Antonymy

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词汇学Antonymy课件

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some relevant points about antonyms
marked and unmarked members. some words without antonyms.
different antonyms under different circumstances.
lexical antonymy vs. syntactic negation. words order of antonymous pairs.
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marked and unmarked members.
There is a tiger in the cage . There is a tigress in the cage .
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different senses,different antonyms. fast "fixed and firmly" --- loose

"rapid" --- slow
"steadfast and loyal" ---disloyal
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different contexts,different antonyms. a thin slice --- a thick slice
a powerful man --- a powerless man
a powerful man --- a weak man
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lexical antonymy vs. syntactic negation.
lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation. eg:I`m sorry to inform you that we are not at all satisfied with your sister.We are very much dissatisfied with her.

converse antonymy的举例

converse antonymy的举例
converseantonymy是一种词语关系，指的是两个词语的意思相反，并且在同一语境下可以互换使用。

以下是一些常见的converse antonymy的例子：
1. 上下：上和下是一对converse antonymy的词语。

比如说，“往上走”和“往下走”就是同一个路径的相反方向。

2. 前后：前和后也是一对converse antonymy的词语。

比如说，“前进”和“后退”就是行进方向的相反。

3. 大小：大和小同样是一对converse antonymy的词语。

比如说，“大象”和“小猫”就是动物大小的相反。

4. 富裕-贫穷：富裕和贫穷也是一对converse antonymy的词语。

比如说，“富人”和“穷人”就是财富水平的相反。

5. 日夜：日和夜也是一对converse antonymy的词语。

比如说，“白天”和“黑夜”就是时间的相反。

以上是一些常见的converse antonymy的例子，通过对这些词语的理解，我们可以更好地掌握它们在不同语境下的用法。

- 1 -。

Antonymy and hyponymy

Features of complementaries

(1) They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be.

medium ajar middle Such antonyms are called contrary antonyms.

b)Contrary terms

Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. Examples:

E.g.

rich/poor

A man is rich or very rich; one man is richer than the other.

big/small

Sue‟s house is big and Mary‟s house is small; Sue‟s house is bigger than Mary‟s. This shows semantic relativity. Sue‟s house is relatively big, compared with Mary‟s house. Mary‟s house may be relatively big now than before, considering the fact that there are fewer people living with her. This is obviously subjective and depends on the speaker‟s attitude.

《Antonymy总结》课件

Antonymy在语言学研究中的地位和作用
地位
反义词是语言学研究中的重要概念之一，是词汇语义关系的重要组成部分。反义词的辨析和研究有助于深入理解语言的本质和结构，推动语言学的发展。
作用
反义词在语言学研究中具有多种作用，如词汇语义对比、语言演变研究、语言习得和教育等。通过对反义词的研究，可以更深入地了解语言的内部机制和规律，为语言学研究
和应用提供有力支持。
Antonymy在未来的应用前景
随着自然语言处理技术的不断发展，反义词的应用前景将更加广阔。例如，在机器翻译中，通过对反义词的辨析和应用，可以提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。在语义分析和文本生成中，反义词的应用也有助于提高文本的质量和自然度。
此外，反义词的研究和应用也有助于提高语言习得和教育水平。通过对反义词的辨析和对比，可以帮助学习者更好地掌握词汇的意义和使用，提高语言表达能力。同时，反义词的应用也可以丰富教育手段和资源，提高教育效果和质量。
挑战
随着语言的发展和变化，反义词的边界和意义也在不断演变，需要不断更新和修正研究方法。同时，反义词的语义关系和用法也需要深入探究，以更全面地理解其本质。
机遇
随着语言学理论和方法的不断进步，反义词的研究将更加深入和全面。同时，随着自然语言处理技术的发展，反义词的应用前景也将更加广阔，如机器翻译、语义分析和文本生成等领域。
详细描述
Antonymy是指两个或多个词具有相反或相对的意义关系。它是语言学中的一种重要概念，对于理解词汇关系和语言结构具有重要意义。
Antonymy的起源和历史
总结词
起源与演变
详细描述
Antonymy起源于古希腊和拉丁语的词汇对比，随着语言的发展而逐渐丰富。在英语中，Antonymy主要表现在同义词和反义词之间，是词汇关系中的重要组成部分。

