华中科技大学神经解剖学1997年考博真题试卷
神经解剖学考博真题-精品总结
神经解剖学考博真题1]中南大学湘雅医学院2000年博士考试神经解剖学1.突触的超微结构及分类2。
神经元学说的起源及进展3. 为什么人体只有一个神经系统，从发生、形态和功能等方面论述CNS和PNS的统一性 4. 请设计一个实验证明牵涉痛是因为一个脊神经节神经元的周围突即分布到躯体部，又分布到内脏器官？综合1、试述神经递质的合成、运输有关的结构及其机制2、DA的中枢通路及其病理意义2]中南大学湘雅医学院2001年博士考试神经解剖学1. 脑神经III、VII、IX、X的起核、终核、纤维成分、神经行程、分支分布及功能。
2. 锥体系的传统概念及修正。
3. 构成锥体外系的主要结构、神经通路和功能概念。
4. 海马结构的细胞构筑，主要纤维联系和边缘系统的功能。
5. 5-HT能神经元在脑内的分布、神经通路、主要受体分型和多种神经功能。
6. 多巴胺能神经元在脑内的分布、神经通路、受体分型和功能。
3]中南大学湘雅医学院2002年博士考试神经解剖学1神经之间信息传递的结构基础。
2. 脑神经的纤维成分及各成分的分布区域或支配器官。
3. 上行网状激动系统的结构与功能。
4. 瞳孔大小的调节及瞳孔对光反射的临床意义。
5. 从外侧沟进入内囊经过哪些结构？描述并解释内囊膝损伤可能出现的症状和体征4] 2003年中南大学博士入学考试试题（神经解剖学）论述题一、试述神经元细胞器的结构及其功能。
（20二、牵张反射的解剖学基础，生理功能及其临床意义。
三、脑桥小脑三角区肿瘤可能累及哪些结构？病人可能出现哪里症状和体征？（20分）四、人体各语言中枢的位置、功能及受损后表现。
五、周围神经的再生过程和影响因素。
（20分）5] 2004年中南大学博士生入学考试试题（神经解剖学）论述题一、大脑皮质的细胞分层及皮质功能柱概念。
（20二、神经营养因子的概念及对神经元的作用。
（20）三、脊髓灰质Rexed分层与解剖学神经核团的关系。
四、边缘系统中与学习和记忆高级神经活动有关的结构和机能学基础。
神经解剖学试题及答案
神经解剖学试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 人类大脑皮层中负责语言处理的区域是：A. 枕叶B. 颞叶C. 额叶D. 顶叶答案：C2. 下列哪个结构不属于大脑的基底核？A. 尾状核B. 壳核C. 丘脑D. 豆状核答案：C3. 脊髓中负责传导运动信号的神经纤维是：A. 感觉纤维B. 运动纤维C. 交感神经纤维D. 副交感神经纤维答案：B4. 视觉信息首先在大脑的哪个区域进行处理？A. 枕叶B. 颞叶C. 顶叶D. 额叶答案：A5. 脑干中负责调节呼吸和心跳的区域是：A. 中脑B. 桥脑C. 延髓D. 小脑答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 下列哪些是大脑皮层的主要功能区域？A. 感觉区B. 运动区C. 边缘系统D. 视觉皮层答案：ABD2. 在神经解剖学中，以下哪些结构属于脑干？A. 中脑B. 桥脑C. 延髓D. 小脑答案：ABC3. 以下哪些是脊髓的主要功能？A. 传导神经信号B. 调节体温C. 反射活动D. 维持姿势答案：ACD4. 下列哪些是大脑皮层的高级功能？A. 语言B. 记忆C. 视觉D. 听觉答案：AB5. 以下哪些结构属于自主神经系统？A. 交感神经B. 副交感神经C. 感觉神经D. 运动神经答案：AB三、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 人类大脑皮层的外层被称为______。
答案：灰质2. 大脑皮层的内层主要由______组成。
答案：白质3. 脑干由______、桥脑和延髓三部分组成。
答案：中脑4. 脊髓的末端称为______。
答案：脊髓圆锥5. 脑干中的______是调节呼吸和心跳的重要中枢。
答案：延髓四、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述大脑皮层的四个主要功能区及其主要功能。
答案：大脑皮层的四个主要功能区包括感觉区、运动区、边缘系统和联合区。
感觉区负责处理来自身体各部位的感觉信息；运动区控制身体的运动；边缘系统与情绪和记忆有关；联合区则负责高级认知功能，如语言和决策。
华中科技大学神经病学2019年考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学同济医学院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第1页 共1页
一、名词解释（5×6＝30分） 1. Lhremiter sign 2. akinetic mutism 3. 延髓背外侧综合征 4. 大脑脚综合征 5. 感觉性失语 二、简答题（4×10分） 1. 简述视神经不同部位病变时临床表现 2. 髓内，髓外硬膜ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้，髓外硬膜外病变鉴别 3. 分水岭区脑梗死分型及临床表现 4. 重症肌无力Oserman分型 三、病例分析30分 1. 脊髓炎诊断，诊断依据，鉴别诊断，治疗措施
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
华中科技大学神经外科2010年考博真题试卷
2、颅咽管瘤切除术后常见并发症及处理；
3、美国标准外伤大骨瓣开颅手术方法和主要优点。
非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭（5分）。
二、论述题（25分）
1、较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机源自可引起哪些不利影响？（10分）2、成人呼吸窘迫综合症的临床表现和分期（15分）。
神外部分
一、名词解释（共3个，每个5分）
正常压力性脑积水；Froster-Kennedy综合症；脊髓空洞症。
二、论述题（共3道，每题15分）
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论部分（40分）
一、名词解释（15分）
高钾血症（2.5分）；心脏按压（心脏按摩）（2.5分）；中心静脉压（5分）；
华中科技大学生理学考博试题汇总带答案版
华中科技大学生理学考博试题汇总带答案版华中科技大学同济医学院生理学考博2001 年试述神经-肌肉接头处兴奋的传递过程，并分析影响兴奋传递的因素（20分）[答案] 神经-肌接头的传递过程：动作电位以局部电流的形式传导到神经末梢→Ca2+通道开放，进入轴突末梢，中和膜内表面和囊泡表面的负电荷，降低末梢内轴浆黏度，激活某些收缩蛋白，促使囊泡向接头前膜移动、融合、破裂并量子式释放递质Ach→Ach经接头间隙扩散到终板膜→与终板膜上上N2受体结合→该受体本身属化学门控离子通道，开放后使得终板膜Na+内流大于K+外流→终板电位去极化而爆发动作电位→终板电位刺激邻近的肌膜去极化达阈电位→肌膜上电压门控钠通道开放，Na+内流而产生肌膜动作电位，从而完成了兴奋在神经-肌肉接头处的传递过程。
Ach的消除：Ach发挥作用后迅速被附近的胆碱脂酶水解而失活。
影响兴奋传递的因素主要有：1.影响Ach的释放：细胞外镁离子浓度或细胞外钙离子浓度降低均能影响Ach的释放，其作用机制为：Mg++与Ca++竞争，使得钙离子内流减少，递质释放减少；钙离子内流减少，递质释放量减少。
影响递质与受体的结合:例如肉毒中毒，其会抑制递质的释放；肌无力综合征，其自身免疫力抗体会破坏神经末梢的钙离子通道；重症肌无力，其自身免疫性抗体破坏了终板膜上的N2受体与通道。
影响Ach的降解：例如筒箭毒会阻断终板膜上的N2受体与Ach结合；而新斯的明和有机磷中毒均抑制胆碱酯酶活性。
二、以左心为例，试述心脏将血液泵入动脉的过程，并试述泵血过程中心室内压力、容积、瓣膜开关和血流的变化。
（20分）（在每个心动周期中心脏的压力、容积、瓣膜启闭和血流方向各有何变化？）[答案]在每一个心动周期中，包括收缩和舒张两个时期，每个时期又可分为若干时相。
以心房开始收缩作为描述一个心动周期的起点。
⑴心房收缩期：心房开始收缩之前，心脏正处于全心舒张期，心房和心室内压都比较低。
但心房压相对高于心室压，房室瓣处于开启状态，而心室内压远比动脉压为低，故半月瓣处于关闭状态。
华中科技大学神经病学2012年考博真题试卷
7、CADASIL的诊断及鉴别诊断
