英语

郑州工业应用技术学院
学生课程考核专业外文翻译
原文：NC Technology
译文：数控技术
学院：机电工程学院
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化
班级： 11 机械四班
课程：机械工程专业英语课程
学生姓名：葛斌斌
学号： 1 1 0 2 1 3 0 4 0 6
时间： 2015年1月6日
成绩评定：
NC Technology
1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times
Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over t he world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine to ol industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 ale rt eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstandi ng , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturin g industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS l owers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increase s at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major inter national lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of p resent world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe) , have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:
（1）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovation
Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new u nit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective mann er, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric mai n shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machi nery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the fou ndation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe vari ety constantly.
（2）、Improve the precision and research of machine tooling
In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are impr oving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of sha pe, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precis ion , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate t echnical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure impro ve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit c onstantly, nanometer is being processed.
（3）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity
World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of m ain shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.
(4).What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedly
A、 elligent research of the numerical control system
Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the
efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing cou rse is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join the conve nient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the f eedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models a utomatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the electrical machin ery parameter; There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic progra mming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monit oring ,etc..
B、 The numerical control system melts and studies open
Mainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical co ntrol system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support fin ally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical contr ol target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the techni cal know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control s ystem of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with dist inct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at prese nt, norm , disposing the norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic fun ction storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instr ument ,etc. are the core of present research to pass through.
C．Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the in formation integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numeric al control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.
2、Classification of the machining center
(1)Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as f ollows, horizontal and vertical machining center.
Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level o f the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece . Compared with strengt h type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quali ty is large, the price is high.
Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining c enter, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the wo rkingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectili near motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the pric e is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of m ost work pieces .
Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up verticall y, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spen d the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace indu
stry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.
Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertic al and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi pro cessing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus i mprove production efficiency , reduce the process cost.
(2)Classify by craft use
Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining c enter , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicat ed part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.
Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horiz ontal and vertical direction.
(3)Classify by special function
Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;
Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of c ase;
Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the mai n shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.
3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe
At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising const antly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,e tc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated syste m of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is bei ng developed in several following directions.
（1）. The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two import ant indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficie ncy and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, f requency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhil e , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure , in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert t he speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically.
Adopt feedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.
For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequ ency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electri cal machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such for ms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc.. At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.
（2）. Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organiz ation (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automatically to furnis hed with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of proc esses as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the s ame time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different posit ion of part at the same time. The numerical control system has because adopted man y CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out part processi ng and procedure at the same time on a lathe , realize so-called " the frontdesk proce sses , the backstage supporter is an editor ". In order to meet the needs of integratin g the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical contr ol system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , n umerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too.
（3）. Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive contr ol technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working p arameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the servic e life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time . Dia gnose by oneself , repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipm ent linking to each other with it at any time. While breaking down , adopt the measur e of shutting down etc. immediately , carry on the fault alarm, brief on position , reas on to break down ,etc.. Can also make trouble module person who take off automatic ally , put through reserve module , so as to ensure nobody demand of working enviro nment. For realize high trouble diagnose that requires , its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system.
（4）. The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . The nu merical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utiliz e the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependabi lity . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds o f demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universal ization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on.. Still through operating and starting many
kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online et c. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardw are , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warni ng suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and d esign the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by o neself; Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hun dred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.
（5）. Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine , electric device for an organic whole. Adop t the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainl y at present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronic d evices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occup ying the space on a larger scale. And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liqui d crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating syste m of numerical control miniaturize further. So can install it on the machine tool conve niently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more.
本文摘自：Shigley J E. Mechanical Engineering Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998
数控技术
1、当前世界NC机床的研究现状
世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。

机床工业有世界经济相互促进和发展，进入21世界知识机警时代，人们的知识所起的作用更加突出，而机床工业作为机器制造业的基础，其重点地位与战略意义也更加明显。

在1991—1994年间，世界经济衰退，昂贵的FMS，CIMS降温，1995—2000年间，世界经济在低速增长，根据当前世界市场各方面用户为提高生产率对NC机床的要求以及世界四大国际机床展（欧洲的EMO、美国的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中国的CIMT）上展品的分析，当前世界NC机床的技术研究主要有以下几点：
（1）、更加重视新技术和创新
在世界范围内，对新工艺、新材料、新结构、新单元、新元件的研究开发工作正在大力开展，如新的刀具材料、新的主轴结构、高速电主轴、高速直线电机等的开发研究。

以加工工艺的改进创新为基础，为加工超硬、难切削材料及特殊复合材料及复杂零件、不规则曲面等在不断研究开发新机种。

（2）、提高机床加工的精度和研究
为了提高加工中心的加工精度，不断提高机床的刚度、减少振动，消除热变形，降低噪声，提高NC机床的定位精度、重复精度、工作可靠性、稳定性、精度保持性，世界很多国家都在进行机床热误差、机床运动及负载变形误差的软件补偿技术研究，并采取精度补偿、软件补偿等措施加以改善，有的已经可以使此类误差消除60%。

并在不断开发精细加工，纳米加工。

（3）、提高机床加工生产率的研究
世界NC机床、加工中心及相应的高速点主轴、直线电机、测量系统、NC系统的开发，均以提高生产率为前提。

（4）、许多国家都已经开始对数控系统的智能化、开放化、网络化研究
A、数控系统的智能化的研究
主要表现在：为追求加工效率和加工质量的智能化，对加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成进行研究；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，对反馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等进行研究；还有智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面、智能诊断、智能监控等方面的研究。

B、数控系统开放化研究
主要表现在：数控系统的开发在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终拥护，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控对象），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。

目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通行规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。

