doing business in germany-en & ch
Doing Business in China
Main Aspects
Introduction
• Nowadays many companies are doing business in China. • And doing business in another country demands a lot of requirements and investments.
Guangxi - Strategies
• Being courteous to government official, cooperative partner and staff is thus essential. • It is essential to respect your partner. • Be flexible in management procedures. • Be sensitive to China’s culture.
Doing Business in China Downsides
• We can find good and bad business practices in all countries arhould be aware of:
Guangxi Main Reason
• Governmental procedures for foreign investors in establishing investments in China is extremely complicated. • Being unfamiliar with the procedures will delay business opportunities. • Chinese emphasize very much on courtesy and face-saving.
doing business 2023 英文版
doing business 2023 英文版An Introduction to Doing Business in China 2023, the latest publication from Dezan Shira & Associates is out now and available for complimentary download through the Asia Briefing Publication Store.2023 Doing Business in China2022 turned out to be a difficult year for businesses operating in China. Unexpected lockdowns caused by COVID-19 outbreaks, weak consumption trends, a struggling real estate sector, and newfound geopolitical tensions caused serious disruptions to supply chains and damped global business confidence in the country.Still, the actual use of foreign direct investment (FDI) in mainland China expanded in the first 10 months of 2022 – growing 14.4 percent year-on-year to over US$152 billion from January to Octob er. The whole year’s FDI is expected to create double-digit growth.Another silver lining has emerged out of the tough challenges overcome in 2022 – an easing of the zero-COVID policy is now in sight, with Beijing proposing a relaxation of the travel restrictions.Economists expect China will fully reopen in the second half of 2023, pushing GDP growth to around five percent from three percent in 2022. Industries in line with Beijing’s policy priorities, such as the healthcare sector, green sectors, consumer market, and sectors related to industrial automation, are expected to be the biggest beneficiaries.Under these circumstances, it is vital that foreign investors are familiar with the changes happening in China’s business landscape – to identify areas of risk in advance and take steps to prepare for new market opportunities. This is the only way investors can stay nimble in an otherwise difficult time.Designed to introduce the fundamentals of investing in China, An Introduction to Doing Business in China 2023 is compiled by experts at Dezan Shira & Associates, a specialist foreign direct investment firm providing corporate establishment services, business advisory, tax advisory and compliance, accounting, payroll, due diligence, and financial review services to multinationals investing in emerging Asia.。
2024年商务英语培训资料
Clear purpose
At the beginning of the letter, clarify the purpose of the letter so that the recipient can quickly understand the main idea of the letter.
• Marketing: including market research, advertising, sales strategies, etc., requires the use of business English for market promotion and brand promotion.
Punctuality and punctuality
Respect level
Strictly adhere to the meeting and agreed time to demonstrate your integrity and reliability.
Understand and respect the hierarchical systems of different countries and regions to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings or conflicts.
02 Business English communication skills
Principles of Effective Business Communication
德国制造的英文作文
德国制造的英文作文英文：Germany is known for its high-quality manufacturing industry, which is often referred to as "German engineering." German-made products are often associated with precision, durability, and reliability. The country has a long history of producing high-quality goods, from cars to machinery, and its manufacturing sector is a key driver of the German economy.One of the reasons for Germany's success in manufacturing is its emphasis on education and training. German workers are highly skilled and well-educated, with many receiving vocational training in specialized fields. This ensures that they have the knowledge and expertise needed to produce high-quality products.Another factor that contributes to Germany's manufacturing success is its focus on innovation. Germancompanies invest heavily in research and development, constantly seeking new and better ways to produce their products. This has led to the development of cutting-edge technologies and manufacturing processes that have helped to keep German-made products at the forefront of their respective industries.In addition to its focus on education and innovation, Germany also has a strong culture of quality and attention to detail. German manufacturers take great pride in their work and strive to produce products that meet the highest standards of quality. This has helped to build a reputation for German-made products as being among the best in the world.中文：德国以其高质量的制造业而闻名，通常被称为“德国工程”。
去德国工作的注意事项英文
去德国工作的注意事项英文Tips for working in Germany:1. Obtain a work visa: Prior to moving to Germany, make sure to secure a work visa or residence permit from the German embassy or consulate in your home country.2. Learn the language: Although many Germans speak English, learning the German language can greatly improve your chances of finding employment and integrating into the local culture.3. Research the job market: Before you move, research the job market in Germany to understand the demand for your skills and qualifications. This will help you tailor your job search and increase your chances of finding employment.4. Get your qualifications recognized: If your profession requires specific qualifications, you may need to have them recognized by the relevant German authority. Check if you need to undergo any additional training or examinations to meet local standards.5. Understand German workplace culture: German work culture is knownfor its efficiency and punctuality. Familiarize yourself with expectations around work hours, meetings, and communication styles to avoid any cultural misunderstandings.6. Keep your CV and cover letter in the German format: German employers often prefer a specific format for CVs and cover letters. Ensure that your documents conform to the local standards, including a professional photo and detailed information about your education and work experience.7. Network: Networking is important in Germany, as many job opportunities are filled through personal connections. Attend industry-specific events, join professional organizations, and connect with local professionals through platforms like LinkedIn.8. Understand employment contracts and rights: Familiarize yourself with German employment contracts and understand your rights as an employee. This includes information about your working hours, salary, vacation entitlement, and termination terms.9. Consider healthcare and insurance: Germany has a mandatory health insurance system. Ensure that you have the necessary coverage beforestarting work. Additionally, research other insurance options you may need, such as liability or unemployment insurance.10. Embrace the local culture: Working in Germany will be more enjoyable if you embrace the local customs and traditions. Take the time to learn about German culture, try local cuisine, and participate in local activities. This will help you integrate into your new work and social environment.。
商务英语礼仪
Clean Teeth
• If something is stuck in your teeth, try to
be discrete and remove it with a wipe of your napkin, excuse youself if you must
Pit/Bone Removal
Introduction
• Persons of lesser importance are
introduced to persons of greater importance, regardless of gender • The name of the most important person is said first • The name of the person of highest rank, or honor, should be spoken first • All others are being presented to that person
What is Etiquette?
• Understanding overall business
•
• • •
decorum Treating others with respect and being courteous Being comfortable around people Making people comfortable around you Presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously
Business Etiquette Workshop
2023年12月全国高等英语A级考试含答案详解
高等学校英语应用能力考试(A级)(2023年12月)Part I Listening Comprehension (15minutes)Directions: This part is to test your listening ability.It consists of 3 sections.Section ADirections: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues.There are 5 recorded dialogues in it.After each dialogue, there is a recorded question.Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once.When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D given in your test paper.Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Example:You will hear:You will read: A.New York City. B.An evening party.C.An air trip.D.The man’s job.From the dialogue we learn that the man is to take a flight to New York.Therefore, C.An air trip is the correct answer.You should mark C on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.[A] [B] [C] [D]Now the test will begin.1. A.Have a holiday. B.Fly to Beijing.C.Travel on business with him.D.Prepare some documents.C.In a store..D.In a bank.3. A.He likes watching football games. B.He likes traveling with his friends.C.He prefers to go traveling alone.D.He prefers to stay at home with his family.4. A.He wants to get a ticket. B.He has finished a report.C.He cannot go to see the movie.D.He has already seen the movie.5. A.She was making a phone call. B.She was driving to the airport.C.She was working in her office.D.She was having a meeting.Section BDirection: This section is to test your ability to understand short conversations.There are 2 recorded conversations in it.After each conversation, there are some recorded questions .Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times.When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D given in your test paper.Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Conversation 16. A.He is a sportsman. B.He is a sports writer.C.He is a tour guide.D.He is a bus driver.7. A.Exciting. B.Dangerous.C.Unpleasant.D.Boring.Conversation 2C.Five years.D.Seven years.9. A.Because he expects a better salary. B.Because he is tired of his boss.C.Because he doesn’t like traveling.D.Because he likes to work in a big company.10. A.In three working days. B.Within two weeks.C.The next day.D.A month later.Section CDirections: This section is to test your ability to comprehend short passages.You will hear a recorded passage.After that you will hear five questions.Both the passage and the questions will be read two times.When you hear a question .you should complete the answer to it with a word or a short phrase (in no more than 3 words).The questions and incomplete answers are printed in your test paper.You should write your answers on the answer sheet correspondingly.Now listen to the passage11.Who is being introduced at the meeting?Mr.John Smith, the new __________________.12.How long did Mr.John Smith work in Chicago?For over_______________________________.13.What position did Mr.John Smith hold in his previous company?He worked as the _____________________________________.14.What kind of knowledge does John Smith have that is very important to the company?His knowledge of _____________________________________.15.What kind of business does the speaker’s company do?It is an ______________________________ business.Part II Structure (15 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your ability to construct grammatically correct sentences.It consists of 2 sections.Section ADirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences.You are required to complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or words from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16.If Jack ________ the real situation, he would have made a different plan.A.knowsB.knewC.will knowD.had known17.In the last few years, our company ________ a great deal of attention to building up company culture.A.paysB.would payC.is payingD.has been paying18.We take great pride in our campus, ________is one of the most beautiful university settings in the country.A.whereB.whichC.whatD.when19.We will provide you with tips to help you keep your stress levels________ control.A.forB.onC.underD.with20.Sometimes ________ a business can feel like a tough decision to make, no matter how goodyour idea is.A.startingB.being startedC.startD.to be started21.They still have some problems ________in designing the new energy vehicles.A.overcomeB.overcomingC.to overcomeD.overcomes22.It was not until yesterday ________the business negotiation finally came to a successful end.A.whenB.thatC.sinceD.after23.The program _______to help students prepare for their first year at our college.A.is designedB.designedC.designsD.has designed24.As soon as we ________ your order, we will process it and deliver your package immediately.A.receiveB.had receivedC.receivedD.will receive25.No sooner ________ his job in a small company than he received an offer from a big international firm.A.he quitB.he had quitC.had he quitD.does he quit Section BDirections: There are 10 incomplete statements here.You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in brackets.Write the word or words in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.26.We make every effort to ensure that our transaction process is safe and that your (person)__________ information is secure.27.Sales in the first half of the year were (slow) __________than expected, but they are expectingstronger sales in the second half.28.It is not (surprise) __________ that this new style of handbag is mainly purchased by youngwomen.29.(obvious) __________, the company does not seem to care much about its customer services.30.Employers in a small (organize) __________are especially interested in individuals with goodcommunication skills.31.Most customers were satisfied with the way their complaints (handle) __________by thecompany last month. universities should focus on (provide) __________overseas students with English languagesills and British culture as well.33.A completely new idea (deal) __________ with air pollution in big cities attracted much publicattention.34.He is one of the most qualified engineers our company (employ) __________ in the last tenyears.35.If you successfully complete the training program, you will (interview) __________ by thecompany for the final decision.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your reading ability.There are 5 tasks for you to fulfill.You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed.Task 1Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 to 40.For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A,B, C and D.You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Finding a good work-at-home job is not easy.Although you see all the online advertising, there aren’t that many of them.Those that are available may require that you live in a certain area or spend at least some time in the office.Others man be only part-time jobs.Keep in mind that the skills needed for home employment are similar to those needed for working in an office.You’ll also need a home office with a high speed internet connection, phone, fax, computer, printer, and other basic office equipment.To get started, consider your job search as your job.Spend as many hours per week on your job search as you would spend working.If you’re looking for full-time work, you should be spending full-time hours seeking a job.Networking ( 人际联络)remains the top way to find a job and it does work.Develop contacts—friends, family, even the other job seekers—anyone who might have the information you need.You can take a direct approach and ask for job information or try a less formal approach and ask for information and advice.Contact everyone you know and tell them you want to work from home.You may be surprised by the people they know and the job information they can provide.36.According to the first paragraph, it is not easy to find good work-at-home jobs because __________.A.they are seldom advertised online or in newspapersB.they may require that you live in a certain placeC.you are always asked to work full-timeD.you need to have a college degreepared with those needed for working in an office, the skills for working at home are_________.A.much easierB.totally differentC.almost the sameD.more challenging38.To find a good work-at-home job, you are advised to_________.A.create a website of your ownB.contact as many companies as you canC.Try your best to look for full- time employmentD.spend as much time as possible on your job search39.According to the passage, the best way to find a work-at-home job is_________.A.through networkingB.by personal visitsC.by online applicationD.through e-mailing40.The passage is mainly about __________.A.How to build a work-at-home officeB.How to look for a work-at-home jobC.the equipment needed for home workingD.the skills required for working from homeTask 2Directions: This task is the same as Task 1.The 5 questions or unfinished statements arenumbered 41 to 45.Running your small business requires good staff.Once you find them, you don’t want to let them go elsewhere.During an employee’s time with a company, there are a number of forces that influence his or her behavior.I like to refer to them as “push”and “pull”.You’re either pushing an employee towards the door, or pulling them deeper into your organization.Suppose that you’ve made a good hire and you want to keep the employees, the trick is to recognize individual needs of employees and satisfy those needs, within reason, on order to keep pulling them away from the door.Even if you can’t pull them away from the door, at least don’t do things to push them out the door.Recognize that some employees will lose interest and need something fresh to keep their interest.If you can’t continually provide challenges, opportunities for promotion and other interesting and rewarding opportunities, then you’ll have some employees leave through no fault of your own,The important thing is to identify your key employees and make certain they are being treated municate with them on a regular basis to make certain that you understand what makes them behave in a particular way, and be aware of concerns they may have about job satisfaction.41.The author uses the word “push”(Para.2) to mean the force that _______.A.makes employees satisfied with their workB.drives employees to work more efficientlyC.causes employees to leave their companyD.keep employees to remain in their company42.To keep your employees, you are advised to _______.A.recognize and meet their needsB.identify and overcome their faultsC.offer them a salary as high as possibleD.provide them with a better working condition43.According to the passage, when is it possible for some employees to lose interest ?A.they have no rewarding opportunities.B.The company is located in a remote area.C.They make an mistakes in their workD.The company is not big enough for development44.How should you deal with your key employees according to the last paragraph?A.Make them behave well.B.Meet with them every day.C.Pay regular visits to their familyD.Make sure they are well-treated.45.The passage is mainly about __________.A.how to keep your employeesB.the importance of key employeesC.how to challenge your employeesD.the difference between “push”and “pull”Task 3Directions: Read the following passage.After reading it, you are required to complete the outline below it (No.46 to No.50).You should write your answers briefly (in not more than three words)on the Answer Sheet correspondingly.Deutsche Bahn AGDeutsche Bahn (DB) AG was found in 1994.Today, it is one of the world’s leading passenger and logistics (物流) companies and operates in 130 countries.Every day about 290 000 employees provide passenger transportation and logistics services for customers around the world, as well as controlling and operating the relater transport networks in the rail, land, ocean, and air transport.In the 2023 financial year, DB AG posted revenues（总收入）of about 34.4 billion euros (欧元).The company’s railway activities in Germany——with about seven million passengers and1 138 000 tons of goods transported every day——are its core business.Moreover, every day DB transports more then two million customers by bus.And every day DB AG operates over 26 000 train trips on its modern 33 000 kilometer long track network.DB’s main strategy, in addition to increasing its international activities, is to link together all modes of transport and building new travel and logistics chains worldwide.Task 4Directions: The following is a list of items related to museum visiting.After reading it, youare required to find the items equivalent to (与…等同) those given in Chinese in the table below.Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets on the Answer Sheet, numbered 51 through 55.A—Admission information J—No AdmissionB—Adult admission K—Group tour entranceC—Student admission L—Audio guideD—Opening hours M—Family visitE—National museum N—Floor plans and galleriesF—Visitor route O—Multimedia guideG—Museum collection P—Group ticketH—Ticket desk Q—Information deskI—Please do not touchTask 5Directions: Read the following passage.After reading it, you should give brief answers to the 5 questions (No.56 to No.60) that follow.The answers (in not more than three words) should be written after the corresponding numbers on the Answer Sheet.Lost Property OfficeOpening hoursThe office is open every day from 08:00-19:00Contacting the lost property officeTelephonenumber************(UKonly).If you are calling from outside the UK, please call +44 (0) 20 8634 4130Phone lines are open every day 09:00-17:00E-mail: lhr.Where to find usWe are by the Heathrow Express ticket office near terminal (航站楼)3.Just follow the signs for “Lost Property”in the underground passageway.We also have an office in terminal 5 for any items lost here or on a British Airways flight operating from this terminal.Find us near domestic arrivals.Hold baggage (托运行李) enquiriesBaggage delivery is the responsibility of each airline.For inquiries relating to hold baggage please contact your airline directly.Items left on aircraft, in airline lounges(候机厅) or on airline busesIf anything is left on an aircraft, in an airline lounge or on an airline bus, please contact your airline.However, for Arik Air, Blue One, British Airways, SAS, Swissair, Tap Air Portugal and Virgin Atlantic Airways, please contact lost property above.56.What are the opening hours for the lost property office?From __________________________________every day.57.What is the telephone number of the lost property office for calling from outside the UK?______________________.58.Where can you find the lost property office near Terminal 3?By the Heathrow Express ___________________.59.How can you get to the lost property office near Terminal 3?By following the signs for “Lost Property” in ____________________.60.Whom should you contact if you left something on an airline bus?Your ______________.Part IV Translation -- English into Chinese (25 minutes)Directions: This part, numbered 61 through 65, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese.After each of the sentences numbered 61 to 64, you will read four choices of suggested translation.You should choose the best translation and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.And for the paragraph numbered 65, write your translation in the corresponding space on the Translation/ Composition Sheet.61.A careers adviser provides information, advice and guidance to help people make realistic choices about their education, training and work.A.职业顾问向人们提供信息和征询, 并予以指导, 协助人们规划他们旳教育培训和职业。
