高考英语语法精品学案：专题4 形容词与副词
高考英语语法复习形容词与副词 讲义
高考英语形容词与副词一、形容词（1）作定语，常用来修饰名词或代词。
These are valuable suggestions.（这些是宝贵的建议。
）I have something important to tell you.（我有重要的事情要告诉你。
）（2）作表语，放在系动词之后说明主语的情况。
His suggestions are valuable.（他的建议很有价值。
）I felt terrible this morning.（我今天早上感到不舒服。
）（3）作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后对宾语加以修饰说明。
You must keep your eyes closed.（你必须闭上眼睛。
）I find it hard to travel around the big city.（我发现在这个大城市旅行很难。
）（4）作状语，用以说明情况。
Curious, we went into the cave.（出于好奇，我们进了洞里。
）He returned home, safe and sound.（他回到了家，安然无恙。
）形容词作定语时一般置于被修饰词前作前置定语，下列情况中形容词通常后置于被修饰词。
（1）修饰something，anybody，nobody，anything等复合不定代词时There is nothing wrong with the machine.（机器什么问题都没有。
）（2）形容词词组作定语时She bought a book suitable for children.（她买了本适合孩子们的图书。
）（3）修饰表示数量的词要后置The baby is only five months old.（这个婴儿仅有五个月大。
）（4）enough作形容词修饰名词时，一般放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后We don't bring enough money.（我们没带够钱。
）There‘ll be time enough to relax when you’ve finished your work.（你完成工作后会有足够的时间来放松。
高中英语语法系统讲解之四形容词和副词
高中英语语法系统讲解之四形容词和副词形容词一. 形容词的语法功能形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态或特征。
在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语以及状语。
形容词前加定冠词the，相当于一个名词。
如He is a young Russian soldier. The film is interesting.He likes to paint the wall pink. Lucy came to the party, happy.The blind are taught how to do the work.温馨提示：1. 有些形容词通常作表语和补语，不能像普通形容词那样作前置定语，这样的形容词称为表语形容词。
如alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth 等；其作定语时后置。
2. 有些形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，这样的形容词称为定语形容词，如golden, wooden, silken,live, elder, former, latter, front, back, outer等二. 形容词的分类1. 性质形容词○1外观：long, strong, big, round, fat, beautiful, old等○2性质：good, clean, new, fresh, soft, excellent等○3颜色：red, black, green, blue, white, brown等○4情绪：happy, sad, sorry, nervous, anxious等○5性格：kind, cruel, honest, foolish, lazy, rude等○6状况：careful, blind, deaf, cheap, hungry等○7评论：great, true, necessary, difficult, wrong等2. 关系形容词○1地域：Chinese, American, Asian, Pacific等○2质料：wooden, golden, plastic, metallic等○3科技：electric, chemical, atomic, medical等○4意识：communist, social, political, religious等○5行业：industrial, agricultural, economic, military等三. 形容词在句中的位置1.单个形容词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之前；两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况：○1和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词。
高中英语2014高考英语语法复习专题精讲精练 形容词和副词教案
一、形容词和副词的构成1.合成形容词的构成单个形容词的构成比较复杂，考生要熟记常见的形容词的后缀（如：-able,-al,-en,-ful,-ish,-ous -y,-ly等等）。
而合成形容词是有规律可循的。
规则例词规则例词形容词+名词-ed kind-hearted 名词+形容词world-famous 形容词+形容词dark-blue 名词+现在分词peace-loving形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking 名词+过去分词snow-covered形容词（副词）+形容词wide-awake 名词+（普通）名词English-language 副词+现在分词hard-working 数词+名词-ed three-egged 副词+过去分词newly-built 数词+名词twenty-year2.副词的构成规则例词在形容词后加“ly”entirely curiously exactly fortunately attentively immediately 将形容词的词尾“le”变“ly”fortable—fortably gentle—gently possible—possiblyprobable—probably词尾“y”变“i+ly”busy—busily easy—easily heavy—heavilyangry—angrilyhungry—hungrily lucky—luckily happy—happily特殊词true—truly二、形容词和副词的功能1.形容词的功能功能举例定语He has never seen such a more interesting film.他从来没有看过这么有趣的电影。
表语I’m fine, but tired.我身体很好，但很累。
The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和。
高中英语语法复习学案教师片——形容词和副词
高中英语语法复习学案教师片——形容词和副词形容词: 修饰名词和代词，在句中可以做定语、表语、补语。
副词：修饰形容词、动词、其他副词、介词短语和全句。
基本用法(一) 形容词作定语后置的情况：1. 1) There is nobody absent today.2) Is there anything wrong with your car?【总结】修饰由some-; any-; every-; no- 和–body; -thing; -one 构成的复合不定代词2. 1) Please put your idea into the simplest language possible.2) That is the only solution possible.3) That is the best book available.【总结】以–able 或–ible 结尾的形容词置于形容词最高级或only 等词修饰的名词之后3. 1) There was a huge room, simple and beautiful.2) She has many pencils, blue and red.3) All nations, big or small, are equal.【总结】成对的形容词可以后置4. 1) People aware of their own shortcomings are wise.2) The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.【总结】由“形容词+ 介词/ 不定式”构成的短语作定语时后置5. 1) There was an ancient tree 30 meters high.2) They have a child three years old.3) The soldiers crossed a river 4 miles wide.【总结】当old; high; wide; long; deep 等附有数量词的短语做定语时，表示量度的词后置【题组训练】1. --- Is there anything new in today’s newspaper?--- No, (There is) nothing new. (没有新内容)2. I have something important (一些重要事情) to tell you.3. He did everything possible (可以做的一切事情) to make her happy.4. We have no rooms available (可用的房间) for you.5. People in the village, old and young (老的和少的), men and women are fond of singing and dancing. 【补充】1. 