a challenge. I t’s a chance to get people interested in sports.W: So you really don’t want it?M: No, I really don’t. I just can’t imagine myself managing a staff and worrying about finances. I don’t handle pressure too well.W: Y ou know, that’s not the impression I have of you at all. That’s how I’d describe myself.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. What is the man’s job?20．Who is Robert?21．Why don’t the man want the job?22．What can be the relationship between the man and the woman? Conversation two:M: Hello, Take a seat, Miss Millard. Now, what can I do for you?W: It’s about my headaches, doctor. I get really bad hea daches quite regularly and they’re sometimes so bad. I’m actually sick. And I can’t eat for a couple of days when I’m feeling like that.M: About how often do these headaches come?W: About once every two months, I think.M: Do bright lights affect you or irritate you when these attacks come?W: Y es, as a matter of fact, they do. I forgot about that. I really can’t stand bright lights at all when the headache is at its worst.M: Do you take anything, any pills?W: Y es, but they don’t help.M: Mm. Y our symptoms seem to point to migraine. As you probably know, there’s no direct or permanent cure for it but we can relieve the pain while you are having the attacks. For instance, I can arrange for you to have an injection when you get the headaches. In the meantime I can give you some painkillers which should help. Anyway, see how you get on with these and if they don’t seem to help, come back and see me again.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. What does the patient mainly complain about?24. What does the doctor say about the illness?25. What would the patient do to deal with her illness?Section B:Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A ), B ), C) and D ). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage One:Among all the malignancies, lung cancer is the biggest killer: more than 100,000 Americans a year die of the disease. Giving up smoking is one of the obvious ways to reduce the risk, but another answer may lie in the kitchen. According to a new report, even heavy smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a simple dietary measure: a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetable or fruit containing a form of vitamin A called carotene.Since 1957, a team of American researchers has monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of 2,000 middle-aged men. Other studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer. The correlation seemed logical, since Vitamin A is essential for the growth of the tissue that lines the airways of the lungs.Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. How many Americans die of lung cancer each year?27. What is carotene?28. What can you infer from the passage?Passage Two:The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. They have stood for nearly 5000 years, and it seems likely that they will continue to stand for thousands of years yet. There are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of the Nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids. The most famous of these are the ‘Step’ pyramid and the ‘Bent’ pyramid Some of the pyramids still look much as they must have been done when they were built thousands of years ago. Most of the damage suffered by the others has been at the hands of men who were looking for treasure or, more often, for stone to use in modern buildings. The dry climate of Egypt has helped to preserve the pyramids, and their very shape has made them less likely to fall into ruin. These are good reasons why they can still be seen today, but perhaps the most important is that they were planned to last forever.Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. How old are the pyramids?30. What is true about some of the pyramids?31. Why do the pyramids remain well preserved?Passage Three:Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me lose my delight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bed and lying still and then, by some queer magic, wandering into another kind of existence. As a child I could never understand why grown-ups took dreaming so calmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday. This still puzzles me. I am puzzled by people who say they never dream and appear to have no interest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said they never went out for a walk. Most people--or at least more Western Europeans----do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an irritating little habit, like sneezing or yawning. I have never understood this. My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life, if only because there is far less of it, but to me it is important.Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. What is the speaker’s attitude to dreams?33. What does the speaker feel when people say that they do not dream?34. According to the speaker, what is most Western Europeans’ attitude todreams?35. How does the speaker compare his dream life and waking life?Section C: Compound Dictation:Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in you own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.The most common form of (36) entertainment in the U.S. is television. Nearly everyone watches television at some (37) regular time in their daily lives, (38) whether in the morning, at night or on (39) weekends. Most (40)families have color televisions and many have more than one set.Since its (41) beginning, the television industry in the U.S. has been (42) controlled by three companies. Those companies have formed networks of television stations in cities across the country. The three national (43) networks are ABC, American Broadcasting Company, CBS, Columbia Broadcasting System and NBC, National Broadcasting Company. (44) Each network has news features, .dramatic presentations, comedies and sports events. Each network competes for a larger percentage of the television audience by trying to present programs with wide popular appeal. The programs are financed by advertising. Companies pay the television networks to display their products on television.(45) The more popular a program, the higher the network can charge a company for commercials during the program. There is also a public television network. It has no commercials. Instead it receives financial support from the government, some private corporations and individual donations.Recently, a new type of television network has been gaining popularity. These networks are called cable television. (46) Cable television companies sell television programming directly to the public. The viewer pays a monthly fee to the company. The company installs a special line to his television set to receive the programs which he has paid the company to watch.。
SSS听力原文
SSS 20101231This is scientific American’s 60-second science, I'm Steve Mirsky. Got a minute? Over the years, regulations have developed to limit the hours of hospital interns and residents, because someone putting in a 100-hour workweek might not be their best when deciding which medication to prescribe or when inserting a folly catheter. But doctors that'll finish their trainings don't face any restrictions in their hours. Now the New England Journal of Medicine argues that editorial that sleep-deprived physicians, set to perform an elective surgery, should have to get the informed the consent of the patient. Sleep deprivation can impair Moto-skills as much as alcohol intoxication can.The editorial sites a 2009, study in the Journal of American Medical Associationthat found an increase in the risk for complications, in patients who had an elective surgery, performed by surgeons who've had the chance for less than 6 hours of sleep, during a previous on-call night.Editorial's authors note that such consent represent new responsibility for patients in making decisions about their care. It could damage the patient-doctor relationship, but they say：This shift may be necessary, until institutions take the responsibility for ensuring the patients rarely face such dilemmas.SSS 20110103This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Steve Mirsky. Got a minute? Did you hoist a few on New Y ear's? Of course, getting together with friends over a few adult beverages has a long history. Here's the University of Cincinnati's Kathleen Lynch, on the ancient Greek symposium:"And the symposium is an all-male drinking event. It's a time where a small group of men get together, usually at the home of a friend. And the focus is on drinking. And so even they may have had some food earlier, but the focus is on drinking together. And the drinking together forms bonds."On January 7th, Lynch lectures at the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America on the types of cups used at symposia over the centuries and how they give us clues to what was going on in Greece at particular times.As for the symposium, it had a couple of definite rules. First, participants reclined and arranged themselves in a circle or square. There was thus no obvious head of the table, and everyone involved had an equal status. Second, everyone drank together in rounds, so everyone got drunk at about the same rate. This communal and equitable inebriation led to a common loss of inhibitions and the building of, well, a fraternity.Thanks for the minute. For Scientific American's 60-Second Science, I'm Steve Mirsky.SSS 20110104This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.Oh what a tangled web we weave. Or so it may seem, because many social networks eventually evolve into one of just two states. We either all get along, or an unbridgeable divide develops. And a new mathematical model can predict which it will be, findings laid out in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Consider a relationship triangle. Arthur and Carl don't like each other. But Bill is friendly with them both. Bill will probably try to convince Arthur and Carl to get along. But Arthur and Carl are telling Bill that the other guy's no good. You don’t need to be a math whiz to see that, as time goes on, either everyone will be friends or Bill is gonna have to pick a side.Now picture a big network made of these triangles, which is what scientists did in their computer model. And they found that this theoretical social network produced either global harmony or all-out war, depending on the initial triangles. The model even predicted almost exactly the identities of all the Allied and Axis forces during World War II. So one way to prevent global war may be to forge friendships between enough Arthurs and Carls.SSS 20110105This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.January often gets people thinking about what they've accomplished over the past 12 months. This year, it got the editors of the medical journal the Lancet to ponder how far health care has come over the past century, and where it continues to fall short.A hundred years ago, Squire Sprigge, then editor of the Lancet, penned a piece entitled The Promise of 1911. The current editors thought they'd review this clinical score card to see how far we've come.Sadly, a lot of the problems Sprigge outlined still plague us today. The old editorial frets about the "demon of tuberculosis" and diarrheal diseases in Africa, conditions we have yet to exorcise. It also argues for legislation against "charlatans and quacks," an issue that apparently arose long before the advent of infomercials.The need to improve medical education, the role of the press in reporting science news, and the danger of medical tourism—they were all discussed in this century-old article that today's editors could have run as-is after modernizing the font. Instead they simply conclude that, "Between 1911 and 2011 there is much for medicine to be proud of—and also to be humble about."Thanks for the minute. For Scientific American's 60-Second Science, I'm Karen Hopkin.SSS 20110106This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Cynthia Graber. This will just take a minute.We produce tears