2018初中英语教师资格证笔试复习资料
2018年初中英语教师资格考试试题及答案
2018年初中英语教师资格考试试题及答案一、单项选择题1、……between the England (2分)正确答案:D. Bilabial2、……which of the following is a……inEnglish (2分) 正确答案:B. [??]3、……there is ……so students have to (2分)正确答案:此题暂无4、……out of everone's expectation (2分)正确答案:C. on5、……she——it very well when (2分)正确答案:A. put6、……we don't……possible to master (2分)正确答案:D. it7、……the same mistkaes in the annual (2分)正确答案:A. His having made8、……i would have told him the (2分)正确答案:C. was9、……the use of the expression (2分)正确答案:A. quantity10、……which of the following is an evaluation (2分) 正确答案:A. Initiative more11、……which of the following ……language (2分)正确答案:D. pattern practice12、……if a teacher shows how to do (2分)正确答案:B. demonstration13、……when a teacher asks students to discuss how (2分)正确答案:B.analyze the structure of the passage14、……which of the following practices can encourage (2分)正确答案:C. finding detailed information15、……which of the following is a display question (2分)正确答案:D. Whathappened to the girl at the end of the story16、……which of the following would a teacher encourage (2分)正确答案:B. to summarize a story17、……which of the following exercises would a teacher most (2分)正确答案:A. paraphrasing sentence18、……the advantages of pair and group (2分)正确答案:D. opportunities to guarantee accuracy19、……which of the following should a teacher avoid (2分)正确答案:B. Teaching words in context and giving examples.20、……which of the following practices is most likely to (2分)正确答案:A. Doing a project.21、……academic achievement standards (2分)正确答案:此题暂无22、……due to the change in mission (2分)正确答案:此题暂无23、……accommodate in paragraph 4 (2分)正确答案:此题暂无24、……by the author about the emotional (2分)正确答案:此题暂无25、……is likely to be the (2分)正确答案:此题暂无26、……a rite of passage (2分)正确答案:A. A milestone event27、……is true about (2分)正确答案:B. A woman Robin loved28、……has been a defining (2分)正确答案:C. A supporter of King Richard29、……mehtod is used by (2分)正确答案:B. Contrast and comparison30、……is a proper title (2分)正确答案:C. The figurative Robin Hood二、简答题31、……三个主要作用(6分)，四种活动形式(8分)，三点注意事项(6分)。
2018初中英语教师资格证笔试复习资料
第一部分语言知识与能力1．掌握英语语言的基础知识，了解语言研究中与英语教学相关的基本概念和知识，并能在课堂教学中加以运用。
2．具有良好的英语语言运用能力，包括用英语进行书面表达、获取教学资源和信息、表达思想情感和与学生良好沟通的能力；能够筛选并改编适合初中学生英语水平的语言材料。
3．能够在语篇中理解英语国家的语言、历史和文学等相关的社会文化知识。
第一章英语语言基础知识1.根据发音时是否受到发音器官的阻碍及阻碍程度，将26个英文字母分为三类：元音字母，半元音字母和辅音字母。
元音字母有5个：a,e,i,o,u。
半元音字母有：w,y。
2.音素(phoneme)是音的最小单位，有区分语言意义的作用。
英语中有48个音素，分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。
其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。
3.音标是记录音素的符号，是音素的标写符号。
一个音素只用一个音标表示，而一个音标并不知表示一个音素。
标音法：用音标标记语音的方法。
宽式标音法和严式标音法两种。
宽式标音法是用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式。
严式标音法是一种使用变音符号的标音方式，旨在记录同一个音在不同的语音环境下所发生的细微的变化。
国际音标，K.K音标，D.J音标。
4.音节的类型：单音节，双音节，三音节，多音节，成音节。
重读音节的四大类型：开音节，闭音节，-r音节，-re音节。
5音节的划分：（1）一个音节至少有一个元音字母（2）当两个元音字母中间只有一个辅音字母时，而且左边的元音又是按重读开音节规则发音，这个辅音字母通常划入右边的音节。
（3）两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母或辅音字母组合，左边的元音按重读闭音节规则发音，那么这个辅音字母或辅音字母组合通常划入左边的音节。
（4）如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母，通常这两个辅音字母分别划入左右两个音节。
（5）如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母，第一个是r，这两个辅音字母分别划入左右两个音节。
（6）如果两个元音或元音和半元音字母组合发的是一个元音或双元音，划分音节时，不能将其从中分开，要划在一起。
2018年上教师资格证考试初级英语真题解析答案
2018年上半年中小学教师资格考试英语学科知识与教学能力试题（初级中学）参考答案及解析一、单项选择题1．【答案】D。
解析：本题考查辅音的分类。
根据辅音的分类，按照发音部位，/p/，/b/，/m/都属于双唇音（bilabial）；按照发音方式，/p/，/b/是爆破音（plosive），/m/是鼻音（nasal）。
故本题选D。
2．【答案】B。
解析：本题考查元音的分类。
根据元音的分类，可知/ə:/属于中元音，/ɔ:/属于后元音，/e/属于前元音。
但/ʌ/比较特殊，发此音时舌头的最高位置偏中后，所以有的分类系统会把它归为中元音，也有的把它归为后元音，考生在做此类题时要根据选择项的情况灵活处理。
3．【答案】A。
解析：本题考查习惯搭配。
句意为“因为学校只有一个滑梯，所以学生们不得不轮流使用”。
take turns to do sth.为习惯搭配，意为“轮流去做某事”。
故本题选A。
4．【答案】C。
解析：本题考查介词用法。
句意为“出乎所有人意料，约翰逊在一个雨夜突然回来了”。
与具体时间搭配的介词为on。
表示具体某天或某天的上午、下午、晚上等特定日期时，前面应用介词on。
如果day，morning，afternoon，evening，night等表示时间的名词前有形容词修饰时表示某一特定时间，也需用介词on。
5．【答案】A。
解析：本题考查动词辨析。
句意为“她把他弟弟表述成‘聪明但懒惰’，这真是说得太好了”。
put有“说，表达”的意思，put it very well意为“说得很好”。
make“做，制造”，assume “假定，承担”，interpret“解释，口译”。
故本题选A。
6．【答案】D。
解析：本题考查it作形式宾语时的用法。
当不定式、动名词或从句在复合宾语结构中作动词think，make，find，consider，feel，suppose等的宾语时，常用it用作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
句意为“我们认为不进行大量的记忆是不可能掌握一门外语的”。
2018初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结
2018初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR第一部分语言知识与能力第一章英语语言知识二、语音（Speech Sounds）P781、语音分类发音方式发音部位VL - 清浊音（voiceless consonant） VD - 浊辅音（voiced consonant）2、音系学（phonology）P79（1）同化规则（assimilation Rule）progressive assimilation 顺同化（前面带偏后面）workedregressive assimilation 逆同化（后面带偏前面）newspaperreciprocal/double assimilation 互相同化 did you（2）音节（syllable） tea chi-na im-pos-si-ble重音（stress）声调（tone）（3）语音变化（vocal variety）liaison 连读 pick it upplosion 爆破音plosion loss 失去爆破 sit down ；incomplete plosion 不完全爆破 ask ed nasal plosion 鼻腔爆破 button ；lateral plosion 舌边爆破 little三、形态学（Morphology）1、morpheme 词素重点！ P87（1）free morpheme 自由词素 dog ；bound morpheme 黏着词素 moonwalk（2）root 词根； affix 词缀（prefix 前缀、suffix 后缀）； stem 词干 friend-ships （3）inflectional affix 屈折词缀 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式（4）derivational affix 派生词缀改变词性和意义2、（1）inflection 屈折变化 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式（2）word-formation 词的形成：compounding 复合法 through-outderivation 派生法（prefixation 前缀化 suffixation 后缀化）il-logical-ly3、常见构词法P89invention 新创词 nylon ；blending 混成法 smoke+fog=smogclipping 截断法 advertisement=ad ；initialism 首字母连写词 WTOacronym 首字母拼音词 AIDS ；back-formation 逆构词法 editor--editanalogical creation 类似构词 work--wrought/workedtypes of borrowing 借词法：loanword/borrowing 借词 feast（法语中借来）loanblend 混合借词 Chinatown （本国加外来）loanshift 转移借词 bridge （借用意义）loan translation 翻译借词（从别种语言翻译而来）4、词义变化broadening 词义扩大 bird 小鸟--鸟类；narrowing 词义缩小 girl 年轻人--女孩meaning shift 词义转移；class shift 词性转换；folk etymology 俗词源（错多了成了对的）四、句法学（Syntax） P911、句法关系syntagmatic relation 组合关系（horizontal relation/chain relation）构成同一形式、序列或结构paradigmatic relation 聚合关系（vertical relation/choice relation）各要素可相互替换relation of co-occurrence 共现关系（不同集合的词语一起组成句子）2、句子结构和成分immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法（IC分析法）The boy ate the apple. 用树形图（tree diagram）一般句子，主谓宾之类的endocentric construction 向心结构一个词或词组可以确定为中心（center）或中心词（head）two stone bridge 一般名词/动词/形容词短语exocentric construction 离心结构没有确定的中心或中心词 The boy smiled. 一般动宾/系表结构deep structure 深层结构（含义相同，说法不同）surface structure 表层结构（句子表述方式）五、语义学（Semantics） P931、涵义关系（Sense Relations）lexical relation 词汇关系（1）同义关系（Synonymy）synonyms 同义词stylistic 文体差别(formality) buy--perchase ；dialectal 地域差别 underground--subwaycollocational 搭配差别 accuse(of)--charge(with) ；emotive 情感差别 thrifty--stingy ；semantic 语义差别 enough--ample（2）反义关系（Antonymy）antonyms 反义词 relational opposites 意义相反词gradable antonymy 等级反义 warm--coolcomplementary antonymy 互补反义 boy--girlconverse antonymy 反向反义关系 buy--sell（3）上下义关系（Hyponymy）种类和成员包括上坐标词（superordinate）和下义词（hyponymy） flower--rose/tulip（4）一词多义（Polysemy）（5）同音/同形异义现象（Homonymy）homophone 同音异义 sun--sonhomograph 同形异义 liecomplete homonym 完全同音同形异义 bank 岸边；银行2、句子逻辑关系 iff--充分必要条件“S is true iff P”P就是S的真值条件（truth condition）P （1）synonymy 同义关系“X is synonymous with Y.”同真同假 P95（2）contradiction 矛盾关系“X is inconsistent with Y.”一真一假（3）entailment 蕴含关系“X entails Y.” X小，Y大 X：old man Y：man（4）presupposition 预设关系“X presupposes Y.” Y是前提 X：repair the car Y：have a car六、语用学（Pragmatics） P961、言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）（1）locutionary act 发话行为（说话人表达字面意思）is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood.（2）illocutionary act 行事行为（说话人表达意图）is the act in saying something to perform a function.（3）perlocutionary act 取效行为（作用于听话人的效果）is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.