武汉大学硕士英语英译汉重点

武汉大学硕士英语英译汉重点1.所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language ,and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar.2. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的表情，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类成员都是一样的。

但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree.3. 由于似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature” that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.4. 来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。

A look-alike facade id deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, each wearing western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals.5. 相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。

The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing”.6. 然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情”。

否则，很可能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。

Only with the assumption of differences , however, can reactions and interpretations be adjusted to fit “what’s happening.” Otherwise someone is likely to misread signs and judge the scene ethnocentrically.7. 正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。

The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “trouble m,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact.9. 词意多变的现象，尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素,就更难以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理.The variations in possible meaning, especially if inflecting and tonal qualities are added, are so difficult ot cope with that they are often waved aside.10.当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗?”，他(或她)听出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是他(或她)想要。

其实“是的，我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答，因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人这之中可能存在误解。

When a Japanese hears “won’t ”he or she listens to the literal meaning of the sentence and answers ,””meaning that wants some.””Would be a better reply because this tips off the host or hostess that there may be a misunderstanding.11. 当然，在一些文化中，拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。

但是，许多外国客人最终会感到饥饿，因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点——另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。

Also, in some culture ,it is polite to refuse the first or second offer of refreshment, many foreign guests have gone hungry because their US host or hostess never presented the third offer---another case of “no”meaning “yes”. 12. 更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中的潜在规则，如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。

It is more difficult to note corrently the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality.13. 如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。

A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to bargain may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.14. 在眼前展现一个可预知的，给个人确定方向的世界，这的确是文化的基本功能之一。

思维定式是过度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情，无论这些信念是否正确，是否符合实际情形。

Indeed, this is one of the basic functions of culture: to lay out a predictable world in which the individual is firmly oriented. Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that providde conceptual bases from which to “make sense” out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances.15. 在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我们无法容忍歧义，无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。