in response to insults to the eyes—the sting of onion fumes, a tiny insect that flew into your cornea. But we also produce emotional tears. And it’s long been known that emotional tears are chemically different frompoke-in-the-eye tears. Now researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel find that women’s emotional tears have definite physiological effects on men. The work appears in the journal Science. The researchers knew that mouse tears contain pheromones that convey information to other mice. So they looked for similar kinds of signals in human tears.Two women volunteered to watch sad movies and have their tears collected. Twenty-four men were then asked to sniff the movie tears or a saline solution. The men noted no particular smell in either sample of salty water. But the men’s own body chemistry could tell the difference.When the men looked at emotionally neutral images of women’s faces after sniffing real tears, they reported less sexual attraction. The men also had lower levels of testosterone and less physiological arousal after smelling emotional tears compared with saline. Future studies will look at men’s tears, once researchers have collected enough videos of heartbreaking losses in big football games.SSS 20110110This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata. Got a minute?The Apollo moon missions ended almost 40 years ago. But for lunar scientists, they're gifts that keep on giving. Researchers studying rocks brought back by astronauts have found that the moon's scarce water has a different chemical signature than Earth water. Which leads to the conclusion that the water probably came from comets. The study appears in the journal Nature Geoscience. The researchers used what's called an ion microscope to compare the amount of normal hydrogen in the moon rocks to the amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium, which carries an extra neutron. They found deuterium at higher levels than it's found in Earth water—but at levels similar to the cometsHale-Bopp, Hyakutake and Halley. Which suggests comets deposited water on the ancient moon, shortly after its formation four-and-a-half billion years ago.The finding could also explain a mystery of water on Earth—how the oceans got here. Because if comets battered the moon, they probably hit the Earth, too. Ocean water does have more deuterium than water in the Earth's mantle. Maybe, the researchers say, that's because the oceans have an extra dose of melted comet ice.SSS 20110111That’s a sound that inspires fear around the world: the dentists’ drill. And fear of that sound itself could play a part in keeping some people from getting their regularly-scheduled check-up. Now, a solution to this “sound effect” may be in sight, because researchers in London have developed technology to cancel outthe drill’s unpleasant high-pitched whine.Noise cancelling headphones usually do away with low pitches. So the scientists designed a variation that a dentist could keep on hand. The device fits between any MP3 player or mobile phone and the patient’s own headphones. The patients could still hear the dentist or listen to their own music. But the microphone and chip in the device sample the incoming sound and produce an inverted wave that cancels out just the sound of the drill. As the drill’s frequency changes, the waveform quickly adapts to maintain the silence.The researchers have built and tested a prototype. They hope that it could eventually finally provide a definitive answer to the question, “Is it safe?”SSS 20110112This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.Remember affirmations?"Because I'm good enough, I'm smart enough, and doggonit, people like me." Well, if Stuart Smalley's shot-in-the-arm makes you smile, you're not alone. Because a new study shows that young people would rather pump up theirself-esteem than see a friend, have a drink or cash a big fat paycheck. The results appear in the Journal of Personality.We all like feeling good about ourselves. But can a little praise really trump a slice of pizza, a great party or a wad of cash? College students were given a questionnaire. And they were asked to rate various activities based on how much they liked or wanted them. Things like: drinking, hanging with friends, having sex, and getting paid.The results? Undergrads do like those things. But not as much as they say they like getting good grades or a compliment. Study author Brad Bushman says "American society seems to believe that self-esteem is the cure all for every social ill, from bad grades to teen pregnancies to violence. But there has been no evidence that boosting self-esteem actually helps with these problems. We may be too focused on increasing self-esteem."SSS 20110113This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Christie Nicholson. Got a minute?Performance anxiety can be crippling. Entertainers who suffer from it come up with creative defenses. Bono has his purple shades. The indie rock singer Cat Power faces away from the audience. Others turn to more standard solutions like Xanax.But there might be a healthier quick fix: writing, because new research reveals that writing about your worries just before a performance can reduce the risk of blowing it due to anxiety. The work appears in the journal Science. Researchers gave 20 students two math tests. The students did nothing special before the first test. But before the second test, students were told they’d receivemoney for high marks. Half of the students were then instructed to take 10 minutes and write down any concerns they had about the test. The other half sat quietly.Those who just sat waiting did 12 percent worse on the second test than on the first. But those who wrote about their fears showed a five percent improvement on the exam.Another part of the research found that writing in general didn’t work—it had to be about test-related concerns to trigger the effect. So to write may prevent some wrongs.由ansion在整理的生词：indie: a small independent company, especially one that produces records of popular music or television programs(制作流行乐唱片或电视节目的)小型独立公司SSS 20110114This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.We Americans love our fast food. And a new study shows that a little thing like a nutrition label is not gonna stop us when we want a breakfast burrito.In January 2009 King County, Washington imposed mandatory menu labeling on all restaurant chains in the region, which includes Seattle and its surrounds. Restaurants were asked to disclose nutrition information, including a calorie count, about every item on the menu.Then, over the next year, researchers in conjunction with local public health officials monitored food purchases at the Taco Time chain of restaurants. And they found that nothing changed. The total number of sales and the average calories per order were the same, regardless of whether the restaurant labeled its menu. The study appears in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Now, it could be that Taco Time customers were already wise to the relative nutritiousness of their meals, because the restaurant was highlighting its healthier options with a little logo before the law took effect.So maybe all we need is a happy, "healthy icon" to keep us from overdoing it. Because pointing out that a large order of cheddar fries has 700 calories was not food for thought.SSS 20110117This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber. This will just take a minute.Many people love what they consider a suntan's healthy glow. But the color you get from eating vegetables might be the most attractive glow of all. That's according to research in the journal Evolution and Human Behaviour. Researchers controlled the diet and evaluated the skin color of 82 participants for eight weeks. Those who ate more fruits and vegetables had a yellower hue to their skin. That tone comes from carotenoids in the fruit and veggies, which arelinked to better immune defenses and reproductive health.In related studies, the scientists recruited volunteers to look at photographs of 51 faces. They could manipulate the colors of the face to increase the darkness or the yellow tones. They were asked to adjust the colors until the faces looked to be what the subjects considered the most healthy. And the majority preferred a yellowish tone, like that produced by carotenoids. This held true for Caucasians in the U.K. and black Africans in South Africa.The researchers say the preference could be a gauge of vigor—many animals let their health be known to potential mates through vibrant coloration. So eat fruits and vegetables if you want your face to advertise your fitness.SSS 20110118This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Steve Mirsky. Got a minute? It’s a now-they-know-how-many-holes-it-takes-to-fill-the-Albert-Hall situation, because researchers have measured the actual blood alcohol level of fans leaving professional football and baseball games. And they found that eight percent of all the spectators willing to take the breathalyzer exam were over the legal limit for driving. The work appears in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research.The investigators managed to get breath samples from 362 fans exiting 13 different baseball games and three football games. Forty percent registered some level of alcohol on the meters. Fans under the age of 35 were nine times more likely to be over the limit than older fans. And tailgaters were 14 times more likely than other fans to be over the limit.Lead researcher Darin Erickson of the University of Minnesota points out that if the eight percent finding holds for the whole crowd, at the conclusion of an NFL game some 5,000 people over the limit could spill out into the streets and potentially behind the wheel. Remember, these results apply to those willing to be tested. So the true percentage of uncooperative inebriates may be higher. Thanks for the minute. For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Steve Mirsky.SSS 20110119This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber. This will just take a minute.It's one of the oldest moves in teen dating. Head to a scary movie. As soon as the scary music kicks in, your date cuddles closer for comfort. Well, some birds may have the same idea. Splendid fairy-wrens are small, sexually promiscuous birds native to Australia. It turns out that males get the attention of potential mates by making their move after a predator announces its presence. The research was published in the journal Behavioral Ecology.That's the sound of butcherbirds, which prey on splendid wrens. Every time male wrens hear that cry, they sing this in response. Researchers say the calls become layered atop one another, almost like a duet.The scientists tested the response of female wrens by playing recorded bird calls. They played just the male fairy-wren call. Then they played the trill of the wrens singing immediately after the butcherbirds. The females became significantly more alert—looking to the sound or singing in response—after hearing the two calls together than they did if they heard just the wren. And so for both teens and wrens, a bit of fear might help a guy get the chick.SSS 20110120Ever been running the treadmill, exhausted, ready to quit—but you're at the 2.9 mile mark, so you run that last 10th to make it an even three? Why do you do it? Well it may be because round numbers are intrinsically motivating to us, even if there's no obvious reward for reaching them. That's according to a study in the journal Psychological Science.Researchers studied three decades of Major League Baseball batting averages and play-by-play data. They found that players were four times as likely to end the season with a batting average of 300, rather than 299. And players purposely manipulated their averages, by choosing when to swing away or work out a walk, or when to be pinch-hit for.Examining over four million SAT scores revealed a similar trend. Students with scores of, say, 1,290 rather than 1,300 were more likely to retake the test—even though admissions data showed that administrators didn't seem to favor rounded scores.It’s not clear why these seemingly arbitrary goals are important to us. But they illustrate internal motivation that could confound some ideas in economics, because some increments are apparently more equal than others.Thanks for the minute. For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Christopher Intagliata.