言外之意（illocutionary point）：representatives 阐述类； directives 指令类； commissives 承诺类；expressives 表达类； declarations 宣告类2、会话含义理论（Conversational Principle/Maxim） violate 违反 P97cooperative principle,CP 合作原则（会话有共同目标）“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”（1）the maxim of quantity数量准则（信息充分）（2）the maxim of quality质量准则（说实话）（3）the maxim of relation相关准则（说相关的事）（4）the maxim of manner方式准则（清楚简洁避免歧义）conversational implicature 会话含义（用会话准则暗示意义）（1）calculability 可推导性（含义能理解）（2）cancellability 可取消性（defeasibility）（因素变化，含义变化）（3）non-detachability 不可分离性（含义依附于内容）（4）non-conventionality非规约性（含义不确定）七、修辞学（Rhetoric）问法：rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辞策略 P981、simile明喻 like,as...as,as if,as though,similar to,such as2、metaphor隐喻（暗含比较） elephant pause3、personification拟人（把事物或概念当做人）4、metonymy借代（用事物的名称代替亲密相关的另一事物）5、synecdoche提喻（部分代替整体或整体代替部分） hand/mouth--man6、euphemism婉言 die--pass away7、irony反语（意思相反）8、allegory讽喻9、exaggeration夸张（夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣）10、transferred epithet移位修辞 nervous exam11、oxymoron矛盾修辞 bitter-sweet memory12、pun双关语（homophonic puns 谐音双关；homographic puns 语义双关）八、语言教学 P1001、中介语（interlanguage）2、对比分析（contrastive analysis）3、错误分析（error analysis）（1）error错误（因为知识不足）mistake失误（不注意犯错）（2）interlingual errors语际错误（迁移错误）因为母语 Cnglishintralingual errors语内错误（发展性错误）因为过度概括语言规则 eat-eated(错)4、错误性质：omissions 省略（少成分）；additions 添加（多成分）；misformations 形式错误（eated）；double markings 双重标记（didn’t went）；misorderings 顺序错误（how you are）5、我国外语学习者错误类型（1）negative transfer 负迁移/干扰因为母语（2）over-generalization过度类推/过度概括因为过度概括语言规则（3）pragmatic failure语用错误违反对方的文化习俗6、第二外语习得理论（Second Language Acquisition,SLA）（1）Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis语言习得和学得假说（习得和学得两条不同的途径）（2）Monitor Hypothesis语言监察假说（学习者自己监督控制语言输出质量）（3）Input Hypothesis语言输入假说（接触理解可理解性语言输入comprehensible input）（4）Affective Filter Hypothesis情感过滤假说（输入input和吸收intake受到动力motivation、性格personality、情感状态affective state）（5）Natural Order Hypothesis自然顺序假说（可以不按任何语法顺序来教学）第二章英语语言运用能力一、教学中的非语言交际1、非语言手段 P118environment language环境语（座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等）object language客体语（个人，衣着化妆、个人用品等）2、非语言行为body language体态语（身姿、手势、表情、目光）paralanguage 副语言（声音音质、音量、语调、语速）第三章英语国家的语言、历史和文学三、语言、文化和社会1、局部结构 P131毗邻对（adjacency pairs）一轮对话（1）毗邻对的条件相关性（conditional relevance）preferred second part/preference structure 优选结构 Hidispreferred second part/dispreference structure 非优选结构relevant absence 相关缺失（2）毗邻对的扩展base pairs 根毗邻对（被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对）前扩展，指前序列（pre-sequences），包括邀请、请求、结束、宣告中扩展，包括插入序列（insertion sequences）和旁侧序列（side sequences）后扩展，指后序列（post sequences），包括会话修正和主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个部分：修正源（trouble source）、修正的发起（repair initiation）、修正（repair） lexical 词汇启动（no,sorry,let me see,you know）non-lexical 非词汇启动（um..,uh..）四、语言与文字1、小说语言 P134（1）小说与视角first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者（I）third-person narrator第三人称叙述者（he,she,it,they）（2）语言表达与思想表达direct speech 直接言语（“F**k you”）indirect speech间接言语（he said/asked）free indirect speech 自由间接言语第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章初中英语课程标准一、初中英语课程基础知识1、英语课程的性质 P149The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.（工具性和人文性）Students’ overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.2、英语课程的设计思路The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies both primary and secondary school English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning into nine competence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method.Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school. Level 2--primary school二、英语课程的分级标准 P1541、语言技能（Language Skills）Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of abilities regarding language knowledge, language skills, affect, learning strategies as well as cultural awareness for relevant levels.2、语言知识（Language Knowledge）（语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题）Students are required to learn consists of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, function and theme.3、情感态度（Affect）（兴趣、动机、自信、意志和合作精神；祖国意识和国际视野）interest, motivation, confidence, will and cooperation; National consciousness and international vision.4、学习策略（Learning Strategies）（认知、调控、交际、资源）Learning strategies can be classified into four groups: cognitive strategy, regulative strategy, communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.5、文化意识（Cultural Awareness/Understanding）（历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念）Historical geography, local customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, norms of behavior, literature and art, values.三、英语课程的实施建议 P1611、教学建议（1）面向全体学生，为每个学生学习英语奠定基础（2）注意语言实践，培养学生的语言运用能力（3）加强学习策略指导，培养学生自主学习能力（4）培养学生的跨文化交际意识，发展跨文化交际能力（5）结合实际教学需要，创造性地使用教材（6）合理利用各种教学资源，提高学生的学习效率（7）组织生动活泼的课外活动，拓展学生的学习渠道（8）不断提高专业水平，努力适应课程要求第二章初中英语教学基本理论一、语言观（Views of Language） P1731、语言的概念Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2、语言的本质特征/设计特性（design features）（1）arbitrariness 任意性（体现了convention规约性）（2）duality 二重性（basic level, higher level基层和高层）（3）creativity 创造性/productivity能产性（4）displacement 移位性（赋予generalizations, abstractions概括和抽象）（5）cultural transmission 文化传习性3、语言的功能（Functions of Language）（1）informative function信息功能（2）interpersonal function人际功能（3）performative function施为功能（4）emotive function情绪功能（5）phatic function寒暄功能（6）recreational function娱乐功能（7）metalingual function元语言功能4、语言学角度的语言观（1）The Structural View of Language 结构语言观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax.（2）The Function View of Language 功能语言观the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.（3）The Interactional View of Language 交互语言观（interaction, dynamics交互性和动态）the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.二、语言学习观（Views of Language Learning） P1761、语言学习理论（1）Behaviorist Learning Theory 行为主义学习理论Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning (stimulus, response, and reinforcement)（2）Cognitive Learning Theory认知主义学习理论Cognitive theory thinks that “language is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced”.（3）Constructivist Learning Theory构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows.最近发展区理论 Zone of Proximal Development三、语言教学观（Views of Language Teaching） P1781、语言教学理论（结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论）四、外语教学法的主要流派1、grammar-translation method 语法翻译法2、audio-lingual method 听说法（pattern drill 句型操练、contrastive analysis对比分析法）3、total physical response 全身反应教学法 P1814、cognitive approach 认知教学法（提高accuracy, appropriateness得体性）5、communicate approach 交际法（包含function,notion功能和意念） P183（1）交际能力（communicative competence）grammatical competence 语法能力、sociolinguistic 社会语言能力、discourse 语篇能力、strategic 策略能力、linguistic 语言能力、pragmatic语用能力、fluency流利性（2）3P教学模式：presentation--practice--production6、task-based approach任务型教学 P184（1）real-world tasks /target tasks 目标任务； pedagogical tasks 教学任务（2）任务的四个构成元素：objective、context、process、outcome（3）information gap 信息差/信息沟activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom context./should help develop students’ language ability.（4）constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论（强调scene, writing, conversation, and meaning construction情景、写作、会话和意义建构）（5）任务型教学的三个环节：pre-task前任务、task-cycle任务环（task、planning、report）、language focus语言聚焦（analysis、practice）第三章初中英语语言知识教学一、语音教学 P1921、语音教学的内容The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be①consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.②intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.③communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2、Pronunciation knowledge teaching发音知识教学（monophonic, alphabet, phonetic symbols单音、字母、音标）3、Flow of language teaching语流教学（sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation重音、节奏、语调）4、The principle of phonetic teaching语音教学的原则（accuracy, long-term, integrity, communication, pertinence, interest准确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则）5、The teaching method of phonetics语音的教学方法 P195（1）Sound perception听音感知练习方法：using minimal pairs 最小对立体(live--leave)、which order 排序、same or different 辨别异同、odd one out 同中选异、completion 填空（2）Imitation and explanation 模仿讲解personally demonstration、imitate、 practice亲自示范，反复模仿、练习（3）Pronunciation practice发音练习练习方法：listen and repeat 听音模仿、fill in the blanks 填空、using pictures 借助图片、using meaningful context 借助情景make up sentences 造句、using togue twisters运用绕口令（4）语流教学（见上）慢动作（slow motion speaking）二、词汇教学 P197 language teaching theories 理论构成：receptive/passive vocabulary 接受性/消极词汇和productive/产出性/积极词汇1、Learning content教学内容（1）word meaning 词汇的意义 include learning form,meaning and use.Knowing a word means: knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical properties/ its meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.词汇意义包括conceptual meaning 、 associated meaning 概念意义和关联意义概念意义：词典中意思，即literal meaning/ denotation 字面意思/词汇的外延、关联意义：文化含义与语境意义，又称connotation 词汇的内涵( learn in the context )（2）word use 词汇的用法包括：collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register 搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域（3）word information 词汇信息包括：part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar features 词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特征（4）word memory strategies 词汇记忆策略avoid rote-learning 避免死记硬背 word-building构词法猜测词义2、Learning principle教学原则（1）音形义结合 pronounce、spelling、meaning（2）词块整体教学 lexical chunks ( knowledge of collocation 搭配)（3）具体语境中教 learn in the context（4）循序渐进 step by step（5）反复练习巩固记忆 review（6）培养自学词汇能力 deduce the meaning of words猜测词义3、Teaching method教学方法 P200（1）呈现词汇:visual/physical demonstration 直观呈现Word-building 构词法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答verbal context/ situation 结合语境/创设情境运用词汇学习策略，如chunks/ reasoning/ analog/ using dictionary归类/推理/类比/查字典（2）巩固词汇：labelling/ spot the difference/ describe the draw/ play a game/ word bingo/word association贴标签/找茬/描述绘画/玩游戏（宾果）/词汇联想三、语法教学 P2011、Content 教学内容grammar语法具有Three dimensions三维性：form, meaning and usage形式、意义和用法semantic语义包括grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of the structure/contents of meaning语法形式、结构的语法意义和内容意义task 教学任务：语法rules规则的cognition/ drill/ application认知/操练/应用、the generation of grammar consciousness语法意识的生成2、Principle 教学原则（交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性）grammar teaching should be:(1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories.(2)Constructive:one's knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which closely model the way language is learned and used.(3)Contextual:syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones,and to social and cultural contexts.(4)Contrastive:grammar involves drawing the learner's attention to contrast the differences between the target language and other languages,and between sets of similar features and items of the target language.3、Method教学方法 P202（1）deductive method 演绎法（讲解规则，结合实例分析用法，句型练习）features: It saves time/pays more attention to form/teaches grammar in a decontextualized situation脱离上下文（2）inductive method 归纳法（学生自行归纳语法规则）start with examples and guides ss to work out the rules（3）guided discovery method 引导发现法（学生归纳总结语法规则，老师强化其形式意义）四、语篇教学 P2041、概念和结构（1）Conception 概念discourse pattern语篇可以是dialogue、monologue对话、独白，包括written/spoken language 书面语、口语，form形式上是cohesion衔接的，semantic语义上是coherence连贯的（2）Tactic pattern结构模式语段/句群、句际关系（并列、顺序、层递、转折）（3）Cohesive device 衔接手段logical connectors逻辑纽带（firstly, thus, on the other hand, if not）grammatical connectors语法纽带（时态什么的）Lexical connectors词汇纽带（repetition重复、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义/反义词）Develop ss’ skill of recognizing discourse patterns训练方式：checking the logic of the author’s arguments.getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.(focus on textual coherence)marking out common openers to stories and jokes.2、教学内涵Aims at developing ss’ discourse awareness.(teacher asks ss to concentrate on such features asstructure, coherence and cohesion of a text)3、教学方法 P207overall effectiveness整体性效能（用knowledge transfer知识迁移实现，重在cultivate application ability应用能力培养）、overall grasp of the discourse语篇的整体把握Teaching language at the discourse level :utterance function / expected response/ congratulation/ apology/ acceptance/ inform.第四章初中英语语言技能教学 P212一、听力教学1、影响听力的主要因素（1）objective factor客观因素：types of language used 语言特征（语速/tone音调/pause停顿/liaison连读）、task or purpose in listening 听力任务、context in which the listening occurs 文化背景知识（2）subjective factor主观因素：psychological心理因素、knowledge skills知识技能因素、methods and tactics方法与策略因素2、听力教学的要领（1）合理选择听力material材料（authenticity真实性、intelligibility可理解性、diversity/variety多样性）（2）建立专门的听力training system训练体系（3）优化心理氛围，降低焦虑感（arouse interest调动兴趣、放松）（4）重视听的过程中的skill training技巧训练prediction 预测、guess 猜测、coherent memory 连贯记忆（note-taking）、identifying the discourse markers辨认语段标记（5）科学设计听力练习3、听力训练的type类型 P216（1）Focus listening精听（tonal discrimination辨音、gap filling填空、dictation听写）听写形式：dictogloss听释、fast-speech dictation快速听写、pause and paraphrase听写大意、listeningcloze 完形听写、error identification纠错听写、jigsaw identification线索听写（2）Gist listening泛听( decide on the best title )（3）Free listening随意听4、听力教学model模式（1）Bottom-up model“自下而上”（强调language knowledge语言知识）（2）Top-down model“自上而下”（侧重background information背景知识）5、听力教学的过程 P218（1）Pre-listening tasks 听前环节（brainstorming/discuss a relevant picture/writing question about the topic/associating vocabularies with the topic）（2）While-listening tasks听中环节（辨音、获取主要信息、预测、猜词悟义）（3）Post-listening tasks 听后环节（writing a similar text作文、discussion讨论）二、口语教学 P2191、Spoken language口语的特点（fragmentation结构不完整性、involvement人和场合紧密依存性）（1）语法特征:There are four common features of spoken language:Using less complex syntax.语法Taking short cuts,e.g.incomplete sentences.(and, or,but)Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks.俗语(fashionable word, two-part allegorical saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasal verbs 歇后语/口语词/俚语/短语动词)Using devices such as fillers,hesitation device to give time to think before speaking.结构特征：往往借助filler补白词（you know, let me see, um）形象特征：说话人的表情、语气及态度等body language身体语言；音质/声调/重音/停顿（2）口语的交际特点“说”受语言rule规则支配/时间factor因素制约/对方response反应影响2、口语教学的要领（1）在听的基础上培养说的能力（使输入的信息量大于输出的信息量）（2）组织多样化的口语活动形式口语活动类型：pre-communicative activities 前交际活动（操练/模仿/重复）和communicative activities 交际活动（信息差活动/解决问题活动/讨论/辩论/采访/游戏）（3）正确处理准确与流利的关系Accuracy( identify particular phonemes on tape )Fluency( shouldn’t interrupt )（4）创造浓厚外语氛围，鼓励学生敢说乐说The characteristics of a successful speaking task:maximum foreign talk/even participation/high motivation/right language level（5）合理选择口语组织形式，增加学生开口的机会（小组形式/单双人活动）3、口语训练的方法imitativeness模仿性、monologue独白性、performing表演性的口语表达三、阅读教学 P2231、外语阅读的type/form类型（1）根据阅读方式和技巧的不同划分Adaptive reading适应性阅读recognition--read--silent-reading认读--朗读--默读Learning reading学习型阅读plain substance主旨浅显information信息量大，强调阅读速度comprehension理解性阅读real material材料真实、wide theme题材广泛、various types体裁多样，higher difficulty 难度较高（2）根据阅读方式和技巧的不同划分Skinning 面式读法/略读（掌握全文大意或中心思想；报刊、新书）quickly get the gistScanning 点式读法/寻读/跳读（查找具体信息；时间、人名、地点、数字）specific informationIntensive reading 线式读法/精读（详细地阅读，深入分析、理解和记忆）read in detailExtensive reading 纵式读法/泛读（广泛地阅读，阅读速度、快速理解能力、拓宽视野）facilitate process of accumulating vocabulary / increasing target language expose/ broadening scope of vision（3）根据阅读理解的层次划分Literal comprehension 字面理解（依靠语言知识/能力辨认词义和语法结构）language knowledge/competence identify meaning and grammatical structureInferential/interpretive comprehension 推断性理解（经历、直觉、逻辑判断理解未明示信息）experience/ intuition/ logic judge and understand unexpressed informationEvaluative comprehension 评价性理解/应用性理解（理解文章信息的价值）valueAppreciative comprehension 欣赏性理解（情感熏陶和思想启迪）Emotional