人体隐喻

The difference of body-part metaphor in Chinese andEnglishAbstract: The sense of people is originate ourselves and extend to our round. This way of perceive things in language is metaphor. When it reflects on bodies of people is called the body-part metaphor. The record is according to the cognitive view and rule of metaphor. From the study, I discovered that there were externalization and internalization in body-part metaphor. Subject and object have not been completely separated. The world human knows is not the world itself, but a humanized world.K eyword: body-part metaphor, externalization, internalization, humanization world.Ⅰ, Externalization in body-part metaphor1, The metaphor of head1.1, Head is the top of somethingFor example, in Chinese, 山顶（the head of mountain）,针头（head of needle）绳子的两头（a rope has two heads）. In English, head of a match, head of page, head of a queue, head of flower, head of stairs, head of a bed,1.2, Head is starting point and terminal poin tIn Chinese”head “ has many meanings. For example, in Chinese, 起头（it means start）. 从头做起（it means start all over again from the beginning）. 从头再来（it means start all over again）. 从头到尾（it means from beginning to the end）. 从头开始（it means start anew）.1.3, head is the firstFor example, in Chinese, 头等（it means the first）. 首都（it means capital of one country）. 首屈一指（it means second to none）. 首当其冲（it means throw one self into the breach）.1.4, head is aspectIn Chinese, it means one person do something need to give consideration to two or more things.1.5, head is lifeIn Chinese, 抛头颅洒热血（it means one person contribute his or her life to something）. In English, for example it cost him his head. Put one’s head in/into noose.1.6, head is ability of thinkingIn Chinese, for example, 头脑灵活（it means one person is so clever）. In English, for example, He is weak in the head. He lost his head. He doesn’t have a head for mathematic. Use your head. The phrase has keep one’s head screwed on the right way. It means the thinking of one person is clearly. Have a good head for something, it means a person can control something.A level head, it means a person is dispassionate. Scratch one’s head, it means one person is confused to something. Go off one’s head, it means one person is crazy. A wolly head, it means one person is confused.1.7, head means personFor example, in English hot head means a person of impatient disposition. A head/per head means everyone or one person.1.8, head is the leader of a groupIn Chinese, 首领，头领，元首，首脑mean a leader of the group. In English, the head of the department and the head of a class.1.9, head is the keyFor example, in English it comes to a head. It means this is very serious moment in time.1.10, head means feelingFor example, in Chinese, 垂头丧气（it means one person’s mood is down）.In English, for example, to hold one’s head high, to be off one’s head, to go to somebody’s head, to lose one’s head, hot-headed, to have a swelled head.2, The metaphor of “face”2.1, The face is something or external appearanceF or example, in Chinese 版面（the appearance of the book）, 路面（the appearance of the road）, 桌面（the appearance of the table）,. I n English, face ofa mountain, face of a building, face of the earth, face of a clock.2.2, The face means peopleF or example, in C hinese, 新面孔（it means new people）.In English, a new face, different, a famous/well-known face.2.3, Face of a person or organization performance their way to other peopleF or example, in Chinese, 面貌（it means the appearance of one person）.In English, the acceptable face of Soviet foreign policy. He may have difficulty persuading the security force to adopt a more human face.2.4, The face is the dignity and reputationFor example, in Chinese, 有面子（have dignity）, 要面子（want to have dignity）, 丢脸（lose one’s dignity）.In English, lose face, save face, have the face to do something.2.5, The face is the focus of interaction and relationshipFor example in Chinese, 当面（face to face）.In English, face to face. For example, They call their teacher ’Fatty’, but never to his face.2.6, Face the emotional responseFor example, in Chinese, 愁眉苦脸（it means one person’s mood is down）, 笑脸（it means one person is so happy）, 脸色（it means complexion）. In English, a happy face, a smiling face, an angry face, be double-faced, pull/put on/have/wear a long face.2.7, Face reflected in the spatial domainFor example, in Chinese, 前面（in front of something）, 东面（east）, 南面（south），西面（west）, 北面（north）.In English, in the face of , the north face of the mountain.3, The metaphor of “eye”3.1, The eye is the hole of one thingFor example, in Chinese, 龙眼（it means the source of water）, 泉眼（it means the source of spring）, 枪眼（it means The loophole）.In English, the eye of