由ansion在整理的生词：pinch-hit for: to do something for someone else because they are unexpectedly not able to do itSSS 20110121I just read Bill Carter’s book The War for Late Night: When Leno Went Early and Television Went Crazy. It’s a good look at issues in organizational psychology, because it describes in detail how a lot of seemingly smart people worked together to accomplish a lot of dumb things.One reason that Leno got killed in the ratings at 10 P.M. is that the show was really bad. But bad shows have succeeded on TV before. Leno also faced a new television ecosystem.In 2009 key demographic group ratings for network 10 P.M. shows were just half of what they had been five years earlier. And a reason for that was that some 40 percent of households now had the technology of digital video recorders, allowing people to easily program their own TV schedules.And a habit many people had apparently gotten into was to use the 10 P.M. hourto catch up on programs they had recorded either earlier that night or even earlier in the week. So Len o at 10 wasn’t just up against alternative network programming. Thanks to consumer technology, he was up against millions of people’s personal programming o ptions, too.SSS 20110124This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm John Matson. Got a minute?In a laboratory vault outside Paris is a small cylinder of platinum–iridium alloy that serves as the standard for all mass measurements worldwide. By an 1889 international accord, the mass of this metal cylinder defines the kilogram.But that may soon change. The kilogram is the only unit of measurement still based on a man-made artifact. A second of time, for instance, is now defined in terms of an electron transition of the cesium atom. And the meter is tied to the speed of light. Those standards are universal and unchanging—unlike the official kilogram. The reference cylinder's mass has drifted slightly through the years—not enough to throw off your bathroom scale, but enough to bother measurement scientists.Some of them are meeting January 24th at the Royal Society in London to discuss future improvements to the measurement units. The plan is to eventually relate the kilogram to a universal number known as Planck's constant. But the technology needed to do that is not yet fully developed. So, for the time being, that little metal cylinder will just have to keep pulling its weight. I mean, mass. SSS 20110125This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Cynthia Graber. This will just take a minute.The Chesapeake Bay could get helped by a new antipollution expert: farmed oysters. For decades, the Chesapeake has been plagued by excess nutrients, such as nitrogen, from agricultural and municipal run-off. The nutrients feed algal blooms, which suck up the oxygen in the water. And those oxygen-poor waters no longer support the Bay’s rich biodiversity.The Chesapeake used to be home to wild oysters, but 99 percent of them are gone. The tasty bivalves are known for removing excess phytoplankton from water and sequestering nutrients in their shells and flesh. So scientists from Virginia Commonwealth University measured the nutrient-chomping potential of the Eastern oyster Crassostreavirginica.They tested dried tissue and shells from oysters in two aqua-culture sites, (which) turns out that if a farmed oyster grows to 76 millimeters, it’s a pretty effective water filter. Eight large-scale oyster farms could clean a ton of nitrogen from the Chesapeake. The study was published in the Journal of Environmental Quality. Such farming won’t make the bay pristin e again, but the researchers say the oysters are effective at cleaning the area where they’re grown. And so for a biologically better Chesapeake, pass the hot sauce.Thanks for the minute. For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m CynthiaGraber.由ansion在整理的生词：algal: 藻类的bloom: a flower or flowersbivalve: any sea animal that has two shells joined together, such as an oyster 双壳贝类phytoplankton: minute, free-floating aquatic plants 浮游植物群sequester: to sequestrate 扣押chomp: to bite food noisilypristine: extremely fresh or cleanSSS 20110126Living in the city, you can't escape traffic noise. But it's not just a nuisance. Ifyou're over 65, the noise might be a risk to your health, too—by increasing your risk of a stroke. That's according to a study in the European Heart Journal.The researchers studied over 51,000 Danish city dwellers for about a decade. And they mapped out noise levels at each person's home over time, using a noise calculating program. After accounting for other variables, like smoking history, diet and air pollution, they found that for the over-65 set, the risk of stroke rose 27 percent higher for every 10 decibels of noise exposure. The baseline was the volume of a normal conversation.This study doesn't prove that road noise causes strokes. But previous studies have linked noise to heart attacks and higher blood pressure, too—possibly due to increased stress and sleep disturbance. For older people who already have trouble sleeping, the researchers say that extra tossing and turning could be the cause. So don't just worry about the fumes if you're relocating to a busy city street—keep in mind your sound health, too.SSS 20110127Generations of American children have been t old, “Eat your broccoli!” And for decades, researchers have known that broccoli and related vegetables like cauliflower and watercress appeared to lower the risk of some cancers and that compounds in the vegetables could kill cancer cells. But how the cruciferous veggies worked their medical magic was a mystery until now, because researchers have figured out just what broccoli does that helps keep cancer in check. The work appears in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.Proteins coded by the gene p53 help keep cancer from starting to grow. But when the p53 gene is mutated, the protection is gone. Mutated p53 is implicated in about half of all human cancers.Broccoli and its relatives are rich in compounds called isothiocyanates, or ITCs. And these ITCs apparently destroy the products of the mutant p53 gene, but leave the healthy p53 proteins alone and free to suppress tumor development. The researchers write that “depletion of mutant p53 may reduce drug resistance and lead to new strategies for treating canc er in the clinic.” In the meantime, eatyour broccoli!SSS 20110128High school students flunking biology might take some consolation in knowing that most of their teachers would be, too. So suggests a commentary in the January 28th issue of the journal Science by Michael B. Berkman and Eric Plutzer of Pennsylvania State University, who surveyed more than 900 U.S. high school teachers about how they taught evolution.Shockingly, they found that only 28 percent of teachers taught evolution effectively, and 13 percent actually advocated for creationism. The roughly 60 percent in the mushy middle steered around conflicts between evolution and creationism or taught both and let students draw their own conclusions. (Always such a good idea….)The survey's crucial insight was that how teachers taught depended far more on than their personal beliefs than on the community curriculum standards that have been the focus of battleground court cases, such as Kitzmiller v. Dover from five years ago.Berkman and Plutzer recommend requiring all biology teachers to take a prep course in evolution as part of their training: A little extra homework might help timid teachers feel more confident about an idea that's been a cornerstone of science for more than 150 years.。
托福sss听力原文
(man)Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind .You education majors might be especially interested in because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching -that is, tutoring in math and English.You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week.Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors-he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week.I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service... and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, to showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Profession Dodge's office this week.。
SSS听力原文
全球变暖不利植物生长 (1)电子书VS 纸质书 (1)（太阳）系外行星上的生命 (2)音乐和言论中的情感 (3)洞穴壁画 (4)微气泡可降低藻类衍生燃料成本 (5)全球变暖不利植物生长Global warming might seem like a botanical boon. 全球变暖对植物而言似乎是个福音。
After all, milder temperatures and more carbon dioxide and nitrogen should feed flora. 毕竟，温和的气候和日渐增多的二氧化碳和氮可以给植物提供养料。
But a ten year study has found that any initial positive effect on plant growth from climate change may soon disappear. 但一项为期十年的研究发现，任何气候变化对植物生长产生的最初积极影响可能很快就会消失。
The report is in the journal Nature Climate Change. 该报告发布在《自然气候变化》杂志上。
Researchers transplanted vegetation from four grassland ecosystems to lower, warmer elevations. 研究人员将四个草场生态系统的植被移植到海拔较低、较温暖的地域。
They also modified the precipitation at the transplant sites based on altered rainfall estimates. 根据预期的降雨量变化，他们还改变了移植地的降水量。
For the first year, the plants did great, producing more biomass and churning out more oxygen for us. 第一年，植物长势确实很好，产量很高，也给我们制造了更多的氧气。
最新SSS 听力稿笔记
This is Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I'm Chelsea Wald. Got a minute?Vinaigrette dressing(意大利油醋酱,油醋汁,意大利油醋汁): when you shake it little vinegar droplets(n. [流] 液滴（droplet的复数）；飞沫) scatter through the oil, but when you put it down, the droplets merge and the dressing separates. That's probably not a big inconvenience to you, but it is to industries that use lots of vinaigrette-like mixtures. So to study this unmixing, French researchers planned to float water droplets one at a time through a channel of flowing oil. The channel widened in the middle so the oil would slow down and bump the water droplets together. Then the passage narrowed again so the oil would speed up and pull the droplets apart. The researchers expected that the droplets would merge when they bumped together. But that's not what happened. In fact it was when the droplets started to pull apart from each other that they suddenly mixed. In Physical Review Letters, the researchers say that the pulling apart may make the pressure between the droplets fall. That would make the droplets burst open and then they could merge into one big water droplet. What the researchers don't say is whether this finding could lead to a true breakthrough: stay-mixed salad dressing.Thanks for the minute for Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I'm Chelsea Wald.This is Scientific Americans' 60-second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.When you have an itch nothing feels better than a good scratch. Now scientists from Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center think they know why. The scientists were wondering why raking fingernails across skin brings us such pleasure. So they looked to the brain. More precisely they looked in the brain. Using advanced imaging techniques the scientists looked to see which parts of the brain are most active when people scratch or in this case, when people are scratched by a guy in a white lab coat with a special scratching brush. What they found is scratching does not activate areas of the brain normally associated with pleasure, although it did boost the activity of the prefrontal cortex which can be involved in compulsive behavior. That makes sense. But the major effect of scratching was to decrease the activity of brain regions associated with unpleasant sensory experiences. So scratching seems to relieve the unpleasant feelings that accompany, well, itching. Yes in a landmark study that appears in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology scratching gets rid of the itch. Me I'm holding out for the study that shows that people bang their heads against the wall because it feels so good when you stop.Thanks for the minute for Scientific Americans' 60-second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin.2008.2.13This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.Seems like every other week(每隔一周）brings news that global warming is gonna be bad for some poor animal or other. But plants, well, I guess I was thinking that plants would welcome the heat. I mean, global warming is caused by greenhouse gases（n. 