ANTONYMY

“We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end as well as a beginning-signifying renewal, as well as change.”
➢Complementaries（互补反义词） ➢Conversives（换位反义词）
Contraries（相对性反义词）
rich and
Contraries（相对性反义词）
GRADABLE ADJECTIVE:
They can be modified by adverbs which convey the degree of intensity of the adjective.
1. According to morphological structure, antonyms can be classified into root antonyms and derivational antonyms .
2. Rich and poor is called a pair of contraries . Dead and alive is called a pair of complementaries. Borrow and lend is called a pair of conversives. Up and down is called a pair of root antonyms. Prewar and post war is called a pair of derivational antonyms.
What’s antonym? Words that are OPPOSITE are antonyms. What’s antonymy? the semantic relation that holds between two words that can express opposite meanings.

词汇学010-antonymy

B. Semantic classification (modern classification)
a) Contraries (gradable antonyms / gradable oppositives)
First feature : semantic polarity is relative,语义相对，形成两极，两极相比较而存在。
beautiful – ugly : contraries
We may put such words between them:
beautiful – pretty – good-looking – plain - ugly
b) Complementary terms (binary
antonyms, contradictory terms) : the denial of one of the items
adult male
human
+ +
+
+ −
+
− +
+
− −
+
+ +
−
+ −
−
− +
−
− −
−
3) Types of antonyms
A. Morphological classification (traditional classification)
root antonyms
e.g. long – short derivative antonyms e.g. formal -- informal /
The property they do not share is

Antonymy总结

The sentence means the same as "What is your age?"
Ⅱ、Complementary antonyms
互补反义词
Means the members of a pair in this type are complemtary to each other.
They divide up the whole of a semantic field语义场 completely.
⊕alive—dead
⊕male—female
⊕present—absent ⊕odd奇—even偶 ⊕hit—miss(a target) ⊕same—different
⊕innocent—guilty ⊕pass—fail (a test) ⊕boy—girl
excellent good bad
terrible
The denial of one is not
necessarily the assertion of the
other.
We often say but there are also
cold—hot
chilly, cool, lukewarm微温的,warm
young—old mature ,middle-aged, elderly
beautiful—ugly good-looking好看的, plain
rich—poor
well-to-do小康的 ,moderately
wealthy,comfortably off相当富
有的
big—small
quite big, medium-sized, quite small, tiny

Antonymy_课件

AntonymyClassification of Antonymy Gradable antonymy(分等级的反义关系)Complementary antonymy(互补反义关系) Converse antonymy(相反反义关系)Gradable AntonymyThis is the commonest type of antonymy. When we say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of words like good: bad, long: short, big: small. As the examples show, they are mainly adjectives. And they have three characteristics.Gradable AntonymyFirst, as the name suggests, they are gradable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree.The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.Something which is not "good" is not necessarily "bad". It may simply be "so-so" or "average".They can be modified by "very“, and have comparative and superlative degrees.Gradable AntonymySecond, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms.There is no absolute criterion by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The criterion varies with the object described. A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane. A micro-computer is giant by the standard of microorganism.Gradable AntonymyThird, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term.We ask somebody "How old are you ?" and the person asked may not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or three. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as "What is your age?"Complementary Antonymy alive: dead odd: evenmale: female pass: fail ( a test )present: absent boy: girlinnocent: guilty hit: miss ( a target )Complementary AntonymyNot only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. Not only He is alive means "He is not dead", He is not alive also means "He is dead". There is no intermediate ground between the two.In other words, it is a question of two term choice: yes or no. So the adjectives in this type cannot be modified by "very". Onecannot say somebody is very alive or very dead. And they do not have comparative or superlative degrees either.Complementary AntonymySecondly, the norm in this type is absolute.For example, the criterion for separating the male from the female is the same with human beings and animals. And the death of a man is the same as that of an elephant, or even a tree, in the sense that there is no longer any life in the entity.Complementary AntonymyThirdly, there is no cover term for the two members of a pair.If you do not know the sex of a baby, you ask "Is it a boy or a girl?" not "How male is it?"The word male can only be used for boys, it can not cover the meaning of girl.As a matter of fact, no adjective in this type can be modified by how. This is related to the fact that they are not modifiable by words like very.gradable complementaryA B A BConverse AntonymyPairs of words like buy-sell, lend-borrow, parent-child, husband-wife, teacher-student, above-below, before-after belong to this type of antonymy.They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities.X buys something from Y means the same as Y sells something to X. It is the same relationship seen from two different angles.Converse AntonymyThis type of antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. It is in this sense that they are also known as RELATIONAL OPPOSITES. There are always two entities involved.Converse AntonymyIf there is a buyer, there must also be a seller. A parent must have a child. Without a child, one can not be a parent. If X is above Y, there must be both X and Y. And one cannot simply say "He is a husband". One must say whose husband he is.。