the storm(a storm’s center), eye of potato, eye in a flower, hooks and eyes, eye of a hurricane, the eye of a needle.3.2, Eye means lookFor example, in Chinese, 眼见为实（Seeing is believing）, 亲眼所见（see）, 眼疾手快（Sharp eyes and agile hands or nimble fingers）, 触目惊心（See the scene which is dreadful to one's mind）, 一目了然（Stick out a mile）.In English, for example, Would you cast your eye over these calculation to check that they are correct. His eyes fell upon an advertisement in the magazine. The government sems to be closing its eyes to the plight of the unemployed. You can’t justshut your eyes to your problems and hope they’ll go away. The manager turneda blind eye when his staff were late.3.3, Understanding is seeIn Chinese, for example, 在我看来（in my opinion）, 独具慧眼（Have a special insight understanding）, 鼠目寸光（Short-sighted）, 世界观（World outlook）, 人生观（Outlook on life）, 悲观（Pessimism）, 乐观（Optimistic）, 客观（Objective）, 宏观（Macroscopic）.In English, for example, In my eyes, it is a very sound investment. The way he deceived me opened my eye to his true character. Developing an eye for a horse is not something which can be taught via a book.3.4, Eye observation, judgment ability of foodFor example, in Chinese, 有眼光（Good taste）, 眼高手低（Have grandiose aims but puny abilities）.In English, have a good eye for something, to my eye.3.5, For the foreseeable futureFor example, in Chinese, 目标（goal）. In English, with an eye to.4, The metaphor of “ear”4.1, Ear means listenFor example, in Chinese, 耳闻（listen）,耳熟能详（For having heard it many times）, 耳聪目明（Have good ears and eyes）.In English, She has sharp ears. He tried to give a sympathetic ear to the patient.4.2, Ear refers to the ability of a thing to understand or judge heardIn English, for example, He has always had a good ear for a tune. I’m proud of my extraordinarily good ear for accents and dialects.5, The metaphor of “nose”5.1, The surface uplift or hole part is the noseFor example, in Chinese, 门鼻儿（The door handle）.In English, the nose means the head of train.5.2, The nose means discover or ability to find thingsFor example, in English, He had a nose for a situation. If there was something amiss, he sensed it. He had a nose for trouble and a brilliant tactical mind.5.3, To explore the noseIn English, for example, stick/poke your nose, it means p ut one 's finger into another's pie or To interfere in other people's private affairs.5.4, Nose means find out, the ability to recognizeIn English, for example, have a good nose for, that means A natural at for something.7, The metaphor of “mouth”7.1, Artifacts and figured partIn Chinese, for example, 瓶子口（The opening of the bottle）, 碗口（bowl）, 窗口(the window). In English, mouth means the opening of bottles.7.2, mouth means Exit and entranceIn Chinese, for example, 洞口(the hole), 火山口(crater), 风口（Tuyere）. In English, for example, mouth of a hole, mouth of a tunnel, mouth of a cave, mouth of a river, mouth of a well, mouth of a volcano.7.3, mouth means expressFor example, in Chinese, 口吃(stutter), 口碑(word of mouth), 口才(Eloquence), 口若悬河(Talk rapidly), 口口声声( keep on proclaiming). In English, open your mouth.7.4, mouth means peopleFor example, in Chinese, 拖家带口(Have family burden), 五口之家(a family of five). I n English, a useless mouth, that means foolish. Big mouth is unusual way to use, it means A talkative person.8. The metaphor of “tongue”8,1 The object is extended part of tongueFor example, in Chinese, 帽舌（the visor）, 火舌(flames). In English, a tongue of land, a tongue of a flame.8,2 tongue means sayFor example, in Chinese, 饶舌(rap), 舌战(war of words), 费口舌(Waste of breath). In English, slip of tongue, bite one’s tongue, loosen somebody’s tongue, find one’s tongue.8,3 tongue means languageIn English, Latin was for hundreds of years the common tongue to much of Europe.8,4 tongue means the way to talkFor example, in English, She has an acid tongue, she can raise laughs at other people’s expense. He was also by nature an intellectual bully with a cutting tongue.ⅡThe internal organs of metaphor1, The metaphor of “heart”1,1 heart is the center of one thingFor example, in Chinese, 中心(center), 圆心(the heart of the circle), 靶心(the bull’s eye), 球心（the center of the ball）. In English, heartland, the heart of the city, the heart of a cabbage.1,2 The heart is a pointed head, shaped like a heart objectsFor example, in Chinese, “V” means Heart-shaped. In English, purple, a kind of dragon.1,3 heart means importantFor example, in Chinese, 心肝（baby）.In English, sweet heart, the heart of the matter.1,4 heart means conscienceFor example, in Chinese, 良心(conscience), 扪心自问(Lay the hand on the heart and examine oneself), 问心无愧(feeling no shame). In English, search one’s heart.1,5 heart means courageFor