时态知识讲解-过去时-现在完成时和过去完成时的不同及用法

时态知识讲解: 过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时的不同及用法现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。

结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词
用法: 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days,today,this year,so far等连用.
eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)
2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性
动词.
解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段,
since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×)
I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √)
It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √)
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终
止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段+ ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态
动词或延续性动词
常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be
borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear
leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep
end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold
join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years.
→My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to,gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和
once,twice,already,ever,never等连用.
eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)
gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,
eg. She has gone to Shanghai。

(表示现在她人不在这里)
been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days,since I came here等连用.
eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等连用.
一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系.
5.现在完成时中的for 与since
for + 时间段与延续性动词的现在完成时连用
since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
6. It is /has been +一段时间+ since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了.
eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
过去完成时棗表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作
结构：助动词had + 动词的过去分词
用法：1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为“过去的过去“.表示过去某一时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示.
eg. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words.
He had finished his homework before his father came back last night.
2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去.
eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.
(注意) 否定式had not == hadn't
时态的呼应
1.主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态,
He wants to speak to the headmaster.
He said that he won't be free tomorrow.
he came last night.
2.主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,从句中的谓语动词一般情况下要用过去时态的某种形式.
He said that he was working hard on his Chinese.
he had a very good journey home.
he hadn't bought the present yet.
he would stop in Moscow on the way.
3.如果从句所述内容是客观真理,则谓语动词总是用一般现在时,而不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响.
eg. Miss Gao told us that light travels much faster than sound.
4.时间或条件状语从句中,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时.
eg.Stop talking when the headteacher ______(walk)into the classroom.
Jim won't watch TV until he ___ (finish) his homework every time.
巩固练习
用括号中动词的适当的形式填空。

1．The boy is happy because he ___________(sell) out all the newspapers.
2．The plan _____________(give) up because of the heavy rain.
3．If it __________(not rain) tomorrow, we ____________(go )fishing.
4．Where ____________you____________(be) these days?
5．Where is Tom? He _________(go) to the post office. He said he _________(come) back soon.
6．Mike says he _________(want )to be a worker after he _________ (finish )school.
7．The last bus ____________just ________(leave) when they ________(get) to the bus stop.
8．She _________(not go) to bed until she _______(finish) her work.
9．Light ___________(travel )much faster than sound.
10．I __________(feel) much better after I _______(take) the medicine.
11．”Where ________we________(meet)?”“Let’s meet outside the park gate.”
12．I_________(be) afraid Mr Johnson __________(not visit) out school tomorrow.
13．I _________(lost) my bike ._________you _________(see) it anywhere?
14．________this kind of car __________(produce) in Shanghai?
15．We __________(see) several members of the family since we ________(arrive)
16．I found that the students _________(play) football on the playground.
17．The shop ___________(close) at this time of day.
18．Where ________your watch _________(lose)?
19．________the doctor __________(send) for last night?
20．Three children ___________(invite) to the party by Miss Li yesterday.
21．Some children ___________(take ) good care by the nurse.
22．Some new houses _________(build) by the villagers themselves.
23．What language ________(speak) in Australia?
24．The colour TV _________(buy) in that shop three days ago.
25．He said he __________(stay) here for another two days.
26．The doctor said Jim must ________(operate ) on at once.
27．“__________the bridge _______(repair) yet?”“Yes, the workers_______ already______(repair) it.”28．We are in Grade One this year, so we _________(teach ) physics next year.
29．“Where _________(be) you last night?”“I_________(ask) to help Tom at home”
30．The big tree ________(blow)down in the storm last night.
31．I________ never ________(eat) such delicious noodles before.
32．When we reached the town, it _______(get) dark.
33．We ________(have) lunch when suddenly someone knocked at the door.
34．Lucy said she ________(visit) the school the next month.
35．I ________(wait) until he comes back.
36．You ________(watch) TV after supper, aren’t you?
37．They _________(be) to that small village several times.
38.If it _________(snow) tomorrow , we won’t go to the cinema.
39.I_________(study) it since I was ten years old.
40．Could you tell me if you _________(read) the story book before?
41．He said the lights in the room _________(go) out when he opened the door.
42．I _________(be) fifteen soon.
43．Tom, your aunt _______(come) this afternoon .
44．My teacher often _________(tell) us not to play on the street.
45．They________(plant) trees on the hill. Do you see?
46．The teacher said that the earth ________(move) round the sun.
47．She said she _______(put) on a new coat the next day.
48．The Great Wall _________(know) all over the world.
49．Could you tell me where Alice ________ (live)?
50．________the film ______(show) many times since last Sunday.
51．________the street lights usually _______(turn) on at seven in summer evening?
52．I _______(not go) to the cinema because I ________(see) the film before.
53．It ________(get) dark. What about ________(go) home at once?
54．You ________(be) late if you __________(not hurry).
55．Use your head and you _________(find) a better way.
56．Look！Someone ________(lie) on the floor.
57．It __________(rain) harder now. It ________(rain) quite often in summer.
58．Here _______(come) the bus.
59．I don’t know when the manager ________(return), but when be _________(come) back I _________(let) you know.
60．“Where ________(be) you this time yesterday?”“I________(be) at home. I _______(go) over my lessons then.”
参考答案：
1．has sold 2．will be given up/ has been given up 3．doesn’t rain, will go 4．have, been 5．has gone, would come 6．wants, finishes 7．had, left, got 8．won’t go, finishes 9．travels 10．felt, had taken 11．shall/will, meet 12．am, won’t visit
13．have lost, Have seen 14．is, produced 15．Have seen, arrived 16．were playing 17．is closed 18．was, lost/ has been lost 19．was, sent 20.were invited
21．are taken 22．have been built 23．is spoken 24．was bought
25．would stay 26．be operated 27．has, been repaired, have repaired
28．will be taught 29．were ,was asked, 30．was blown 31．have, eaten
32．got/ had got 33．were having 34．would visit 35．will wait
36．are watching 37．have been 38．snows 39．have studied 40．have read
41．had been gone 42．will be/ am 43．will come 44．tells
45．are planting 46．moves 47．would put 48．is known 49．lives
50．has, been shown 51．are, turned 52．won’t go, have seen
53．gets, going 54．will be, don’t hurry 55．will find 56．is lying
57．is raining/ rains, rains 58．comes 59．will return, comes, will let
60．were, was, was going。