influence and thought enlightenment2、阅读教学的要领 P226（1）合理选择阅读材料Language difficulties 难度（难于略高于学习者现有水平）higher than present levelInterest 趣味性（充满可读性，激发求知欲和好奇心）readability、thirst for knowledge and curiosityAuthenticity 真实性（英语本族语者撰写）written by native English speakersComprehensiveness 宽泛性（内容反映历史、人物、风土人情、文化习俗以及时尚流行，体裁和题材丰富多样）content various type or forms of literature and theme（2）建立分析性（精读）与综合性（泛读）相结合的阅读教学体系分析性阅读与综合性阅读教学的分工改进现行分析性阅读教学模式，落实阅读训练综合性阅读教学应正规化、课程化（3）重视阅读three elements三要素的培养vocabulary词汇、comprehend理解（topic sentence主题句）、speed速度（4）重视阅读过程中的技巧训练prediction预测、reading for specific抓中心思想、reading for specific information获取特殊信息、inferring推理（reading between the lines）、identifying the discourse types确认语篇3、阅读教学的approach模式 P229（1）The top-down model 自上而下模式为主（pre-reading activities读前环节活动的开展）（2）The bottom-up model 自下而上模式为辅（小到大的语言文字单位，重视词汇教学）teaching a text by introducing new vocabularies or structuresfollow the sequence of teaching new words, sentences and then the whole passage（3）The interactive-compensatory approach交互补偿模式4、阅读教学的过程（1）Pre-reading tasks 读前环节（背景知识、写作风格、西方风俗）predicting what a passage is about/ creating a word web related to a topic/ sharing what is already known about a topic（2）While-reading tasks读中环节（保障充足阅读时间、阅读技能训练）（3）Post-reading tasks 读后环节（思维和实践活动）四、写作教学 P2311、写的教学要领（1）Motivate writing motivation 激发写作动机communicative purpose; audience awareness 交际目的读者意识（2）指导写作技巧：写的单项训练（结合语音教学）语篇写作技巧（design skills构思技巧；过程构思、文本构思；model essay范文是有力工具）skill of planning: finding ideas and put them in order（3）根据不同文体风格指导相应的写作策略Formal writing 正式文体（第三人称）typical feature: the precision of language is a priority 语言精确优先well-organized structure 有序的结构wide range of vocabulary and structural patterns 有结构的模式technical terms and definitions 专用名词和定义Informal writing 非正式文体（一、二人称）typical feature: short and incomplete sentences are common 多为短句、简单句（4）分阶段设计教学活动，训练写作技能Controlled writing 控制性写作（gap filling/ transcribe/ sentence pattern transformation填空/抄写/句型转换）Guided writing 指导性写作（completion/ reproduction/ compression/ transformation 续写/复写/缩写/转写）Free writing 自由写作（5）写、correct/ amend改、evaluate评相结合2、写作教学的模式（1）Product-oriented approach注重结果（给题目--写--改，注重语篇整体）（2）Content-oriented approach注重内容（收集材料--组织文章--修改，写前准备）（3）Process-oriented approach注重过程（准备--写作--修改--再改，写作能力）what/how to write peer-editing3、写作教学的process过程（1）Pre-writing tasks写前环节的任务和活动（gather and organize ideas激发写作动机）The main procedures of process writing include creating a motivation to write, brainstorming, mapping,freewriting,outlining,drafting,editing,revising,proofreading and conferencing.（2）While-writing tasks写中环节的任务和活动（organize written组织成文）drafting, peer-editing, revising（3）Post-writing tasks写后环节的任务和活动（comments and feedback 点评和反馈） conferencing第三部分教学设计第一章教学设计skill技能一、教学设计概述 P2411、概念：传统的instructional design 教学设计即lesson planning 备课考虑“如何学”最核心的部分是lesson plan 教案It’s a teaching guide/ It takes into account syllabus教学大纲 and ss./It describes in advance提前 what about how to teach.2、教学设计principle原则aims目标性原则 variety 多样性原则 flexibility 灵活性原则learnability可学性原则 linkage 衔接性选择 feasibility 可行性原则3、教学设计的basic requirements基本要求A language lesson plan usually has the following components:background information, teaching aims, language contents and skills, stages and procedures, teaching aids, assignments,and teacher's after-lesson reflection.4、教学设计新concept理念（1）学生参与课堂设计的自主性（2）教学设计贯穿课堂教学的全过程（3）教学设计的确定性与不确定性相统一5、教学设计的pattern模式Analysis----design----evaluation 分析----设计----评价分析：学习需求（学习objectives目标分析是关键）、学习者、学习content内容设计：教学strategy策略、教学course过程（task appearance-- preparation--accomplishment--consolidation 任务呈现--任务准备--任务完成--语言巩固）、教学technique技术评价：教学target目标是否达成是评价教学设计有效性的关键反馈修正（feedback correction）：教学评价能够提供大量的教学反馈信息6、英语教学设计的concrete form 具体形式（1）表格式 table form分别陈述学生/教师活动，说明活动目的/意图，突出教学design设计的理念（2）流程图式 flow chart form 展示教学process过程（format格式不同）（3）叙述式 narrative form二、学情分析 P2481、学习者分析（1）认知特征（2）学习风格 authority-oriented learners崇尚权威型；analytical learners分析型；concrete learners具体型；communicative learners交际型（3）学习方式 accepted 接受性；experience 体验性；independent 自主性；Cooperation 合作性；exploration 探究性2、学习需求分析（1）learning needs的内涵学习目前状态与期望状态之间的差距（2）学习需求分析的内容和方法data collection 数据采集；analyze 分析三、教学内容分析 P2511、教学内容的选择把握fundamentality基础性（vocabulary/ syntactic structure/ language competence/learning strategy/ cultural knowledge词汇/句法结构/语言能力/学习策略/文化知识）adaptation 适应性（age/ cognitive characteristic 年龄/认知特点）high frequency高频性（frequently used经常使用的）enjoyment 趣味性（激发学习兴趣，保证学习effectiveness 有效性）2、正确理解textbook教材（1）分析教材 textbook evaluation provides authentic language/ matches the needs of learners/ can help realize the objectives of a language program（2）处理教材的方法（LARA法：leave-adapt-replace-add）（3）教材的使用：活化教材、挖掘资源、选准话题（探究性、开放性、生成性）When a teacher using an ELT course book, he should:select appropriate supporting materials and resources.interpret curriculum goals and its expectations for the course.plan lessons in relation to specific goals, topics, texts, and tasks.3、Auxiliary teaching materials辅助教学材料的screening筛选（1）教学材料筛选的原则：启发式、因材施教、动态生成、适时适度（2）教学材料筛选的策略：遵循理念、吃透教材、研究学生（3）辅助教学材料的分类：知识类、技能类、课外活动类、教学辅助类、自主学习类四、教学目标 P2551、教学目标的陈述内容三个维度：knowledge objective/ ability objective/ emotion objective知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观2、教学目标的陈述要素以行为目标来陈述教学目标，包括四个要素：ABCD模式A-audience 主体或听众（程度副词/百分比/范围副词）+主语（ss/learners）B-behavior 行为listen,sing,imitate,recite,depict,recognize,apply,understand,know,master,enjoyC-conditions 条件after this class, under the guidance of the teacher, after attending a lecture,with the help of substances, through imitation/repeatD-degree 程度/标准clearly, fluently, correctly, efficiently, basically, preliminarily, smoothly, appropriately3、教学目标的陈述方式按照层级划分有三种goals,aims,objectives（course goals, teaching aims）（1）结果性目标（知识与技能）（2）体验性目标或表现性目标（过程与方法、情感态度与价值观）4、教学目标的陈述原则comprehensive、suitable、specific、 accurate全面、恰当（目标层次性/内容和已有知识一致性/教学活动连贯性）、具体、准确五、教学重难点 P259。
2018抚州中学英语教师资格证知识
2018抚州中学英语教师资格证知识考点一定语从句与地点状语从句★经典小结1. where引导的定语从句用来修饰表示地点意义的名词或代词，可以改成“介词+which”。
2. where引导的地点状语从句用来修饰动词，表示动作发生或存在的地点，不可改成“介词+which”。
3.做题时，先根据句意确定有无先行词。
如有，是定语从句;如无，是状语从句。
Rice doesn’t grow well where there is not enough water. (地点状语从句)I still remember the farm where my parents worked ten years ago. (定语从句)★真题在线【2014年江西—初中】You’d better make a mark _____ you have any questions while you are reading the passage.A. at whichB. in whereC. in the placeD. where【答案】D。
解析：考查地点状语从句，句意为“如果你在读文章时候有任何问题，最好在有问题的地方做个标记”，所以是“在哪儿”有问题，就“在哪儿”做标记，是一个表示位置的状语，所以选D。
考点二定语从句与强调句★经典小结1.强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be… that后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。
而定语从句去掉了It be… that 后句子就不完整了。
2.强调句型常常与定语从句混合使用。
It was in Beihai Park where they made a date for the first time that the old couple told us their love story.考点三定语从句与结果状语从句★经典小结1. such/the same/so … as中，as是关系代词，其后句子不完整，as在从句中充当成分(主、宾或表语)。
教师资格认定考试初级中学英语真题2018年下半年
教师资格认定考试初级中学英语真题2018年下半年一、单项选择题在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案。
1. Which of the following underlined parts is di（江南博哥）fferent from others in pronunciation? ______A.wishedB.jumpedC.kissedD.waited正确答案：D[考点] 本题考查语音知识。
[解析] 规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：①在清辅音后读作/t/；②在浊辅音和元音后读作/d/；③在t/d后读作。
wished，jumped，kissed三个单词画线部分的发音均为/t/，waited画线部分的发音为。
故本题选D。
2. Which of the following shows the general intonation pattern in a complex sentence? ______A.When I started my ↗ career there was no ↗ unemployment.B.When I started my ↗ career there was no ↘ unemployment.C.When I started my ↘ career there was no ↗ unemployment.D.When I started my ↘ career there was no ↘ unemployment.正确答案：B[考点] 本题考查语音知识。
[解析] 含状语从句的复合句的语调分为两种情况：①若主句在前，从句在后，主句结束时意思已经比较完整，则主句通常用降调，整个句子读完时也应该用降调；②若从句在前，主句在后，则语调通常是“前升后降”。