C、数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式的基础单元。

2、加工中心的分类
（1）按主轴加工时的空间位置分类有：卧式和立式加工中心。

卧式加工中心，是指主轴轴线水平设置的加工中心。

卧式加工中心一般具有3—5个运动坐标轴，常见的是三个直线运动坐标轴和一个回转运动坐标轴（回转工作台），它能在工件一次装夹完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余4个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类工件。

它与力式加工中心相比，结构复杂，占地面积大，质量大，价格高。

立式加工中心，立式加工中心主轴的轴线为垂直设置，其结构多为固定立柱式，工作台为十字滑台，适合加工盘类零件，一般具有3个直线运动坐标轴，并可在工作台上安置一个水平轴的数控转台（第4轴）来加工螺旋类零件。

立式加工中心结构简单，占地面积小，价格低，配备各种附件后，可进行大部分工件的加工。

大型龙门式加工中心，主轴多为垂直设置，尤其使用于大型或形状复杂的工件，像航空、航天工业及大型汽轮机上的某些零件的加工都需要用这类多坐标龙门式加工中心。

五面加工中心，这种加工中心具有立式和卧式加工中心的功能，在工件一次装夹后，能完成除安装面外的所有五个面的加工，这种加工方式可以使工件的形状误差降到最低，省去二次装夹工作，从而提高生产效率，降低加工成本。

（2）按工艺用途分类有：
镗铣加工中心，分为立式樘铣加工中心、卧式樘铣加工中心和龙门樘铣加工中心。

其加工工艺以樘铣为主，用于箱体，壳体以及各种复杂零件特殊曲线和曲面轮廓的多工序加工，适合多品种小批量生产。

复合加工中心，主要指五面复合加工，主轴头可自动回转，进行立，卧加工，在主轴自动回转后，在水平和垂直方向实现知道变换。

（3）按特殊功能分类有：
单工作台、双工作台加工中心；
单轴、双轴、三轴及可换主轴箱的加工中心；
立式转塔加工中心和卧式转塔加工中心；
刀库加主轴换刀加工中心；
刀库接写手加主轴换刀加工中心；
刀库加机械手加双主轴转塔加工中心。

3、当今数控机床的发展趋势：
目前，世界先进制造技术不断兴起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技术的应用，柔性制造系统的迅速发展和计算机集成系统的不断成熟，对数控加工技术提出了更高的要求。

当今数控机床正在朝着以下几个方向发展。

（1）.高速度、高精度化速度和精度是数控机床的两个重要指标，它直接关系到加工效率和产品质量。

目前，数控系统采用位数、频率更高的处理器，以提高系统的基本运算速度。

同时，采用超大规模的集成电路和多微处理器结构，以提高系统的数据处理能力，即提高插补运算的速度和精度。

并采用直线电动机直接驱动机床工作台的直线伺服进给方式，其高速度和动态响应特性相当优越。

采用前馈控制技术，使追踪滞后误差大大减小，从而改善拐角切削的加工精度。

为适应超高速加工的要求，数控机床采用主轴电动机与机床主轴合二为一的结构形式，实现了变频电动机与机床主轴一体化，主轴电机的轴承采用磁浮轴承、液体动静压轴承或陶瓷滚动轴承等形式。

目前，陶瓷刀具和金刚石涂层刀具已开始得到应用。

（2）.多功能化配有自动换刀机构(刀库容量可达100把以上)的各类加工中心，能在同一台机床上同时实现铣削、镗削、钻削、车削、铰孔、扩孔、攻螺纹等多种工序加工，现代数控机床还采用了多主轴、多面体切削，即同时对一个零件的不同部位进行不同方式的切削加工。

数控系统由于采用了多CPU结构和分级中断控制方式，即可在一台机床上同时进行零件加工和程序编制，实现所谓的“前台加工，后台编辑”。

为了适应柔性制造系统和计算机集成系统的要求，数控系统具有远距离串行接口，甚至可以联网，实现数控机床之间的数据通信，也可以直接对多台数控机床进行控制。

（3）.智能化现代数控机床将引进自适应控制技术，根据切削条件的变化，自动调节工作参数，使加工过程中能保持最佳工作状态，从而得到较高的加工精度和较小的表面粗糙度，同时也能提高刀具的使用寿命和设备的生产效率。

具有自诊断、自修复功能，在整个工作状态中，系统随时对CNC系统本身以及与其相连的各种设备进行自诊断、检查。

一旦出现故障时，立即采用停机等措施，并进行故障报警，提示发生故障的部位、原因等。

还可以自动使故障模块脱机，而接通备用模块，以确保无人化工作环境的要求。

为实现更高的故障诊断要求，其发展趋势是采用人工智能专家诊断系统。

（4）.可靠性最大化数控机床的可靠性一直是用户最关心的主要指标。

数控系统将采用更高集成度的电路芯片，利用大规模或超大规模的专用及混合式集成电路，以减少元器件的数量，来提高可靠性。

通过硬件功能软件化，以适应各种控制功能的要求，同时采用硬件结构机床本体的模块化、标准化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生产批量，又便于组织生产和质量把关。

还通过自动运行启动诊断、在线诊断、离线诊断等多种诊断程序，实现对系统内硬件、软件和各种外部设备进行故障诊断和报警。

利用报警提示，及时排除故障；利用容错技术，对重要部件采用“冗余”设计，以实现故障自恢复；利用各种测试、监控技术，
当生产超程、刀损、干扰、断电等各种意外时，自动进行相应的保护。

（5）.控制系统小型化数控系统小型化便于将机、电装置结合为一体。

目前主要采用超大规模集成元件、多层印刷电路板，采用三维安装方法，使电子元器件得以高密度安装，较大规模缩小系统的占有空间。

而利用新型的彩色液晶薄型显示器替代传统的阴极射线管，将使数控操作系统进一步小型化。

这样可以方便地将它安装在机床设备上，更便于对数控机床的操作使用。