example, in Chinese, 灰心丧气(get disheartened). In English,take/gather heart, to lose heart. In sentences, for example, Take heart, for all is not lost. And, until now he had managed to keep up his classes at the University, but he lost heart for study and dropped out of school.Except that, we can use heart like this, never the heart and keep one’s heart up.1,6 The heart is the carrier of emotionFor example, in Chinese, 心潮澎湃(Be full of excitement ), 扣人心弦(exciting), 心乱如麻(The mind is very confused). In English, when you feel happy and excited, we can use, for one’s heart bleed for somebody, lose one’s heart to somebody, have one’s heart in the right place, wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve. When you feel sad and upset, we can use, break somebody’s heart, for one’s heart to sink, heart-ache, heart tending. When you feel scared, we can use, have one’s heart in one’s boots, have one’s heart in one’s mouth, for one’s heart to miss a beat, for one’s heart to turn.2, The metaphor of “bile”In Chinese, bile means courage. F or example, 胆量(guts), 狗胆包天(Monstrous audacity), 胆大妄为(reckless). In English, bile means have no shame.F or example, have the gall to do something.3, The metaphor of stomach3,1 stomach means interested in somethingIn English, if you want to express the thing is not conform to your hobby, you can use, it goes against my stomach. And if you do not like do something, you can say have no stomach for a fight/talk.3,2 stomach means to bear unpleasant things.F or example, don’t watch that film unless you have a strong stomach.4, The metaphor of visceral4,1 visceral means courage, willpower and determination.In English, She has guts, which is unusual in a young actress.Y ou do not need capital to start in business, you need guts and the absolute belief that you will succeed.4,2 visceral means t he instinctive reactionIn English, gut reaction/feeling/instinct and so on. For example, he had a gut feeling that Sarah was buying. W hen you want to say do something as you feel, we can use at gut level. F or example, she knew at gut level that he was guilty.5, The metaphor of blood5,1 Blood is the main genetic materialIn Chinese, 血缘(Blood kinship). In English, we can use blood as follows: My father regretted that he himself had no Jewish blood. He is got Spanish blood in him. He will be your husband’s closet blood relative.5,2 blood is natural instinctsI n English, we can say as follows: Acting is in her blood. I am a man of the countryside. I t is in my blood.5,3 blood means moodF or example, in Chinese, 热血沸腾(One's blood boils with indignation), 血气方刚(full of sap). In English, bad blood, it means one person is so angry;hot-blooded, it means The mood is very fierce.5,4 blood means peopleFor example: It is good to have some new blood in the department. T he meaning is new persons in the department is a good thing.6, The metaphor of bone6,1 bone means An object plays a supporting roleFor example, in Chinese, 伞骨(bracket of the umbrella).6,2 bone means The most basic contentIn English, if we want to say basic content, we can use the bare bones.F or example: This is just the bare bones of the plan – it is still in theearly stage.6,3 bone means limitF or example, in English, close, it means Someone has said or writtensomething they hate but the truth, so annoying. And something is cut or pared to the bones is means something was decreased greatly.7, The metaphor of nerve7,1 nerve means moodF or example, in English, get on one’s nerve, it means someone is soangry. A nd set one’s nerves on edge is means that the person is so upset.7,2 nerve means courageF or example, in English, have the nerve to do something , it takesa lot of nerve to do something and lose one’s nerve and so on. H ave a nervewas used in oral language. I t means have no shame.Based on the above, The most basic in the metaphor phenomenon of human cognition, metaphor, the most common than body metaphor. Because the basic law of the cognition of the world people are from the near to the distant, from concrete to abstract. While the human is so recent, most closely related to things, so early in the history of human civilization, people around the word know external things always cannot help, without exception, to follow the “in the body, from the objects of law” and it equals to People always put his body including the brain as a measure of the things around, the cognitive experience of human use of other objects of cognition, theconcept of projection for human to another object, so as to construct a new concept for this object. Thus,Human metaphorical thinking is one of the primitive human is one of the most widespread and important way of thinking.11402 027 闫池。