故本题选B。
3. All the ______ in this school are taught by the same teacher.A.six-year-oldsB.six-years-oldC.six-year-oldD.six-years-olds正确答案：A[考点] 本题考查名词用法。
2018上半年全国教师资格笔试高分攻略(初中学段英语学科)
2018上半年全国教师资格笔试高分攻略（初中学段-英语学科）第一部分考情分析按照教育部的统一部署，2018年上半年全国中小学教师资格考试笔试将如期进行，教育教师考试研究院预计英语学科知识与教学能力《初级中学》考题将延续以往的命题思路，作答时间依旧为120分钟，试卷满分150分；考题题型为单项选择题、简答题、案例分析题、教学设计题四个题型；考试内容包含语法、语言学、阅读理解、英语学科教学论，共四个模块。
现就近2年全国教师资格考试《英语学科知识与教学能力》（初级中学）基本考情总结如下：语法部分题量维持在6道题左右，近4次考试中，只有2017上半年是5道语法题；名词辨析、介词、动词、副词、非谓语动词是高频考点，间或对冠词、虚拟语气、固定搭配、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句语言学部分题量维持在4道题左右，近4次考试中，只有2017上半年是5道语言学的题目；音系学、语音学、修辞格、语义学、语用学是高频考点；考试难度为大学所学的基本语言学知识。
阅读理解部分题量稳定，2篇阅读，每篇5题，共10题；细节题、推理题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题英语学科教学论部分题量稳定，单选10题、简答1道大题、案例分析1道大题、教学设计1道大题；单选部分主要考查的是语言知识教学和语言技能教学，简答题考查范围多变，但主要还是教学实施与教学评价部分，案例分析对教学方法、教学目标和教学评价的考查较多，教学设计主要考查的是阅读课和听说课；由于是对英语教材教法知识是多种题型多维度考查，即便考查的是基础知识，此部分的难度仍比较大。
第二部分备考规划所谓“知己知彼，百战不殆”，若想在考试中取得好成绩，必须做好备考规划，才能有针对性地进行备考。
英语教资考试有复习内容繁杂、考试难度大、流程复杂、竞争人数多等特点。
为此，我们需要进行详细的规划，分成若干阶段进行精确、全面的复习操作，使自己成为一把锋利的“备考利器”。
只有这样，我们才能一举轻松拿下教资考试。
★第一阶段-打牢基础共15天语法模块备考时间建议:1.5天名师提点1.复习内容：考查的范围重点还是词法部分，词法中的动词辨析和形容词辨析是高频考点。
教师资格认定考试初级中学英语真题2018年上半年
教师资格认定考试初级中学英语真题2018年上半年一、单项选择题在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案。
1. The similarity between the English consonants（江南博哥）/p/,/b/,and/m/is that they are all ______.A.fricativeB.plosivebial-dentalD.bilabial正确答案：D[解析] /p/，/b/，/m/，/w/都属于双唇音。
2. Which of the following is a back vowel in English?A.B.C.D.正确答案：B[解析] 属于中元音，/e/属于前元音，只有属于后元音。
故选B。
3. There is only one playground slide in this school, so the students have to take ______ to use it.A.turnsB.the turnC.a turnD.the turns正确答案：A[解析] take turns to do sth．是固定搭配，意为“轮流去做某事”。
句意：这所学校只有一个滑梯，因此学生们得轮流使用。
4. Out of everyone's expectation, Johnson suddenly returned ______a rainy night.A.atB.inC.onD.during正确答案：C[解析] 考查介词辨析。
表示时间的某一点、某时刻或年龄用at；泛指一般意义的上午、下午、晚上或月和年时用in；表示星期几，某一特定的日期或具体在某一日时用on；during意为“在……期间”。
本题特指是在一个雨夜，所以用on。
故选C。
5. She ______ it very well when she described her younger brother as "brilliant but lazy".A.putB.madeC.assumedD.interpreted正确答案：A[解析] put it well“说的好”。
2018年教师资格证面试初中英语真题复习
考题一（语法课）二、考题解析【教案】Teaching Aims:Knowledge aim: By the end of the class, students can muster knowledge of if-clause.Ability aim: Students can use if-clause in their daily life.Emotional aim: Students will feel the happiness of learning English in joyful, free and open atmosphere, and will be confident to express in English.Teaching Key Points:Students can know the structure, function and tense of if-clause. Teaching Difficult Point:Students can put the new knowledge into practice.Teaching Methods:Tasked-based Teaching Method, Communicative Approach.Teaching Aids:The blackboardTeaching Procedures:Step 1: Lead-inGreeting with the students.Sing a song for students- if you are happy. Ask them “Did you hear the word-if” to lead in the class.Step 2: PresentationLet the students read the passage and find out sentences with “if”. Then teacher will ask students write these sentences on the blackboard. Thenfind out the similarities among these sentences.According to the answers from students, teacher make a brief summary：1.If-clause means condition and the main clause is the result. 2. The main clause and if-clause have the same tense. However, if it describes things in the future, the main clause uses the Simple Future Tense and if-clause use the Simple Present Tense.Step 3: PracticeRead the sentences by themselves and practice with neighbors.Step 4: ProductionUse the sentence and structure what we learned today to make a conversation with your neighbor and invite some students performance it.Step 5: Summary and homeworkSummary: Sum up what we have learned today.Homework: After class, teach these sentences to their parents.Blackboard Design:考题二（听说课）二、考题解析【教案】Teaching aims:Knowledge aim:Students will master the expression of date and the sentence structure: -What is ...’s birthday? -It is ...Ability aim:Students will improve their abilities of speaking and listening. Emotional aim:Students will be more confident in speaking English.Key and difficult point:Key Point: Students will master how to express a date in English.Difficult Point: Students will use the sentence structure in daily life. Teaching procedure:Step 1: Warming-up1. Greetings.2. Ask students if today is anyone’s birthday. And invite the whole class to sing a ‘Happy Birthday’ song to him or her.Step 2: Pre-listening1. Review the knowledge about ordinal numeral: write some numbers on the blackboard and ask students to change the cardinal numeral into ordinal numeral.2. Ask students to look at the picture in the textbook to predict what the dialogue may be about.Step 3: While-listening考题三（口语课）二、考题解析【教案】Teaching aims:Knowledge aim: students will know the top ic of “you are never too young to start doing things that you don’t know how to do before”.Ability aim: students can increase the speaking ability through talking the topic.Emotional aim: students will develop their awareness of starting doingthings as soon as possible.Key and difficult point:Key point: students can increase the speaking ability through talking the topic.Difficult point: students will develop their awareness of starting doing things as soon as possible.Teaching procedure:Step 1: Warming-upGreet the students.Show several pictures of the famous golf player Tiger Woods, the musician Mozart, and the great Brazilian soccer player Ronaldo when they are young, and let students guess who they are, then the teacher tells students that they started doing their interest in a young age. Then lead the topic ofthe class.Step 2: Pre-speakingFirstly, read the passage then conclude and make clear the topic of the speaking class— you are never too young to start doing things that you don’t know to do before. Secondly, the teacher gives several aspects ofthe topic, including what the event is they have experienced in a young age, when they started doing it, how they did it and what achievements they havegot through it. Thirdly, the teacher gives an example. students talk about topic at several aspects above in groups.Step 3: While-speaking1. One student ask the questions about the topic at every single aspect above, the other student answer, then exchange.2. Students talk about the topic at several aspects above to their partners.3. Survey and report. One student makes a survey about the event in a young age of other group members, and take down notes.Step4: Post-speaking1. self—report: talk about the event that they started doing in a young age.2. peer—report: ask some students in different groups to have a repot of other students’ e vents in a young age.Step 5: Summary and HomeworkTell students we should start doing things as soon as possible.Homework: students think about more events they’d like to start.Blackboard design:考题四（阅读课）二、考题解析【教案】Teaching aims:Knowledge aim: Students will master the sentence pattern “can you” and some new words such as sing, play the piano and so on.Ability aim: Students will improve their speaking ability through group work.Emotional aim: Students will take part in the class actively and be fond of learning English.Key and difficult point: Students can master the sentence pattern and words and can take part into the class actively.Teaching procedure:Step 1: Warming-upGreeting: Good morning boys and girls, this is your beloved English teacher, Jessica. How are you today? Fine, I'm too. It is snowing right now right? The weather is getting colder and colder, so put on more clothes and don't catch cold ok? Otherwise you will lag behind for your English studying.Lead-in: 展示有关音乐会的图片：Sydney Opera House/ National opera house in Beijing1)what can you see in the pictures2) Where can we do in it?3) Do you like to enjoy a music show in our school?4) Let’s take a look of today’s class: musicians wanted for school music festival.Step 2: Pre-reading图片讲解单词：sing/ dance/ play the piano/1) What can you see in the pictures: 依次展示TF boys/ ballet/ 朗朗2) What is he/ she doing in the picture? 