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中பைடு நூலகம்技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. Lambert-eaton syndrome
2. clinically isolated syndrome
3. west syndrome
4. pseudobullar palsy
5. Gerstmann syndrome
二、问答题
1.糖尿病神经系统并发症
2.重症肌无力免疫调节治疗的研究进展
3.癫痫联合治疗的选药原则及常见配伍方案
4.“小卒中”的定义、临床特征及治疗
5、如何正确认识缺血性脑血管病的溶栓治疗
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
近十年重点院校考博解剖专业课试题大全
2002年协和医科大学解剖学考博试题一、名词;1、海式三角（英文）2、胆囊三角3、斜角肌三角4、背盖背区5、REXED板层6、心包斜窦7、鼻烟壶二、填空30分1、肾上腺的血供2、肩胛动脉网3、肛直肠环三、选择20分1、脾的位置2、选择性迷走神经切断术的神经四、问答1、小脑的分叶和联系2、内囊后脚损伤产生那些症状3、踝关节能做那些运动其支配肌肉神经是什么4、骑跨伤损伤造成渗尿会到达那些结构5、胰头癌会压迫那些部位产生什么症状复旦大学医学院2000年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、腺管2、胸导管3、海绵窦4、基底膜5、膀胱三角6、胆囊三角7、鼓室二、问答1、针刺中指后痛觉传导通路2、下皮层的功能定位3、肝脏的吡邻复旦大学医学院2001年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、膀胱三角2、室上脊3、奇静脉4、海绵窦二、问答1、脊柱的连接2、视觉通路3、心脏的结构复旦大学医学院2002年解剖学（博士）一、名词1、willis环2、肾窦3、巩膜静脉窦二、问答题1.膝关节的组成，运动特点支配肌肉神经2.右心室的结构3.肾脏的解剖毗邻被膜4.丘脑的解剖结构和纤维联系复旦大学医学院2003年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1.滑膜关节2.肾窦3.腹直肌鞘4.弹性圆锥5.肝胆三角6.语言中枢7.室间隔8.海马-纵隔9.呼吸道二、问答1.手掌动脉的解剖位置2.男性尿道的解剖结构、解剖位置3.脊柱连接4.三叉丘系、脊丘系；内侧、外侧丘系复旦大学医学院2004年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：（5分/题）1.ptreon;2.结膜穹窿；3.房间隔4.岛叶5.limibic system6.bala7.梨状窝8.venous angle9.髌韧带10.关节盘二、问答题：（10分/题）1.试述内耳的结构组成。
2.内囊的结构和受损后的症状。
3.男性小骨盆与女性小骨盆里都有什么器官，有何区别？4.人体有多少消化腺，其位置形态分泌腺的名称和作用。
四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了）二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2004年湘雅博士入学考试试题局部解剖学名词解释（每题5分，共30分）硬膜外隙（腔）；腹股沟管；Willis环（cerebral arterial circle）bronchopulmonary segment；thoracic duct；鞍上池论述题（1、2题必答，每题18分；3、4、5题任选两题，每题17分）1、颈内动脉的行程、分段及分支分布2、后纵隔的位置、结构及毗邻关系3、髂关节的结构、功能、血供及神经支配4、尿道球部损伤尿液外渗的解剖学基础5、论述肝段划分的理论依据及临床意义苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。
华中科技大学神经病学2015年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
第1攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1.短暂性脑缺血发作 2.Gower sign 3.脊髓半切综合征 4.Fisher 综合征 5.Lhermitte sign 6.一个半综合征 7.分水岭性梗死 8. 二、简单题 1.左旋多巴治疗帕金森病的运动并发症及处理。 2.癫痫持续状态的最新定义及处理。 3.多发性肌炎的临床特征（包括病因、发病机制、临床表现、检查、治疗）。 4.ADEM 的病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断。 5.痴呆的常见病因及特点。 三、病例分析 蛛网膜下腔出血、颅内动脉瘤，诊断及鉴别诊断、治疗
各院校历年考博解剖真题
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1995年1. 心脏的血供。
2. 胃的静脉和淋巴回流。
3. 眼的神经支配。
4. 颈部的淋巴回流。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1996年1. 眼的神经支配。
2. 内囊的位置和后肢损伤后的表现。
3. 肾脏的位置和毗邻。
4. 腋窝淋巴结分布及回流。
5. 腹膜附属结构、大小网膜的功能。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1997年1．神经元的形态分类。
2．眼眶内的静脉、神经分布。
3．三角肌、前踞肌、背阔肌的起止、功能和神经支配。
4．本体感觉传导通路，为什么小脑损害会引起指鼻不准、走路蹒跚。
5．腹膜和腹膜囊的构成韧带和窝。
6．上下腔静脉的构成、之间的吻合、临床意义。
7．腋动脉的分段，分支供应的器官和伴随神经支配的器官。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1998年1．臂丛神经分支(5支)的分布。
2．腹股沟管的结构、通过的神经。
3．甲状腺的血供、静脉回流。
4．心脏的血供、静脉回流。
5．头面部本体感觉传导通路、交叉上下损害的特点。
6．眼的神经、动脉。
7．咽腔组成，鼻咽癌的好发部位。
8．食管的行程及三个狭窄生理意义。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1999年1．以肩关节为例叙述关节的基本结构和附属结构。
2．眼动脉的分支和静脉回流。
3．瞳孔对光反射的路径；一侧视神经和动眼神经损伤的表现。
4．脑干特殊内脏运动神经核名称、位置，纤维组成颅神经的分布。
5．颈外动脉在颈部的分支、起止、走行和分布。
6．腹膜后间隙定义、范围和脏器。
7．臀部神经的分层，经梨状肌上孔的神经、血管及相对的供应和支配。
8．直肠肛管上下的动脉、静脉和神经的特点。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2000年1、臂丛的神经分支及分布。
2、上颌动脉的走行和分支。
3、腹腔淋巴结的分布和范围。
4、脑干网状结构的形态和功能。
5、心脏的形态、位置、毗邻、动静脉及神经支配。
6、下丘脑的主要核团及分泌激素。
7、子宫的固定装置。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2002年六选五1、叙述眼内、外肌的神经支配和功能。
华科考博历年病理考题1990-2021
华科考博历年病理考题1990-2021华中科技大学同济医学院考博病理学试题（1990-2021年）华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（1） 1 凋落 2 血栓再通 3 化生 4 浓性卡他 5 非典型增生问答：1 修复过程中组织再生受哪些因素影响？2 试述肺动脉栓塞的原因及后果。
3 何谓吞噬作用？扼要说明吞噬过程。
4 试述肿瘤增生与非肿瘤增生的区别。
华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（2）一名词解释 1淤血 2渗出 3肿瘤 4葡萄胎5炎性息肉 6坏死7栓塞 8肿瘤的异型性 9单核吞噬细胞系统 10 动脉粥样硬化二简述细胞与组织常见损伤原因三试述良性高血压时心和肾的病理变化四试述脓肿的病因，病理变化和结局五原发肺结核与继发肺结核的病理变化有何不同？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（1）1 试述凝固性坏死、液化性坏死、干酪样坏死和脂肪坏死的形态学特点及其相互区别。