形容词作前置定语和后置定语的不同含义1) the responsible man 可信赖的人2) the present members 现在的成员the man responsible 应该负责的人the members present 在场的成员3) the absent students 心不在焉的学生4) the concerned teachers 忧心忡忡的老师the students absent 缺席的学生the teachers concerned 与……相关的老师5) the proper way 适当的/正确的方法6) an involved problem 一个难懂的问题the way proper 正经的/正式的方法 a problem involved 一个相关的问题2. 固定搭配1) He’s dead / blind drunk (= very drunk). 酩酊大醉2) He’s wide awake. 完全没有睡意3) It’s raining / snowing heavily. 雨/雪下得大4) He’s sound / fast asleep. 睡得香5) The traffic is heavy. 拥挤His moustache is heavy. 浓密6) He’s moving / breathing / smoking heavily. 吃力地/ 喘着粗气地/ 多(二) 多个形容词作定语的排列顺序限定描绘大长高；形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料；作用类别往后靠。
高考英语语法专项考复习教案：形容词和副词
高考英语语法专项考点复习教案：形容词和副词一、高考有关形容词和副词考什么？二、形容词和副词的句子成分功能（一）指出句子中的形容词（短语）充当何种句子成分1. Lucy is an excellent student.2. This is a valuable ancient Chinese vase.3. I came across a box full of old books yesterday.4. Most of the guests present at the party were his friends.5. Your hands feel very cold.6. He felt asleep while doing his homework.7. What he said made me very disappointed.8. He went home after working all day, tired and hungry.点拨：形容词可以充当定语，用来修饰名词或不定代词，表示人或事物的性质和特征；形容词可以当表语、补语和状语，表示人或事物的状态。
（二）指出句子中的副词（短语）充当何种句子成分1. She likes shopping on-line very much.2. The weather is extremely cold here.3. It was raining heavily when he went out.4. She sang so well that all her fans cheered..5. Luckily, nobody was injured in the accident.点拨：副词在句中主要作状语，修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或整个句子，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
三、形容词和副词的考点◆一类考点：形容词和副词的基本用法和辨析■（一）高考改错1. Unfortunate, I had an accident and hit another car.2. We lived in a comfortably double room with a big bath.3. I was really disappointing and about to leave when he came out.4. I had to try hardly not to laugh at her shocked face.5. I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back.6. It was clearly that things were not going well.点拨：高考短文改错中常考查形容词和副词的基本用法和辨析，主要涉及错用形容词修饰谓语动词、其他形容词或副词；错用副词当定语、表语、或宾补。
高考英语总复习学案高考语法专题形容词和副词新人教版
高考语法专题：形容词和副词考纲新研读在语境中选择适当的形容词或副词。
即供选择的形容词或副词不一定都是近义词。
比较级和最高级也是常有考查。
类例：1. frie ndly, lively, worried, cold2. free, vaca nt, han dy, convenient3. ope n-min ded, hard-work ing, self-c on fide nt, warm-hearted4. no rmal, ordi nary, com mon, typical5. no rmal, con sta nt, perma nent, primary6. as twice large as, twice as large as, twice as much as, as twicemuch as7. away, up, in, back8. mean while, however, i nstead, yet9. still, eve n, also, ever10. skillfully, commonly, willingly, nervously形容词1. 表语形容词：只作表语或宾补，不能作定语，如:afraid, alive,asleep, awake, able, sure, ill, well; 而作定语用frightened, live, sleeping, waking, sick, healthy 等;但able men 有能力的人;illeffect 坏影响2. 形容词的语序：限定词一描绘性一年龄一新旧一大小一颜色一原料(类别)+名词限定词指冠词、物主代词、指示代词、数词等。
女口：three very comfortable dark blue chairsthe cloudy gray morning sky3. 形容词的级(原级、比较级和最高级)⑴原级:as...as,否定用not as (so)...as, 同等比较，用形容词原级：we ll give you as much help as we can.He is as good a boy as his brother.as...as 前可力卩nearly, almost, exactly, just, twice, three times 等: We produced twice as much cott on this year as we did last year.⑵比较级:more than，用形容词的比较级：Mary is taller tha n Joh n but less active tha n Joh n.比较级前可加far, much, even, still, slightly, a lot, a little, a bit(three) times 等，而by far 放在比较级后，最高级前：This story is more interesting than that one by far.这个故事远比那个有趣。
高考英语攻略 第四 语法知识 形容词和副词试题
毛额市鹌鹑阳光实验学校专题十九形容词和副词【考点集训】一、单句填空1.Raymond's parents wanted him to have the (good) possible education.答案best2.My good performance in the job interview left me (optimism)about my future and about what I can do here.答案optimistic3.What was so (impress)about Jasmine Westland's victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.答案impressive4.Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase,she gave him a (tolerate) smile and let him go.答案tolerant5.Learning signals of respect in various (culture) backgrounds can help you avoid misunderstanding.答案cultural6.It is one of the (amaze)TV shows from an artistic point of view.答案most amazing7.On one very (danger) part of the path, Ian fell three meters off the side of the path.答案dangerous8.According to an actress, his acting was so (convince)and amusing that everybody couldn't help bursting into laughter.答案convincing9.The WHO announced, in 2014, a plan to fight obesity and invited governments to encourage its citizens to adopt a (sense)diet and to take some exercise.答案sensible10.The Silk Road linked ancient Rome and (distance)China.答案distant11.I knew it was going to be hard to find another job in the (competition)working market.