2019武汉大学文博考研真题
2024年武汉大学研究生入学考试文博综合348考研真题
2024年武汉大学研究生入学考试文博综合348考研真题
业务课名称：文博综合348
考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
一、简答题(8选6，每题20 分，共120分)
1.简述茶技艺申遗成功的意义。
2.列举两个近五年十大考古新发现的旧石器时代遗址.
3.列举商代主要城址。
4. 简述红山文化的发现及其意义。
5. 简述东晋帝陵的布局及特征
6. 简述秦始皇陵兵马俑。
7. 简述南宋景德镇官窑瓷器的特点。
8.简述博物馆观众的研究方法。
二、论述题(8选6，每题30分，共180分)
1. 论述河北泥河湾遗址的考古发现及意义。
2. 论述西安地区汉墓的分期及特征。
3. 论述如何加强历史文化遗产保护。
4. 论述北魏洛阳城的布局特征及对后世都城规划的意义。
5. 论述二里头遗址的布局及意义。
6. 论述南宋临安城的布局特征及主要考古发现
7.论述良诸遗址群的布局及意义
8.论述博物馆教育的四个模型。
2019武汉大学文物与博物馆(专硕)考研招生目录、考试科目
2019武汉大学文物与博物馆（专硕）考研招生目录、考试科目
武汉大学历史学科创建于1913年，是我国高等院校中较早成立的历史系科之一，有着悠久历史和深厚积淀。
著名学者李剑农、谭戒甫、吴其昌、杨人楩、唐长孺、吴于廑、姚薇元、方壮猷、石泉等史学名家先后在这里执教，严耕望、陈仲安、高敏、张泽咸、谢桂华、彭泽周（伊原泽周）、张海鹏等知名学者在这里毕业。
经过几代学人的不断努力和积极开拓，形成了严谨的学风和优良的教风，确立了理论探讨与实证研究相统一，断代史与专门史、地区史与国别史相结合，传世文献与出土文献并重等学术特色，在队伍建设、科学研究和人才培养等方面成果突出，在国内外同行中具有重要地位和影响，具备雄厚的学科优势和科研实力。
招生院系：历史学院
招生专业：065100文物与博物馆（专业学位）
招生人数：18人
研究方向：
01 (全日制)考古与博物馆
02 (全日制)文物学
03 (全日制)科技考古
（本专业2019年仅招收全日制专业学位硕士）
考试科目：
①101思想政治理论
②202俄语或203日语或204英语二或240法语或241德语
③348文博综合
④--无
同等学力加试科目：
①中国通史
②古代汉语
复试科目：
①外语复试
②专业复试。
武汉大学文学院历年考研真题真题
06文学基础知识一简答每题10分1、永明体声律论对中国古代诗歌的影响2、中国古代小说的起源3、郭沫若历史剧的主要成就4、苏童小说的特色5、试论莫里哀创作的民主化倾向6、举例说明拜伦式英雄的特征7、简述文学形象的基本特征8、结合你熟悉的文学作品，谈谈小说的基本特征二论述1、试论汉代乐府民歌对后世诗歌的影响。
20分2、试论“朦胧诗”与“后朦胧诗”风格的不同。
20分3、举例说明俄罗斯19世纪文学中的多余人形象。
15分4、通过与生活真实和科学真实的比较，谈谈你对艺术真实的理解。
15分06现当代一名解每个6分湖畔诗社《原野》《红旗歌谣》新写实小说《尘埃落定》二简答每题15分1、李金发诗歌的特色及文学史地位2、张爱玲小说的艺术成就3、话剧《关汉卿》的创作特点4、上个世纪90年代女性小说的创作倾向三论述每题30分1、试论鲁迅与周作人的文艺观的异同和变化2、试论上个世纪90年代长篇小说创作的“文化保守主义”倾向06古代一简答每题12分1、《诗经采薇》中“昔我往矣，杨柳依依。
今我来思，雨雪霏霏。
”四句，使用何种手法抒写戍卒归乡途中的感情？这样写有什么好处？2、太康诗坛三张二陆两潘一左中的左是谁？其诗风如何？代表作？3、唐代有不少诗人齐名并称，如李杜等。
再另外举出四对并称的诗人，及各自名篇名句。
4、唐宋八大家中尼比较喜欢那几家，为什么，若都不喜欢也说出理由5、简析《琵琶记》的悲剧性质6、王士祯神韵说的主要内容？二论述每题26分1、结合具体作家作品，论述汉初（武帝前）散文发展的基本特征2、前人论宋词，常分北宋与南宋，或区别其异同，或比较其优劣。
试结合具体作家作品，谈谈北宋词与南宋词的差异3、《水浒传》中的好汉，通常具有好酒、不近女色、仗义疏财等特点，试就其价值内涵和艺术效果略作阐释。
06理论一、名解每题5分移情说象征艺术生产大音希声诗无达沽熏浸刺提二简答每题15分1、简述泰纳决定文学的三要素2、简述刘勰的“体性说”三理解题每题15分看材料理解1、（太长乐，大致意思是灵感是神灵附体诗人只有这种状态下才能作诗等等）这段话作者是谁，言说的是什么文学理论问题，你对这个问题持什么看法。
2019年武汉大学文物与博物馆专业复试经验
武汉大学考研辅导班：2019年武汉大学文物与博物馆专业复试经验
复试：
今年复试时间是3月28、29号两天，主要安排是这样滴：
28号上午先去校医院体检，完成体检审核后去学院办公室交需要的材料（本科成绩单、身份证复印件、毕业证书和学士学位证书复印件、政审表等等），下午进行英语面试。
英语面试内容不算难，每个人10分钟左右，就是先自我介绍，然后根据自我介绍问一些问题（也有一些题库里的题目），然后再要求读一篇英语文章（里面有个别词汇可能接触少不会读没关系，强行读下去然后保持流利就好，语音语调最好是发得准确一些老师会比较青睐，当然小错误也是可以允许存在的啦放心吧）。
29号上午开始进行专业课面试，在面试前老师会提前来候考室说一些要求，主要是说关于选择导师和考虑一下研究方向的问题。
每个人面试至少20分钟，我是上午最后一个面试的，进去现进行自我介绍，然后老师会问你的研究方向，根据你的介绍中提到的一些方面进行提问（我提到了关于考古地层学和类型学的问题，于是乎就被问了对这两个方法的理解……），随后要求我谈谈看过著作并说说对著作的理解，还有就是根据我选的研究方向来提问，比如我说了汝窑清凉寺遗址，就问了汝窑近十年的研究成果，我提到了越窑寺龙口遗址，就问寺龙口年代以及如何断代的……反正都是些专业性较强的问题，自己要准备好相应的材料去回答；千万别自己给自己挖坑说一些自己不了解的东西；如果不了解老师所说的东西，就回答不太了解就好了，老师们没有那么严厉，保持良好心态即可。
新祥旭考研官网/。
武汉大学2020-2021学年第一学期文物与博物馆学《考古学通论》考试试卷(A卷)及参考答案
武汉大学2020-2021学年第1学期《考古学通论》考试试卷（A卷）考试范围：《考古学通论》；满分：100分；考试时间：120分钟院/系：__________注意事项：1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息一、名词解释（6选4，每题5分，共20分）1．赝品2．汤山人3．堆土墓和土墩墓4．马家窑文化5．模印拼嵌画像砖墓6．蚁鼻钱二、简答题（6选5，每题10分，共50分）1．简述山顶洞人2．试述周礼。
3．简述西周青铜器铭文。
4．古代纺织品文物染色中的蓝色，红色，黄色，黑色，青绿色分别可通过哪些原料制成？5．巩固字迹和加强纸张强度的化学药品，应该具备的性能。
6．北宋皇陵建制。
三、论述题（3选2，每题15分，共30分）1．博物馆信息化的工作内容。
2．自然科学测年（断代）法。
3．试论述广汉“三星堆文化”的意义与价值。
【参考答案】一、名词解释（6选4，每题5分，共20分）1．赝品本义指工艺精湛的仿真品，价值和价格可以紧随被仿品，现在通常指工艺拙劣的仿冒品。
赝品是古董及书画市场的交易中以假乱真的行货。
由于这些物品并非原创，是临摹、仿制或复制的，而持有者、贩卖者却诓称是原作，所以把这些物品成为赝品。
2．汤山人是指1992年在南京市江宁县汤山镇发现的远古人类，距今30～35万年。
发现有头盖骨及牙齿等，同时出土的尚有哺乳动物化石。
汤山人头盖骨顶部有一小块骨，称为“前心点小骨”，为南京人特有。
3．堆土墓和土墩墓是始见于新石器时代的两种墓葬形式，两者之间存在着承袭、演变关系。
①堆土墓是指没有墓坑，尸体放置在地上，然后再用土掩埋。
由于长江中下游地区河流纵横、水网密布，地下水位浅，在新石器时期中期就出现了堆土墓。
有些地区延续至两周时期，形成显著的地域性葬俗特征。