二氧化碳、甲烷等导致温室效应的气体）, and plants live in green houses, so everyone is happy. Well, according to a new study, published in the February 12 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, I waswrong, or at least not quite right. Because plants, too, are likely to face problems as the earth heats up, and their biggest problem may be insects. Scientists were looking at the fossilized （fossilized adj. 石化的；僵化的；老化的. 石化（fossilize的过去式和过去分词））remains of leaves that fell off trees about 55 million years ago. At that time, the planet was undergoing a period of warming. The scientists found that as the temperatures rose, the leaves look more nibbled. Seems that with more CO2 in the atmosphere, plants take up more carbon, that actually makes their leaves less nutritious for plant-munching bugs（bug n. 臭虫，小虫；故障；窃听器vt. 烦扰，打扰；装窃听器vi. 装置窃听器；打扰）, so the insects just eat more. So a warmer planet will be home to some hungry bugs, which I dare say will not please the trees or anyone else who relies on plants for food, which includes, ultimately, all of us.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin.SSS 2008-02-14This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science .I'm Cynthia Graber. This'll just take a minute.It's Valentine's Day（情人节）, even for barnacles（n[无脊椎] 藤壶（barnacle的复数）；刑具)which are stuck to rocks（搁浅）. But evolution has endowed these stationary creatures with some curious abilities according to research published online in The Proceedings of the Royal Society（皇家学会报告）. Male barnacles have members that can stretch to（延伸到）eight times their body length to reach a similarly stuck female. They have other problems though, strong waves in tides. Scientists at Canada's University of Alberta discovered that barnacles cope with this challenge by developing differently shaped genitalia（生殖器）. Barnacles that cling to（坚持；依靠；依附；紧握不放）rocks on wave-exposed shores have shorter, wider organs so they can maintain control in violent waters. Those that are living in coast protected from crushing （adj. 压倒的；决定性的；不能站起来；支离破碎的v. 压破，征服，冲入（crush的过去式和过去分词形式））waves have longer slimmer ones. Researchers transplanted young barnacles living in protected coasts to unprotected ones and vice versa（反之亦然）. And the animals developed accordingly. For example, barnacles from calm areas that were moved to turbulent（adj. 骚乱的，混乱的；狂暴的；吵闹的；激流的，湍流的）seas grew shorter wider members. This experiment shows that barnacles can develop their digit （n. 数字；手指或足趾；一指宽）to suit local conditions and reach through churning（n. 搅乳；一次提制的奶油v. 搅拌（churn的ing形式））waters to connect with someone special.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.SSS 2008-02-15This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I‟m Steve Mirsky. Got a minute?On February 14th, the Union of Concerned Scientists（关怀科学家联盟）issued a call for the protection of federal scientists. The UCS press conference took place in space made available by the American Association for the Advancement of Science（美国科学促进协会）, whose annual meeting is taking place in Boston. Francesca Grifo is the director of the UCS's scientific integrity program（整合计划）. As we transition（n. 过渡；转变；[分子生物] 转换；变调）to the next administration, regardless of who we vote to place at its helmn. 舵；舵柄；领导地位；驾驶盘vt. 指挥；给...掌舵）, we must ensure that the falsifying（篡改）of data, the fabricating（vt. 制造；伪造；装配）of results, the selective editing, the intimidation , censoring（censor vt. 审查，检查；检查和删节n. 检查员；[心理] 潜意识压抑力；信件检查员）and suppression（n. 抑制；镇压；[植] 压抑）of scientists, the corruption of advisory panels（顾问小组）, and the tampering（n. 贿赂adj. 干涉的v. 干预（tamper的ing形式））with scientific procedures all stop. To that end, the UCS wants Congress to pass a scientists' bill of rights. Kurt Gottfried is professor of physics emeritus（adj. 退休的；名誉退休的）at Cornell University and a cofounder of the UCS, we therefore call on the next president Congress to codify（vt. 编纂；将...编成法典；编成法典）the basic freedoms that federal scientists must have if they are to produce the scientific knowledge that is needed by a government dedicated to the public good.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science from the AAAs meeting in Boston. I am Steve Mirsky.SSS 2008-02-18 （2014。
全国英语等级考试标准教程第三级听力原文
全国英语等级考试标准教程第三级听力原文Here is an essay on the topic "Audio Materials for the Third Level of the National English Proficiency Examination Standard Textbook":The National English Proficiency Examination is a significant assessment that evaluates an individual's English language skills in China. The third level of this examination is considered a crucial milestone for many students, as it represents a higher level of proficiency in the language. The audio materials included in the standard textbook for this level play a crucial role in preparing students for the listening comprehension portion of the exam.The audio materials in the third-level textbook cover a wide range of topics, reflecting the diverse nature of the listening comprehension section of the exam. These topics may include current events, scientific discoveries, cultural traditions, and everyday conversations. By exposing students to this variety of content, the audio materials help them develop their ability to comprehend and respond to a wide range of spoken English.One of the key features of the audio materials is their level of complexity. The language used in the recordings is more advancedthan the previous levels, with more complex sentence structures, vocabulary, and delivery speeds. This gradual increase in difficulty helps students progressively improve their listening skills and prepares them for the challenges they may face in the actual examination.In addition to the content and complexity of the audio materials, the quality of the recordings is also of utmost importance. The recordings should be clear, well-articulated, and free from background noise or distractions. This ensures that students can focus on the content of the audio and develop their ability to comprehend spoken English in a realistic and practical setting.Another crucial aspect of the audio materials is their alignment with the exam format. The recordings should closely resemble the types of listening tasks that will be presented in the actual examination, such as multiple-choice questions, true/false statements, or short answer responses. By familiarizing themselves with the format and structure of the exam through the practice audio materials, students can develop strategies and techniques that will help them perform better on the actual test.Furthermore, the audio materials should provide opportunities for students to practice a variety of listening skills, such as identifying main ideas, recognizing specific details, making inferences, andunderstanding contextual information. This comprehensive approach to listening comprehension helps students develop a well-rounded set of skills that can be applied to various listening scenarios.In conclusion, the audio materials included in the standard textbook for the third level of the National English Proficiency Examination play a crucial role in preparing students for the listening comprehension portion of the exam. By covering a range of topics, maintaining a suitable level of complexity, ensuring high-quality recordings, and aligning with the exam format, these audio materials help students develop the necessary skills and confidence to perform well on the test. Ultimately, the effective use of these audio materials can contribute to the overall success of students in the National English Proficiency Examination.。
SSS听力原文-200802
Standard听力版—SSS 2008-02整理稿(下载Standard听力PDF整理稿请到Standard文本集中营)T hank you for your participation!Compiled by lorilinCopyright © 2003-2008 All Rights ReservedLinks:普特英语听力论坛 Standard听力训练 Standard文本集中营This is Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I am Cynthia Graber. This'll just take a minute.Air pollution is bad for our health, but scientists say we don't know much about the long-term effects. So researchers in Canada and the Netherlands decided to gather genetic information in an urban industrial environment by looking at mouse sperm. They published the study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The scientists placed cages of mature male mice near two steel mills and a major highway in the city of Hamilton, in Ontario, Canada. Some of the mice breathed in ambient, particulate-filled air. The control mice breathed pure, filtered air. After ten weeks, researchers checked the two groups. The mice exposed to the polluted air had a 60 percent higher rate of sperm mutation. It occurred in a piece of DNA particularly susceptible to mutation. Researchers say these specific mutations are known to affect gene expression and genome stability and could lead to changes in genetic composition and disease. They say they can't yet extrapolate from these findings to the long-term health effects in humans, but they say the results definitely warrant a more detailed look at pollution's effects on our genes. Thanks for the minute for Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I am Cynthia Graber. 【整理】SSS 2008-02-04【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I'm Chelsea Wald. Got a minute? Vinaigrette dressing: when you shake it little vinegar droplets scatter through the oil, but when you put it down, the droplets merge and the dressing separates. That's probably not a big inconvenience to you, but it is to industries that use lots of vinaigrette-like mixtures. So to study this unmixing, French researchers planned to float water droplets one at a time through a channel of flowing oil. The channel widened in the middle so the oil would slow down and bump the water droplets together. Then the passage narrowed again so the oil would speed up and pull the droplets apart. The researchers expected that the droplets would merge when they bumped together. But that's not what happened. In fact it was when the droplets started to pull apart from each other that they suddenly mixed. In Physical Review Letters, the researchers say that the pulling apart may make the pressure between the droplets fall. That would make the droplets burst open and then they could merge into one big water droplet. What the researchers don't say is whether this finding could lead to a true breakthrough: stay-mixed salad dressing.Thanks for the minute for Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I'm Chelsea Wald. ==========Vocabulary:Vinaigrette: One of the four "mother sauces," vinaigrette is a basic oil-and-vinegar combination, generally used to dress salad greens and other cold vegetable, meat or fish dishes. In its simplest form, vinaigrette consists of oil, vinegar (usually 3 parts oil to 1 part vinegar), salt and pepper. More elaborate variations can include any of various ingredients such as spices, herbs, shallots, onions, mustard, etc. 一种油和醋组成的调料burst open: v. 猛然打开salad dressing: A sauce, such as one made of mayonnaise or of oil and vinegar, that is served on salad. 