答案competitive12.You'd be exposed to a lot (little) pollution if you moved toa town with pure water and air.答案less13.Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said (sharp),“Don't be so mean,” pointing a finger of warning at her.答案sharply14.Nowadays, players use (special)developed rackets and a lightweight, hollow(空心的)ball.答案specially15.We want to ride on the wave of Wuzhen's (increase)hot tourism and improve our brand's fame and sales.答案increasingly16.Neither Al nor his wife took the condition very (serious). 答案seriously17.That was definitely not an attractive idea so I(polite)declined her invitation,closed my book and walked away.答案politely18.Beginning several days before Christmas, most schools have a two-week winter break. Students can relax, go on vacation and, most (important), enjoy the holiday.答案importantly19.Tourists (typical)choose three ducks at 100 yuan.答案typically20.Rizea became a woodcarver (complete)by accident.答案completely二、写作微练(一)完成或翻译下面的句子,注意形容词和副词的运用。
2024届高考一轮复习英语教案语法专题：形容词和副词
第3讲形容词和副词I bought an interesting① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting② that I can hardly let go of it.Worried③ about my study，my mother took it away.However，I found my mother absorbed④in it.My mother is reading the novel attentively⑤ now and she is quite⑤ moved by it.Obviously⑥，she won’t return the book to me soon.[规则感悟]①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。
②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。
③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。
④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。
⑤副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。
⑥副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。
1．形容词的构词规则类别例词加-y cloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，fog→foggy加-(e)d gift→gifted，talent→talented，advance→advanced，excite→excited加-ing surprise→surprising，convince→convincing，frighten→frightening，appeal→appealing，reward→rewarding，invite→inviting加-ful/ -less meaning→meaningful/meaningless，care→careful/careless，help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，use→useful/useless，thank→thankful/thankless加-able comfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，accept→acceptable，respect→respectable加-ous danger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humour→humorous -ce变为-tconfidence→confident，difference→different加-al music→musical，person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional加-ly friend→friendly，week→weekly，love→lovely加-en wood →wooden，wool→woolen加-ive/-ativeattract→attractive，talk→talkative，prevent→preventive，protect→protective其他常见变化energy→energetic，fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific注意以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀-y变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。
高考英语语法精品学案：专题4 形容词与副词
形容词与副词是高考考查的热点，高考英语中单项填空、完形填空、书面表达，任何一项题目中都有可能涉及形容词等级、辨析和在句中的位置。
关于形容词与副词这一考点，主要考查以下几个方面：在具体的语境中考查形容词词义辨析；考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。
一、形容词、副词的主要功能1．形容词在句中主要作定语、表语和补语，但有时也作状语，表示伴随、原因等。
如：We find the boy considerate. (宾补)He walked in the snow, cold and hungry. (伴随状语)Afraid of difficulties, they took the easy road. (原因状语)2．副词作状语主要是用作修饰性状语、评注性状语及连接性状语。
其中后两种状语是现在考查的重点。
如：He spoke English fairly fluently. (修饰性状语)Fortunately, none of them was hurt. (评注性状语)His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. (连接性状语)注意：(1) 形容词作状语是形容主语的性质，而副词作状语则修饰动词。
如：He walked home slowly. 他慢慢地步行回家了。
He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他到家时又累又饿。
(2) 有些副词像fortunately, luckily, surprisingly, honestly, actually, personally 等作评注性状语往往修饰整个句子，对整个句子进行说明或解释，表示说话人对话语的态度与看法。
通常位于句首，常用逗号与句子分开。
(课标通用)高考英语一轮复习 专题4 形容词和副词教学案-人教版高三全册英语教学案
专题4 形容词和副词考纲展示命题探究考点一形容词的基本用法基础点1 形容词的构成(1)常见的形容词后缀后缀意义例词－ful充满……的；有……性质(或倾向的) useful有用的successful成功的plentiful 丰富的helpful有帮助的－y 多……的greedy贪婪的wealthy富有healthy健康的－ish……国家的；有……性质的；像……似的Irish爱尔兰的childish孩子般的foolish 愚蠢的－less 无……的，没有……的speechless哑口无言的harmless无害的hopeless绝望的meaningless没有意义的－ous 有……性质的dangerous危险的glorious光荣的－able/－ible 能……的，可以……的available可利用的comfortable舒服的impossible不可能的valuable有价值的－al与……有关的；表示过程或状态cultural文化的personal私人的musical音乐的natural自然的(1)形容词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，作前置定语；形容词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后，作后置定语。
Nice and warm days are coming.晴朗而温暖的日子就要来了。
He is a student worthy_of_praise.他是一个值得表扬的学生。
典例He didn't selfishly keep for himself the money inherited from his uncle. Instead, he made a ________(generously) contribution to help the community.[答案]generous 句意：他没有自私地把从他叔叔那里继承的钱据为己有，而是慷慨地捐出来，帮助社区。