德国,奥地利与瑞士 英文
Projekt Management Internationalisierung Logistik & Aussenhandel Fremdsprache: (Deutsch) (Deutsch) (Deutsch) Tschechisch, Polnisch
Uni Graz – some PAM modules
(Deutsch) (Deutsch)
Partners
• Policy+Administration Management (PAM)
• University Leipzig (Saxony) • University Marburg (Hesse) • University Rostock (Mcklenburg-WPommerania)
• Human Rights • UN Simulation • Cyberlaw • Internat. Dimension Rechts
(English) (English) (Deutsch) (Deutsch)
Uni Salzburg – some CM modules
• • • •
Interpersonellle Komm. Globalisierung Medien Kulturgeschichte des Blicks Komm. Technologie (Deutsch) (Deutsch) (Deutsch) (Deutsch)
Germany, Austria & Switzerland
Exchange information
Country Tutor
• • • •
Frank M. Termes (OV. 5.61) Office hour: Please ask Hebo-Reception E: f.m.termes@hhs.nl T: 070 – 445 8667
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弗朗兹哈斯食品机械（上海）有限公司于 2006年在上海成立，是Haas集团在中国及 其周边国家的生产，销售和服务基地。产 品目录包括FOX系列平板威化生产设备和 EWB-LIZARD系列威化棒烤炉，都是针对所 服务的这些市场专门设计。此外，Haas中 国公司也是奥地利母公司Franz Haas Waffel-und Keksanlagen-Industrie GmbH在中国的代表，代理母公司生产的平 板威化，异形威化，威化棒，威化卷，饼 干，蛋糕，冰淇淋筒，华夫饼和其他创新 产品的各种生产设备。作为一家本土供应 商，Haas中国公司可以充分利用自身优 势，迅速给中国客户提供设备和备件。 科沃斯电器集团是世界上最大的清洁电器 制造商之一,有多年的技术研发历史,在清 洁电器的设计,研发等领域居于世界领先 地位.全球目前超过2500多万个家庭正在 使用科沃斯电器集团制造的清洁电器. 特 别是科沃斯的机器人系列，如地宝产品， 在国际、国内都具有很高的知名度。在国 Originating and located in Werdohl in the German Sauerland region, we have become an internationally leading developer, manufacturer and supplier of pipework components and hydraulic accessories acting under the brand name STAUFF. The Knorr-Bremse Group, based in Munich, Germany, is the world’s leading manufacturer of braking systems for rail and commercial vehicles. Maxton Industry is an integrated company with ability to manufacture and provide total solution in precision industry components for our overseas customers. Maxton Industry is currently doing business with companies in the USA, Canada, Germany, France, England, Span, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Our success in these
福伊特BHS齿轮箱
PresentationVoith TurboBHS Getriebe GmbHSonthofen/Germany Surpassing the limits.That’s what moves us.VTBS, December 2009Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe GmbH Sonthofen / GermanyCompany Figures477th birthday -1532 foundation year as an iron processing company (forge)Year 1932 –Beginning of Gear Manufacturing (Stoeckicht Epicyclic Gears)582 Employees –currently 582 employes thereof 52 apprentices84 Mio €-current turnover300 customers –worldwide experience by doing global business31 Mio €investments–since 2006 for increase of performance400 units / year –BHS Getriebe produces currently around 400 gearboxes20.000 references –Up to now more than 20.000 Gear Units manufactured25 % market share –Market share worldwide about 25% in turbo gear unitsNo.1 -World market leader in Integral Gears (technology & market share)Worldwide SupportCompany History1989Cooperation BHS AG with VOITH AG1932STOECKICHT gear licence Beginning ofGearManufacture in Sonthofen1996“The Cincinnati Gear Company”takes over BHS Gear Division1995BHS AG takes over 100 % of BHS-VoithVoith Turbo takes over 100% of BHS Getriebe 2007Voith Turbo20022005Investment group Equivest takes over BHS CincinnatiInvestmentgroup Haldertakes overBHS GetriebeVoith GroupVoith AGVoith TurboVoith Paper Voith Siemens Hydro Voith Industrial ServicesRoadRailMarineIndustry Voith TurboBHS Getriebe GmbHQuality CertificationsQuality Management System DIN EN ISO 9001:2000Environmental Management System DIN EN ISO 14001:2005 Welding Certificate DIN EN ISO 3834-2:2006Employment protection and plant safety OHRIS (complies with ILO-OSH 2001)ProductsMain Applications:Steam or gas turbine / generatoror compressor drivesE-motor (fix or variable speed)or Diesel engine / compressor,pump or fan drivesProduct OverviewEpicyclic Gear UnitsParallel Shaft Gear Units Free StandingAfter SalesRotor Turning Gears Diaphragm Couplings IntegralParallel Shaft Gear UnitsVTBS, December 2009High Speed Parallel Shaft Gear UnitsTechnical ParametersExperience: since 1951> 7.000 unitsPower range:80 to 85.000 kWGear Ratio: one stage: i=10two stages: up to 35Speeds: up to 59.000 rpmHighlights:Highest pitch line velocity: 197 m/sHighest journal bearing velocity: 101 m/sParallel Shaft Gear UnitsFree standing design with cast iron casingsHigh rigidity and noise damped castiron casings with standardized centredistanceGear ratio 1 to 4: Type AGear ratio 4 to 10: Type HDouble helical gearing calculated inacc. to ISO, AGMA, API standardsBHS sleeve bearings: cylindrical,multi-lobe, lemon and offset lemon,also in cool design by requestParallel Shaft Gear UnitsFree standing in custom-made designCentre distance and casinginterfaces acc. to customerrequirements or required by theproject dataHigh stiffness steel fabricatedgear casing for load gears orhigh energy gearsExample of Parallel Shaft Gear UnitsFree Standing -Type AD 71-3Power:28.200 kWLow Speed Side:1.500 rpmHigh Speed Side:5.016 rpmInstallation:between Steam Turbineand Generator forPower GenerationExample of Parallel Shaft Gear UnitsFree Standing -Type FD 94-3Power:54.000 kWLow Speed Side: 1.500 rpmHigh Speed Side:5.177 rpmDesign:API 613 5th EditionBull gear diameter: 1.450 mmTotal Gear unit weight:23,5 tonsInstallation:between GT-G forPower GenerationExample of Parallel Shaft Gear UnitFree Standing -Type FD 54-3Power: 37.840 kWLow Speed Side: 4.670 rpmHigh Speed Side: 9.690 rpmInstallation:between GT-Cfor Gas PipelineDesign:API 613 5th EditionToothing pitch line velocity:178 m/sReference: Parallel Shaft Gear Unit AD80-3Gear Unit -SteelEnduser:Baotou Steel,China Application:In a train of E-motor, Gear Unit and Blower Power:36.500 kWSpeeds:1.500 / 4.170 rpmBreak-away Torque:5.875 NmPicture not of Ilam SiteIntegral Gear UnitsVTBS, December 2009High Speed Integral Gear UnitsTechnical ParametersExperience: since 1970> 1.500 unitsPower range:up to 50.000 kWGear Ratio:up to 22Speeds:up to 60.000 rpmHighlights:Highest pitch line velocity: 203 m/sBullgear diameter: 3.300 mmParallel Shaft Gear UnitIntegral DesignsSpecially designed for integrallygeared compressors and expandersSizes of gear units and arrangement ofpinions adapted to diameters of volutesUp to 10 compressors / turbinesflanged to gearImpellers generally mounted by VoithHirth radial tooth connectionDesign to API 672 or 617Parallel Shaft Gear UnitIntegral Gear UnitsDifferent drives possible:–via bull gear (E-Motor)–via pinion (steam turbine, expander)–combined drives via bull gear andpinionCompound gear design to allow largecentre distances using smaller bull gearsWarp resistant steel welded casing orcast iron casingSingle helical gearing thrust collardesign, axial thrust bearing designExample of Parallel Shaft Gear UnitIntegral Gear Unit -Type WGC 5-210Power: 14.770 kWSpeeds:Input: 1.800 rpmOutput:Shaft1: 7.367 rpm(5.087 kW)Shaft2: 14.080 rpm(3.943 kW)Shaft3: 23.466 rpm(3.341 kW)Shaft4: 26.400 rpm(3.107 kW)Installation:between EM-Cfor Gas PipelineDesign: API 672Example of Parallel Shaft Gear UnitIntegral Gear Unit -Type WGC 5-330Power: 28.369 kWSpeeds:Input: Wheel Shaft: 1.000 rpmTurbine: 3.204 rpmOutput: Shaft1/2: 6.830 rpmShaft3/4: 10.970 rpmShaft5: 10.970 rpmBull gear diameter: 3.000 mmTotal gear unit weight: 42 TonsInstallation:Compander drivefor PTA plantExample of Parallel Shaft Gear UnitIntegral Gear Unit -Type WGC 4-230Power: 15.980 kWSpeeds:rpmInput: 1.202Output: Shaft1: 8.654 rpmShaft2: 13.170 rpmShaft3: 13.170 rpmInstallation:between EM-C forpetrochemical plantby courtesy of MAN Turbo AGEpicyclic Gear UnitsVTBS, December 2009High Speed Epicyclic Gear UnitsTechnical ParametersExperience:since 1932> 8.000 unitsPower range:100 to 56.000 kWGear Ratio:one stage: 2 < i < 12compound star: i up to 18Speeds:up to 60.000 rpmHighlights:Max. speed: 80.000 rpmpower distribution gearboxEpicyclic Gear UnitsStoeckicht load equalizationEfficiencies up to 99 %Integrated couplingsCoaxial shaft arrangementsCompact designLow weightEpicyclic PrinciplesPlanets and planet carrier arerotating the annulus is fixed(BHS series RH...) to realise verycompact designs with and slowrunning applications. Directions ofrotation for driver and driven sidesare equal.Epicyclic PrinciplesPlanets and planet carrier arefixed, the annulus is rotating(BHS series RT...) to realisehigh speed applications.Direction of rotation for driverand driven sides are versusExample of Epicyclic Gear UnitType RHP 32Power:390 kW Installation:High Speed Side:10.368 rpm between EM-C in chemical plant Low Speed Side: 1.488 rpmExample of Epicyclic Gear UnitType RTP 64 KPower:16.200 kWLow Speed Side:1.500 rpmHigh Speed Side:7.210 rpmInstallation:between ST-Gfor Power GenerationExample of Epicyclic Gear UnitType RTP 80Power:Installation:22.700 kW between Steam Turbine Speeds:and Generator8.500 to 1.500 1/minTwinTorsDiaphragm CouplingsVTBS, December 2009TwinTors Diaphragm CouplingsDesign FeaturesElectron-beam welded doublediaphragmsLow weightCompact designHigh angle-and axial misalignmentNo backlash, torsion-proofReduced windage loss and noiseApprox. 1.350 referencesTwinTors Diaphragm CouplingsAccommodation of axial misalignment (elongation)Accommodation of axial Misalignment (compression)TwinTors Diaphragm CouplingsAccommodation of radial and angular misalignment of shaftsAccommodation of radial misalignment of shaftsExample of TwinTors Diaphragm CouplingType MKB 355 AATPower:2.000 kWSpeed:1.500 rpmInstallation:betweenE-Motor and Gear Unit inpetrochemical plantExample of TwinTors Diaphragm CouplingType MKS 450 AASPower:5.400 kWSpeed:1.490 rpmNominal Torque:34.680 NmInstallation:between E-Motorand VoreconExample of TwinTors Diaphragm CouplingType MKA 300 FFSPower:6.600 kWSpeed:8.015 rpmNominal Torque:7.863 NmInstallation:between Steam Turbineand Gear Unit inpetrochemical plantRotor Turning GearsVTBS, December 2009Rotor Turning GearsFor free shaft end of gear units, pumps, turbines, etc.Arrangement above the shaft. Engages and disengages by swivel pinion.Example of Rotor Turning GearType RDV 120Installed atShaft Gear Unit (Type FD 89-2)Power:55 kWSpeed:170 rpmBreakaway torque:5.679 NmMass moment of inertia:2.108 kg m²Example of Rotor Turning GearType RDV 4 A1Power:22 kWSpeed:16,30 rpmBreakaway torque:31.374 NmMass moment of inertia:6.291 kg m²Application:Starting and turning of aSteam Turbine / Generator trainServiceVTBS, December 2009Service worldwideService WorldwideInstallation and commissioningAlignmentInspectionNoise and vibration measurementTrend and online monitoringRevamps and upgradesRepairsOriginal spare partsCustomer TrainingServiceVoith Turbo BHSoffers service forgear units originallymanufactured by:KruppBHSVoithBHS VoithBHS Cincinnati。
研究生英语综合教程(下)Unit-4
harmful insects.
wandering the website, reading posts and never actually posting anything
13. A ________ potato is someone who spends most of their time surfing the net.
larger numbers of ________(s) than any Western nation.
19. the opposite of cyberspace or the virtual world of the Internet
20. education via the Internet; e-education
Down
Across
1. keyboard characters used in combination 2. a science which involves developing and
to produce whimsical symbols
making extremely small but very powerful
Starting out
Step Two
Directions: Choose two of the inventions mentioned
above and talk about their importance.