生菜食品之调味汁,色拉味调料This is Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I’m Cynthia Graber. This’ll just take a minute.When is an ant like a piece of fruit? When it’s infected by a parasite. Researchers affiliated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute discovered this bizarre occurrence in Central America as they were studying the gliding ability of a certain species of ant. They found some colony members with bright red swollen abdomens. The scientists took specimens back to the lab and discovered they were full of hundreds of nematode eggs. The bright red bellies look suspiciously like the brilliant red and pink berries that proliferate in the rainforest. Researchers think that the nematode makes the ant look like fruit to get birds to eat the ants. Birds usually keep the ants off their menu because of armor and a bad chemical taste. The birds then spread parasite eggs in their droppings. Ants forage through bird droppings for seeds. They feed the infected droppings to ant larvae beginning the infection process all over again. The red-bellied ant is the first known case of a parasite causing fruit mimicry. One of the researchers was surprised to that something dumb as a nematode can manipulate its host in such a sophisticated way, but evolution works no matter how dumb organisms are.Thanks for the minute for Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science, I’m Cynthia Graber. ==========abdomen: 腹, 腹部specimen: 范例, 标本, 样品, 样本, 待试验物nematode : n. 线虫类 adj. 线虫类的forage : To wander in search of food or provisionslarvae(larva): juvenile form of animals with indirect development 幼虫mimicry: n. 模仿【整理】SSS 2008-02-06【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific Americans' 60-second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.When you have an itch nothing feels better than a good scratch. Now scientists from Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center think they know why. The scientists were wondering why raking fingernails across skin brings us such pleasure. So they looked to the brain. More precisely they looked in the brain. Using advanced imaging techniques the scientists looked to see which parts of the brain are most active when people scratch or in this case, when people are scratched by a guy in a white lab coat with a special scratching brush. What they found is scratching does not activate areas of the brain normally associated with pleasure, although it did boost the activity of the prefrontal cortex which can be involved in compulsive behavior. That makes sense. But the major effect of scratching was to decrease the activity of brain regions associated with unpleasant sensory experiences. So scratching seems to relieve the unpleasant feelings that accompany, well, itching. Yes in a landmark study that appears in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology scratching gets rid of the itch. Me I'm holding out for the study that shows that people bang their heads against the wall because it feels so goodwhen you stop.Thanks for the minute for Scientific Americans' 60-second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin.==========Vocabulary:Dermatology: n. 皮肤医学, 皮肤病学hold out for: wait uncompromisingly for something desirable【整理】SSS 2008-02-07【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I am Adam Hinterthuer. Got a minute? Hitting your mid-forties? Chances are you are feeling down but don't hang your head. You are just at the bottom of life's U shaped path of happiness. You might not see it from here but things are looking up. A study in the journal Social Science and Medicine says midlife malaise is part of being human. Offering proof that misery loves company,researchers found that millions of people from 74 different countries followed similar life path. They moved from youthful happiness toward mid-life depressions, then back to happiness in their golden years. Earlier studies suggested psychological well-being was consistent throughout life. But this report says from Azerbaijan to Zimbabwe, there is no getting around that mid-life crisis. Regardless of cultural differences, financial success or marital status, a period of depression settles over our forties. But by our late fifties, we cheer back up. Researchers speculate that as we get older, unrealistic expectations are tempered by reality, in other words , we learn to expect less from life but they say a happier possibility is that we just get better at counting our blessingsThanks for the minute for Scientific Americans' 60-Second Science. I am Adam Hinterthuer. ============Vocabulary:hang your head: v. 垂头丧气Express shame or contritiongolden years: The golden years refers to being a senior citizen, when you have retired and are just enjoying life, all the children have left home.【整理】SSS 2008-02-08【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.Last month the journal Science reported that a Swedish company was planning on using the body heat generated by commuters in a Stockholm train station to warm a nearby office building. If that sounds too personal they’re not the only one thinking about ways to reuse wasted energy. A team of scientists from Ann Arbor, Pittsburgh and British Columbia have come up with the way to tap pedestrian power. They've created a device which straps onto your knees that can harvest energy from your stride the same way hybrid-electric vehicles recycle power during braking . Their report which appears in the February 8 issue of Science shows that walkers can generate about five watts of power without so much as breaking a sweat. That's enough energy to run ten cellphones or two computers at once, which could be good news for people who live in countries where access to electricity is spotty. The bad news is the device could enable commuters to talk on the phone, listen to music, email their friends, play video games, check their stock codes and photographthemselves doing it just by pacing back and forth waiting for their morning latte. We beseech them not to on bended knee.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. 【整理】SSS 2008-02-11【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I am Karen Hopkin, this'll just take a minute.For years, advocates have touted the use of biofuels as a clean burning alternative to gasoline, now a pair of studies published in the Feb 8 issue of Science conclude that biofuels may do more harm to the environment than good.The researchers calculated the indirect costs of growing the crops that turned into biofuels. To plant the corn or sugarcane or soybeans from which bio-diesel and bio-ethanol are made, farmers were first need to clear forest and grasslands. That process it turns out would actually generate more carbon dioxide than we save by swearing off fossil fuels and would take centuries for us to pay off that carbon debt. For example, the scientists figured it would take 319 years of using ethanol made from soybeans to make up for the extra carbon released by chopping down the forests needed to grow the crop. And of course more CO2 in the atmosphere means more global warming. So Biofuels might actually exacerbate the problem they are meant to solve. Something to think about as we move forward on producing eco-friendly fuels, as one of the scientists put it, we should make sure that our cure isn't worse than the disease.Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I am Karen Hopkin. 【整理】SSS 2008-02-12【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I am Adam Hintertheur, got a minute? These days it seems no one's job is safe from computerized replacements, now it is time to add coffee experts to that list. Scientists at the Nestlé Research Center in Switzerland have developed a coffee-tasting machine that can sip and evaluate a brew almost as well as professional human tasters.The machine takes a sample of the gases produced by a steaming shot espresso and analyzes dozens of ions associated with taste and aroma. Those ions are assigned to categories in a sensory evaluation dataset, but that doesn't mean the results are dry chemical formulas. In fact the machine has a vocabulary that would make any sommelier jealous.After it crunches the numbers, it spits out words like floury,woody and butter toffee to describe its drinking experience. Researchers say machines like this could be efficient monitors of quality control in the food industry and no matter how many cups a day it samples, the mechanized coffee taster will never get jittery. Nevertheless rumor has it that the machine has already demanded a daily 15-minute anything-but-coffee break.Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science, I am Adam Hintertheur.===========Vocabulary:sommelier : <法语>斟酒服务员【整理】SSS 2008-02-13【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.Seems like every other week brings news that global warming is gonna be bad for some poor animal or other. But plants, well, I guess I was thinking that plants would welcome the heat. I mean, global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, and plants live in green houses, so everyone is happy. Well, according to a new study, published in the February 12 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, I was wrong, or at least not quite right. Because plants, too, are likely to face / problems as the earth heats up, and their biggest problem may be insects. Scientists were looking at the fossilized remains of leaves that fell off trees about 55 million years ago. At that time, the planet was undergoing a period of warming. The scientists found that as the temperatures rose, the leaves look more nibbled. Seems that with more CO2 in the atmosphere, plants take up more carbon, that actually makes their leaves less nutritious for plant-munching bugs, so the insects just eat more. So a warmer planet will be home to some hungry bugs, which I dare say will not please the trees or anyone else who relies on plants for food, which includes, ultimately, all of us.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. 【整理】SSS 2008-02-14【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science .I'm Cynthia Graber. This'll just take a minute.It's Valentine's Day, even for barnacles which are stuck to rocks. But evolution has endowed these stationary creatures with some curious abilities according to/ research published online in The Proceedings of the Royal Society. Male barnacles have members that can stretch to eight times their body length to reach a similarly stuck female. They have other problems though, strong waves in tides. Scientists at Canada's University of Alberta discovered that barnacles cope with this challenge by developing differently shaped genitalia. Barnacles that cling to rocks on wave-exposed shores have shorter, wider organs so they can maintain control in violent waters . Those that are living in coast protected from crushing waves have longer slimer ones. Researchers transplanted young barnacles living in protected coasts to unprotected ones and vice versa. And the animals developed accordingly. For example, barnacles from calm areas that were moved to turbulent seas grew shorter wider members. This experiment shows that barnacles can develop their digit to suit local conditions and reach through churning waters to connect with someone special.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Synthia Graber. ============Vocabulary:barnacle: marine crustaceans with feathery food-catching appendages; free-swimming as larvae; as adults form a hard shell and live attached to submerged surfaces churning: 翻腾的【整理】SSS 2008-02-15【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I’m Steve Mursky. Got a minute?On February 14th, the Union of Concerned Scientists issued a call for the protection offederal scientists. The UCS press conference took place in space made available by the American Association For The Advancement of Science, whose annual meeting is taking place in Boston . Francesca Grifo is the director of the UCS's scientific integrity program. As we transition to the next administration, regardless of who we vote to place at its helm, we must ensure that the falsifying of data, the fabricating of results, the selective editing, the intimidation , censoring and suppression of scientists, the corruption of advisory panels, and the tampering with scientific procedures all stop. To that end, the UCS wants Congress to pass a scientists' bill of rights. Kurt Gottfried is professor of physics emeritus at Cornell University and a cofounder of the UCS, we therefore call on the next president Congress to codify the basic freedoms that federal scientists must have if they are to produce the scientific knowledge that is needed by a government dedicated to the public good.