设空处修饰名词contribution, 作定语，故应用generously的形容词形式generous。
高考英语语法易错点30题精讲练专题04 形容词和副词(解析版)
2021高考英语语法【形容词和副词】易错点30题精讲练解析版专题四形容词和副词易错点集锦I.高考真题诊断·单句语法填空1. Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集）around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉）that populations are _______（high)than they actually are.2. According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years_______（long) than non-runners.3. That makes her baby scream,and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the _______（loud) of all.4. Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been_______（fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.5. A taste for meat is ______ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens.1.higher解析：考查形容词比较级。
句意：······这就造成了北极熊数量比它们实际数量要多的错觉。
根据空后面的than可知，此处要用high 的比较级higher.2. longer解析：考查副词的比较等级。
形容词、副词教案 高考英语复习
形容词、副词教案高考英语复习一、教学目标：1. 理解形容词、副词的概念及作用。
2. 掌握形容词、副词的常见句型结构。
3. 学会正确使用形容词、副词进行修饰，使句子表达更加准确、生动。
二、教学内容：1. 形容词、副词的定义及用法。
2. 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级。
3. 形容词、副词的位置及排列顺序。
4. 形容词、副词的修饰对象。
5. 形容词、副词在句子中的功能。
三、教学重点与难点：1. 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及用法。
2. 形容词、副词的位置及排列顺序。
3. 形容词、副词在句子中的功能。
四、教学方法：1. 采用实例分析法，通过具体例句讲解形容词、副词的用法。
2. 采用对比法，区分形容词、副词的差异。
3. 采用练习法，巩固所学知识。
4. 采用小组讨论法，提高学生参与度。
五、教学步骤：1. 引入：通过展示图片或情景，引导学生思考形容词、副词的作用。
2. 讲解：讲解形容词、副词的定义、用法及注意事项。
3. 举例：给出具体例句，分析形容词、副词在句子中的作用。
4. 练习：让学生进行句子改写等练习，巩固所学知识。
5. 总结：对本节课内容进行总结，强调重点、难点。
6. 作业布置：布置相关练习题，巩固所学知识。
7. 课后反思：针对教学过程进行反思，为下一节课做好准备。
六、教学评价：1. 采用课堂提问，检查学生对形容词、副词概念的理解程度。
2. 通过句子改写练习，评估学生运用形容词、副词的能力。
3. 布置课后作业，收集学生的练习成果，进行评价。
七、课后作业：1. 完成课后练习题，巩固形容词、副词的用法。
2. 搜集生活中的形容词、副词实例，进行观察和分析。
八、教学拓展：1. 形容词、副词的拓展知识，如形容词、副词的转换等。
2. 邀请英语老师进行课堂互动，共同探讨形容词、副词的用法。
九、教学反馈：1. 收集学生对课堂内容的反馈，了解学生的学习情况。
2. 根据学生的反馈，调整教学方法和策略。
十、教学计划调整：1. 根据学生的学习进度，调整后续教学内容。
2024高考英语一轮总复习语法专题突破专题四形容词和副词学案含解析北师大版
专题四形容词和副词核心考点课堂突破高考感悟Ⅰ.单句填空1.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)Landing on the moon’s far side is (extreme) challenging.2.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices. (certain) during the holiday period,this plant is a must.3.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)The (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.4.(2024·全国Ⅲ卷)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their (fine) work,so that he could choose the best.5.(2024·全国Ⅲ卷)As the small boat moved, (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.6.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries, (wealth) people travelled and collected plants,historical objects and works of art.7.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been (poor) studied.8.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are (high) than they actually are.9.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)Her years of hard work have (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire’s Woman of the Year.10.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)“...We are so proud of her.It’s (wonder).”11.(2024·全国Ⅲ卷)They also shared with us many (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were (huge) popular with tourists.Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself.2.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)I’m surely you’ll have a good time.3.(2024·全国Ⅲ卷)In order to make surely all of us are in good health,she makes special plans for us.4.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)My mom is really concerning with the health of everyone in our family.5.(2024·全国Ⅲ卷)Best of luck with your learning kung fu in China.See you sooner.6.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.7.(2024·全国Ⅰ卷)I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.8.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷)First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so coolly.9.(2024·全国Ⅱ卷) Then,when I was in the fifth grade,I wanted to be a teacher becauseI liked my English teacher too much.考点归纳考点一复合形容词的构成考点二形容词做定语的位置形容词做定语通常前置,但在下列状况后置:考点三副词的分类考点四形容词与副词的比较级和最高级构成1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则-est narrow narrower narrowest其他双音节和多音节的形容词或副词一般在前面加more和most carefulmorecarefulmost careful popularmorepopularmost popular efficientlymoreefficientlymostefficiently特殊提示①有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加-er和-est,又可以加more和most 构成比较级和最高级。
高考英语语法要点细讲精练形容词和副词