在河姆渡文化、屈家岭文化、崧泽文化、薛家岗文化、马家浜文化中都有发现；②土墩墓是指先在地面上堆筑高达的土堆，然后在其上挖造的墓穴。
此种形式的葬俗流行于长江中下游太湖地区的良渚文化。
2019武汉大学新闻传播学硕考研真题回忆
2019武汉大学新闻传播学硕考研真题回忆
综合知识（617）
一、简答题
1.《原野的小路》哲理意蕴
2.《庄辛说楚襄王》谏言中有何特色？
3.《与史郎中钦听黄鹤楼上吹笛》笛声是如何表现愁绪的？
二、论述题
1.赋经历了由汉代大赋向抒情小赋的转变，请举例说明。
2.《茶馆》艺术特色？
三、作文：“执念”
法律政经部分
1.民事侵权构成要件及新闻侵权构成要件。
2.贸易保护主义的措施，利弊。
2.货币政策的含义目标、工具。
新闻传播学基础（809）
新闻学
一、辨析题：
1.信息是社会连接的方式之一。
2.新媒体时代，可以说社交媒体是消息的来源。
二、论述：
1.今日之新闻是明日之历史。
2.后真相时代，情感有助于传播，所以传播新闻时要注意情感表达。
二、材料分析
重庆公交坠江事件，分析新闻反转现象。
传播学
一、辨析题
1.网络传播主要是连接人与人的传播，不是大众传播。
2.今天数字鸿沟的存在，是因为个人媒介素养的差异。
二、论述题
1.受众变为用户，阐述受众理论并评价。
2.传播自改革开放以来引入我国已40年，你对新媒体的研究有什么认识，试用相关理论说明。
武汉大学历史学院《348文博综合》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编
![武汉大学历史学院《348文博综合》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/255e631703020740be1e650e52ea551810a6c9c3.png)
目 录2015年武汉大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2014年武汉大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2013年武汉大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2015年武汉大学348文博综合［专业硕士］考研真题一一武汉大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（满分值300分）科目缶称】文博综合卷）科目代码，348注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的—津无效。
注意：所有答题内容必须写在答睡纸上,凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效.一、填空箭（共20题，每小题3分，共60分）1.目前所知最早的巳经绝灭的人属动物是（工%目前所知世界最早的旧石器出自埃塞俄比亚的（）遗址，3.长江流域新石器时代最大的城址在＜）。
4.舞阳贾湖出土的（）是目前所见最早的乐器*5.升鼎是楚文化青铜器的代衷器类，其器形特征主要是束腰、（'6.近年在湖北发现的（）墓地是首次发现的西周前期的曾国墓地"7.黄肠题模在西汉主要见于（）的墓葬中，S.满城一号墓是〔）的墓葬，9,武梁祠画像属（〉艺术。
10.据史书记栽，收藏了孔宅壁中藏书并整理出《尚书》、《礼记》等数十种古籍的人是（）.上世纪70年代在湖北云梦出土的（）包含《秦律十八种》等多种法律文书。
12.《神乌傅》出土于江苏连云港发掘的（工13.始建于公元&52年的（）,是为供奉玄奘法师从印度带回的佛像、舍利和梵文经典，在慈恩寺的西塔院建立的一座五层楮塔。
14.位于陕西乾县北的（）是唐高宗李治和武则天的合葬墓，是唐代美中共3页第I页,卜八陵中惟一未被盗掘的陵墓。
15、博物馆的三个主要社会功能是〈九]&、玻璃器的腐恒与环境的温度和湿度密切相关,要保护好古代玻璃器，必须要把它放在（）的环境中，并保持空气清净无污染。
1L所谓“铁线金丝“是宋元时期哪个瓷窑瓷器的特点（"18、近年在广东汕头沿海发掘的南澳一号沉船是哪个时代的遗存']9、至少在唐代开始出现的绰■螳工艺是采用（）的方法织出花纹的"20、元大都的街道布局的主要特点是（"二、名词解释（共10题，每小题10分，共100分）1.后李文化2.邕太一生水》3.马王堆汉墓帛书4.大明宫5.前蜀王建墓S,超硅石分折法7.文物鉴定8.《宣和博古图》9.南宋官窑10.乐山大怫三、简答题（共4题，每小题20分，共80分）1.2012年全国十大考古发现入选的旧石器魂址有哪些重大发现及意义?2.简述西汉长安城的布局内容，3.如何开展博物饷的陈列工作？站谈谈对文物的价值的认识。
文博考研历年文物学真题
文博考研历年文物学真题考研这事儿啊，对于想要在文博领域深造的小伙伴们来说，那可真是一场“大战”。
特别是文物学这部分，历年的真题就像是我们前进路上的“秘密地图”。
咱们先来说说为啥要重视这些真题。
就像我之前认识的一个学弟，叫小李。
他考研的时候啊，一开始根本没把真题当回事，觉得只要把教材背得滚瓜烂熟就行。
结果呢，第一次考试就吃了大亏。
他发现考场上的题目虽然知识点都知道，但是题型和侧重点跟自己复习的方向完全不一样。
文物学的真题啊，那可是涵盖了各种各样的知识点和考点。
比如说，有的真题会让你分析某个朝代文物的特点和演变规律，这就要求你对历史脉络得非常清晰。
还有的会让你比较不同地区文物的差异，这就得考验你的综合分析能力啦。
有一年的真题，就问了关于青铜器的发展历程。
这可不仅仅是让你简单地罗列各个时期青铜器的特点，还得深入分析它们背后的文化内涵和社会背景。
你要是没好好研究过真题，可能就只能写出个表面，拿不到高分。
再比如说，有一道真题是让你谈谈对某件珍贵文物保护方案的看法。
这不仅考查你对文物保护知识的掌握，还看你有没有实际的解决问题的思路。
我还发现，通过研究历年真题，你能摸清楚出题老师的“套路”。
比如说，有些知识点隔几年就会出现一次，只是换了个考查的角度。
还有啊，有的老师特别喜欢结合当下的文物保护热点来出题。
就像前几年，关于数字化文物保护的题目就出现得比较多。
这就是因为当时数字化技术在文物领域的应用越来越广泛，老师想看看学生们对这个新趋势的了解和思考。
所以啊，同学们在准备文博考研文物学的时候，一定要把历年真题认真研究透彻。
多做几遍，总结规律，找出自己的薄弱环节，有针对性地进行复习。
可别像小李那样，走了弯路，浪费了宝贵的时间和精力。
最后，祝大家都能在考研中取得好成绩，顺利进入自己理想的学府，在文物学的海洋里畅游！。
2019年湖北武汉大学新闻与传播考研真题及答案
2019年湖北武汉大学新闻与传播考研真题及答案新闻与传播专业综合能力：一、辨析题1、公共舆论展开讨论的问题仅限于社会和公共事务点评：公共领域能够把私人问题排除在公共讨论之外。
公共舆论的目的旨在于维护公共利益。
公共舆论的前提是该意见是否从公众内部组织的公共领域中诞生。
2、商业媒体生产的商品是受众的注意力，而自媒体平台生产的商品是受众的一切活动和行为通俗来讲就是在资本主义的传媒制度下，以广告收入为主要经济来源的媒介所生产的商品不是广播电视节目，而是受众这一特殊商品。
商业媒体确实将受众的注意力转化为流量和广告费用，但在流量为王的时代下，自媒体平台又何尝不是。
以逻辑思维和咪蒙等自媒体平台为例，也有将受众变现的做法。
而随着互联网的发展、受众本位时代的到来，商业媒体例如一些企业的公众平台也开始以受众为中心进行内容生产，这使得商业媒体与自媒体的界限更加模糊了。
二、简答题1、简述第三人效果理论与其在实证研究中的特殊性在研究变量上，大多数研究证实了社会距离作为预测第三人效果强弱的重要因素。
其核心思想是,人们在评估媒介影响时,第三人效果的强度随着具体的参考对象社会或心理关系的远近而改变，这种解释框架试图将主体和客体分离开来，揭示人们的认知并非固定在某个落脚点上，而是随着参考群体的变化不断调整着感知位置。
这对于实证研究有一定的推动作用。
在研究路径上，对社会现象进行个案式、探讨式的分析，研究方法大多采取问卷调查或实验室实验法等量化研究方法上，几乎没有质性研究的身影。
这使得很多研究成果停留在反复验证理论之上，缺乏系统的论证和一致的研究结论。