依次引出: sing/ dance/ play the piano.3) When you sing, you make musical sounds with your voice, usuallyproducing words that fit a tune.4) When you dance, you move your body and feet in a way that follows a rhythm, usually in time to music.5) A piano is a large musical instrument with a row of black and white keys. When you press these keys with your fingers, little hammers hit wirestrings inside the piano, which vibrate to produce musical notes.Step 3: While-reading设置阅读问题：1) Which musical instruments are mentioned in the passage:The piano (Y), the trumpet (Y), the drums (Y). violin (X).2) who should you contact if you are interested: zhang heng3) The telephone number? 622-6033.Step4: Post-reading1) Do a survey: which musical instruments can your classmate play?2) Making a conversation by using the result of the survey: Do you want to go to the music festival?Blackboard design:考题五（写作课）。
初中英语教师资格证考点汇总
初中英语教师资格证考点汇总文档简介本文档汇总了初中英语教师资格证考试的主要考点和内容要点，帮助考生更好地备考和掌握考试重点。
考试内容概述初中英语教师资格证考试主要测试考生在英语教学方面的知识和能力。
考试包括语言知识与能力、教育教学知识与能力和专业知识与能力三个部分。
语言知识与能力词汇与语法- 常用单词和词组- 基本语法知识- 情态动词的用法- 动词时态和语态- 名词、代词、形容词和副词的基本用法句型与篇章- 常用句型和短语- 句子结构和语法规则- 阅读理解和写作技巧教育教学知识与能力教育心理学- 研究理论与教育心理学原理- 学生发展特点和心理需求- 教学中的评价与反馈教学设计与评价- 教学目标和内容的设计- 不同教学方法的应用- 教学评价和教育研究方法教学组织与管理- 教学组织与班级管理- 学科教学与综合实践活动的组织- 学校教育改革和教学发展的趋势专业知识与能力英语教育基础- 英语教学理论- 英语教材与教学方法- 外语教育研究与教学改革英语教学实践- 教学设计与实施- 教学材料和教具的选择与应用- 多媒体技术在英语教学中的应用考试准备建议- 熟练掌握常用单词和词组，加强词汇积累- 熟悉基本语法知识，掌握常见句型和语法规则- 注重阅读理解和写作训练，提高语言表达能力- 研究教育心理学知识，了解学生发展特点和教学评价方法- 针对专业知识与能力部分，研究相关教育理论和教学改革动向> 注意：本文档总结了初中英语教师资格证考试的主要考点和内容要点，但具体的考试内容以官方发布的考试大纲为准。
考生在备考过程中应结合大纲进行综合复习和准备。
中学教师资格考试英语复习资料(1)
中学教师资格考试英语复习资料(1)一. 事实询问题此类题型的问题以what、who、which、when、where、how或why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答：如：The Internet can show you a lot of jobs all over the world. If you want to find a job on the Internet, use the words "job search"or"employment"to find the websites you need.（）What does the passage tell you to do first if you want to find a job on the Internet?A. To type in "job search"to find the websites.B. To write a good resume.C. To prepare for an interviewD. To get an English dictionary这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。
根据第二句话，可以得知A为正确答案。
解这类题的主要方法是：1. 明确题意。
2. 寻找答案来源。
3. 找准关键词。
4. 反复阅读。
二. 推理判断题既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。
这类试题常以如下句式发问：What can you conclude（下结论）from this passage?What's the author's attitude（态度）towards...?We can infer from the passage that...Which statement is ( not ) true?做这类题要求考生在阅读同时，抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。
2018年下半年中学教师资格认定考试(初级英语学科知识与教学能力
2018年下半年中学教师资格认定考试（初级英语学科知识与教学能力）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 简答题 3. 教学情境分析题 4. 教学设计题 5. 阅读理解单项选择题1．Which of the following underlined parts is different from others in pronunciation?A．wishedB．jumpedC．kissedD．waited正确答案：D解析：本题考查语音知识。
规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：①在清辅音后读作／t／；②在浊辅音和元音后读作／d／；③在t／d后读作／Id／。
wished，jumped，kissed三个单词画线部分的发音均为／t／，waited画线部分的发音为／Id／。
故本题选D。
2．Which of the following shows the general intonation pattern in a complex sentence?A．When I started my career there was no unemployment.B．When I started my career there was no unemployment.C．When I started my career there was no unemployment.D．When I started my career there was no unemployment.正确答案：B解析：本题考查语音知识。
含状语从句的复合句的语调分为两种情况：①若主句在前，从句在后，主句结束时意思已经比较完整，则主句通常用降调，整个句子读完时也应该用降调；②若从句在前，主句在后，则语调通常是“前升后降”。
故本题选B。
3．All the______in this school are taught by the same teacher.A．six-year-oldsB．six-years-oldC．six-year-oldD．six-years-olds正确答案：A解析：本题考查名词用法。
2018下半年教师资格初中英语学科知识与教学能力真题及答案
2021下半年教师资格初中英语学科知识与教学能力真题及答案一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题。
每题2分，共60分)1. Which of the following underlined parts is different from others in pronunciation?A. wishedB. jumpedC. kissedD. waited2. Which of the following shows the general intonation pattern in a complex sentence?A. When I started my↗career there was no↗unemployment.B. When I started my↗ career there was no↘ unemployment.C. When I started my↘career there was no ↗unemployment.D. When I started my↘ career there was no ↘ unemployment.3. All the_______in this school are taught by the same teacher.A. six-year-oldsB. six-years-oldC. six-year-oldD. six-years-olds4. The risk of infection for that patient hasn't diminished after the operation._______, it has increased.A. On the wholeB. On the contraryC. On the averageD. On the other hand5. Testing is still a usual means_______which students' progress is measured.A. inB. atC. ofD. by6. Many people_______in the project at both research and editing stages and we would like to thank them all here.A. have involvedB. have been involvedC. having involvedD. having been involved7. Only until very recently_______possible that grammarians are able to make accurate statements about the rules of some languages.A. has it beenB. it has beenC. was itD. it was8. This is not_______they had expected after years of painstaking research.A. a result as bad asB. as a result as badC. as bad as a resultD. as bad a result as9. Which of the following words is formed through derivation?A. Students.B. Shorter.C. Bought.D. Insanity.10. The utterance “Now, correct me if I'm wrong ...〞suggests that people are likely to observe the_______Maxim in daily conversations.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Manner11. When a teacher asks students to brainstorm what they will write about an unforgettable trip,he/she mainly focuses on_______.A. ideasB. layoutC. styleD. feedback12. Which of the following is a communicative task?A. Reading aloud the dialogue on page 24.B. Writing a party invitation to your Mends.C. Translating the first paragraph into Chinese.D. Making sentences with the expressions given.13. What is being practised if a teacher asks students to read words like "cot, hot" and "dog,log"?A. Spelling and structure.B. Stress and sound.C. Minimal pairs.D. Phonetic symbols.14. What teaching method is used by the teacher if much of his/her class time is spent on drilling sentence patterns followed by exercises like repetition, memorization, mimicry, etc.?A. The Natural Approach.B. The Communicative Approach.C. The Audio-lingual Method.D. The Grammar-translation Method.15. According to the affective-filter hypothesis,_______is NOT an affective factor influencing language learning.A. attitudeB. motivationC. interestD. intelligence16. Wh at does his/her feedback focus on if a teacher's comment is “John, it would be much better if you have given more details,t〞?A. Content.B. Language.C. Attitude.D. Aptitude.17. Which of the following is a referential question?A. Where was Yang Liwei born?B. Who is the first Chinese astronaut?C. Why do you think Yang Liwei is a great astronaut?D. When did Yang Liwei begin his historic space travel?18. Having lived in China for a long time, John could fully understand the cultural shocks experienced by his Chinese students. Which of the following traits does John have in this instance?A. Avoidance.B. Empathy.C. Extroversion.D. Introversion.19. When the teacher asks students to read a text for the main idea, he/she intends to develop students' skill of_______.A. retellingB. predictingC. skimmingD. scanning20. Which of the following is based on the communicative view of language?A. Structural syllabus.B. Skill-based syllabus.C. Genre-based syllabus.D. Functional-notional syllabus.请阅读 Passage 1,完成第21-25小题。