高考英语语法要点细讲精练形容词和副词【考纲解读】形容词和副词高考研究形容词是英语中较为复杂的一种词类，涉及的面比较广.同时形容词的形式变化灵活，如有原级、比较级和最高级等，而且用法比较复杂.预测今后高考中对于形容词的考查应注意以下几点：形容词的辨析，形容词的原级、比较级和最高级，以及一些特别重要的固定句型结构，同时要注意多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序等等.一般来说，副词是英语中比较复杂的一类词，它数量多、近义词多、用法复杂，而且副词的位置在句子中也是多变的.高考中对于副词的考查不是单纯地进行语法要点的考查，而是要通过具体的语境来进行分析和判断.预测今后高考对于副词的考查主要会出现在：副词的近义词的辨析；关于副词的原级、比较级和最高级的句型；同根不同形的副词；常考副词的辨析；比较级前的修饰语等等.【知识要点】形容词一、形容词的作用与功能形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征.在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等.1.作定语形容词在句中的主要用途是作定语.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the states.你在信中询问不同地区的时间问题.2.作表语I’m fine，but tired.我身体很好，但很累.注意：有些形容词通常作表语，常见的有well，ill〔生病〕以及a 开头的部分形容词，如afraid，alike，alive，alone ，asleep，awake等.Even when you are asleep you are using energy. 即使你睡着了，你仍然在消耗能量.I hope you weren’t ill.You don’t look ver y well. 但愿你没病，不过你的脸色不太好.3.作主语补足语The fish was caught alive.这条鱼是活抓的.4.作宾语补足语Now you have to pull it to make the surface smooth like that.现在你必须拉动它以使表面像这样的光滑.5.作状语A woman was lying in bed，awake，listening to the rushing winds.一位妇女正躺在床上，没睡，听着风声.二、形容词的位置1.形容词作定语通常放在它所修饰的名词前面an intelligent boy 一个聪明的男孩a pair of beautiful little riding boots一双漂亮的小马靴2.在以下情况下形容词要放在后面1〕形容词作定语修饰some，any，every，no和body，thing，one等构成的复合不定代词时需后置. There is nobody absent today.今天没有人缺席.I want to tell you something important. 我想告诉你一些重要的事情.2〕以-able或-ible结尾的形容词可置于前面有最高级形容词或only等词的名词之后.This is the best book available.这是最好的一本书.That is the only solution possible. 那是惟一可行的解决办法.3〕以前缀a-开头的某些形容词，如：alike，alive，afraid，awake，aware，asleep等，可置于only等词修饰的名词之后.He was the only person awake at the moment.他是那时惟一醒着的人.4〕和空间、时间单位合用时.two months ago 两个月以前a ruler twelve inches long 12英寸长的尺子5〕形容词enough一般需后置，但也可以前置.I have money enough.我的钱够了.=I have enough money. 我有足够的钱.6〕成对的形容词可以后置There was a huge room simple and beautiful.有一个大房间，简朴而美观.She has many pencils，blue and red. 她有许多铅笔，有蓝的，有红的.7〕形容词短语一般需后置，往往相当于定语从句.We need a place twice larger than this one. 我们需要一个两倍这么大的地方.A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with.一个如此难以取悦的人一定不好共事.〔也可说so difficult a man to please...〕3.某些形容词作前置定语和后置定语的区别英语中有些形容词既可作前置定语，也可作后置定语，但意义不同.常作后置定语的形容词有absent，concerned，elect，involved，present，proper，responsible等.the absent professor 心不在焉的教授the professor absent 没参会的教授the responsible government 可依赖的政府the government responsible应负责的政府4.多个形容词作定语修饰一个名词时的排列顺序如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多，则音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后.如：a small wonderful gift.有一个顺口溜形象地描述了常用的顺序：“县官行令宴国材”相关记忆链：县官发布命令，表扬国家栋梁之材.县官，谐音：限定词all,any，one等及冠词.行，谐音：形状、大小、长短、高低、方圆.令，谐音：年龄、新旧、年老、年轻，old，yong，new等.宴，谐音：颜色，red，yellow，green等.国：某国家的，国籍的.材：材料，wooden，iron，feather等.限定词〔these，those...〕+数量形容词〔three〕+描绘性形容词〔beautiful+大小、长短、高低等形体性形容词〔large，long，high〕+新旧〔old〕+颜色〔red〕+国籍〔Chinese〕+材料〔wooden〕+用途〔writing〕+被修饰名词〔desk〕.记住以上规则是必要的，但还应多阅读，多体会，增强语感是关键.如：All these last few days最近的这些日子.Some beautiful little red flowers一些美丽的小红花.三、复合形容词1.数词+名词〔单数〕oncchild独生子女的 three-hour 三小时的2.数词+名词〔单数〕+形容词three-year-old三周岁的six-inch-tall 六英寸高的800-meter-long 八百米长的3.数词+名词+edOne-handed一只手的ten-storeyed 十层的two-footed四足的three-legged 三条腿的4.形容词+〔普通〕名词full-time全日制的second-hand 经营旧货的first-rate第一流的high-class 高级的mid-term 期中的5.形容词+名词+edkind-hearted好心的cold-blooded 无情的、冷血的noble-minded高尚的warm-hearted 热情的6.形容词〔副词〕+现在分词ugly-looking难看的g 相貌一般的hard-working勤劳的easy-going 随和的ever-lasting永恒的slow-firing 慢射的7.形容词〔副词〕+过去分词new-born新生的well-dressed 衣冠楚楚的ready-made现成的well-known 著名的deep-set深陷的near-sighted 近视的8.形容词〔副词〕+形容词dark-red深红色的light-blue 浅蓝色的all-round全面的wide-awake 完全清醒的9.名词+现在分词life-saving 救生的mouth-watering 令人垂涎的ocean-going远洋的peace-loving 爱好和平的English-speaking讲英语的world-shaking 震撼世界的10.名词+过去分词hand-made手工制的heart-broken 令人心碎的11.名词+形容词ice-cold冰冷的life-long 终生的world-famous世界著名的snow-white雪白的heart-long 终生的12.名词+〔普通〕名词X-ray X光的English-language 英语副词副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或其他结构.一、副词的类别1.时间副词 now，then， today，tomorrow，ago，lately，soon，immediately，often ，usually，early2.地点副词outside，upstairs，anywhere，up，forward，here，there，away，in back，off3.方式副词 simply，quickly，happily，loudly，suddenly，luckily，again，once，easily，together4.程度副词very，quite，rather，extremely，y，widely，partly，perfectly，badly，too5.疑问副词when，where，why，how6.关系副词when，where，why7.连接副词when，where，why，how8.其他surely，certainly，really，however，therefore，perhaps，moreover，yes，no二、副词的句法功能副词修饰动词、形容词或副词，说明动作或状态的特征.1.作状语He worked hard all his life. 〔修饰动词〕他一辈子工作卖力.He plays tennis very badly 〔修饰副词〕他网球打得相当糟糕.2.作表语Sorry，Mr.Smith isn’t in.He is out. 抱歉，史密斯先生不在，他出去了.3.作定语〔通常后置〕On our way home，we saw a traffic accident.在我们回家的路上，我们目睹了一起交通事故.4.作宾语补足语I saw you out with Mr.White yesterday morning.昨天早上我看到你和史密斯先生出去了.三、副词的位置1.副词修饰形容词、副词时，应放在被修饰成分之前，但enough必须位于被修饰的词之后.