2、请从社会协调理论角度出发，分析粉丝经济的社会心理成因结合传播学的知识点，粉丝经济的形成与意见领袖理论与社会协同理论都有一定的联系，当有意见领袖存在的时候，人们一般就会选择听从他们的观点，对群体产生一定的影响力。
最后，从人的心理出发，由于来自群体的压力害怕被孤立，个体通常会改变自己原本的想法而屈从于多数的意见，从而寻找一种平衡的满足。
2019年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解精品文档13页
2019年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands.This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. （definition）→ whatThe ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（history）→ howPractically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous. （goods/items）→ howAn auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. I f the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. （process）→ how（363words）1. Why is the end of the bidding called "knocking down"? （fact/detail）A. Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down.B. Because the auctioneers knocks the rostrum down.C. Because the goods are knocked down on to the table.D. Because the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer.2. The Romans used to sell by auction _____.（fact/detail）A. spoilt goodsB. old worn-out weaponsC. property taken from the enemyD. spears3. A candle used to bum at auction sales ______.（judgment/inference）A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made4. The auctioneer may decide to sell the "lots" out of the order because _____.A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers（judgment/inference）Questios 5 to 8 are based on the following passage:Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars.Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space.Doses of radiation are measured in units called 'rems'. We all receive radiation here on Earth from the sun, from cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals. The 'normal' dose of radiation that we receive each year is about 100 millirems; it varies according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than this without being damaged, the figure of 60 rems has been agreed.The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage -- a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of children or even grandchildren. what Early space probes showed that radiation varies in different parts of space around the Earth. It also varies in time because, when great spurts of gas shoot out of the sun, they are accompanied by a lot of extra radiation. Some estimates of the amount of radiation in space, based on various measurements and calculations, are as low as 10 rems per year, others are as high as 5 rems per hour. Missions to the moon have had to cross the Van Allen belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo 8 crew accumulated a total dose of about 200 milliremsper man. It was hoped that there would not be any large solar flares during the times of the Apollo noon walks because the walls of the LEMs were not thick enough to protect the men inside, though the command modules did give reasonable protection. So far, no dangerous doses of radiation have been reported, but the Gemini orbits and the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory or in a base on the moon. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far. At present, radiation seems to be the greatest physical hazard to space travelers, but it is impossible to say just how serious the hazard will turn out to be in the future.how (422words)5. Scientists have fixed a safety level of _____.（fact/detail）A. 10 rems per yearB. 60 rems per yearC. 100 milliremes per yearD. 