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science from the AAAs meeting in Boston. I am Steve Mirsky.【整理】SSS 2008-02-18【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Steve Mirsky. got a minute?Earth-like planets have the potential to form around many and perhaps most of the nearest stars that are like our sun. Michael Meyer of the Uiversity of Arizona announced that discovery Sunday at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Meyer says that between 20 and 60 percent of the stars are candidates for the development of rocky planets. The researchers used the NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, Meyer explains,"With Spitzer we detect the heat radiation of dust grains, not unlike the smoke that you will see rising from chimneys". Models say that the observed warm dust is consistent with small rocky bodies smashing into each other. "From those observations of dust, we infer the presence of colliding larger rocky bodies, not unlike asteroids and other things in our solar system that we know bang together and generate dust. By tracing that dust we trace these dynamical processes that we think led to the formation of terrestrial islands in our solar system.”Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science from the AAAs meeting in Boston, I'm steve Mirsky【整理】SSS 2008-02-19【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Steve Mirsky. Got a minute?Some strong comments from John Holdren, director of the science technology and public policy program at Harvard’s JFK School of Government. Saturday, at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Holdren was talking about media coverage of climate change science. "Here Michael Crichton has become one of the most prominent skeptics in the country, was brought by Senator Inhofe as his chief science witness, at a hearing about climate science. I mean this is a lapsed position turned science fiction writer who has the colossal arrogance to say under oath in a hearing when asked by Senator Feinstein. Doctor Crichton, do you actually believe that your understanding of this matter is superior to that of the US National Academy of Sciences? To which he happily answered ‘yes’. There is no penalty for that sort of colossal combination of arrogance and ignorance / unless you happen to be a scientist. There is apenalty for that sort of thing if you’re a scientist. And that puts the scientists at a significant disadvantage in this kind of interaction.Thanks for the minute, for scientific American's 60-second science from the AAAs meeting in Boston, I'm Steve Mirsky.【整理】SSS 2008-02-20【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Steve Mirsky, got a minute?The Meridiana Planum region of Mars once had water that was really salty and highly acidic, conditions incredibly hostile to any life forms that we know about. So any organisms that might once lived in that area on Mars would really have had to beat the odds. But why do we know so much about the likelihood of a particular environment to support life? Mars scientists can thank you and me in our propensity to eat. Harvard professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences Andrew Knoll spoke to reporters Friday at the AAAS meeting. "The food preservation industry depends highly on people knowing the kind of ionic tolerances of microorganisms. So this isn't some esoteric thing that a Mars scientist will pull a paper off a shelf. There are thousands of papers out there on the tolerances of microorganisms and it's not because most scientists are worried about ionic bottom, it's because they are worried about botulism in canned vegetables". so one science feeds another.Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science from the AAAS meeting in Boston. I'm Steve Mirsky.========Vocabulary:Planum: 面, 平面beat the odds: v. 克服困难esoteric: adj. 深奥的botulism: n. 波特淋菌中毒, 香肠中毒【整理】SSS 2008-02-21【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Steve Mirsky, got a minute? "When you google youself, who do you find?" That question was raised by Clive Thompson speaking Tuesday at the Science Journalism Symposium in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thompson is a science and technology writer and columnist at Wired. Back in 2002, if Thompson googled himself, the most popular sites that came up were for a British Lord Clive Thompson. The journalist Clive Thompson wanted his writings to come up first. So he started to blog. "I essentially wanted to hack Google. Google looks for, you know, if you type in Clive Thompson / it finds every page that has Clive Thompson on it. But then, it ranks them based on which pages have the most links pointing to them. Under that logic, the best way to dominate the top spot for you online is to have a site with zillions of things pointing to it. And the sites that tend to have zillions of things pointing to them are blogs." Useful info for any John Smith hoping to be found with a Google search. "After about like 2 months of blogging. My blog already on the front page for Clive Thompson, about 6 or 7 months later was No.1 slot and now, I mean i've just liquidated this guy like chip-chip like" Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science from the Knight Science Journalism Fellowship's Future of Science Journalism Symposium in Cambridge, Massachusetts . I'm Steve Mirsky.【整理】SSS 2008-02-22【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin, this'll just take a minute.On February 8th, we told you about scientists who had created a device worn over the knees that could harvest the energy you otherwise waste while walking. But if high-tech kneepads aren’t your style, perhaps you’d be interested in a power-producing sport shirt. Maybe something in a literal electric blue. Because in the February 14 issue of Nature, scientists from Georgia Tech describe a fabric that converts low-frequency vibrations into electricity. The material was made by weaving together zinc oxide nanowires with regular textile fibers, although for some reason, the scientists used Kevlar as their regular textile. When the nanowires rub against one another as they would while you were wearing the garment, they generate electricity. And because the wires are so small and thin, the material is quite flexible, so it could be woven into power generating tents for soldiers or into the ultimate power tie for the busy executive. The scientists estimate that their nanoclothing puts out about 80 milliwatts of power per square meter of fabric which should be enough to operate your personal electronics. Best of all, if you buy the nanosuit made with Kevlar, you should be able to talk on your cell phone and survive getting shot. Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin. 【整理】SSS 2008-02-25【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American's 60-Second Science, I am Cynthia Graber.This will just take a minute.Physicists at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have been able to send information ahead of particle beams racing at nearly the speed of light.And the message to the beams is get in line. This technique has been developed at other labs but never used before with particle beams travelling in discrete bunches, these bunches are important and recreating that singular moment: the Big Bang.In these experiments, there are 2 different sets of ions electrically charged particals zooming towards each other around a 2.4 mile track. They collide into one another to recreate conditions that provide info about the Big Bang.But the ions spread out as they move and this means there are fewer collisions. In a technique called stochastic cooling.Scientists first measure fluctuations in the beams of ions, then they send signals even faster than these particles to devices up ahead that can kick those particles back into shape. Researchers say this technique allows them to create these collisions much more frequently and cheaply than other methods.And so they can get more and better data about what our universe might have been like just after it came into existence.Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American's 60-Second Science, I am Cynthia Graber. 【整理】SSS 2008-02-26【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I am Karen Hopkin. This will just take a minute.Being a big fish in a small pond is more likely to get you noticed. That’s good news if you are, say, the best pitcher in your little league division, but it’s not so good if you're an actual fish. Because bigger fishes are the ones that tend to get caught. Not only is that badnews for the fish, but it may be bad for the whole fish population. Or so say scientists from Australia and Canada in the online edition of the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. They find that fishing for the largest individuals targets the fastest growers, leaving behind their slower growing counterparts. That means that current fishing practices may favor the evolution of slower growing fish.The scientists stocked two small lakes in British Columbia with two strains of rainbow trout. One that grows quickly and is more aggressive in chasing down food. And the other that grows slowly and tends to be more cautious.They then used commercial gillnets to fish the lakes and found that they bagged the bolder fish three times faster than the shy ones which were left behind to multiply. So we could inadvertently be breeding fearful small fry that are nearly impossible to catch, which will make them hard-to-see food.Thank for the minute for Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I am Karen Hopkin. 【整理】SSS 2008-02-27【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I am Adam Hinterthuer. Got a minute? Earlier this month, NASA announced that an MIT Physics professor will lead a team of scientists on a new mission. The objective: build a giant radio telescope on the far side of the moon. You see, long long ago, before there even was a galaxy far far away, the universe settled into a cosmic Dark Age. It was a billion year period following the Big Bang and it produced the structure of space as we know it. Astronomers have long hoped to detect the faint low-frequency radio emissions generated from this time so they could learn more. But thanks to the interference from the ionosphere, not to mention tons of radio and TV signals, earth is a lousy place to hear. Luckily the moon rotates so that one side always faces out into space, making it free and clear of noise pollution. The MIT team will use automated vehicles to arrange hundreds of antennas across 2 square kilometers of the moon’s quiet side. From this perch, they hope to hear the waves produced from the birth of the universe and get in tune with how it all came to be.Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I am Adam Hinterthuer.【整理】SSS 2008-02-28【整理人】ZPC224TranscriptThis is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Cynthia Graber. This will just take a minute.The history of science is inextricably linked to the Galapagos and its influence on Darwin. In 2001, an oil tanker hit a reef in the Galapagos Islands and spilled potentially disastrous amounts of oil on one of the world’s most historic natural reserves. Today the Galapagos are starting down a path to do away with imported oil. Ecuador which owns the islands recently installed three wind turbines in cooperation with the UN and major energy companies. Wind power will replace half of the diesel previously needed. But there are challenges. First the electrical grid must be updated to accomodate the intermittent power supplied by wind. And there are also ecological issues. One of the original proposed sites contained nests of birds known as petrels. But after they moved to the site researchers realized they knew little about the flight patterns of the petrels. So they initiated a study. Once it was determined that the birds would fly safely out of the way of giant turbine。
SSS 听力原文