教师资格证考试：2018下初中英语真题
2018年下半年中小学教师资格考试英语学科知识与教学能力试题（初级中学）注意事项1．考试时间120分钟，满分150分。
2．请按規定在答题卡上填涂、作答。
在试卷上作答无效，不予评分。
一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案，请用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案字母按要求涂黑。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．Which of the following underlined parts is different from others in pronunciation? A．wishedB．jumpedC．kissedD．waited2．Which of the following shows the general intonation pattern in a complex senten ce?A．When I started my↗career there was no↗unemployment．B．When I started my↗career there was no↘unemployment．C．When I started my↘career there was no↗unemployment．D When I started my↘career there was no↘unemployment．3．All the SSS in this school are taught by the same teacher．A．six-year-oldsB.six-years-oldC.C．six-year-oldD.D．six-years-oldsE.4．The risk of infection for that patient hasn’t diminished after the operation．S SS，F.it has increased．G.A．On the wholeH.B．On the contraryI.C．On the averageJ.D．On the other handK.5．Testing is still a usual means SSS which students’ progress is measured．L.A．inM.B．atN.C．ofO.D．byP.6．Many people SSSin the project at both research and editing stages and we would liketo thank them all here．Q.A．have involvedR.B．have been involvedS.C．having involvedT.D．having been involvedU.7．Only until very recently SSSpossible that grammarians are able to make accuratestatements about the rules of some languages．V.A．has it beenW.B．it has beenX.was itY.D．it wasZ.8．This is not SSS they had expected after years of painstaking research．A. a result as bad asB.B．as a result as badC.C．as bad as a resultD.D．as bad a result asE.9．Which of the following words is formed through derivation?F.A．studentsG.B．shorterH.C．boughtAA.insanityBB.10．The utterance"Now，correct me ifI’m wrong… " suggests that people are likely to observe the SSSCC.Maxim in daily conversations．DD.A．QuantityEE.B．QualityFF.C．RelevanceGG.D．MannerHH.I I．When a teacher asks students to brainstorm what they will write about an u nforgettable trip，he/she mainly focuses on SSS．II.A．ideasJJ.B．layoutKK.C．styleLL.D．feedbackMM.12．Which of the following is a communicative task?NN.A．Reading aloud the dialogue on page 24OO.B．Writing a party invitation to your friends．PP.C．Translating the first paragraph into Chinese．QQ.D．Making sentences with the expressions given．RR.13．What is being practiced if a teacher asks students to read words like“cot，hot”and “dog，log”?A．Spelling and structure．B．Stress and sound．`C．Minimal pairs．D．Phonetic symbols．14．What teaching method is used by the teacher of much of his/her class time is spent on drilling sentence patterns followed by exercises like repetition，memorization，mimicry，etc?A．The Natural Approach．B．The Communicative Approach．C．The Audio-lingual Method．D．The Grammar-translation Method．15．According to the affective-filter hypothesis，SSS is NOT an affective factor influencing language learning．A．attitude&B．motivationC．interestD．intelligence16．What does his/her feedback focus on if a teacher’s comment is“John，it would be much better if you have given more details!”?A．ContentB．LanguageC．AttitudeD．Aptitude17．Which of the following is a referential question?A．Where was Yang Liwei born?B．Who is the first Chinese astronaut?C．Why do you think Yang Liwei is a great astronaut?D．When did Yang Liwei begin his historic space travel?18．Having lived in China for a long time，John could fully understand the cultural shocksexperienced by his Chinese students．Which of the following traits does John have i n this instance?A．Avoidance．B．Empathy．C．Extroversion．D．Introversion．19．When the teacher asks students to read a text for the main idea，he/she intends to develop students'skill of SSS．A．retellingB．predictingC．skimmingD scanning20．Which of the following is based on the communicative view of language? A．Structural syllabus．B．Skill-based syllabus．C．Genre-based syllabus．D．Functional-notional syllabus．There are two kind of motive for engaging in any activity：internal and instrumental．If a scientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world，that’s an internal motive，since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research．If she conducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown，that’s an instrumental motive，since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent．Often，people have both for doing things．What mix of motive—internal or instrumental or both—is most conducive to success?You might suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieve renown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires．Surely two motives are better than one．But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science，instrumental motives are not always an asset and can actually be counterproductive to success．We analyzed data drawn from 11，320 cadets in nine entering classes at the United States Military Academy at West Point，all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy．The motives included things like a desire to g et a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army．How did the cadets fare，years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point?We found，unsurprisinglythat the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point，themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers，Also unsurprisingly，cadetswith internal motives did better in the military(as evidenced by early promotion recommendations) than did those without internalmotives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years of mandatory service．Remarkably，cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending West Point performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motive s but weak instrumental ones．They were less likely to graduate，less outstanding as military officers and less committed to staying in the military．Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives．Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of their work，rather than on，say，the financial returns it will bring，may be the best way to improve not only the quality of their work but also their financial success．There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools are available to recruit participants or improve performance．If the desire for military excellence and service to country fails to attract all the recruitsthat the Army needs，then perhaps appeals to“money for college，”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job．While this strategy may lure more recruits，it may also yield worse soldiers．Similarly，for students uninterested in learning，financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them to participate，but it may result in less well-educated students．21．According to the passage，which of the following is an internal motive for a newly recruited soldier?^A．To serve the country．B．To receive career training．C．To earn money for college．D．To broaden their scope of vision．22．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word“cadets”in paragraph 3?A．In-service soldiers．B．Military researchers．C．Military officers．！D．Military trainees．23．According to the passage，which of the following is conducive to career success? A．Strong internal and strong instrumental motives．B．Strong internal and weak instrumental motives．C．Weak internal and strong instrumental motives．D．Weak internal and week instrumental motives．24．What do the writers disapprove concerning the current situation of attracting re cruits?A．Taking into account applicants’ internal motives．B．Making them focus on the meaning of their work．C．Relying on whatever motivational tools available．D．Taking into account applicants’ instrumental motives．25．What can be the best title for the article?A．Motivation and FameB．Two Types of MotivesC．The Secret of Effective MotivationD．The Study on the Function of Motives请阅读 Passage2，完成第26－30小题。