Sample: I think one of the most important inventions is the electric light
1E
M
O
2N A N O T E 3C H N O L
SLF-EN
CP World 04/06 SLF_complete_intra.ppt
CP World
Siemens Leadership Framework
It comprises 4 Results areas: Financial
Introduction Basic Principles Siemens Leadership Framework SLF results SLF capabilities Performance Management Process
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱStrategic judgment and risk management
… develop reliable and robust strategies and implementation plans … take a long-term perspective … proactively make tough, strategic, high impact decisions … act courageously … take and manage calculable risks
Introduction Basic Principles Siemens Leadership Framework SLF results SLF capabilities Performance Management Process Entrepreneurial spirit … display a strong competitive drive; strive to be the best in the market
…get the right things done with the highest impact and quality
Business Etiquette in Germany
Business Etiquette in GermanyMeeting Etiquette1) . Greetings are formal.2) . A quick, firm handshake is the traditional greeting.3) . Titles are very important and denote respect. Use a person'stitle and their surname until invited to use their first name. You should say Herr or Frau and the person's title and theirsurname.4) . In general, wait for your host or hostess to introduce you to agroup.5) . When entering a room, shake hands with everyone individually,including children.Gift Giving Etiquette1) . If you are invited to a German's house, bring a gift such aschocolates or flowers.2) . Yellow roses or tea roses are always well received.3) . Do not give red roses as they symbolize romantic intentions.4) . Do not give carnations as they symbolize mourning.5) . Do not give lilies or chrysanthemums as they are used atfunerals.6) . If you bring wine, it should be imported, French or Italian.Giving German wines is viewed as meaning you do not think the host will serve a good quality wine.7) . Gifts are usually opened when received.Dining EtiquetteIf you are invited to a German's house:1) . Arrive on time as punctuality indicates proper planning. Neverarrive early.2) . Never arrive more than 15 minutes later than invited withouttelephoning to explain you have been detained.3) . Send a handwritten thank you note the following day to thankyour hostess for her hospitality.Table manners1) . Remain standing until invited to sit down. You may be shownto a particular seat.2) . Table manners are Continental -- the fork is held in the lefthand and the knife in the right while eating.3) . Do not begin eating until the hostess starts or someone says'guten appetit' (good appetite).4) . At a large dinner party, wait for the hostess to place her napkinin her lap before doing so yourself.5) . Do not rest your elbows on the table.6) . Do not cut lettuce in a salad. Fold it using your knife and fork.7) . Cut as much of your food with your fork as possible, since thiscompliments the cook by indicating the food is tender.8) . Finish everything on your plate.9) . Rolls should be broken apart by hand.10) . Indicate you have finished eating by laying your knife and forkparallel across the right side of your plate, with the fork over the knife.11) . The host gives the first toast.12) . An honoured guest should return the toast later in the meal.13) . The most common toast with wine is 'Zum Wohl!' ('goodhealth').14) . The most common toast with beer is 'Prost!' ('good health').Business Etiquette and Protocol in Germany Relationships & Communications1) . Germans do not need a personal relationship in order to dobusiness.2) . They will be interested in your academic credentials and theamount of time your company has been in business.3) . Germans display great deference to people in authority, so it isimperative that they understand your level relative to their own.4) . Germans do not have an open-door policy. People often workwith their office door closed. Knock and wait to be invited inbefore entering.5) . German communication is formal.6) . Following the established protocol is critical to building andmaintaining business relationships.7) . As a group, Germans are suspicious of hyperbole, promisesthat sound too good to be true, or displays of emotion.8) . Germans will be direct to the point of bluntness.9) . Expect a great deal of written communication, both to back updecisions and to maintain a record of decisions anddiscussions.Business Meeting Etiquette1) . Appointments are mandatory and should be made 1 to 2weeks in advance.2) . Letters should be addressed to the top person in the functionalarea, including the person's name as well as their properbusiness title.3) . If you write to schedule an appointment, the letter should bewritten in German.4) . Punctuality is taken extremely seriously. If you expect to bedelayed, telephone immediately and offer an explanation. It is extremely rude to cancel a meeting at the last minute and itcould jeopardize your business relationship.5) . Meetings are generally formal.6) . Initial meetings are used to get to know each other. They allowyour German colleagues to determine if you are trustworthy. 7) . Meetings adhere to strict agendas, including starting andending times.8) . Maintain direct eye contact while speaking.9) . Although English may be spoken, it is a good idea to hire aninterpreter so as to avoid any misunderstandings.10) . At the end of a meeting, some Germans signal their approvalby rapping their knuckles on the tabletop.There is a strictprotocol to follow when entering a room:11) . The eldest or highest ranking person enters the room first.12) . Men enter before women, if their age and status are roughlyequivalent.Business Negotiation1) . Do not sit until invited and told where to sit. There is a rigidprotocol to be followed.2) . Meetings adhere to strict agendas, including starting andending times.3) . Treat the process with the formality that it deserves.4) . Germany is heavily regulated and extremely bureaucratic.5) . Germans prefer to get down to business and only engage inthe briefest of small talk. They will be interested in yourcredentials.6) . Make sure your printed material is available in both Englishand German.7) . Contracts are strictly followed.8) . You must be patient and not appear ruffled by the strictadherence to protocol. Germans are detail- oriented and want to understand every innuendo before coming to an agreement. 9) . Business is hierarchical. Decision-making is held at the top ofthe company.10) . Final decisions are translated into rigorous, comprehensiveaction steps that you can expect will be carried out to the letter.11) . Avoid confrontational behaviour or high- pressure tactics. Itcan be counterproductive.12) . Once a decision is made, it will not be changed.Dress Etiquette1) . Business dress is understated, formal and conservative.2) . Men should wear dark coloured, conservative business suits.3) . Women should wear either business suits or conservativedresses.4) . Do not wear ostentatious jewellery or accessories。
WhatIsBusiness
What is business?Business is doing work for payment (in money or in kind). Every business deal has to have a consideration, i.e.: compensation for value exchanged.Business activity is selling or trading goods on markets in exchange for other goods or money. These goods have to be scare (knapp). i.e.: wanted/disered/wished for/ prefered and not supplied with shortage (engpass) goods.Producer goods are those goods entering production.What are the basic inputs of production?•Land: facturies, offices and raw materiels•Labor: contributions of al people working with their minds and muscels•Capital: finance stock (raw material in warehouse, equipment, tools and machinery,...) •Enterprise: combine all the inputs together and start up and later doing day-to-day operationsNeeds are psycho-physiological things!MarketIs anywhere that buyers and sellers get together to exchange information and negotiate deals. Free market capitalism•All markets are free•All production capital is private sectorOligopoliesA few companies produce one good – because of economies of scale only very large production volumes can survive.Large capital requirementsMonopoliesA single firm accounts for all of an industries sales. It is characterized by barriers to entry-factor that prevent new firms form competing equally with the existing firm. Often barriers are technical or legal conditions or one firm controls a natural resource.SocialismIs the economic system in which the basic industries are owned by the government or the private sector under strong control of the government. Such critical, large-scale industries as transportation, communication, utilities, oil, mining, airlines,....CommunsimGet rid of private producers by nationalizing all production and sales. The determine production levels and prices, a planning bureaucracy.•Planners don´t know enough details about consumers preferences•Planner certainly can predict innovations for new products•Bureaucrats are poor businessmen (no incentives)Mixed economiesAre economies that use more than one economic system, typically socialsm and capitalism.Minimize market restrictions:•Market access for all buyers and sellers•Access to information•Minimal tariffs, susidies by national arbitary standardThe main reason for minimizing such restrictions is to raise overall welfare (A. Smith). And in particular to ensure competition, because this lowers prices, improves quality and provides incentives (Anreize) for innovation. Unfortunatly, many markets are oligopolies, because to achieve economies of scale (Skalenerträge, Grössenvorteile, Kostendegression), only very large production volumes can survive.Hence, many industries have witnessed massive concentration (die top 4 Autohersteller haben 50%). Hence oligopolies were very common, but then market manipulations (“restraints trade”) coming with cartels (Kartells) and monopolies. Cartels are organized oligopolies which fix prices and allocate markets. The US was first in the world to pass laws forbidding “unreasonable restraints of trade”.US: Sherman Antitrust Act (1890´s) / UK: Antimonopolies / G/A: Kartellgesetzgebung Businesses:Retailer (Einzelhändler, Detailist)Wholesaler (Großhändler)1.sole trader or sole proprietor (Einzelkaufmann)2.partnership (Personengesellschaft)3.corporation/limited company (Kapitalgesellschaft)4.cooperatives (Genossenschaft)1.sole traderare inexpanisve and easy to found,only licences (if required) and legal capacity (Geschäftsfähigkeit),ability to own property and to enter into contracts (Verträge machen).Advantages:+ the owner has clear control over business decisions+ he also earns all the profits.Disadvantages:- the owner is fully liable (voll haftbar) for all days financing is generally limited topersonal assets (Vermögenswerte), to mortage loans (Hypotheken) and suppliercredits.- Finding really skilled emloyees is hard, because they want to share in profits andcontrol.To grow,the sole proprietor has to extend ownership: either take a partner(Gesellschafter) or incorporate (Kapitalges. günden).2.PartnershipPartnerships are characterized by their identification with specific people, if no morethan about 20% of the partners change over 1-5 years, the partnership doesn´t has tore-register. This partnerships can last for centuries.a.ordinary / general partnership (offene Handelsgesellschaft)all owners/contributors are fully liable for debts. (Sometimes dormant partnersexist without management functions, but they are also fully liable). In Germanydormant partners are not allowed.b.limited partnerships (Kommanditgesellschaft)they have at least one ordinary/general partner (Komplementär) with fullliability and management functions, silent/sleeping partners (Kommanditisten)with limited liability (beschränkte Haftung) and no management functions.Advantages: + easy in formation (no complex formationsystem)capitalof+availability+ flexibility (quick response of changes because owners = managers)freedom+relativeDisadvantages: - unlimited liability- potential conflicts between partners- limited life (what if somebody with a share of 51% dies?)