Humans Made Flour 30,000 Years AgoThe discovery of starch remnants on stone tools indicates that our ancestors were making flour out of starchy roots 30,000 years ago. Karen Hopkin reportsOctober 19, 2010We tend to think of cavemen as pretty serious carnivores, hunting game and then roasting the yummy bits over a roaring campfire. But scientists just reported discovering traces of starch on some ancient stone tools. Which suggests that there were probably more than a few bakers in the bunch way back when. The findings appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Anna Revedin et al., "Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing"]Researchers collected stone tools from three archaeological sites in Italy, Russia and the Czech Republic. Our Paleolithic ancestors called these digs home some 30,000 years ago. The markings on the recovered tools suggest that they were used like grindstones and pestles for processing grains. And they still contained traces of flour.The flour grains came mostly from cattails and ferns, plants whose roots are rich in starch, kind of like a potato. Processing these plants probably involved peeling, drying and grinding their roots. The resulting flour could then be whisked into a dough and cooked.The finding pushes back the first known use of flour by some 10,000 years. Which means that 300 centuries ago, Fred and Wilma might have had a kind of prehistoric pita bread on the menu.—Karen Hopkin[The above text is an exact transcript of this podcast.]。
新标准大学英语视听说教程第三册听力原文
5557 新标准大学英语视听说教程第三册听力材料文本Unit 1Listening in Passage oneInterviewer: Can you tell me…how do you think you have changed as you have matured?What things have had a major influence on you? Speaker 1 : Well, let me think …I suppose going to university had a big impact on my life. It made me much more open-minded. I met so manydifferent types of people there with weird and wonderful ideas and itchanged the way I see the world. I ' m uch more tolerant now … Itmade me a mororeunded person.Interviewer: Great, and had any particular person had a central role in forming your character?Speaker 1: I guess that 'hdave to be my grandfather. I was very close to him, and he taught me to stand up for my beliefs. He was always tellingme about thisInterviewer: So what people or events have had an impact on your life? Speaker 2: I think that traveling my gap year made me grow up and see both the beauty of the world and, well … just the generosity of ordinarypeople. I traveled a lot around Asia and you know, I found that insome of the poorest countries, like Cambodia and Laos, peopleshare whatever little they have, and they possess a real joy for life.It 'psrobably made me a less selfish person.Interviewer: Interesting •…so you would recommend that young people take a gap year to discover themselves and the world? Speaker 2: Definitely. It gives you an opportunity to learn about the world beyond the one you grew up in and I found it really …Interviewer: Could you tell me what things in your life havehad the greatest influence in forming your personality?(Sp eaker 3: Well …a couple of years ago I was on a reality TV show where a group of young people all lived in a house together. Each weeksome one was voted off by the audience. I got down to the finalthree! I suppose being on the show and seeing how the othercontestants behaved made me realize how selfish and spitefulsome people can be just to get what they want. I also realized it 'best to just be yourself in life. If you pretend to be someonedifferent people will eventually see through the lies.Interviewer: Right …And how did you feel when you were eventually voted off? Speaker 3: Relieved, to be honest with you. But you know, aslight regret that I didn ' t win because I kind of Interviewer: So you can tell me, what one thing do you thinkthat has had the biggest impact on your life?Speaker 4: Hmm, that 'asdifficult question. But I thinkhelping victims of the tsunami in 2004 had a very great impact onme. I ' nlnalf Thai and I ' dust arrived in Thailand for a familyChristmas holiday. When I heard the news I knew I had to help-youcouldn ' t not. I ended up acting as an interpreter for a group ofvolunteer doctors. It was an incredibly difficult time but you know,even in the middle of such a horrific tragedy there is still a hugeamount of genuine human kindness.Interviewer: That ' amazing! And has it changed the way you view your future …Passage twoTony: Talking to us today in our Life Choices series is Joan Robinson, an academic counselor at Manchester University. She gives advice to school students on choosing the right subject to study at university. Joan,welcome to the show.Joan: Thanks Tony.Tony: So Joan, what do our listeners need to think about whenchoosing a course? It's a huge, poten4Chyngfi©gdecision, isn ' t it?Joan: Yes. I generally give students advice in two areas. Firstly,know yourself, and secondly, think to the future.Tony: When you say “ know yourself ” what do you mean?Joan: Basically, I mean evaluate your own personal strengths and weaknesses, your personality traits （特质）and the things youlike.Tony: I see …So how can our listeners do this?Joan: Well, start by asking yourself questions to help reflect on your life so far.For example, what subjects are you good at? Are you an organized andself-disciplined person? Are you confident and outgoing? Do you likeworking with others in a team or do you prefer working alone? Thesekinds of questions will help you discover more about yourself.Tony: Sounds like good advice. How about your second point regarding the future?Joan: Well, your choice of major subject is likely to have a significant impact onyour future career so it ' s important to look into this carefully. Irecommend you check not only which academic subjects will help you get into a particular area of work , but also look carefully at what universities offer. Each university has its strengths so try to choose one that is the best in your chosen field. Find out what links the department has torelated industries and leading companies in it.Tony: Good point. Now I ' d like to take some calls from our listeners. First upwe have James on the line. Hi, James! How can we help?James: Hi. I ' m interested in career in IT and I ' d like to askwhether she thinks it ' s better to go to a highly respecteduniversity, like Oxford, or to study somewhere that has more of avocational focus?Joan: Well, James, you know it really depends on what you expect to get out ofa university and how you see yourfuture. Basically a handful of the brightest graduates are picked from the top universities around the world to join the leading IT companies. So I ' d say if ycflyer ' re a highthen this is the route that might be for you. But if you are looking for a more mainstream (主流) career then youshould consider a course that helps you acquire practical, transferable skills that you can use in the workplace look at which universities have the best levels of graduate recruitment for the kind of job you are aiming for.James I see! Thanks a lot. That really helps me out … UNIT3 Listening in conversation 1Lily: So what was the highlight of your trip to (South)Korea?Hugh: LilyWell that's let me see...it's got to be going to see Nanta.What on earth is Nanta? Hugh : It's this amazing live show-part theater-part dance-part music. Lily: Sounds really interesting. But why ' s it so brilliant?Hugh: I think it's the energy of the performers. Also it has a unique concept. It's a mixture of traditional Korean music, percussionand drums, into a western style performanceLily: I've never heard of it. Has it ever been performed in theWest?Hugh: Yeah, it's been a sell-out. They've toured in over 30 countries since the show began in 1997」t's a non-verbal performance so there are no language barriers. That's what's made it an international success.Lily: What else makes it so special then?Hugh:Well...the other thing is that all the action takes place in thekitchen. You see these four chefs preparing the food for awedding reception. The performers use knives, dustbin lids andvarious other kitchen utensils to create a hypnotic soundtrack.The food literally flies everywhere! It's hilarious.Lily: That sounds quite funny I must admit. Is there an actualstory though?Hugh: Oh yes, there is a story. The four chefs have to prepare the meal by 6 o'clock and they also have to give the manager's nephewcooking lessons too, which adds to the fun. There ' loads ofaudience participation and despite there being no languageinvolved you get completely engrossed. It's really quite wacky!Lily: And what about the audience? I suppose they startthrowing food around …？Hugh: Not quite! But they are totally involved in what's going on-everyone loves it. It's a really great family show. In fact it's one of the bestshows rve ever seen. Jim, my friend, says he takes all his visitors.He's seen it about eight times and still loves it.Lily: I bet it's popular with tourists then.Hugh: Well apparently over a million foreign tourists in (South)Korea have seen the show and it's had a run on Broadway too. It first gotpopular after they appeared at the Edinburgh Festival. Now theyare planning to tour more cities in Asia where (South) Koreanpopular culture is becoming incredibly trendy.Lily : By the way what does “ Nanta ” mean?Hugh : It means random drumming in Korean. The English name for theshow is Cookin ' , which gives you a clearer ideaof what it's all about.Lily : You've got me interested now. I 'll have to check it out on the internet.Listening in Conversation 2Interviewer: Kathy Richards is a specialist art tour guide. Kathy-can you tell us what trends you've noticed in recent years?Kathy: Well, one of the biggest phenomena r ve noticed is ahuge increase in visitors to galleries-and a growing interest inmodern art in general.Interviewer: What do you think the reason is for that?Kathy: Well, there are several reasons, I think. The mostimportant ones are firstly, that some newcontemporary art galleries have opened which havehad a lot of publicity, and secondly the youngergeneration feel more comfortable with modern art sothe kind of people visiting galleries is changing.Finally, the new generation of galleries have becomedestinations in themselves…they tend to be housedin amazing buildings.Interviewer: So which are the most popular new galleries?Kathy: Well, the Tate Modern in London has had over 30million visitors since it opened in 2000.The annualaverage is now over 4.5 million. The Museum ofModern Art, or MoMA in New York is an oldergallery, it was founded in 1929 but has been recentlyreno vated and expanded. This work was finished in2006 and it had over 2.5 million visitors in the firstyear after reopening. Another very successful newgallery is the Guggenheim in Bilbao in Spain. Itopened in 1997 and now gets about a million visitorsa year.Interviewer: Those are pretty impressive figures. Maybe the factKathy: that the Tate Modern is free to visit might have something to do with it?It's true that entrance to the permanent collection is free but the numbers of people visiting the temporary exhibition are also high-and the entrance fee is usually about ten pounds.Interviewer: Do you have to pay to get into the other galleries you mentioned?Kathy: Oh yes. You do. Admission to MoMA is 20 USdollars and the Guggenheim in Bilbao costs eighteuros.Interviewer: Do people mind paying, do you think?Kathy: No, I don't think they do mind. Most people feel thefees are reasonabl e considering the outstandingcollections of priceless works of art that they get to see. Interviewer: You mentioned that the buildings that art galleries are in can be an attraction themselves these days... Kathy: Well, yes, the Guggenheim has literally revitalizedthe whole city and put Bilbao on the tourist map. It's got a futuristic,curvy metallic structure and people love it. The Tate Modern hashelped redevelop an old industrial area beside the River Thames.The gallery itself is actually inside a huge , old, brick power station.And MoMA is interesting as it's in downtown New York. Interviewer: And who visits these galleries? What's the profile of the average art lover?Kathy: Well, in the past museums and galleries were seen asappealing to the older generation. But