2 试述畸胎瘤和癌肉瘤的异同点。
3 何谓肉芽肿性炎？常见病因。
各举两例说明其形态结构和结局。
4 纤维素性炎发生与哪些器官？哪些疾病（至少两种以上）？形态学有何特点？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（2）一名词解释1吞噬溶酶体 2蜂窝织炎 3液化性坏死 4血栓形成 5梗死6免疫缺陷病 7结核结节 8尘肺 9肿瘤的异型性 10慢性萎缩性肾炎二举例说明恶性肿瘤的扩散途径三试述血吸虫性肝硬变的病变特征和临床表现四试述细菌性肺炎的病变特征华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1992 一名词解释1细胞水变性 2微血栓 3蜂窝织炎 4缩窄性心包炎 5结核病 6原位癌 7浆液性炎症8粥瘤 9固缩坏死（凋落） 10交界性肿瘤二何谓坏疽？坏疽分哪几种类型？各型病变有何特征？三简述急性炎症和结局四试述急性（普通型）病理型肝炎的病理变化及临床联系五简述弥漫性新月体肾炎的病理变化及临床病理联系华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1993 一名词解释1瘢痕组织 2风湿小节 3肠上皮化生 4混合血栓 5化脓性炎症6肿瘤的转移 7脑软化 8硅（矽）结节 9肝细胞碎片状坏死 10脓毒血症二试述肿瘤的生长方式及其临床意义三试述支气管炎的病理变化及其主要临床症状与病变的关系四简述结核病基本病变的转化规律五试述血栓对机体的影响，并各举一例加以说明同济医科大学一九九三年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题基础课：病理学一．解释常用病理学名词（每小题4分，共40分） 1、肿瘤的异型性 2、毛玻璃样肝细胞 3、干酪样坏死4、栓塞 5、化生心肌梗死 6、嗜神经细胞现象 7、脂肪变性 8、 organization 9、 tuberculoma 10、二．何谓癌前病变？列举各种类型癌前病变并简要说明之。
华科考博真题
Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1. The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines47-48) differed from other plans by(A) encouraging capital investment(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor(C) providing incentives for cost control(D) employing only dedicated and idealistic doctors(E) relying primarily on public funding2. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-costreimbursement EXCEPT(A) rising operating costs(B) underused hospital facilities(C) overcapitalization(D) overreliance on expensive equipment(E) lack of services for minorities3. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) light-hearted and amused(B) objective but concerned(C) detached and unconcerned(D) cautious but sincere(E) enthusiastic and enlightened4. According to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partlyattributable to the fact that(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealistic(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access tohealth-care services(D) advances in technology have made health care service unaffordable(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care5. The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented(D) proof of the theory that no plan has been successful(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results6. It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put backtogether again” means that(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline(B) some people should not become doctors(C) medical care is not really essential to good health(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful(E) medical science cannot cure every ill7. With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery ofhealth-care services would the author most likely agree?(A) It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough(D) It is generally effective but can be improved(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care8. Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and secondparagraphs.(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the pointsmade in the first paragraph.(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the pointsmade in the first paragraph.(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphspresent two horns of a dilemma.(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third apossible solution.9. The author’s primary concern is to(A) criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in techno-logically advanced equipment(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assesstheir severity(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has notimproved since World War II(D) analyze the reasons for the health-care industry’s inability to provide qualitycare to all segments of the population(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are thecauses of spiraling medical costs1. C2. E3. B4. B5. A6. E7. D8. C9. B 10.Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heatproduction and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2 were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2 might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2 were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.1. The author is primarily concerned with(A) showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodilytemperature than innate mechanisms(B) criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects ofmicrowave radiation on organisms(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those ofother forms of radiation(D) analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodilytemperature in a changing thermal environment(E) discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internaltemperature of an organism2. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms forheat production?I. They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organismrather than at the surface.II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III3. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take upin the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves onanimals and human beings(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it isdangerous(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on humanbeings(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia4. The author’s strategy in lines 39-42 is to(A) introduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a point(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent’s theory(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon5. The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiationacts on organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based theirconclusions primarily on(A) laboratory research(B) unfounded assumption(C) control group surveys(D) deductive reasoning(E) causal investigation6. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) genial and conversational(B) alarmed and disparaging(C) facetious and cynical(D) scholarly and noncommittal(E) scholarly and concerned7. The author is primarily concerned with(A) pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theory(B) developing a hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenon(C) reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiation(D) criticizing the research methods of earlier investigators(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe a phenomenon1. C2. B3. A4. A5. B6. E7. A8.9.10.Agricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to set off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses increased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war. Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did England’s Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an unsuccessful crusade, and his vassals—both lay and ecclesiastic—took over spending where their sovereign stopped. Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests; the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product. Moreover, though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year, we cannot precisely calculate their impact on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the assets that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, norexpect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill. Above all, medieval France had little room for investment over and above the preservation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less demanding than is the modern state—nevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.1. According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of the amount neededfor subsistence were used by medieval kings to(A) patronize the arts(B) sponsor public recreation(C) wage war(D) build cathedrals(E) fund public education2. According to the passage, which of the following was an important source ofrevenue in medieval France?(A) Cheese(B) Wine(C) Wool(D) Olive oil(E) Veal3. The passage suggests that which of the following would have reduced the assetsimmediately available for commercial investment in medieval France?I. Renovation of a large cathedralII. A sharp increase in the birth rateIII. An invasion of France by Henry II(A) III only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III4. It can be inferred from the passage that more people could enter government andthe Church in medieval France because(A) the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas wasbeginning to increase(B) an increase in the volume of international trade had brought an increase in thepopulation of cities(C) a decrease in warfare had allowed the king to decrease the size of the army(D) food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed tosurvive(E) landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage oftenants’ annual yields5. The author implies that the reason we cannot expect the same results from a newbell tower as from a new water mill is that(A) bell towers yield an intangible dividend(B) bell towers provide material satisfaction(C) water mills cost more to build than bell towers(D) water mills divert funds from commerce(E) water mills might well be destroyed by war6. The author of the passage most probably bases his central argument on which ofthe following theoretical assumptions often made by economists?(A) Different people should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they can expectto receive from public activity.(B) Perfect competition exists only in the case where no farmer, merchant, orlaborer controls a large enough share of the total market to influence marketprice.(C) A population wealthy enough to cut back its rate of consumption can funnelthe resulting savings into the creation of capital.(D) A full-employment economy must always, to produce one good, give upproducing another good.(E) There is a universal tendency for population, unless checked by food supply,to increase in a geometric progression.7. The author suggests that commercial expansion in medieval France “requiredconsiderable economic sacrifice” (lines 59-60) primarily for which of thefollowing reasons?(A) Cathedrals cost more to build and rebuild than did castles.(B) The numerous wars fought during the period left the royal treasury bankrupt.(C) Louis VII levied a more crushing tax burden on his subjects than did HenryII.(D) Although much of the available surplus had been diverted into vineyardexpansion, the vineyards had not yet begun to produce.(E) Although more food was being produced, the subsistence level was not veryfar above the minimum required to sustain life.8. The passage implies that which of the following yielded the lowest dividend tomedieval men and women relative to its cost?(A) Warfare(B) Vineyard expansion(C) Water mill construction(D) Castle building(E) Cathedral building9. Which of the following statements best expresses the central idea of the passage?(A) Commercial growth in medieval France may be accurately computed bycalculating the number of castles and cathedrals built during the period.