2018年下半年中学教师资格认定考试（初级英语学科知识与教学能力）真题及标准答案
2018年下半年中学教师资格认定考试（初级英语学科知识与教学能力）真题及标准答案2018年下半年中学教师资格认定考试（初级英语学科知识与教学能力）真题试卷总分：50.00，做题时间：20分钟一、选择题总题数：，分数：49.20)1. Which of th e foll owing underl ined p arts i s diff erent from o thers in pro nuncia tion?（分数：2.40）A.wish edB.jump edC.kiss edD.wait ed √解析：本题考查语音知识。
规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：①在清辅音后读作／／；②在浊辅音和元音后读作／／；③在／后读作／Id／。
wished，jump ed，ki ssed三个单词画线部分的发音均为／／，wait ed画线部分的发音为／Id／。
故本题选。
2. Which of th e foll ence?（分数：2.40）A.When I sta rted m nt.B.When I sta rted m nt. √C.When I sta rted m nt.D.When I sta rted m nt.解析：本题考查语音知在后，主句结束时意思已经比较完整，则主句通常用降调，整个句子读完时也应该用降调；②若从句在前，主句在后，则语调通常是“前升后降”。
故本题选。
3. All t he______in t（分数：2.40）A.six-year-o lds √B.six-years-oldC.six-year-o ldD.six-years-olds解析：本题考查名词用法。
句意为“在这所学校里，所有六岁的学生都由同一个老师来教”。
分析句子成分可知，空格处应填名词形式。
si x-year-old相当于形容词；six-ye ar-old则为名词复数，表示同一类人。
故本题选。
4. The r isk of infec tion f or tha t pati ent ha sn't d iminis hed af ter th e oper ation.______, it h as inc reased.（分数：2.40）A.On t he who leB.On t he con trary√C.On t he ave rageD.On t he oth er han解析：本题考查介词短语辨析。
2018年上半年教师资格证考试英语学科知识与教学能力真题(初级中学)
2018年上半年教师资格证考试英语学科知识与教学能力真题（初级中学）(总分：150.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、单项选择题本大题共 30 小题，每小题 2 分，共 60 分。
在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，错选、多选或未选均无分。
(总题数：22，分数：60.00)1.The similarity between the English consonants /p/, /b/, and /m/ is that they are allA.fricativeB.plosivebial-dentalD.bilabial √解析：本题考查辅音的分类。
根据辅音的分类，按照发音部位，/p/，/b/，/m/ 都属于双唇音（bilabial）；按照发音方式，/p/，/b/是爆破音（plosive），/m/是鼻音（nasal）。
故本题选 D。
2.Which of the following is a back vowel in English?A./ə:/B./ɔ:/ √C./ʌ/D./e/解析：本题考查元音的分类。
根据元音的分类，可知/ə:/属于中元音，/ɔ:/属于后元音，/e/属于前元音。
但/ʌ/比较特殊，发此音时舌头的最高位置偏中后，所以有的分类系统会把它归为中元音，也有的把它归为后元音，考生在做此类题时要根据选择项的情况灵活处理。
3.There is only one playground slide in this school, so the students have to take( ) to use it.A.turns √B.the turnsC.a turnD.the turn解析：本题考查习惯搭配。
句意为“因为学校只有一个滑梯，所以学生们不得不轮流使用”。
take turns to do sth.为习惯搭配，意为“轮流去做某事”。
故本题选 A。
4.Out of everyone’s expectation, Johnson suddenly returned ( ) a rainy night.A.atB.inC.on √D.during解析：本题考查介词用法。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第一部分语言知识与能力1．掌握英语语言的基础知识，了解语言研究中与英语教学相关的基本概念和知识，并能在课堂教学中加以运用。
2．具有良好的英语语言运用能力，包括用英语进行书面表达、获取教学资源和信息、表达思想情感和与学生良好沟通的能力；能够筛选并改编适合初中学生英语水平的语言材料。
3．能够在语篇中理解英语国家的语言、历史和文学等相关的社会文化知识。
第一章英语语言基础知识1.根据发音时是否受到发音器官的阻碍及阻碍程度，将26个英文字母分为三类：元音字母，半元音字母和辅音字母。
元音字母有5个：a,e,i,o,u。
半元音字母有：w,y。
2.音素(phoneme)是音的最小单位，有区分语言意义的作用。
英语中有48个音素，分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。
其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。
3.音标是记录音素的符号，是音素的标写符号。
一个音素只用一个音标表示，而一个音标并不知表示一个音素。
标音法：用音标标记语音的方法。
宽式标音法和严式标音法两种。
宽式标音法是用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式。
严式标音法是一种使用变音符号的标音方式，旨在记录同一个音在不同的语音环境下所发生的细微的变化。
国际音标，K.K音标，D.J音标。
4.音节的类型：单音节，双音节，三音节，多音节，成音节。
重读音节的四大类型：开音节，闭音节，-r音节，-re音节。
5音节的划分：（1）一个音节至少有一个元音字母（2）当两个元音字母中间只有一个辅音字母时，而且左边的元音又是按重读开音节规则发音，这个辅音字母通常划入右边的音节。
（3）两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母或辅音字母组合，左边的元音按重读闭音节规则发音，那么这个辅音字母或辅音字母组合通常划入左边的音节。
（4）如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母，通常这两个辅音字母分别划入左右两个音节。
（5）如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母，第一个是r，这两个辅音字母分别划入左右两个音节。
（6）如果两个元音或元音和半元音字母组合发的是一个元音或双元音，划分音节时，不能将其从中分开，要划在一起。
（7）有些辅音字母经常在一起，只发一个辅音，或者联系很紧密。
划分音节时也不能将其分开。
（8）辅音字母组合构成发音的辅音连缀，划分音节时，也不能将其分开。
（9）如果一个单词是以字母-le结尾，并且辅音-le前面还有一个辅音字母，那么这个辅音字母通常划分在右边这个音节里。
（10）加前缀时，前缀单词单独划为一个或一个以上的音节。
（11）加后缀时，后缀不影响其他音节的划分。
（12）如果后缀-ed加在以-t或-d结尾的单词后面，发/id/，构成一个音节，拼写时可单独划分为一个音节；反之，其他情况下不算一个独立的音节。
5.根据发音时舌活动的范围，英语元音可分为前元音，中元音，后元音。
发音时元音声带振动，叫浊音。
20个元音中，单元音12个，双元音8个。
元音之间的区别主要有四方面：舌头抬起的高度，舌头最高部分的位置，元音的长度或紧度，唇的圆展度。
发辅音时声带振动的是浊辅音，声带不振动的是清辅音。
28个辅音中，清辅音11个，浊辅音17个。
6.音的连读（liaison）（1）“辅音+元音”型连读（2）“r/re+元音”型连读（3）“辅音+半元音”型连读（4）“元音+元音”型连读7.失去爆破爆破音（plosive）：[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g] （1）“爆破音+爆破音”型（2）“爆破音+摩擦音/破擦音”型（3）“破擦音/t,d/+鼻音/m,n/”型（4）“爆破音/t,d/+舌边音/l/”型8.音的同化（assimilation）（1）后进同化（2）前进同化（3）前音与相邻后音互相影响9.多音节词的重读( word stress)（1）多音节词一般倾向于倒数第三个音节重读。
（2）以-ic，-ish，-ive，-cian，-sian ，–cial ，-tial等结尾的多音节词，一般是倒数第二个音节重读。
（3）以-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette,-oon等后缀结尾的词，不论是双音节还是多音节，一般均是最后一个音节重读。
（4）以-con,de-,ex-,in-,re-,pre-,pro-等为前缀的双音节词，在作名词用时，重音在第一个音节，作动词用时重音在第二个音节上。
10.可数名词的复数变化规则：zoos,radios,photos,gulfs,roofs,chiefs,serfs,bliefs,proofs,handkerchiefs. Women doctors, boy students, Germans11.不定冠词a/an，定冠词the，零冠词12.动词的时态（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）将来进行式（7）现在完成时（8）过去完成时（9）将来完成时10）现在完成进行时（11）过去完成进行时（12）将来完成进行时13.非谓语动词：动词不定式，动名词，分词14.反义疑问句15.感叹句16.复合句（1）定语从句（2）状语从句（3）主语从句（4）宾语从句（5）表语从句（6）同位语从句17.倒装18.强调19.虚拟语气20.主谓一致（1）语法一致（2）意义一致（3）就近原则：谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致，常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or,either..or.., neither..nor...,not only..but also..,there be...第二章语言学与英语教学1.语言学的主要分支包括：语音学（phonetics）、音位学(phonology)、形态学(morphology)、句法学(syntax)、语义学(semantics)、语用学(pragmatics)、心理语言学、社会语言学。
2.普通语言学（general linguistics）与应用语言学(applied linguistics)3.规定语言学与描写语言学4.历时语言学（diachronic linguistics）与共时语言学(synchronic linguistics)5.语言可以有两个方面：语言和言语6.语言能力（competence）指的是所有说本族语的人可以理解并且说出从来没有听过的句子的能录语言行为（performance）指的是上述代码在使用语言的实际情况中的实现，即指话语本身。
7.对比分析（contrastive analysis）的作用：认定语言间的异同、降低学习的难度、决定教学重点、预测错误的发生8.错误分析（error analysis）：我国外语学习者的错误通常有下列类型：负迁移，过度类推或概括错误，语用错误9.语言学有关的外语教学理论（1）习得—学得假说the acquisition-learning hypothesis（2）监测假说the monitor hypothesis（3）输入、输出假说the input/output hypothesis（4）自然顺序假说the natural order hypothesis（5）情感过滤假说the affective filter hypothesis10.语言的结构特征：任意性arbitrariness、二重性duality、多产性productivity、移位性displacement11.语言的功能：信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、情感功能、寒暄功能(phatic)、娱乐性功能、元语言功能（metalingual function ）12.共时研究（synchronic）以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象，比如现代汉语研究，莎士比亚时代语言研究都属于此类。
历时研究(diachronic)则研究语言各个阶段的发展变化，研究语言的历史发展规律。
13.最小对比对minimal pair：辨别音位最强有力的工具。
14.涵义关系：同义关系synonymy、反义关系antonymy、上下义关系hyponymy、语句之间的涵义关系(同义关系、矛盾、蕴含、预设、自相矛盾、语义反常)15.会话含义理论the theory of conversational implication合作原则：数量准则quantity、质量准则、关联准则relation、方式准则manner含义的特征：可推导性calculability、可消除性cancellability/可废除性defeasibility、不可分离性non-detachability、非常规性non-conventionality16.修辞学明喻simile、隐喻/暗喻metaphor、转喻/借代metonymy、提喻、拟人personification、类比analogy、委婉euphemism、夸张hyperbole、对偶/对仗antithesis、矛盾修饰、反语irony、层递、拟声、头韵、双关pun、讽刺.17.词的形成：复合词compound、派生词derivation18.词汇变化(lexical change):混成法blending、首字母缩写acronym、逆构词法back-formation、缩写语abbreviation、类推造词analogical creation、借词borrowing18.语素的类型：（1）自由语素(free morpheme)和粘着语素(bound morpheme)（2）词根root、词缀affix和词干stem（3）曲折词缀inflectional affix和派生词缀derivational affix19.辅音根据发音部位分成：双唇音bilabial、唇齿音labiodental、齿音dental、齿龈音alveolar、齿龈后音palatal-alveolar、硬腭音palatal、软腭音velar、声门音glottal.辅音根据发音方式分成：塞音stop、擦音fricative、塞擦音affricate、鼻音nasal、边音lateral、近音approximant元音分为8个双元音diphthong、12个单元音simple monophthong 20.超音段suprasegmental音节syllable、重音stress、语调intonation、声调tone第二部分语言教学知识与能力1．了解外语教学基本理论，理解语言观、语言学习观、语言教学观等对初中英语教学的指导作用。
2．理解《义务教育英语课程标准（2011年版）》的目标内容（语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识），以及课程标准的其他相关知识，并能在教学设计与实施中运用。
3．掌握英语语言知识（语音、词汇、语法、语篇等）的教学基本原则、讲解和练习方法。
4．掌握英语语言技能（听、说、读、写）的教学原则和训练方法。