如：This book is quite interesting. 这本书相当有趣.The boy is old enough to go to school. 这孩子足够大可以上学了.2.频度副词〔always，often，usually，never，seldom，hardly，sometimes等〕要放在实义动词之前，be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后.Children often go to the park with their parents on Sundays. 在星期天孩子们经常随父母一块去逛公园.3.地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于句末.I remember seeing you somewhere.我记得在什么地方见过你.4.同时出现几个副词的排列顺序：方式副词→地点副词→时间副词.Mr.Brown drove his car quickly outside then.布朗先生开着他的车飞快地出去了.5.修饰全句的副词多置于句首.Fortunately，he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA men. 幸运的是，他没有被淹死，而是被解放军给救了.四、兼有两种形式的副词1.close与closelyclose意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔细地”He is sitting close to me.他坐得离我很近.Watch him closely.仔细盯着他.te 与latelylate意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”.你来晚了.What have you been doing lately?最近在忙些什么？3.deep与deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”.He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深地插到地里.Even father was deeply moved by the film.甚至父亲也被这部电影深深的打动了.4.high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much.The plane was flying high.飞机正飞得高.I think highly of your opinion.我对你的观点给以高度评价.5.wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地，在许多地方”.He opened the door wide.他把门开大.English is widely used in the world.英语在世界上被广泛使用.6.free与freelyfree的意思是“免费”；freely 的意思是“无限制地”.You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候，只要你喜欢，就可以在我的饭馆里免费吃饭.You may speak freely;say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，喜欢说什么就说什么.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级一、构成大多数形容词〔性质形容词〕和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别.原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种.1.规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级.构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词tall〔高的〕 taller tallest末尾加-er,-est great〔巨大的〕greater greatest以不发音的e结尾nice〔好的〕 nicer nicest的单音词和少数 large〔大的〕larger largest以- le结尾的双able〔有能力的〕ablerablest音节词只加-r,-st以一个辅音字母big〔大的〕bigger biggest结尾的闭音节单hot〔热的〕hotter hottest音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est“以辅音字母+y”easy〔容易的〕 easier easiest结尾的双音节词，busy〔忙的〕busier busiest改y为i，再加-er，-est少数以-er，-ow clever〔聪明的〕cleverer cleverest结尾的双音节词narrow〔窄的〕narrower narrowest末尾加-er，-est其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级.important〔重要的〕more important most importanteasily〔容易地〕more easily most easily2.不规则变化原级比较级最高级good 〔好的〕better bestwell〔健康的〕bad 〔坏的〕/ worse worstill〔有病的〕old 〔老的〕 older/elder oldest/eldestmuch/many〔多的〕 more mostlittle〔少的〕 less leastfar 〔远的〕farther/further farthest/furthest二、比较级的用法1.双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级＋than”的结构表示.如This pen is better than that one.2.表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示.如：This room is less beautiful than that one.3.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far等修饰.如：He works even harder than before.注意:英语的比较级前如无even，still,或yet 等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“……一些”或不译出,一般不可用“更”,如:She is better than she was yesterday.她比昨天好些了..请明天早点来.注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级.用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面，如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”.如:He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.他比他弟弟高得多.4.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the＋比较级〔主语+谓语〕,the＋比较级〔主语+谓语〕”的结构.如：The harder he works，the happier he feels.他工作越努力，越高兴.5.不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”的结构.如：.这女孩变得越来越漂亮了.6.某些以or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than.〔这些词有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等.如：He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.他在数学方面要比王先生强.7.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that〔those〕，one〔ones〕代替前面出现的名词.that指物，one既可指人，也可指物.that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词.如：A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood.铁制的盒子比木制的盒子要结识.8.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:1〕A is three 〔four,etc.〕times the size 〔height，length，width,etc〕of B.如:The new building is four times the size 〔the height〕of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大〔四倍高〕.〔这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍［高三倍］〕.2〕A is three 〔four，etc.〕times as big 〔high，long，wide，etc.〕as B.如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大.〔亚洲比欧洲大三倍.〕3〕A is three 〔four,etc.〕times bigger 〔higher，longer，wider,etc.〕than B.如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍.〔你们的学校是我们学校的四倍大.