in fact, 48 percent of visitorsto the Tate Modern are under 35...UNIT5Listening in 1Today we' ll focus on two aspects of group behaviour.Firstly,how groups develop,and secondly,the roles individuals play within a group」t wictely acknowledged that the performance of effective groups is often greater than the sum of the individuals in the group.This is due to what we call synergy-in other words,the extra energy and effevtiveness that people create when they work together.Early research in this field carried out in the 1930s by Elton Mayo discovered something that he called the “ Hawthorne effect ” .The idea is that when individual know they are part of a study,their productivity automatically increases regardless of other factors,such as how much time or money they are given,for example.The research suggests that things like personal identity ,self-esteem and the social context in which a group is working are really very important factors in improving the performance of individuals.If we move on to look at the nature of groups more closely,we find that groups have natural phasese that can help us understand their effectiveness.You have probably all had experience of working with other people in a group that,at firsl,wasn,t very productive.This phenomenon was studied by Tuckman in the 1960s,and he created a model to describe the stages of a group.The first stage is known as Forming " which is when individual members get to know each other.This is followed by ” Storming ” whedividual start to share their ideas and creative energy.The third phase is ” Norming ” wheae group identity begins to form.The final stage is P erforming ” when individuals within the group work together.And it is at this stage that the group achievesresults.Understanding these phases can help us ensure that members of a group work together to overcome early loner.The” Resource investigator ” is the group member who is always curious and explores new ideas and the ” Monitorevaluator ” is calm and serous and makes good,balanced decisions.The” Teamworker ” ieontrast is a socially orientated and sensitive member of the team who is able to encourage a team spirit.And the ” Corfiieieier ” is a conscientious perfectionistwho follows through on the details and ties up and loose ends.To be effective,a team needs to have a variety of members who can fulfill all these different roles. Listening in 2Today rm reporting from Phuket in Southern Thailand.Parts of the island were devastated by the tsunami in 2004,and over 250 people lost their lives here. I've come back to see how one community has recovered.Here in the village of The Chat Chai,the rebuilding of the destroyed homes has been led by the international organazition Habitat for Humanity.About a year after the tsunami occurred,volunteers began building 36 new homes for local families.One villager,Somwang,is certainly very happy with the results.He used to live in a small hut on his two square metre plot of land near the sea.The local community wanted him to have a bigger home and despite the small size of his plot of land,they built him a three-storey house,which is now the tallest in the village. A happy ending to such a horrific tragedy.The rebuilding here has also had a positive effect on the localeconomy,because the earth bricks that were used to build the homes were produced in Khao Lak‘another tsunami hit island all part of a post-tsunami livelihood developmentproject.Talking to people here,I've discovered that the project not only provided them with much needed shelter,but also the process has helped rebuild a spirit of community amongst them.A host of foreign as well as local volunteers joined together to work in rebuilding the villagers' homes and lives,and even an American TV celebrity volunteered.The project has also been visited by former US president Jimmy Carter,who is an active supporter of Habitat for Humanity.He and his wife offer one week of their time every year to volunteer on construction projects around the world.It's certainly encouraging to see the strength of the human spirit andgenerosity of people who help others in times of need.Habitat for Humanity is continuing their work in the south of Thailand,helping poor local families and communities to improve their lives.Their "Save&Bulid"scheme encouragesfamilies to save 30 per cent of the cost of building or rebuilding their home.The charity then lends the family the rest of the money they need,and helps in the building of their new home」t's then paid for in monthly repayments of under $ 30,which supports those who want to build a better life for themselves.This is Marianne Harper reporting from Southern Thailand...Uint 9Listening inPart 1OK,so a little test .Coca-Cola…Nike…ferrari.Think!What image did you get as I said these very famous brand names?Wait a moment.There ' s no real need to answer,is there,because we know,more or less,don -Ctolwe—(thDcia delicious fizzy drink,ice cold,on a summer ' s day. Nike, running shoes for strong,beautiful bodies.Ferrari —an attractive,powerful car for attractive,powerful people.The fact, the names, the brand names say it all.what' s in a brandname?ldeally,everything!Everything the manufacturer wants you to think of when you hear the name.that ' s certainly what both customers ' exeprience and research tells us.it ' s the re why manufacturers attach such importance to choosing the right name for their products.Let ' s have a look at some of the qualities a good brand name should have.Firstly ,it should be simple and easy to remember」m agine if Coca-Cola had been namd“ Cocafantaslicola It ' ” just too lort§r,take other name—starbucks,the name of a famous coffee shop.now,that ' s an easy name to remember,starbucks.Second point,the brand name should be different,unique,something you can ' t confuse with anythingelseLike Coca-Cola.Or —let ' s take another famous brand name—Microsoft」t combines two words, micro ,meaning very small,and the wordsoft.Two words that together make a unique name—Microsoft.Thirdly,if the word is a real word,it should be strong,positiveassociations.Take the name Alfa Romeo,Alfa is the first letter of the Greek alphabet and hasthe association of the best or the strongest.Romeo is the name of the most romantic lovers of all in a famous Shakespeare play.Alfa Romeo—strong,romantic.The words have great association,don' t they? Forth point,the sound of the name is very important.take Ferrari.The word has a long vowel sound —“ aaari 'th—makes it sound luxurious .So Ferrari must be a luxurious car.How about Coca-Cola?lt ' s got a sharp,fizzy sound,just like the drink.So—all these things are what you should be looking for when choosing a brand name— something simple,memorable,unique,with positive association and a great sound.whew!lt ' s not easy,is it,to choose a name that does all those things?But the very best brand names do exactly that. Part 2 Interviewer: Clare, tell me about the names in your family. You say some of them have quite an interesting history.Clare: Yes, they do. Well, ok, I ' begin with my own name.My maiden name was Habibis, but I ' m married and my nameClare Thompson.Interviewer: Thompson.Clare: Yes. I don ' t know much about the names or my husband side of the family, so I ' ltalk about my own instead …OK, so …my full name ' s Clare Elsie ThompsoEJsie ” is my middle name , which used to be a very old-fashioned name . in fact, it ' s just come back into fashion-I met someone who called their baby ” Elsi-bu” when I was younger it was the kind of name that made people laugh and I hated it.. Anyway, my parents wanted to name me after my grandmother, whose name was Elsie Clare, so their first idea was to call me Elsie Clare.Interviewer: Elsie Clare!Clare: Yes, but when they told my grandmother, she was horrified, and said,“you can ' t do that to the child, Iput up with Elsie all my life, I don' t want her to have to ” . So they called me Clare Elsie instead.Interviewer: Sounds better!Clare: Yes…My father 'surname is Habibis . My mum sEnglish but he was Greek, so that was the name I grew up with.But Habibis isn t a Greek name. It le EasterrMnddne andmeans “loved one ” in Arabic.Interviewer: Really?Clare: Yes, and the reason for the surname, we discovered, is that my great-grandfather on my father ' ssde lived in Lebanon—there was a well-established Greek community there. And my great-grandfather was a very sociable, friendly kind of person and everyone liked him a lot so they gave him the name,“ Habibi ”，which meatoved o n e ” Interviewer: Ah, that 's lovely!Clare: Yes, I do like that story. But my father had a great first name too. He wascalled Homer, after the Ancient Greek poet. Interviewer: The English would see that as a very unusualname, but I suppose the Greeks wouldn 'thEywouldClare: No, I don ' t think so. But one of his brothers was called Mitton. Interviewer: Mitton , the 17th century English poe t?Clare: Yes. And you wouldn ' t think that a Greek family wouldcall their son after an English poet, would you? But they did!Unit 10Inside viewConversation 1Andy: So today, we're meant to be meeting a woman who does walking tours around mysterious London.Janet: What's that about?Joe: Aha! That's what we're going to find out. Apparently, she takes visitors round the mysterious sights of London.Anyway, ask her yourself!Janet: Why me?Andy: We were going to ask you, Janet, if you like to do the interview ?Janet: Me? But I don't know anything about London!Andy: Which makes you a perfect person to ask some real questions.Janet: I don't believe it.Joe: And if you're any good, we'll upload your interview next week.Janet: rm not sure what to say」t's great but are you absolutely sure you think I'm OK for this?Joe: Too late, here she comes. Hi, this is Janet ......Janet: Emma, tell us about some of the legendary characters in London. Emma: Well, legendary characters might be complete myths or they may have actually existed. For example, most people believe that the famous detective Sherlock Holmes must have existed. But in fact, we know he can't have existed. Janet: And what about Guy Fawkes?Emma: Yes, Guy Fawkes did actually exist and he tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament. But we celebrate him every year on Guy Fawkes Night every 5th of November, and in fact, he's considered to be one of the most popular people in British history!Janet: And r ve heard something about Dick Whittington and his cat?。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Fingers Know When You Type Wrong
Typists were fooled with typos they had not made on screen as they worked. But their fingers behaved differently when they saw a fake typo versus when they made a real one. Christopher Intagliata reports
October 28, 2010
Whether you're a hunt-and-peck typist or a Rachmaninoff of the keyboard, you will make mistakes. But it's not just your eyes catching typos when you see them on the screen. Your hands know when you mess up too. That’s according to a study in the journal Science. [Gordon Logan and Matthew Crump, "Cognitive Illusions of Authorship Reveal Hierarchical Error Detection in Skilled Typists"]
Researchers recruited expert typists—college students, of course—and showed them 600 five-letter words, one at a time. And they asked the students to type those words as quickly and accurately as possible. But sometimes, the researchers inserted typos in the word as it appeared on screen, when the students hadn’t made one. Other times they automatically corrected typos the students did make.
And the students tended to believe the screen. So if a typo had been added, they figured they must have messed up. If a typo had been corrected they thought they typed it right. But the hands didn't fall for it. When the fingers slipped up, they paused a split second longer than usual before typing the next letter. But they didn't pause when fake typos appeared on-screen only. So we apparently have two discrete mechanisms guarding against typing errors, one visual, the other tactile. To fox quick brown fixes. To fix quick brown foxes.
—Christopher Intagliata
[The above text is an exact transcript of this podcast.]。