西安交通大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

西安交通大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题The technological dimension of innovation process has been extensively commended on. Market innovation processes._____(1)has remained underexplored both theoretically and empirically. Our starting point was that the conception of market innovation depends strongly on our ____(2)Of markets. Two different approaches to markets were contrasted: one epistemologial orientation ____(3) generating the right knowledge about markets,and one ontological orientation emphasizing their active production. Drawing on the latter, we defined “market”innovation ____(4)changes in the way business is done. In this respect, the contribution to this special issue are ____(5) by the idea that market innovation is not something that envelops market from the outside (like technological innovation or regulatory change).____(6)something that comes from changing the very components that make up markets, ____(7),recent theorizing about markets from a practice prospective suggests markets are continuous outcomes of on-going efforts.____(8)change the rule and stability the exception. In line with this, the markets repeatedly illustrate efforts at directing and /or preventing change rather than promoting it. This leads us to suggest that market innovation. Face the balancing act of capturing opportunities____(9) change through stabilizing efforts that produce innovation rems.Such stabilizing efforts were noted in two special areas: establishing and maintaining a bounded network of buyers,sellers,goods, etc. And configuring this network in particular ways____(10)channel interaction between entities. These stabilizing efforts were parsued in four ways: Internationalizing norms and rules; building devlees and technical infrastructures,generating and Dissemination images, models,and representation and ____(11) practices, routines and habits. Despite stabilizing efforts,however, stability is hard to achieve,____(12)due to competing political project about how a market should work, herein wu argue,____(13)the key dynamic of market innovation processes. While market innovation seek stability,____(14)also strive for dynamic transformation. While stability id=s sought ,instability offers stack ____(15)allows markets to develop and pursue new opportunities. Actors trying to reconfigure markets ____(16) sufficient predictability to anticipate potential rents, yet thrive on the opportunities of of market in flux____(17),efforts to eliminate market slack,e.g,through extensive marked rationalization, is not only difficult but also undersirable.____(18)brings us to our final removal. We ____(19) that market innovation processes designed above play a significant part in what has been said to characterize a well functioning market,namely the ability to handle its own overflows. To further develop action-oriented insights commingle such processes, one would do well to return the comprehensive and dynamic perspective offered by conceiving of markets as service Eco-system, social-material networks, or tech-lednical enhancements____(20) exemplifed in the subsequent articles.1.A to be specific B however C therefore D on the other hand2.A conception B creation C plan D making3.A depending on B speaking on C basing on D. Focusing on4.A that B as C to be D in that5.A united B made C developed D done6.A and B yet C wherein D but7.A however B understandably C because of that D moreover8.A making B result in C producing D creating9.A result from B result from C resulted from D to result from10.A but B so as to C that D which11.A relying in B developing C enacting D forming12.A but B with C not learn D lest13.A that B result in C with D lies14.A they B we C people D regulators15.A in which B that C whereas D but16.A develop B make C seek D refer17.A on the contrary B furthermore C however D in this sight18.A this B argument C which D much19.A ask B suggest C infer D reach20.A of B as C but D withPassage 1The Chelsen Garlonsm, when ther discovered them, did not disappoint Rene’s expectations. They had the grace and dignity of an english garden without the formality of a park. Arm- in- arm the two young people wandered along a path leading to it summerhouse and from there across a wide sloping laws. Here stood a willow so ancient and whispering and curtained with leaves that it formed a giant umbrella reaching almost to the ground. Sid and Rene pursed the fronds of the willow and went inside it. The sun shining through the chinks in the leaves made queer patterns on their face. It was quiet and secret inside and Rose would have liked to sit down by the trunk. Sid looked up at the branches forming the domed roof of their hiding place, andsaid all those leaves were bound to be full of insects and the ground looked a bit hard here anyway. Rene gave way, not because she minded about the insects on the hardness of the ground, but because a little band of children suddenly appourced chasing one another in and out of the tree. Kids, she thought, were all right but they got in your way. When you wanted to talk,and, after all, this tree must be an instrument for any kid. “come on”, she said,”let’s explore a bit farther.”They went on surprisingly far in the end of the town, along a path and up a flay hill till they came to it dell shaded by trees where the grass as ie deeper green and velvety to the touch, it was very still here but there was no seat on which to sit down.“it looks nice here.” said Rene ,”might as well give our legs a rest.”Sid hesitated, torn between a desire to sit down nest to Rene and the fear that he would catch a chill in the process.“perhaps we ought to find somewhere where there’s a seat.”he suggested,”i do not suppose the grass is dry yet after Friday’s rain.”Rene sighed. Even this velvet glade could not make Sid forget the perils associated with sitting on damp grass.“you have got your anorak.” she said,”you can sit on that.”“it’s my new time,” Sid began to unzip if rather half-heandly.