〕用times 表示倍数，一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数.表示两倍可以用twice 或double.三、最高级的用法1.三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the＋最高级”的结构表示.这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语.如：Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.张华在他们三个中最高.2.最高级可被序数词以及much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really,nothing like 等词语所修饰.如:This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest.这帽子大得多.3.表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级.4.形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略.如：He is the tallest 〔boy〕in his class.他是班里最高的〔男生〕.5.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词.如：Of all the boys he came 〔the〕earliest.在所有的孩子中，他来得最早.如果复数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such.如：I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.我摔了那么多跤，以致于摔得鼻青脸肿的.但little不表示数量而表示“小”时,仍用such.如:They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.他们是那么小的孩子以至于他们不能自己打扫房子.6.almost与nearly〔1〕两者都可以修饰 all，every，always等词，都可以用于否定句中.〔2〕在very，pretty，not后用nearly，不用almost.如：I’m not nearly ready.我还没准备好.〔3〕在any，no，none，never前用almost，不用nearly.如：I almost never see her.我几乎从来没见过她.【考点诠释】考点1 形谷词、副词的比较等级1．形容词或副词的as…as结构两者相比，当A=B时，用“as+面/adv．原级+as”来表示.如：Jack runs as fast as Tom．杰克和汤姆跑得一样快.双方相比，当A≠B，或指A的程度较低时，用“not as/so+adj．/adv．原级+as”表示.如：He does not work as/so hard as his sister．他不如他妹妹学习努力.2．形容词或副词的比较级+than 、当双方比较，A>B时，用“比较级+than”结构.当A不及B的程度时，用“less+adj．/adv．原级+than”的结构.如：①Blood is thicker than water．[谚]血浓于水.②Health is better than wealth．[谚]健康胜过财富.3．表示双方相比，一方超过另一方，并强调超出的程度和数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，much，very much，still，any，a lot，a bit，a little，far，yet，by far，a great deal，twice，three times，rather，slightly等，而very，quite，SO，fairly等词不可修饰形容词或副词的比较级A car runs a great deal faster than a truck．小汽车比卡车快得多.4．“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构表示“越……越……”The more tickets you sell，the more money you will get．你卖的票越多，你得到的钱就会越多.5．当三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用最高级这种句式中一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语；最高级可被序数词以及much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，notquite，not really，nothing like等修饰.如：The building being built now is by far the highest in the city．目前在建的那座大楼是本市最高的大楼.6．比较级表示最高级含义〔1〕比较级+than any other+可数名词单数.如：The Changjiang River is longer than any other river in China．在中国，长江比其他任何一条河流都长.〔2〕比较级+than all〔the〕other+可数名词复数.如：China is larger than all the other Asian countries．中国比亚洲的其他国家都大.〔3〕no/never/nothing…+比较级.如：Nothing is more valuable than time．时间比任何东西都珍贵.〔4〕“否定词+不定冠词+形容词的比较级+名词”或“否定词+副词的比较级”表示“从未……；未曾……”.如：This film is very moving．I have never seen a better one．这部电影很感人，我从没有看过一部比它更好的. 考点2、形容词修饰名词的位置1．多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词，与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词，如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多，则音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后.它们的顺序是：限定词〔冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词〕+数词〔序数词，基数词〕+描绘性形容词〔nice，good，interesting，beautiful…〕+特征形容词〔大小、长短、高低、形状、年龄、新旧〕+颜色形容词+国籍、出处+物质、材料+用途、类别+中心名词.我们可以用下面的一段顺El溜帮助记忆：限数描、大长高，形状年龄和新老.颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠.在实际运用中，很少会同时出现这么多修饰词，但我们必须记住以上规则，此外，还应当多阅读，多体会，以增强语感.如：another three English books另外三本英语书；a beautiful white Chinese military jeep一辆漂亮的白色中国军用吉普车2．形容词作定语后置的几种情况〔1〕当形容词修饰由some，any，IlO，every构成的复合词，如something，anything，nothing等时.如：Is there anything new in today’S newspaper?今天的报纸上有什么新的东西吗?〔2〕当“形容词+介词/不定式”构成的短语作定语时.如：There is a bag full of rice on his table．他的桌上有满满一袋米.〔3〕当两个意义相反的形容词用both…and…，and，or或so连接在一起作定语时.如：People in the village，young and old，men and women are fond of singing and dancing．村里的男女老幼都喜爱唱歌跳舞.〔4〕当old，long，high，wide，deep等词附有数量词短语作定语时.如：The peasants dug a well about fifty metres deep．农民们挖了一口约五十米深的井.〔5〕有些表语形容词作定语时，如afraid，alone，awake，asleep，alive，ashamed，worth等.如：Tom was the only boy awake at that time．汤姆是那时唯一醒着的男孩.考点3 形容词、副词的辨析1．形容词主要用来修饰名词，也可修饰something，nothing等不定代词，在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语.作状语时表示伴随、原因等，或是对主语进行解释，可以看成是“being+形容词”，位于句首、句中或句尾，表示伴随时通常用逗号与其他成分隔开①He lay in bed，wide awake．他躺在床上，完全清醒着.②He went to bed，cold and hungry．他上床睡觉，又冷又饿.2．副词主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、从句或整个句子.修饰整个句子时，可置于句首、句中或句尾Fortunately，he escaped from the fire．他幸运地从大火中逃了出来.3．有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词形式相同，另一种是在形容词后加ly.这两种形式的副词在意义上有所不同：不带ly的副词往往表示的是具体概念〔也就是词的本义〕；加ly的往往表示抽象概念〔也就是词的引申义〕.close接近〔指距离〕_closely仔细地，密切地；free免费_freely自由地，自如地；deep深地_deeply深刻地，深入地；wide充分〔张开〕地，宽阔地_+widely广泛地；high高地_highly高度地，非常；late迟，晚一lately最近，近来；near邻近地_nearly几乎；most最一mosdy主要地.