- sharing of profit (not 100% fair)- not easy to leaveRegistering parnerships is done (machen, erledigen) under company law – centrialized in the UK / state by state in the US (most commercial law is state law (Ländergesetz)) Unregistered Partnerships:Can exist, based on the general law of agency (Vertretungsrecht). This law governs contracts which transfer these of assets or rights by people other then the owners (principals (Auftraggeber)). The users are agents (Treuhänder, Bevollmächtigte). Ordinary partnerships (and joint ventures) are both: principals and agents.Limited partnerships are NOT symmetrical in this way, because silent partners are only principals and not agents.3.corporations (US) / companies limited by shares (UK) / Kapitalgesellschafteninvolve the creation of separate legal entities / personalities (getrennteRechtspersönlichkeiten).Every Corporation has 3 parties:a)the owners/shareholders (contributors/members) with limited liabilityb)the corporation (lead by a board of directors) with unlimited liability and with legalcapacityc)the managers doing day-to-day operations (gewöhnliche Geschäftstätigkeit).The corporation is agent of the sharholders, and the managers are agents of thecorporation.Corporations are separate legal entities, meaning they have legal capacity! i.e. they can own property and enter into contracts. Since shareholders are separated from thecorporation, the law allows them to enjoy limited liability (up to the face /nominal / par value – Nennwert, Pariwert)!Operational profits (Betriebsgewinne) are those earned by doing day-to-day operations,i.e. those undertaken to fill company goals / object: production, sales, distribution,....Non-routine (functional) activities are not day-to-day activities, e.g. mergers, aquisitons, changing product lines,...Corporation (Aktiengesellschaft)Legal business entity, which a life seperate from its owners, which limits the owners liability. In the US/UK the president/managing director is on the board of the directors (Aufsichtsrat). In G/A the Generaldirektor is never on the Aufsichtsrat →separation of power! Advantages: + limited liabitlity+ easy at transforming ownership+ unlimited life, can raise money by selling new shares of stock Disadvantages: - double taxation of profits-cost and complexity of formation are high-more government restrictionsMerger (Fusion)A horizontal merger results when companies in the same industry merge to reduce costs, expand product offerings or reduce competition.A vertical merger: a company buys a firm in its same industry that is involved in an earlier or later stage of the production or sales process.Amalgamation merger: a “dominate” firm swallows another firm, leading to the latter´s disappearenceConsolitdation merger: both firms disappear and are consolidated info a newly-founded firm.Pools: are cartels which formally fix prices, allocate markets and they divide up profits ahead of time.Syndicate, consortium (Arbeitsgemeinschaft): is a partnership between two or more firms to fill a specific job order (Auftrag). E.g.: building bridges,...Joint ventures (Joint ventures): usually two firms start up a business unit financed and staffed by contributing firms for a limited time to experiment with new markets or new products.Alliance: also has a narrow sence: two or more businesses share facilities which are totally owned by one of the partners/members of the alliance.Unfriendly Takeover (Unfreundliche Übernahme)These where target management corperates.Line of command (Befehlsweg)displays the superior subordinate relationships throuhout the organization.Board of directors (Verwaltungsrat), Supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat) •Hires and supervises the top managers•Sets corporate goals and policies•Speaks for the shareholderThese functions are exactly the same for the G/A supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat)however, the boards of directors in the US/UK traditionally have top managers (“inside directors”) on them, whereas the supervisory boards in G/A don´t!Except: auditing – outside directorsChairman of the board•Chief spokesman of the company, has the authority to convene meetings•Sets agenda (Tagesordnung)•He runs the board meetings and shareholder meetings•He has to invite everyone, and he has to allow the different people to speak and he has to calm down the situation sometimes.Chief executive officer= staff position (Vorstandsvorsitzender)He is responsible for non-routine decision making (mergers, .... – not day-to-day operations)! Has overall management authority!PresidentLine position. In charge of production, sales, distribution, collection, postsales, services,.... Responsible for routine decision making, doing day-to-day operations!Ratifies by lawsThat are rules for firms.Separate legal entities (juristische Person, getrennte Rechtspersönlichkeit)Entities having legal capacity: standing (Geschäftsfähigkeit) ability to own any property and to enter into contracts.Austria companyLaw requires “separation of power”, i.e. the supervisory board and the management board (Vorstand) are both required and they must be exclusive to avoid conflict of interests between supervisory and management!Holding Company (Konzern) / Group= corporation which holds a controlling stake in an other corporation!- pure h.c.: only managing securities- operational h.c.: also produce goodsAquisitionimply 100% purchases of shares or of business units.Cooperatives (Genossenschaften)•Separate legal entities (incorporated)•Shareholders, one vote each•Not profitorientedFoundations (Stiftungen)-incorporated-no members / no shareholders → executive board-trustees – filling a goal-i.e.: Rockefeller – Sherman Antitrust ActConglomerate (Mischfirma):-selling on unrelated markets-eventually “holding company”-not very fashionable nowadays•Parent company (Muttergesellschaft)•Subsidary (Tochtergesellschaft)•Branch (Niederlassung)•Industry (Branche)Articles (Aufsätze):•Title/Author•Preface (Vorwort)•Table of Contents•Table of Figures•Introduction (Einleitung)•Maintext often devided into: - sections (Abschnitte),- paragraphes (Absatz),- section headings (Überschriften),- headings (Schlagzeilen),- footer (Kopfzeile),- references.•Conclusion•Appendix•Endnotes•ReferencesBusiness Letters:letterhead (Briefkopf)Senders adressYour referencedateInside / receiver´s adresssalutationAttentionline – to the attention to dear on Mr. MrsSubject lineOpeningMaintextClosingComplimentarySignatureEnclosuresCcTypfaces (Schriftarten): are styles of letters, numeral (Ziffern) and symbols.Committee (Ausschüsse)Are aimed at group decision making to which committee members from different specialites. The english parliament has the largest unbroken tradition, influencity the US congress, leading to Robert´s Rules of order. Chairman (Vorsitzender), secretary (Schriftführer), treasurer (Kassier)Societies (Vereine)Are run like committees but the are separate legal entities, i.e. they are registered and have legal capacity, whereas committees ard (subsidiary) organs of larger organization.Letters vs. MemosMemos are informal and not kept as (legally releant) records. Memos ignore many formal convertions and information of letters.Human resource managementIs replacing “Personnel Management” in business. What do HR specialists do?•Workplace analysis•Employee recruitment and selection•Training and development•Performance appraisal and testing•Doing the payroll•Promotions transfers helps in recruting and selecting personnelRecruitingBegins with a job analysis by the HR department. Rescribes all the work and specific tasks which needs to be done.Internal Recruiting: lower recruiting costs, importent for motivationExternal recruiting: only one position to be filled, obtain the best talents on the labor market. Job description (Stellenausschreibung)Describes specialized work tasks to be done/performed by individual workers, also pay, rank and authority, conditions and hours.Tasks and responsibilities of a job are listed on a job description.Job specification (Anforderungsprofil)Skills, knowledge, abilities a person must have to fill a jobWhite-collar worker (Angestellter)•Top/senior management wages (Löhne)•Middle management•Junior managementWhite-collar workers earn salaries, which are entered as fixed costs/overhend on the profit and loss account. In terms of employment contract: strong contracts: desmissible only for cause and with notice and separation pay for blue-collar workersWhite-collar workers are regarded as permanent staff and they are protected by contract clauses giving them long prior notives (lange Kündigungsfristen) and significant separation pay (Abfertigung).Blue-collar worker (Arbeiter)Wages for blue-collar workers, and the wages art entered as variable costs on the p&l account. Wage earners get short prior notice for layoffs and little or no separation pay and lower benefits.The distinction seem to be getting more arbitrary.Working timeFull-timePart timeOver time – time and a half double timeTemporary workBased workersWhat time of day is “worked”?Shift work: day 9-17EveningNightShiftpremium (Schichtzulage)Flex time: core time (Kernzeit) – the rest of the time is flexible Pay check (Lohnzettel)Compensation (Verdienst)Payment in kind (Naturallohn)Basic pay (Grundgehalt)+ overtime+ bonusesgross pay- taxes- employee contribution to healthnet pay。
江阴南闸实验学校2025届英语九年级第一学期期末经典模拟试题含解析
江阴南闸实验学校2025届英语九年级第一学期期末经典模拟试题请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。
写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。
2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。
Ⅰ. 单项选择1、— Is the food enough? — I think so. It will _______ four hungry peopleA．support B．serve C．sore D．cover2、Cindy, did you watch the Airshow （航展）2018 on TV?You mean the one that _______in Zhuhai? Of course I did!A．held B．is held C．was held3、This is the most beautiful sight ________ I have ever seen since I came to England.A．which B．that C．where D．what4、Elvis Presley was famous the king of rock and roll (摇滚)while Bruce Lee was famous his kung fu. A．for; for B．as; asC．for; as D．as; for5、The popular restaurant is always crowded with people. You need to make a booking in advance.A．order food B．pay the bill C．arrive there D．make a reservation6、—Do you know ________? I’m going to visit him.—Sorry, I don’t know.A．where does Mr Li live B．where did Mr Li liveC．where Mr Li lives D．where Mr Li lived7、—Is this restaurant a good place to eat at?—________.A．I hope not B．That’s all right C．I hope so D．Never mind8、We work together to achieve our common purpose: ________ world that is safer, cleaner and healthier than ________ one we are living in．A．the; /B．a; /C．the; theD．a; the9、—Why didn’t Jane come to the party yesterday?—She was ill and suffered a lot ________ a bad headache.A．for B．at C．from10、We all know that we won't enjoy good health ______ we often exercise.A．though B．if C．when D．unlessⅡ. 完形填空11、完形填空（本题共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）It all started at the beginning of the ninth grade. Carmen found she couldn’t see things 1 all the time. She became very worried, but she hoped 2 would know that. When her mother asked her to see the eye doctor, she did n’t3 . But her mother’s mind was made up.Three days later, Carmen got new glasses and instructions from her doctor. “All of the kids will think I’m 4 ” Carmen said. Her mother 5 and shook her head. “You look just as beautiful as before”, she said. But Carmen didn’t believe her.The next day, Carmen kept the 6 in her pocket as she walked into the schoolyard. She stood alone away from her friends, feeling 7 . Suddenly, she heard her friend Theresa shout. Carmen ran over to the other girl s. “What’s the 8 ?” she asked.“My ring is gone!” Theresa cried. “My sister sent it to me from California. It’s very9 and I can’t lose it.”Carmen and her friends began to 10 the ring in the grassy area of the playground. Carmen realized that she could do better 11 she could see better. She took the glasses out and put them on. Everything looked so 12 ! So clear! She looked down at the ground and a bright light caught her eyes. It was the 13“Here it is,” she shouted. She handed it to Theresa.“Thanks, Carmen,” she said. “I14 thought we’d find it.” she paused (停顿). “Hey, I didn’t know you wore glasses. They look great!”Carmen had 15 that she was wearing the new glasses. “Thanks,” she replied.“Maybe wearing glasses won’t be so bad after all.” Carmen thought.1．A．clearly B．carefully C．freely D．quickly2．A．everybody B．anybody C．somebody D．nobody3．A．explain B．mind C．agree D．understand4．A．cool B．silly C．proud D．pretty5．A．relaxed B．cheered C．smiled D．shouted6．A．watch B．keys C．gift D．glasses7．A．tired B．unhappy C．angry D．nervous8．A．matter B．reason C．question D．secret9．A．special B．common C．cheap D．heavy10．A．ask for B．wait for C．