“a bit of damp won’t hurt it,” retorted Rene, and sat down.21.The willow tree in the lawn is described as “quiet and secret” becauseA it was so difficult to penetrateB of its dome-like shapeC it was used as a shelterD its branches formed a screen22.when Rene suggested sitting under the tree,Sid____?A made objectionsB looked uncomfortableC became imitableD seemed frightened23.what impression does the test give of Rene’s attitude to children? She ____A was very fond of themB had no use for themC sometimes found them a nuisanceD did not understand them24.from what Sid says, it seems that he ...A has never sat on the grassB was afraid of catching coldC could not undo his anorak C thought it was going to rain25.the phrase”so ancient” on line 4 of p1 most probably refers toA the age of the treeB the appearance of the treeC the growth of the treeD the height of the tree26.The word “chinks” in line6 of p1 mostly refers to.....A sproutsB narrow openingC movementsD bouncing27.the word “dell” in line p3 most means....A a small wood hollowB a large valleyC a big dome with treeD a huge rock28.the grass is damp because....A the gardeners watered the grassB it rained recentlyC the grass is in a gladeD few people went there.Passage 2Naturally the young are more inclined to novelty than their elders and it is in their speech,as it always was, that most of this verbal changes originate. But listening critically to their talk i hear hardly any new words. It is all a matter of using old words in a new way and thenen copying each other, that much as they wish to speak differently from their parents, they want even more to speak like people of their own age. A new usage once took time to spread, but now a pop star can flash it across the world in hours.Of course it is not only the young who like to use the latest in work. While they are describing their idols as smashing, great fab or comic, their parents and the more discriminating of the younger set are also groping for worth of practice. Rats are once apt and fashionable. However, their choice of splendid, brilliant ,fantastic and so on will in turn be slightly dimmed by over-use and need replacement.Magic as is a theme that has regularly supplied words of praise and the choice must betray something in our nature. Charming, entrancing and enchanting are all based on it. So also is marvelous which was been used so much that some of its magic has fade while among teenagers......? Had a great run, another of this group, though you might not think it, is glamorous, which was all the ragein the great day of folly wood. Glamour was a scottish dialect form of “gramture”and”grammanry”,which itself was an old word for enchantment.(grammar means the study of words, and words have always been at the heart of magic). The change from “t”to “i”may have come about through the associate with words like gleaning and glittering.On the website, when a new word makes ever the old ?? remain, weakened but still in urge, so that the intal(?) stock increases all the ?? .but some that start only as slang and never rise above that class can disappear completely. Until you really try ripping when you were young?”my grand daughter asked me, rather like asking if i ever were a ? Of ?. Of course i did and it was ? Silliest than something,which some of hot ? Are still saying.29.what do young people like to do in this speak?A invent words that older people cannot understandB use words invented by pop starsC give words new meanings to mislead their parentsD copy the speech of their ?30.words of praise keep changes because.....A they love their freshnessB there are more words available in this areaC young people are becoming more discriminatingD older people try to avoid the in-words of the young31.The fact that magic ia s frequent source of words of praise suggests that people .......A lack linguistic originalityB have always been interested in magicC are becoming more superstitionD means much the same as smashing32.To the author’s grand-daughter the word ripping.....A seems strange and old fashionedB has a clearer meaning than it does for the authorC is unacceptable because it is slangD means much the same as smashing33.The phase “had a great run” in p3 probably means?A circulated for a timeB had a great runC was quite popularD received great attention33.The phase”all the rage” in p3 means?A all the vogue for a timeB disliked by many peopleC unpopular by lots of peopleD used for the same time34.The phase”on the while” in p3 means?A for some timeB on the wholeC in summaryD in coincident35.The total shock of words increases becauseA even if the new words pop up for use frequently,the old ones never disappearB people keep creating new wordsC old words keep displaying new usesD the younger generation never stop create new onePassage 3There have been three period in the history of post-war broadcast interview. The first “the age of respect”, when it was an honor to have you, the interviewee, on the program,lasted until the middle 50s. The second “the age of ascendancy”, when politicians in particular looked upon the interviews as rivals who make them feel uncomfortable by their knowledge and rigor of questioning, came to an end at the beginning of this decade. Now we are in “the age of evasion”, when most prominent interviewees have acquired the art of seeming to answer a question whilst bypassing its essential thrust.Why should this be? Form the complexity of causes responsible for the present mediocrity of interview form, a few are worth singing out, such as the revolt against rationality and the enthronement of feeling in its place. To the young of the 60s, the painstaking search for understanding of a given political problem may have appeared less, fruitful and satisfying than the unlettered ventilation of emotion which the same problem generated. Sooner or later, broadcasting was bound to reflect this.This bias against understanding has continued. To this we must add the professional causes that have played their part. The convention of the broadcast interview had undergone little change or radical development since its rise in the 50s. When a broadcasting form ceases to develop, its practitioners tend to take it for granted and are likely to say “how”, rather than ask “why”.Furthermore, these partly psychological, partly professional tendencies were greatly accelerated by the huge expansion of news and current affairs output over the last 15 years. When you had many additional hours of current affairs broadcasting interviewing turned out to be a far cheaper convention that straight reporting, which is costly in terms of permanent reporters and time preparation. The temptation to combine an expanded news and current at-lairs service with a relatively small addition financial outlay by making theinterview ubiquitous proved overwhelming.To be fair, there are compensating virtues in interviewing, such as immediacy and authority, yet in all honest i must say that the spread of the interviewing format has led to a corresponding diminution of quality broadcasting.36.According to the author in the past politicians thought that television interviewers____?A knew more about polities than they didB should be honored to meet themC really aspired to be politicians tooD gave them a difficult time in interviews37.in the 60s young people____?A talked about problems instead of solving themB found political problems too difficult to understandC preferred the expression of feeling to logical argumentD were dissatisfied with the standard of interviewing38.From a professional standpoint, one reason for the decline in the interviews is that___?AB interviewing techniques have remained much the sameC people are not so radical as in the 60sD broadcasters consider the interview format out-modepared with other forms of current affairs program, interviews are _____?A shorter and more efficientB more carefully preparedC fairer in their approachD more authentic and direct40.The word”ventilation” in p2 most probably means?A releaseB open discussionC recallingD complaints41。