5 rems hour6. The spacemen were worried about solar flares when they were ______.A. crossing the Van Allen beltsB. setting up a moon baseC. exploring the surface of the moonD. waiting in the command module（judgment/inference）7. When men spend long periods in space how will they protect themselves?A. By taking special drugs.B. By wearing special suits.C. By using a protective blanket.D. No solution has been found yet.（judgment/inference）8. Which of the following is true?（judgment/inference）A. The grandchildren of astronauts are deformed.B. The children of astronauts have damaged sex organs.C. Radiation damage may show only in later generations.D. Radiation does not seem to be very harmful.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage:Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses' pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.These reforms have been widely adopted by America's larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this weeksuggest not.What (idea--attitude)Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss's friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal.Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders.Why-whatAll too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, "independent" boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance. Why-howTo assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $ 1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researcher's big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a company's overall success. HowIn short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage -- which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having. (360words) What9. What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outsiders and putting them on the board of directors?（judgment/inference）A. To diversify the business of corporationB. To enhance the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors.C. To introduce effective reforms in business management.D. To protect the interests of the shareholders.10. What does Professor James Westphal's study suggest?（judgment/inference）butA. Boardroom reforms have failed to achieve the desired result.B. Outside board directors tend to be more independent.C. With a boardroom full of outsiders, senior managers work more conscientiously.D. Cooperation between senior managers and board directors suffered from the reforms.11. Which of the following statements is true?（Facts -judgment/inference）butA. Corporate executives in general are worth the high pay they receive.B. The income of corporate executives is proportional to the growth of corporateprofits.C. Corporate executives tend to take advantage of their position to enrich themselves.D. The performance of corporate executives affects their own interests more than thoseof the shareholders.12. How does the author feel about the efforts to control senior executives? butA. Doubtful.B. Optimistic.C. Positive.D. Approving.