antonym的用法总结大全

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英语词汇学——反义词PPT课件

complementaries
9
2.Relative & Subjective
•Relative相对
Sue Mary
Anne
e.g.
Sue’s house is big and Mary’s house is small .
Sue’s house is bigger than Mary’s.
Anne’s house is big and Sue’s house is small .
e.g. parent—child husband—wife predecessor前任—successor继任 employer—employee guest—host …
complementaries
18
2. Reverse terms逆反词
This type also includes, which comprise adj. and adv. signifying a quality or verbs and
nouns signifying an act or state that reverse the quality, action or state of the other.
e.g. sell—buy
A sells sth. to B = B buys it from A B buys sth. from A = A sells it to B
give—receive
A gives a gift to B = B receives it from A B receives a gift from A= A gives it to B
• Two words of each pair are interdependent 相互依存and presupposing the other互为前提

英语专业词汇学Antonyms

---by Charles Dickens

4. lexical antonym is often stronger than syntactic negation.
6.4.3. Use of antonyms

Stylistic purpose of the use of antonyms

To achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically the opposite of a particular thought.
?worstwisdombeliefdarknessspringofhopenothingincouplets?矛盾联?大小姐洗黑白菜?高矮子吃热凉粉??假山真鹿走?死水活鱼游??穿冬装戴夏帽胡度春秋?走南方窜北方混帐东西王尔烈?船载货物货重船轻轻载重?尺量土地地长尺短短量长??北雁南飞双翅东西分上下?前车后辙两轮左右走高低??思前想后看左传书往右翻?坐北朝南吃西瓜皮向东甩antonymsinchineseidioms?theorderoftheantonyms?夫贵妻荣夫唱妇随男耕女织?善男信女痴男怨女男婚女嫁?男盗女娼男女有别男婚女嫁?君臣官民父母公婆父子祖孙?婆媳国家师生?胜负兴亡文武升降日月南北吉凶?厚薄年月前后东西好歹雅俗天地theinauguraladdressofpresidentkennedy?weobservetodaynotavictoryofpartybutacelebrationoffreedomsymbolizinganaswellasasignifyingaswellas?

1). Root antonyms 词根反义词 2). Derivational antonyms 派生反义词

英语专业词汇学Antonyms

Complementaries
互补反义词 Contraries 相对反义词 Conversives 逆反反义词
6.4 Antonymy

Contraries(相对反义词/两极反义词)

Gradable antonyms/opposites Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.
Having particular implication
man author

woman authoress lioness
lion
She is the greatest author of the age. She is the greatest authoress of the age.

Features:

1. absolute contrast; mutually exclusive

The denial of one means the acceptation/assertion of the other or vice versa.