look for D．pay for11．A．though B．if C．because D．until12．A．natural B．new C．interesting D．different13．A．ball B．ring C．present D．glass14．A．still B．ever C．never D．often15．A．heard B．found C．imagined D．forgottenⅢ. 语法填空12、Bruce and Kelly are brother and sister. They enjoy 1．(play) sports. In just a month they 2．(be) high school students. Bruce is deciding between badminton and volleyball. Kelly is thinking about whether to try a sport she never played, or go with one she knows, like baseball.Maybe many students face the same problem. For most students,3．(choose) which sports to do in high school is hard because they never played an 4．(organize) sport before, and they are not sure what they will most enjoy.Sports 5．(mean) to be fun. If there is a sport you really enjoy but you aren't sure if you can play it well, just 6．(try) out. What's the worst that can happen? If you don~t like it, you can always try another sport.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、Do you enjoy reading? Here readers of your age from all over the United States recommend (推荐) great books for you to read:My favorite book is Don’t Die, My Love by Lurlene McDaniel. I love all her books, but this was the first one I read and I have to say, it is by far my favorite. It doe sn’t end like other books, and I cried while reading.I think Nancy Drew is great! Nancy is a detective (侦探) who has many fantastic ideas! I love it because it’s a book from when my grandma was my age, and I can share the fun with her!I highly recommend Skinny Bones by Barbara Park. It is funny so please add it on your book list. You don’t want to miss out funny stories！I would suggest ______ by Judy Blume. It is based on real things that happened to Judy Blume. It is about a girl, Alice, who meets some girls at a new state. They become friends, make a club and meet once a week. They stop after two weeks because they all like a boy in their class and put him as number one. I think every girl should read this because it is about our growing up.I read a book called Neela: Victory Song and it was so good I read it twice! It takes place in India in 1936 and this 12-year-old girl named Neela tries to save her father! It has lots of history in it! I also learned a lot about different cultures! The author’s n ame is Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni.1．According to the reader, Skinny Bones can be described as a ________ story.A．sad B．history C．funny D．detective2．From which book can we learn different cultures?A．Skinny Bones. B．Nancy Drew. C．Don’t Die, My Love. C．Neela: Victory Song. 3．Who is most probably an Indian author?A．Judy Blume. B．Barbara Park.C．Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. D．Lurlene McDaniel.4．The best name of the 4th book is ________.A．My Secret B．Growing TroubleC．Three Friends D．Alice Learns a Lesson5．Which is TRUE about Nancy Drew?A．It doesn’t have a common ending like other books.B．It’s based on real things that happened to the author.C．It’s about a12-year-old girl who tries to save her father.D．Both the reader and t he reader’s grandma love this book.B14、1．（小题1）The tour to Xi’an will last for ______.A．two nights B．four nightsC．five days D．twenty-four hours2．（小题2）When you are in Chang’an Hotel, you can ______.A．go swimming with your friendsB．see some old things nearbyC．eat some Italian foodD．go shopping in Datang Shopping Mall3．（小题3）You want to spend the least money, you can join the tour group on ______.A．Jun 24, 2016 B．Jul 16, 2016C．Aug 25, 2016 D．Sep 30, 20164．（小题4）We can’t book the tour gr oup by ______.A．calling them on 0555—93276888B．sending an email to C．visiting the company at 1578 Yuhu RoadD．contacting them at 8:30 am on SaturdayC15、Mr. and Mrs. Smith have just opened a small restaurant. In order to attract customers, they put a notice in front of the restaurant, which said: “Meals on the house for three days.”A foreign student who didn’t know much English passed by the restaurant on the second day. It was lunchtime and he felt hungry. “Well, here is a restaurant. I’m going to have something to eat,” he said.He saw the notice when he walked towards the restaurant. “American people are really strange. They even eat dinners on the house! But how can I get onto the top of the house?” he asked himself. He looked arou nd and found a ladder(梯子) against a tree nearby. He was very glad. But as he reached the top, he heard someone shouting at him, “Hey, what are you doing up there?”Mr. Smith was looking at him angrily. Beside him was a policeman. “Doesn’t your notice say …Meals on the house for three days’? Is it just a joke?” the foreign student answered. On hearing this, both Mr. Smith and the policeman burst into laughter. Do you know the meaning of “on the house”?1．The Smiths have __________.A．opened a restaurant B．built a houseC．climbed onto the top D．been policemen2．Why do Mr. and Mrs. Smith put up the notice?A．Because they wanted to attract policemenB．Because they wanted people to eat on the roofC．Because they wanted to attract more customersD．Because they liked to play jokes3．The student walked past the restaurant ___________.A．when the Smiths started their businessB．when the Smiths put on the noticeC．when the policeman came to the restaurantD．when it was time to have lunch4．The student _________, so Mr. Smith shouted at him.A．was very hungry B．knew little about EnglishC．climbed onto the top of the house D．took away the ladder5．“On the house” may mean that the meal _____________.A．is taken on the house B．is paid on the houseC．is made on the house D．is free for the customersD16、The airport in Boswell is twenty-one miles from the city. The banks and business offices are in the centre of the city. Read the notes from the diary of Mr Simpson.12th. MON. Groups of 35 Australian students visiting Boswell---want cheap holiday.13th. TUES. Mr and Mrs J. Grant arriving from Sydney --- need overnight stop at Boswell --- leaving early on the 15th by air.14th. WED．Mr Nagashima, Tokyo, arriving for two days’ business trip.15th. THURS. 65 German students need two days in a cheap hotel.16th. FRI.17th. SAT. Mr and Mrs Johnson, from New York City, arriving by air.18th. SUN.19th. MON. Mr and Mrs F. Ray, small inexpensive hotel needed for two days.1．How far is it from the city to the airport in Boswell?A．21km. B．31km. C．21m. D．21 miles.2．Mr Nagashima is from ________.A．Australia B．Japan C．America D．Germany3．Mr and Mrs J. Grant will leave Boswell on ________.A．Tuesday B．Wednesday C．Thursday D．Friday4．How many travelers will Mr Simpson meet in just over a week?A．107. B．65. C．35. D．131.5．Mr Simpson is probably ________.A．a headmaster B．a travel managerC．a traveller D．an engineerE17、Enjoy real American jazz from Herbie Davis, the famous trumpet player. He is known to play well into the early hours, so you won’t want to get sleep.PLACE: The Jazz Club DATES:1—15AugustPRICE: ￥150 TIME:10pm till late!TEL: 3946578PLACE: The Jazz Club DATES:1—15AugustPRICE: ￥150 TIME:10pm till late!TEL: 3946578Scottish DancingScottish dancing is nice and easy to learn. The wonderful dance from England will be given.PLACE: Jack Stein’s DATES: 10--28 JunePRICE: ￥200 weekdays TIME: 1pm-10 pmTEL: 44916 weekends TIME: 8am-8pmPLACE: Jack Stein’s DATES: 10--28 JunePRICE: ￥200 weekdays TIME: 1pm-10 pmTEL: 44916 weekends TIME: 8am-8pmShows-Renmin MuseumThere are 10,000 pieces on show here. You can see the whole of Chinese history.PLACE: Renmin Museum TIME: Monday-FridayPRICE: ￥80(￥40 for students) 9am-9pmDATES: 1Mar.-30June. TEL: 4928713PLACE: Renmin Museum TIME: Monday-FridayPRICE: ￥80(￥40 for students) 9am-9pmDATES: 1Mar.-30June. TEL: 4928713Your pen pal is coming from Singapore to your city for a holiday. You send him this E-mail to tell him something about hotels.根据材料内容选择最佳答案，并将其标号填入题前括号内。
高中英语时文阅读
时文阅读目录外刊话题：英国成首选留学目的地文本难度：★☆☆☆☆话题难度：★☆☆☆☆UK top destination for studyFor the first time, the UK has overtaken the US as the preferred overseas study destination for Chinese students, a report released Sunday showed.In the survey for the annual Report on Chinese Students' Overseas Study, the UK was preferred by 42% of respondents, up by 1 percentage point from last year.Study in the US was preferred by 37% of respondents, down by 6 percentage points. Australia and Canada, both at 16%, tied as the third most popular destinations for overseas study, followed by Japan, Germany and Singapore.The report attributed the shift in students' preferences from the US to the UK to tense Sino-US(中美间的) relations in the past two years and the UK's advantages, such as the reopening of the Post Study Work Visa and quicker graduation requirements.重点单词1. destination [ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn] n.目的地，终点，景点2. overtake [ˌəʊvəˈteɪk] vt. 赶上3.release [rɪˈliːs] v.释放；公开4.survey [sə:'vei] v.调查5. percentage [pəˈsentɪdʒ] n.百分比6. respondent [rɪˈspɒndənt] n.调查对象7. attribute to 把……归因于8. shift [ʃift] n. 交换，变化 v. 更替，移外刊话题：威尔士的中学生要开始学汉语了文本难度：★★☆☆☆话题难度：★★☆☆☆Mandarin Taught in Welsh Secondary SchoolsMandarin could be taught in Welsh secondary schools to raise Wales' international profile.The Welsh Government wants to establish the country as a visitor destination for Chinese people as part of its new strategy to boost trade. It is also looking to have a "Wales in Germany" themed year in 2021, and have an increased presence in EU countries.International relations minister Eluned Morgan said she wanted to sell Wales to the world. After Brexit, ministers want "to ensure that the European Union remains our strongest partner" as well as developing markets elsewhere. Its goal is a 5% increase in exports.To make that happen, the Welsh Government has launched a new international strategy to focus on three areas —cyber-security, compound semi-conductors, and creative industries — chosen in part for their "resilience to Brexit" and because of their "global recognition as areas of excellence".重点单词1. profile [ˈprəʊfaɪl] n. 侧面；轮廓；形象2. establish [ɪˈstæblɪʃ] vt.建立，创立；确立3. strategy ['strætidʒi] n. 战略，策略4. boost [buːst] vt. 促进5. themed [θiːmd] adj. 以……为主题的6. presence [ˈprezns] n. 存在；出席7. Brexit 英国脱欧（该词是Britain exiting from the EU的戏谑说法）8. launch [lɔːntʃ] v. 发射（导弹、火箭等）；发起，发动9. cyber-security 网络安全10. compound semi-conductor 复合半导体11. resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns] n.适应力；恢复力12. global ['gləubəl] adj. 全球性的，全世界的，球状的，全局的13. excellence ['eksələns] n. 优秀，卓越，优点14.recognition [ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn] n. 认出，承认，感知，知识外刊话题：长时间的日晒会削弱脑力文本难度：★★☆☆☆话题难度：★★★☆☆Sunshine Could Diminish Brain PowerThose tempted to set up office in the garden as temperatures soar should think twice or put a hat on. New study shows that sunshine could diminish brain power, making it harder to make the right judgments.Working in hot temperatures is already known to cause hyperthermia – a rise in body temperature – which can cause physical exhaustion. But now scientists say prolonged exposure of the head to the sun also affects the brain's ability to function properly.A study by university teams in Denmark and Greece said workers could be damaging their brains by working in hot, sunny conditions.Eight healthy, active males aged between 27 and 41 took part in the research. The brain function test consisted of four different computer-based maths and logic tasks that relied on precise calculations. Four heat lamps were positioned to radiate either on the lower body or the back, side and top of their heads.Professor Lars Nybo, of the department of nutrition, exercise and sports at the University of Copenhagen, said: "This study provides evidence that direct exposure to sunlight – especially to the head –impairs motor and cognitive performance."The decline in motor and cognitive performance was observed at 38.5 degrees. Researchers said those exposed to sunlight for long periods should cover their heads. Dips in mental performance caused by sunshine could also mean drivers were more likely to make mistakes on the road.重点单词1. tempt [tempt] vt. 诱惑；冒…的风险2. diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] vt. 减少3. judgement ['dʒʌdʒmənt] n. 判断4. exhaustion [ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən] n.枯竭；耗尽5. prolonged [prəˈlɒŋd] adj. 延长的6. exposure [ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)] n. 暴露；曝光7. function [ˈfʌŋkʃn] vi. 运行8. consist of 由…组成；由…构成9. precise [prɪˈsaɪs] adj.精确的；明确的10. radiate [ˈreɪdieɪt] vt. 发射11. impair [ɪmˈpeə(r)] vt. 损害外刊话题：不要戴着口罩做运动!