（judgment/inference）Questions 13 to 16 are based on the following passage:There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. One third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood. What-problemThere are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country's population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heavier drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach. How-solve-whatTo make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers.In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this level there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to drinking while intoxicated. I n Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act. How-solve-how Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverages will deter the excessive drinkers responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BACs involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs for those repeatedly arrested for drunken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash rates. Thus far, there is no firm evidence that Alcohol Safety Action Projectsupported programs, in which rehabilitation measures are requested by the court, have decreased recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however: unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die. How-result (532words)13. The author is primarily concerned with _____.（main idea）A. interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalitiesB. reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk drivingC. suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United StatesD. analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities14. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain _____.（judgment/inference）A. changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined driving whileintoxicatedB. made it illegal to drive while intoxicatedC. increased the number of drunk driving arrestsD. placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinksl 5. The author cites the British example in order to ______.（judgment/inference）A. prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deter drunk drivingB. prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce traffic deathsC. show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain that in U.S.D. suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal lawsl 6. The author's closing remarks can best be described as _____. however（attitude）A. ironicB. indignantC. indifferentQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage:Self-esteem is what people think about themselves -- whether or not they feel valued and when family members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to cope with the everyday problems of growing up. What- DefinitionSuccessful parent begins by communicating to children that they are loved for no other reasons than just because they exist. Through touch and tone of voice parents tell their infants whether or not they are valued, special, and loved, and it is these messages that form the basis of the child's self-esteem. When children grow up with love and are made to feel lovable despite their mistakes and failures, they are able to interact with others in a responsible, honest, and loving way. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise, making it easier to see aproblem as temporary, manageable, and something from which the individual can emerge. What- how-advantageIf, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others. Ultimately their actions invite this treatment, and their self-defeating behavior turns expectations into reality. They do not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems in a healthy way, and life maybe viewed as just one crisis after another. Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent towards themselves and others. These individuals grow up to live isolated, lonely lives, lacking the ability to give the love that they have never received. What- how-disadvantageSelf-esteem is a kind of energy, and when it is high, people feel like they can handle anything. It is what one feels when special things are happening or everything is going great. A word of praise, a smile, a good grade on a report card, or doing something that creates pride within oneself can create the energy. When feelings about the self have been threatened and self-esteem is low, everything becomes more of an effort. It is difficult to hear, see, or think clearly, and others seem rude, inconsiderate, and rough. The problem is not with others, it is with the self, but often it is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.Why-importantChildren need help understanding that their self-esteem and the self-esteem of those they interact with have a direct effect on each other. For example, a little girl comes home from school and says," I need loving 'cause my feelings got hurt today." The mother responds to child's need to be held and loved. If instead the mother said she was too busy to hold the little girl, the outcome would have been different. How-process-formThe infant's self-esteem is totally dependent on family members, and it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self. A child must also learn that a major resource for a healthy self-esteem comes from within. Some parents raise their children to depend on external rather than internal reinforcement through practices such as paying for good grades on report cards or exchanging special privileges for good behavior. The child learns to rely on others to maintain a high self-esteem and is not prepared to live in a world in which desirable behavior does not automatically produce a tangible reward such as a smile, money, or special privileges. How-process-formMaintaining a healthy self-esteem is a challenge that continues throughout life. One family found that they could help each other identify positive attitudes. One evening during an electric storm the family gathered around the kitchen table, and each person wrote down two things that they liked about each family member. These pieces of paper were folded and given to the appropriate person, who one by one opened their special messages. The father later commented, "It was quite an experience, opening each little piece of paper and reading the message. I still have those gifts, andwhen I've had a really bad day, I read through them and I always come away feeling better." How-suggestionThe foundation of a healthy family depends on the ability of the parents to communicate messages of love, trust, and self-worth to each child. This is the basis on which self-esteem is built, and as the child grows, self-esteem is reflected in the way he or she interacts with others. How-suggestion (742words)17. According to the passage, a person with a self-esteem _____.（Facts/ detail）A. often withdraws from the societyB. always remains indifferent towards himself and other peopleC. has pride and belief in himselfD. tends to take advantage of others18. Which is one of the effective means that parents should employ for fostering a child's self-esteem?（Facts/ detail）A. Paying for good grades on report cards.B. Buying the child a present for his good behavior.C. Praising and smiling to the child no matter what is happening to him.D. Loving the child in spite of his mistakes and failures.19. Which of the following statements is true?