(B) Competition between the Church and the feudal aristocracy for funds createdby agricultural surplus demonstrably slowed the economic growth ofmedieval France.(C) Despite such burdens as war and capital expansion by landholders, commercein medieval France expanded steadily as the agricultural surplus increased.(D) Funds actually available for commerce in medieval France varied with thedemands placed on the agricultural surplus.(E) The simultaneous progress of vineyard expansion and building in medievalFrance gives evidence of a rapidly expanding economy.1. C2. B3. E4. D5. A6. C7. E8. A9. D 10.Astrophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional”configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz’ work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) comparing Abramowicz’ work to the work of earlier astrophysicists(B) providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant newwork(C) defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observed(D) exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central objectof an accretion disk(E) describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing severalconflicting theories of their origins2. It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretiondisks were based on which of the following?(A) A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitationalrelationships(B) A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity andstandard Newtonian gravitational relationships(C) A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact star(D) Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact stars(E) Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings aroundcompact stars3. The author’s attitude toward Abramowicz’ work can best be described as one of(A) uncertain approval(B) unqualified respect(C) mild interest(D) careful dismissal(E) hostile skepticism4. The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledgeof the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?(A) Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments inx-ray astronomy.(B) Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.(C) It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.(D) It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.(E) It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.5. The passage suggests that Abramowicz’ work was motivated by which of thefollowing assumptions?(A) The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is onlyif the disks are stable.(B) Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilitiesoccurring in accretion disks.(C) The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggeststhat predictions of their occurrence might be wrong.(D) Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars andblack holes do not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.(E) The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.6. The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge inastrophysics?(A) Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities ofastrophysicists and restricted progress.(B) Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significantbreakthroughs in basic physics and chemistry.(C) Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining andsolving restricted problems.(D) Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes ofstars, further progress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what isalready known.