文本难度：★★★☆☆话题难度：★★★☆☆Don’t Exercise With A MaskThe coronavirus began to affect sporting events as early as January 30, when the Chinese Football Association announced it was delaying the start of the football season. Two months later it was revealed that the Tokyo Olympic Games would be postponed until the summer of 2021 – the first postponement in modern Olympic history.Sporting administrators are only now exploring ways to enable a return to training and competition at both professional and amateur levels. In the absence of a vaccine, though, there are several challenges. One of them is around breathing.When playing sport, breathing is faster and harder than at rest, which increases the risk of passing the disease on. As a result, premier league football is considering introducing face masks. Others may follow suit.Yet a mask makes it harder to inhale the quantity of air needed to perform at the highest levels. We know that wearing a surgical mask can increase the resistance to airflow. Exercise invariably leads to faster and harder breaths, so wearing a mask during exercise places a further strain on airflow.When we do heavy exercise, our muscles produce lactic acid, which causes that burning sensation. It is then converted to carbon dioxide and exhaled. But what happens if the carbon dioxide is trapped by the mask? As you move from moderate to heavy exercise, you may be re-breathing carbon dioxide, which can reduce cognitive function and increase breathing rate.There may also be less oxygen in the recycled air, which could imitate exercising at higher altitudes. So it is important we gain a better understanding of the limitations of heavy exercise with a face mask.重点单词1.reveal [rɪˈviːl] vt. 显示；透露；揭露2.postpone [pəˈspəʊn] vt.延期3.professional [prəˈfeʃənl] adj.职业的4.amateur [ˈæmətə(r)] adj. 业余的5.vaccine [ˈvæksiːn] n.疫苗6.premier [ˈpremiə(r)] adj. 首要的7.inhale [ɪnˈheɪl] vt. 吸入8.surgical [ˈsɜːdʒɪkl] adj. 外科的9.resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] n. 阻力；抵抗10. altitude [ˈæltɪtjuːd] n. 高地；海拔Day 5外刊话题：抖音从迪士尼挖高管来做CEO了文本难度：★★★☆☆话题难度：★★★☆☆Mayer Became CEO of TikTokTeenagers may not know the name Kevin Mayer, but he's about to play an outsize role in their lives.The longtime veteran of the Walt Disney Company just became the CEO of TikTok（抖音）. In doing so, Mayer will take the reins of an app whose bedazzling hold over Gen Z has made it one of the most influential, albeit controversial, platforms of the COVID-19 era.Mayer has been with Disney since the early 1990s—minus a stint as the CEO of (花花公子) and other ventures—and he's helped shepherd along the acquisition of some of its most consequential brands, including Pixar（皮克斯）, Marvel（漫威）, and Lucasfilm（卢卡斯影业）.Mayer's departure from Disney may not be a surprise, but his move to TikTok is unexpected. The app, owned by China-based ByteDance, is at a crucial moment in its short history—seeing enormous growth during the pandemic lockdowns but facing increasing criticism over its data-collection practices, particularly as they relate to its young users. As it rises in influence, the company will surely face a growing drumbeat of intense media and regulatory scrutiny.In contrast, Disney has never been more vulnerable, with the coronavirus pandemic having ravaged nearly all of its core business units, from the shuttering of theme parks and movie theaters to ongoing interruptions to its production schedules. Mayer, whatever else is motivating the move, is jumping ship at an opportune time.According to The New York Times, Mayer will be replaced by Rebecca Campbell, a rising star at the company who most recently served as president of Disneyland.重点单词1.veteran [ˈvetərən] n. 老手；有经验的人2.rein [reɪn] n.缰绳；驾驭；统治3.influential [ˌɪnfluˈenʃl] adj. 有影响4.controversial [ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl] adj. 有争议的5.venture [ˈventʃə(r)] n. 企业6.departure [dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)] n. 离开7.pandemic [pænˈdemɪk] adj.（疾病）流行的8.scrutiny [ˈskruːtəni] n. 详细审查；监视9.ravage [ˈrævɪdʒ] vt.毁坏；破坏10.interruptio n [ˌɪntəˈrʌpʃn] n. 中断；干扰11.opportune [ˈɒpətjuːn] adj. 适当的；恰好的Day 6外刊话题：狗也和人一样有青春期烦恼文本难度：★★★☆☆话题难度：★★★☆☆Dogs Have Adolescence TooPerhaps you've had to put up with a moody, uncooperative teenager. You may well have been one yourself. A new study suggests that dogs go through a similar phase of stubbornness and disobedience when they hit puberty at about eight months old.Looking at the behaviour of a total of 378 canines, researchers found that the animals were more obedient and more responsive either side of that eight-month mark –but only when it came to their owners, not to less familiar trainers.So not only do dogs appear to have a difficult adolescence just like we do, they also share the frustration that we often feel towards our parents or caregivers when we hit our teenage years. That has big implications for long-term canine care and sheltering."This is a very important time in a dog's life," says animal behaviour researcher Lucy Asher, from Newcastle University in the UK. "This is when dogs are often rehomed because they are no longer a cute little puppy and suddenly, their owners find they are more challenging and they can no longer control them or train them." "But as with human teenage children, owners need to be aware that their dog is going through a phase and it will pass."In one experiment with 93 Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers and their cross breeds, the pooches at eight months old were found to take longer and be more reluctant to respond to a 'sit' command given by their caregiver than they were when just five months old. The eight-month-olds didn't show the same obstinancy when the command was given by a stranger, though.重点单词1.puberty [ˈpjuːbəti] n. 青春期2.behaviour [bɪˈheɪvjə(r)] n. 行为；习性（=behavior）3.obedient [ə'bi:djənt] adj.服从的，顺从的4.frustration [frʌˈstreɪʃn] n.挫折5.implication [ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 含义；暗示; 影响6.challenging ['tʃælindʒiŋ] adj. 挑战的7.reluctant [rɪˈlʌktənt] adj. 不情愿的；勉强的mand [kə'mɑ:nd] n. 命令，指挥，控制Day 7外刊话题：5G来了，自动驾驶汽车的时代还会远吗?文本难度：★★★★☆话题难度：★★★★☆5G Ushering Self-driving VehiclesCars could soon be communicating with each other using 5G to make drivers aware of upcoming hazards, scientists claim.The ultra-fast mobile internet would allow for rapid information transmission and could make drivers aware of black ice, pot holes or other dangers up ahead.Several car manufacturers are already integrating 5G into their vehicles, including as a tool to help usher in the generation of self-driving vehicles.Experts at Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) believe the high-speed connection will also improve the reliability and capability of automated vehicles to the point where they will be safer than the manual cars being driven today.They predict the number of road traffic accidents —which according to the World Health Organisation account for more than 1.3 million deaths and up to 50 million people injured worldwide every year — will drop drastically as a result.Dr Dimitrios Liarokapis, a member of the research group, said: 'To have a better idea of what the future will look like, think of having Tesla-like cars that not only use sensors to scan what's around them, they can also talk to each other and exchange safety-related information about their surroundings over an area that covers several square miles.重点单词municate [kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt] v.交流，沟通2.hazard [ˈhæzəd] n. 危险3.claim [kleim] v. 声称4.transmission [trænzˈmɪʃn] n. 传递；传送5.manufacturer [ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərə(r)] n. 制造商6.vehicle [ˈviːəkl] n.车辆；交通工具her [ˈʌʃə(r)] vt. 引导8.automated [ˈɔːtəˌmeɪtɪd] adj. 自动化的9.manual [ˈmænjuəl] adj.手控的10.sensor [ˈsensə(r)] n. 传感器11.square [skweə(r)] adj. 平方的；正方形的Day 8外刊话题：春天提早到来了,但这并不是个好消息文本难度：★★★☆☆话题难度：★★★☆☆Early Arrival of Springtime Warmth,Good or Bad?Across much of the United States, a warming climate has advanced the arrival of spring. This year is no exception. In parts of the Southeast, spring has arrived weeks earlier than normal and may turn out to be the warmest spring on record.Apple blossoms in March and an earlier start to picnic season may seem harmless and even welcome. But the early arrival of springtime warmth has many downsides for the natural world and for humans.Rising temperatures in the springtime signal plants and animals to come alive. Across the United States and worldwide, climate change is steadily disrupting the arrival and interactions of leaf buds, cherry blossoms, insects and more.Records managed by the USA National Phenology Network and other organizations prove that spring has accelerated over the long term. For example, the common yellow trout lily blooms nearly a week earlier in the Appalachian Mountain region than it did 100 years ago.Blueberries in Massachusetts flower three to four weeks earlier than in the mid-1800s. And over a recent 12-year period, over half of 48 migratory bird species studied arrived at their breeding grounds up to nine daysearlier than previously.Warmer spring temperatures have also led beetles, moths and butterflies to emerge earlier than in recent years. Similarly, hibernating species like frogs and bears emerge from hibernation earlier in warm springs.All species don't respond to warming the same way. When species that depend on one another —such as pollinating insects and plants seeking pollination —don't respond similarly to changing conditions, populations suffer.重点单词1.advance [ədˈvɑːns] vt. 将……提前2.downside [ˈdaʊnsaɪd] n. 负面，缺点3.disrupt [dɪsˈrʌpt] v. 破坏；使中断4.accelerate [əkˈseləreɪt] v. 加快；增速5.region [ˈriːdʒən] n. 地区；范围6.migratory [ˈmaɪɡrətri] adj. 迁移7.previously [ˈpriːviəsli] adv. 以前8.hibernate [ˈhaɪbəneɪt] vi.（动物）冬眠Day 9外刊话题：神奇的新科技——用影子发电文本难度：★★★★★话题难度：★★★★★A Shadow-Effect Energy GeneratorIt sounds like something from a sci-fi movie, but the newly revealed Shadow-Effect Energy Generator (SEG) is a real prototype device. The fascinating concept could help us to transform the way renewable energy is generated indoors.The SEG uses the contrast between darkness and light to produce electricity. It's made up of a series of thin strips of gold film on a silicon wafer (硅片), placed on top of a flexible plastic base.Whereas shadows are usually a problem for renewable solar energy production, here they're actually harnessed to keep on generating power. The technology — which is cheaper to produce than a typical solar cell, according to its developers —produces small amounts of power and could be used in mobile gadgets, for example."Shadows are omnipresent, and we often take them for granted," says materials scientist Tan SweeChing, from the National University of Singapore (NUS). "In conventional photovoltaic or optoelectronic applications where a steady source of light is used to power devices, the presence of shadows is undesirable, since it degrades the performance of devices."In this work, we capitalised on the illumination contrast caused by shadows as an indirect source of power. The contrast in illumination induces a voltage difference between the shadow and illuminated sections, resulting in an electric current. This novel concept of harvesting energy in the presence of shadows is unprecedented."重点词汇1.prototype [ˈprəʊtətaɪp] n. 原型；模型2.contrast [ˈkɒntrɑːst] n. 明显的差异，对比3.whereas [ˌweərˈæz] conj. 然而4.harness [ˈhɑːnɪs] v. 利用5.gadget [ˈɡædʒɪt] n. 小配件6.voltage [ˈvəʊltɪdʒ] n. [电] 电压7.illuminated [ɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪd] adj. 照亮的8.current [ˈkʌrənt] n.（水，气，电）流9.novel [ˈnɒvl] adj. 新奇的10.presence [ˈprezns] n. 存在11.unprecedented [ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd] adj. 空前的；无前例的Day 10外刊话题：做这4件事有助于提高自身免疫力文本难度：★★★★★话题难度：★★★★★Four Things to Improve Immune SystemThere is an exception to the general rule that supplements won't really help prevent illness, and that's vitamin D (in moderate doses). Research has shown that the immune system needs vitamin D to fight off viruses —while it won't protect you from getting the virus if you're exposed, it could reduce the severity of the illness and help make recovery easier.You can get vitamin D naturally through sunlight. It's also found in some foods, including fatty fish like salmon, tuna and mackerel, and in small amounts in beef liver, eggs, cheese, and mushrooms.One of the most evidence-supported ways to stay healthy also happens to be free —getting enough sleep. That means 7-9 hours each night for most people, according to Harvard Health. While you're asleep, your body uses that time to do critical recovery and repair of essentialfunctions, including your immune system. Just one night of poor sleep can reduce your immune cells by as much as 70%, research shows.Exercise can keep your body functioning well, since research shows that it reduces inflammation and supports infection-fighting cells. If you're working from home or staying out of the gym, there are plenty of ways to still get your sweat on —body movements like burpees, lunges, push-ups and more can give you a quick full-body workout with no equipment.As an added bonus, endorphins (内啡肽) from exercise also reduce stress. Stress can also make a big difference for your immune system, particularly when there are alarming or uncertain events happening in the world around you. Yes, this means managing fears —good strategies include taking breaks from social media and relying on trustworthy media sources for information, both of which can help you avoid panic and misinformation.How you choose to relax will vary from person to person, whether that's taking a walk outside, curling up with a favorite book, or taking time to meditate or practice yoga or another soothing habit each day.重点单词1.supplement [ˈsʌplɪmənt] n. 补品2.severity [sɪˈverəti] n.严重3.essential [ɪˈsenʃl] adj. 基本的；必要的4.inflammation [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn] n. 炎症; 发炎5.infection [ɪnˈfekʃn] n.感染；传染6.particularly [pəˈtɪkjələli] adv. 特别地7.trustworthy [ˈtrʌstwɜːði] adj. 可靠的8.vary [ˈveri] v. 变化。