2. nongradable No comparative degree, not modified by adverbs 3. no intermediate terms

---by Charles Dickens

4. lexical antonym is often stronger than syntactic negation.
6.4.3. Use of antonyms

Antonymy反义词

• rich—poor: well-to-do, well-off, moderately, wealthy comfortably off, hard up • beautiful – ugly: pretty, good-looking, plain hot warm cool cold • Nouns: fool, wise man; verbs : to love, to hate, • adverbs: up, down; determiners : a few, many always ofyms 层级反义词
• Gradable antonyms: This is the commonest type of antonymy. When we say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of words like good: bad, long: short, big: small. As the name suggests, they are gradable. It is a matter of degree. • 可以认为每个词项表达的概念中还存在着一个刻度尺, 可以用quite和very等程度词来大致地表示各个刻度。也可以说Antonym是能自然地被very，rather， extremely，a little等副词修饰的可分级形容词。 • e.g.rich-- very rich , richer
Relational opposites 关系反义词
– Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. =converse antonyms – verb:lend--- borrow buy---sell give---receive speak---listen

6词义关系和语义场汇总

scarlet fever—scarlatina
caecitis—typhlitis
word-formation—word-building fricative—spirant
英语中也有不少同义词是由英国英语词语和美国英语词语构成的。例如：
British English American
call box telephone booth coach bus chemist druggist lift elevator garage service station petrol gasoline hire purchase installment plan railway railroad pavement sidewalk tube subway vest undershirt 方言也提供了一些同义词。例如： liquor—whiskey girl—lass, lassie charm—glamour railway—railroad
二、同形同音异义关系（Homonymy）
（一）同形同音异义词指形或音同而意义不同的词。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1、同形异音异义词（homographs）
形同而音和义不同的词叫同形异音异义词。例如：
形音义
bow bow
[bEu]
弓
[bau]
鞠躬
形
音
义
wind
[wind]
风
wind
[waind]
环绕
2、同音异义词（homophones）同音异义词指发音相同而形和义不同的词。例如
词的比喻用法也增添了同义 occupation—walk of life lie—distort the fact dreamer—star-gazer the creeps—pins and needles 除此，一些固定词组往往有单个词与它们同义 gain the upper hand—win lend one a hand—help go on with—continue sellout—treachery put off—postpone give up—abandon gain the upper hand—win lend one a hand—help go on with—continue sell-out—treachery put off—postpone give up—abandon

英语词汇学6.4 Antonymy

Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, for example, read hit house, book, power, magazine. Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.
(3)Relational opposites/converse
antonyms
• This type consists of relational opposites
such as parent/child, husband/wife. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other.
• The sense relation of hyponymy is very
helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language. In reading comprehension, coherence by hyponymy is an important key.
• (2)A word which has more than one
meaning can have more than one antonym. For instance, when fast is used in the sense of ‘firm’ or ‘secure’, then the antonym will be loose. When it means ‘quick’, the antonym will be slow. And when fast means ‘pleasure-seeking’ or ‘wild’, the opposite will be sober.

(Antonymy) 反义词

Type 3: Converse antonym(相对反义词/关系反义词）
Converse display a type of oppositeness of meaning, also called relational opposites, find especially in words concerning reciprocal social roles, spatial relational
popular-nonpopular
(3) Words which are polysemantic can have more than one antonym.
dull-interesting, amusing, entertaining
dull-clever, bright,caple
dull-active
➢ Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter; January, February…December; Sunday, Monday…Saturday;…
Antonyms classified on the basis of the morphological structure
• Contrary term show a type of oppositeness of meaning ,illustrated by such pairs as wide/narrow,old/young,big/small ,etc.
• Gradability(by Sapir) means that contraries can be placed at both extreme of a scale, between which there may be gradable lexical items.

Antonymy总结

Sense Relations
—— Antonymy
Definition
Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
2) mutually exclusive and no possibility between them The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. present/absent, male/female, boy/girl, true/false, same/different perfect/imperfect If something is imperfect, no matter how slight the imperfection, the fact remains that the thing cannot be perfect.
3、Serves as the cover term
One member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. That means, in general, it is the cover term that is more often used. If the covered is used, then it suggests that there is something odd, unusual here.