(E) Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thuslimiting progress, although there have recently been signs of change.7. The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study ofaccretion disks is(A) derivative(B) more sophisticated(C) less clearly focused(D) at an earlier stage of development(E) more dependent on technological advances8. According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in(A) an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary star(B) a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron star(C) a collision between two stars(D) the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact star(E) the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star9. It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz’ work isthat it(A) provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron stars(B) opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomy(C) proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disks(D) proposes a new system of classification of stars(E) suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction andactual observation1. B2. A3. B4. C5. C6. C7. D8. E9. E 10.1. 英译中主要讲未来太阳和地球距离会缩短，太阳光辐射地球，会使得海洋水分都蒸发，水蒸气作为温室气体会使得地球温度达到100度或更高，只有微生物才能适应极端环境。
华中科技大学神经外科2004年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试
2004 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1、休克抑制期 2、非少尿型肾功衰 3、预存自体回输血 二、问答题 1、创伤的检查与诊断方法 2、脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3、颅脑损伤的病情观察要点 4、脑动静脉畸形的治疗方法有哪些？各有何有缺点 5、颅咽管瘤手术要经过鞍区那几个间隙，术后并发症级处理 6、cpa 肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断
1995-2018华西博士考试局部解
2018年解剖学试题一、名词解释（12选10）1.心包斜窦2.尿生殖膈3.椎动脉三角4.胃后动脉5.踝管6.骨纤维孔7.前庭小脑8.Trigone of biadder9.Triangle ducts arteriosus 10.Projection fibers teroconal fascia Humeromuscular hummel 12.肱骨肌管二、问答题1.侧脑室的结构、位置及毗邻。
2.尿道骑跨伤解释尿外渗的解剖原因。
3.肛门括约肌的结构、神经支配及临床意义。
4.内侧丘系的形成、行程、毗邻和损伤后症状。
5.颈部外侧深淋巴结位置、走行及注群。
6.心脏的神经支配。
7.手掌层次结构。
8.描述胸骨平面10个解剖结构。
9.髋关节囊的组成、韧带和血供。
10.硬膜外麻醉穿刺的进针点和层次。
11.肝段划分的范围、第一肝段毗邻。
12.胰头的血供和毗邻。
2017年解剖学试题一、名词解释（12选6）1.third porta hepatis2.Hypogastric nerve3.坐骨肛门窝前隐窝4.枕下三角5.Adductor hiayus6.封套筋膜7.头皮8.Retzius veins9.Cavernous sinus 10.动脉导管三角11.肱骨肌管12.Medial lemniscus二、问答题1.简述上纵膈的主要器官和分层排列情况。
2.简述腰神经通道的解剖学特点。
3.紧贴上下肢骨面行走的神经有哪些？损伤后有何表现？4.简述腋淋巴结的分群、位置和引流范围。
5.由腹膜所形成的脾韧带有哪些？韧带间有哪些结构通过？6.十二指肠的走行、分布、第三段毗邻关系。
7.肾旁前间隙的周界、内容和临床意义。
8.在正常前倾屈位下子宫各部的毗邻。
9.直肠的结构特点和血供。
10.腹壁浅筋膜性层附着及该积血区的通连（有图）。
11.内囊结构、通行结构（上下行投射纤维及名称）、血供及损伤后的临床表现。
12.描述颈部血供情况（颈内、外总动脉的位置、走行及分支情况，重点描述颈外动脉及动脉分支及甲状腺血供）。
华中科技大学神经外科2005年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第1页 共1页
公共部分： 一、名解 SIADH SIRS 二、问答： 1、成分输血的种类及适应症 2、肠源性感染的发病机制 3、代酸的分型及常见原因
神外： 一、名解 颅内压增高 弥漫性轴索损伤 二、问答 1、简述急脑疝病理 2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则 3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断 4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则 5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表
各校神经病学考博试题
__________________，连接两侧海马的是__________________。
18.
支配颊肌运动的是__________________，管理颊部躯体感觉的是__________________，管理舌后
1/3 感觉的是__________________，管理舌前 2/3 味觉的是__________________。
_____________________ ， 下 行 纤 维 包 括 _____________________ 、 _____________________ 和
_____________________。
10.
与海马CA1区相接的是__________，与CA4相接的是__________，海马旁回与__________相接。海
马结构的主要传出纤维是__________，最终止于__________和__________。
11.
丘脑束又称__________区，包括__________、__________和__________，这些纤维分别进入丘脑
_____________________等核群。
12.
海 绵 窦 内 穿 行 的 结 构 有 __________ 、 __________ 、 __________ 、 __________ 、 __________ 和
1.名词 Gene array fMRI Event-related Potential Neural Plasticity 2.脊髓背角 C 纤维的主要突触递质是什么？请设计不同实验方法予以证实？ 3.根据目前帕金森病的研究进展，简述未来帕金森病的可能治疗措施。
A.
颈内动脉
B.
大脑前动脉
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3、某锥骨骨折病人，左侧第8胸髓节后索受损，试分析是哪一个锥骨骨折？损伤了什么传导束？病人有何表现？（15分）
4、试述内囊的位置、分布核各部通过的纤维束。（18分）
5、试述脑脊液的产生、循环和回流。（12分）
华中科技大学医学考博真题试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
1997年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（20分）
1、反射
2、交感干
3、基底核
4、锥体外系
5、Willis环
二、问答题（80分）
1、试述脊神经的组成、纤维成分、分支及分布。（15分）