（Facts/ detail）A. Good parents tell their children that they are loved for no other reasons than just because they are there as their children.B. If a child is not loved or felt valued, he may not deal with daily problems in a good way in the future.C. External rather than internal reinforcement plays a more important role in forming a child's self-esteem.D. One's self-esteem has nothing to do with the self-esteem of other people he has to interact with.20. The author's main point in writing this article is _____.（main idea）A. to teach how to love the childrenB. to emphasize the family's role in the development of a child's self-esteemC. to illustrate the profits of self-esteemD. to help family members to understand each otherPart IIEnglish-Chinese Translation (20%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(1) For most people, shopping is still a matter of wandering down the high street or loading a cart in a shopping mall.Soon, that will change.Electronic commerce is growing fast and will soon bring people more choice.There will, however, be a cost: protecting the consumer from fraud will be harder.Many governments therefore want to extend high-street regulations to the electronic world.(64words) But politicians would be wiser to see cyberspace as a basis for a new era of corporate self-regulation.(2) Consumers in rich countries have grown used to the idea that the government takes responsibility for everything from the stability of the banks to the safety of the drugs, or their rights to refund when goods are faulty. But governments cannot enforce national laws on businesses whose only presence in their country is on a screen.(56words)Other countries have regulators, but the rules of consumer protection differ, as does enforcement. Even where a clear right to compensation exists, the on-line catalogue customer in Tokyo, say, can hardly go to New York to extract a refund for a dud purchase.(3) One answer is for governments to cooperate more: to recognize each other's rules. But that requires years of work and volumes of detailed rules.And plenty of countries have rules too fanciful for sober states to accept.Then, let the electronic businesses do the "regulation" themselves. (46words) They do, after all, have self-interest in doing so.(4) In electronic commerce, a reputation for honest dealing will be a valuable competitive asset. Governments, too, may compete to be trusted.For instance, customers ordering medicines on-line may prefer to buy from the United States because they trust the rigorous screening of the Food and Drug Administration; or they may decide that the FDA's rules are too strict, and buy from Switzerland instead. (63words)Consumers will still need to use their judgment. But precisely because the technology is new, electronic shoppers are likely for a while to be a lot more cautious than consumers of the normal sort -- and the new technology will also make it easier for them to complain noisily when a company lets them down. In this way, at least, the advent of cyberspace may argue for fewer consumer protection laws, not more.(1) For most people, shopping is still a matter of wandering down the high street or loading a cart in a shopping mall.Soon, that will change.Electronic commerce is growing fast and will soon bring people more choice.There will, however, be a cost: protecting the consumer from fraud will be harder.Many governments therefore want to extend high-street regulations to the electronic world.(64words)（1）对大多数人而言，购物仍然是在闹市街逛街购物或者在购物广场用购物车自选购物。