商务英语中各国的礼仪
商务英语中各国的礼仪现在的英语渗入在每个人的生活角落，所以学习英语是很有必要的。
小编在此献上日常的商务英语口语，希望对大家有所帮助。
商务英语口语：法国你了解法国的商务礼节吗?Do you know French business protocol?大多数法国商人懂-英语。
但是如果你.用法语印制名片，就要印上你的职位;要,是你拥有博士学位，也应一并注明。
还.有，名片不要两面都印字。
Most businesspeople in France read English. But if you have your card printed in French it should indicate your position in French and your university degree, if it is at the Ph. D, level. Avoid two-sided cards.法国人好像都很直率，喜欢刨根问底。
他们对不合逻辑的事会迅速做出批评。
The French seem to be very direct questioning, and probing. They will be quick to criticize anything illogical.没错。
而且法国人在谈判中一般不会做出让步，除非他们自己存在逻辑错误。
Exactly. Moreover, the French make concessions negotiations unless the logic used in their arguments has been defeated.嗯，我的提案可得仔细筹划、周密安排。
En, I'll make my proposal carefully planned and logically organized.法国人一般注重长期目标，并努力建立牢固的个人关系。
对工作认真负责英文
对工作认真负责英文各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢1. 该员工平时工作认真，有高效率、高质量的工作表现，且在日常生活中能与其他同事团结友爱，互助进取。
This employee works carefully. And he works with high efficiency and remarkable achievements. And in his daily life, he has a sense of solidarity and progress with other colleagues.2. 该员工工作仔细、认真、负责，不但执行力强，且工作配合度也好。
工作成果显著，为我们树立了良好的榜样。
The employee works carefully, earnestly and responsibly。
Not only executive power is strong, but also the working cooperation degrees are well. Work with remarkable achievements andset a good example to us.3. 该员工积极向上，配合度好，平时工作表现很努力，在工作时能以认真、仔细、负责的心态做好自己的工作。
The employee works positively and has a good cooperation degree. performance is very hard. Peacetime work At work, he can do hiswork with carefulness and responsible attitude.4. 该员工工作努力、认真，成果显著，工作态度端正并能及时完成工作任务，深受领导好评！employee is serious and hard-working. The His achievement is remarkable. He can finish the working task in time with decorous working attitude. So he gets a high praise from leadership.5. 该员工作为搅拌室员工，积极进取，工作成果显著，多次得到该部门班长的好评。
Motivation-Visum德国签证动机
Bewerbung um ein StudienvisumSehr geehrte Damen und Herren,ich möchte mich bei Ihnen um ein Visum für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland bewerben.Mein Name ist XXX. Ich bin Studentin im dritten Semester des Masterstudiums am XXX Hochschulkolleg an der XXX-Universität Shanghai. Ich studiere Betriebswirtschaftslehre mit dem Schwerpunkt Finanzmanagement. Das XXX hat ein Austausch-Programm mit der XXX Universität Berlin . Ich habe eine Teilnahme an diesem Programm beantragt und die Zulassung von derTU-Berlin erhalten. Deshalb werde ich als chinesische Austauschstudentin ab April 2013 meinen Studiengang in Deutschland fortsetzen. Das Austausch-Studium dauert 1 Semester. Deswegen möchte ich mich um ein Studienvisum für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland bewerben.Die XXX Universität ist eine der ältesten Technischen Hochschulen Deutschlands. An der Universität liegt die Zahl der ausländischen Studenten bei etwa 20 Prozent. Deshalb ist die TUB internationaler als andere Universitäten Deutschlands. Außerdem ist die XXX bekannt für die hohe Qualität der Forschung und der Lehre. Aus diesem Grund möchte ich dort ein Semester meines Studiums absolvieren.An der XXX Universität werde ich möglichst viel lernen, um meine Fachkenntnisse zu erweitern. Darüber hinaus möchte ich durch den intensiven Kontakt zu Professoren und Kommilitonen meine Sprachkenntnisse verbessern. Obwohl ich die TestDaF-Prüfung bestanden und damit meine Studierfähigkeit unter Beweis gestellt habe, muss ich noch meine mündliche Ausdrucksfähigkeit verbessern. Heutzutage werden Sprachkenntnisse immer wichtiger, da viele Unternehmen großen Wert darauf legen, dass die Mitarbeiter über Kenntnisse verschiedener Sprachen verfügen. Mit guten Sprachkenntnissen können sich nach dem Ende meines Studiums meine Chancen verbessern, eine anspruchsvolle Tätigkeit zu finden.Ich werde einige Seminare und Vorlesungen, die mit meinem Fach Finanzmanagement verbunden sind, belegen. Dadurch kann ich meine Fachkenntnisse in diesem Bereich erweitern und vertiefen. Es wäre schön, wenn ich dort ein einschlägiges Praktikum machen könnte. Nach dem Masterstudium wünsche ich mir in einem deutschen Unternehmen im Bereich Unternehmensfinanzen zu arbeiten. Die Erfahrung in Deutschland wird mir bei der Suche nach einem geeigneten Arbeitsplatz sicher behilflich sein.Ich habe auch vor, mich aktiv am öffentlichen Leben in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zu beteiligen, beispielsweise als Freiwillige im Bereich Umweltschutz sowie Vorträge berühmter Professoren anhören, um über dieaktuelle Entwicklung in Deutschland informiert zu sein. Wichtig wäre es mir auch durch Reisen die vielfältigen Regionen und die kulturellen Unterschiede in Deutschland genauer kennenzulernen . Mein Wunsch ist es, die Deutschen besser zu verstehen und einen Beitrag zum kulturellen Austausch und zum gegenseitigen besseren Verständnis zu leisten. Der Kontakt zu Studenten aus verschiedenen Ländern, den uns die TUB bietet, ist eine gute Möglichkeit Ideen auszutauschen und die interkulturelle Kommunikation zu verstärken. Ich stamme aus einem sehr entlegenen Dorf in XXX. Da ich bisher nicht so viele Möglichkeiten zum Reisen hatte, schätze ich besonders diese Chance, ein Semester in Deutschland zu studieren. Ich freue mich auf das Studium und das Leben in Deutschland.Ich bedanke mich bei Ihnen für die Zeit, die Sie sich genommen haben, meinen Antrag für ein Visum nach Deutschland zu prüfen. Über eine positive Antwort würde ich mich sehr freuen!Mit freundlichen Grüßen,XXX。
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D OING B USINESS IN G ERMANY 在德国经商H AMBURGER T REUHAND G ESELLSCHAFTS CHOMERUS & P ARTNERWIRTSCHAFTSPRÜFUNGSGESELLSCHAFTCONTENTSForeword (3)Introduction (4)Infrastructure (4)Hamburg – The Perfect Place For Business (4)The Federal Republic Of Germany (5)Political And Judical System (5)Economy (5)German Working Conditions (5)Types Of Business Organisation (6)Limited Partnership (6)Limited Liability Company (GmbH) (6)Stock Corporation (AG) (7)Accountancy (7)Financial Statements (7)Taxation (7)Double Taxation Treaty Germany/China (7)Individual Income Tax (7)Wage Tax (7)Capital Yield Tax (8)Corporation Tax (8)Reunification Charge (8)Trade Tax On Income (8)Value Added Tax (VAT) (8)Starting A Business in Hamburg withHTG Schomerus & Partner (9)Contact (10)FOREWORDThis booklet has been prepared for the use of our clients, partners and staff. It is designed to give some general infor-mation to those contemplating doing business in Germany and is not intended to be a comprehensive document. You should consult us, therefore, before taking further action. Hamburger Treuhand Gesellschaft Schomerus & Partner (HTG Schomerus & Partner) cannot be held liable for any action or business decision taken on the basis of informa-tion in this booklet. Of course we are used to communicat-ing with our international clients in English.前言这本小册子供我们的客户、合作伙伴和员工使用。
它为那些计划在德国经商的人提供综合信息，并不是包罗万象的文件。
因此，在进一步采取行动之前，请务必与我们联系。
对于根据这本小册子上的信息而采取的行动或商业决策，汉堡Treuhand Gesellschaft Schomerus & Partner（简称HTG Schomerus & Partner）不承担任何责任。
当然，我们习惯于与国际客户用英语交流。
目录前言 (3)简介 (4)基础设施 (4)汉堡——完美的经商之地 (4)德国联邦共和国 (5)政治和司法体系 (5)经济 (5)德国的工作条件 (5)商业机构类型 (6)有限责任合伙公司 (6)有限责任公司 (GmbH) (6)股份公司 (AG) (7)会计 (7)财务报表 (7)税收 (7)德国/中国双重征税协定 (7)个人所得税 (7)工资税 (7)资本收益税 (8)公司所得税 (8)统一税 (8)收入贸易税 (8)增值税(VAT) (8)与HTG SCHOMERUS & PARTNER合作，在汉堡开始崭新事业 (9)联系方式 (10)34简介基础设施德国联邦共和国（FRG）是一个工业化的国家，政治和经济状况稳定，拥有高效率的工业和优秀合适的工人。
其地理位置和卓越的基础设施使德国成为出色的投资地点。
德国提供良好而可靠的投资环境，总体来说，其经济政策欢迎海外投资。
德国和各州提供各种投资津贴和信贷计划。
随着东欧各国政治和经济体系的变化，德国成为通往东欧市场的大门。
在德国开设企业十分简便。
对外国投资者来说，在德国建立分公司或分支机构的法律要求与德国本国人士相同。
如果中国企业希望在德国创办商业机构，不需要特殊的许可或德国商业伙伴。
汉堡——完美的经商之地在哪里可以找到欧洲最有活力的商业中心与拥有重要购买力和极大吸引力的市场？ 答案是在北欧。
在21世纪之初，波罗的海地区是高速发展的地区，而汉堡是它的经济首府，这个城市与欧洲中部的所有市场紧密联系。
800多年来，汉堡是各类商品在北欧最重要的贸易中心，也是往返波罗的海国家的海外贸易中枢。
现在，无数国家将汉堡看作是通往东西欧市场的大门。
3500多家国际企业在大汉堡地区开展业务，其中有500多家来自亚洲和斯堪的纳维亚地区。
对于来自美国和东欧的国家来说，汉堡也是德国最重要的地区之一。
汉堡是德国的第二大城市，拥有一百七十多万居民，也是德国最强大的商业地区之一。
它所创造的人均GDP还在德国各邦中名列第一。
汉堡的经济以服务业为主，约有四分之三的劳动力在这个板块就业。
尽管贸易和交通一向是汉堡服务业板块中的主要行业，目前有将近一半的劳动力从事媒体、软件供应商、电信、银行、保险和招待行业，而在所谓的数字经济中，汉堡成为欧洲最主要的地区之一。
尽管服务板块仍然发挥着主导作用，但是汉堡也是德国主要的制造业地区之一。
汉堡是最卓越的地区——是您在德国创业的专业合作伙伴。
我们希望不久就能在汉堡不断增加的国际企业中看到您的公司。
INTRODUCTIONINFRASTRUCTUREThe Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is an industrial-ised nation with stable political and economic conditions, an efficient industry and highly qualified workers. The geographic location and excellent infrastructure contribute to the importance of Germany as a strategically outstand-ing investment location. Germany provides a good and solid investment climate and economic policy generally welcomes foreign investment. There are various invest-ment grants and credit programmes financed by Germany and its states.With the change of the political and economic systems in the eastern European states, Germany is a gateway to eastern European markets.Setting up a business in Germany is very easy. Legalrequirements for founding a subsidiary or a branch in Ger-many are the same for foreign investors as for Germans. Chinese companies do not need a specific permission or German business partner if they want to create a business unit in Germany.HAMBURG – THE PERFECT PLACE FOR BUSINESS Where do you find one of Europe’s most dynamic business centres and an attractive market with significant purchas-ing power? In Northern Europe.At the dawn of the 21st century the Baltic Region is a high-growth area and Hamburg is its economic capital, a city with excellent links to all the markets of Central Europe. For more than 800 years Hamburg has been Northern Eu-rope’s most important trading centre for all kinds of goods and a key hub of overseas trade to and from the countries of the Baltic. Nowadays, numerous countries see Hamburg as the gateway to the markets of Western and EasternEurope. More than 3,500 international firms operate in and from the Greater Hamburg Region, including more than 500 from both Asia and Scandinavia. Hamburg is also one of the most important locations in Germany for firms from the US and Eastern Europe.Hamburg is Germany’s second city with more than 1.7 million inhabitants and one of the country’s most power-ful business locations. It also generates the highest per capita GDP of any German state. Hamburg’s economy is dominated by services with around three-quarters of the workforce employed in this sector.Although trade and transport were traditionally the major industries in Hamburg’s service sector, nearly half the workforce is now employed in the media, software provid-er, telecommunications, banking, insurance and hospitality industries while in the so-called digital economy Hamburg has become one of the Europe’s leading locations. Despite the dominant role played by the service sector, Hamburg is also one of Germany’s leading manufacturing locations. Hamburg is a location par excellence – a professionalpartner for your entrepreneurial activities in Germany. We hope we can soon count you among the growing ranks of Hamburg’s international business community.5德国联邦共和国政治和司法体系德国联邦共和国是一个民主联邦，由16个邦(Länder)组成。