如：He jumped that high in the sports meeting in our school and is highly thought of by his classmates．他在我们学校运动会上跳得那么高，赢得了同学们的高度赞扬.特别提示一般说来，形容词+ly构成的是副词，如：deeply，highly，widely等；名词+ly构成的是形容词或名词，如：friendly，brotherly，lovely，weekly，monthly等.4．rather，very，quite，fairly的区别〔1〕rather常用来修饰贬义的形容词或副词，如bad，poor，badly等；faifly常用来修饰褒义的形容词或副词，如nice，well，clever等.如：She is fairly clever，but does rather badly in her lessons．她很聪明，但她的功课做得相当差.〔2〕如果修饰中性的形容词或副词，如easy，fast，thin等，fairly表示肯定的概念，即说话人的态度是赞美的、满意的；而rather表示否定的概念，即说话人是不满意的.如：①I’lle soup is fairly hot．这汤还算热.〔表示喜欢热汤〕②〕The soup is rather hot．这汤太烫了.〔表示讨厌太烫的汤〕特别提示rather可用在similar，different，too，介词like，以及形容词、副词的比较级之前，也可修饰动词，而fairly，quite则不能，但可以说quite better.如：今天比昨天暖和得多.【误】It is fairly warmer today than yesterday．【正】It is rather warmer today than yesterday．〔3〕quite表示的程度比fairly深，表示主观看法，可理解为“十分”.如：The news is quite amazing．这个消息十分惊人.〔4〕fairly只能用在不定冠词之后；而quite和rather用于不定冠词前、后皆可.如：This is a fairly heavy/rather a heavy/a rather heavy/a quite heavy/quite a heavy job for US．对我们来说，这是一项相当繁重的工作.另外，rather有时与褒义词尤其是表示“好”的词连用时，强调被修饰词的程度，可与fairly，quite互换.如：Your English is rather/fairly/quite good．你的英语相当好.高考经常考查形容词的辨析和副词的辨析，所以我们在学习中要注意近义词的用法差异.以下是常见的几组近义词：alone，lonely；living，alive，live，lively；likely，possible，probable；no more than，not more than；no less than，not less than；too much，much too；no longer，no more；almost，nearly.【试题放送】【2018湖南】24. Bicycling is good exercise; ____, it does not pollute the air.A. neverthelessB. besidesC. otherwiseD. therefore【答案】B【考点】此题考察副词含义辨析.21【解析】根据句意：“骑自行车是一种很好的运动方式，而且又不会造成大气污染”应选B〔besides而且，加之，除此以外〕.词汇副词besides【2018辽宁卷】22. We used to see each other , but I haven’t head from him since last year.A. especiallyB. regularlyC. particularlyD. approximately【考点】副词词义辨析【答案】B【解析】A项意为“尤其；特别”；B项意为“定期地，经常地”；C项意为“特别，尤其”；D项意为“近似地，大约”.根据句意“我们原来经常见面，但从去年我就没再收到过他的信”.【2018四川卷】7. The hotel is almost finished, but it _____ needs one or two weeks to get ready for guests. A. only B. also C. even D. still【答案】 D【考点】此题考查副词用法【解析】根据句意“这个旅馆差不多竣工了，但仍还要一两周才可以接待客人.”选still〔仍然，还〕. 【2018北京卷】28. Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _____. A. some B. less C. much D. more 【答案】D【考点】形容词考点.比较级，根据句意即刻判断.【2018全国新课程】29. This restaurant wasn't that other restaurant we went to.A. half as good asB. as half good asC. as good as halfD. good as half as【答案】 A 【解析】在as…as…句型中，倍数放在第一个as的前面，故A正确.句意：这家饭店不及我们去过另一家的一半好.【考点】考查形容词同等比较句型.【2018全国新课程】26. The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much _______.A. the bestB. bestC. betterD. the better【答案】 D 【解析】此处so much修饰名词，所以用the better的形式.句意：这结果对我们来说不很重要，但如果我们真的赢了，那就太好了.【考点】考查形容词、副词的比较等级的用法.【2018山东卷】33. Be _______ —you can’t expect me to finish all this work in so little time.A. reasonableB. confidentC. creativeD. grateful【答案】A【解析】此处confident信心；creative有创造力的；grateful感激的；reasonable有道理的.句意：要讲道理，你不能指望我在如此短的时间里完成所有的工作.【考点】考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解.【模拟试题】1. 【2018辽宁普通高中学业水平考试前测】He is _______ careless that whatever you say to him goes in at one ear and out at the other.A. soB. veryC. suchD. too【答案】A【解析】考查句式结构. “so + 形容词+ that”为固定用法.句意为：他太粗心了，以至于你无论和他说什么，他都是一只耳朵进，另一只耳朵出.2. 【2018唐山期末】Samuel can't help having a big nose —it is ___ of him to be curious about others' affairs．A．typical B．constant C．considerate D．unique【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析.It is typical of sb to do sth.做某事是某人的风格.句意为：Samuel总是爱管闲事---对别人的事情好奇是他的风格.3. 【2018江苏南通期末调研】The traffic problems have severely affected economic development. ________ we must spare no efforts to solve them.A. FurthermoreB. ThereforeC. MeanwhileD. Nevertheless【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析.Therefore “因此”，表转折.交通问题已经严重影响了经济的发展，因此，我们应该不遗余力的来解决这个问题.Furthermore “此外，而且” ，表递进；Meanwhile “同时，其间”；Nevertheless“然而，不过”，表转折.4. 【2018烟台期末】A．present B．precious C．available D．convenient【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析.a vailable“可以利用的，可以买到的”.句意为：一有票卖，我们就将联系你们.present 现在的；precious宝贵的，珍贵的；convenient方便的.5. 【2018潍坊高三期末】I’m about what I say because careless remarks are likely to hurt others’ feelings. A．enthusiastic B. curious C．doubtful D. cautious【答案】D【解析】考查形容词. be cautious about 意思是：对……小心谨慎；谨慎于…….句意为: 我对你所说的话很很谨慎，因为大意的评论很可能会伤害别人的感情.6. 【2018潍坊高三期末】–In early autumn Steve applied for admission to college. He wanted to go but to Cornell University.-Oh，why not Harvard?A． anywhere B. somewhereC．everywhere D. nowhere【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析.nowhere but …意思是：除了……哪里也不.7.【2018江苏南通高三期末调研】 With the advances of technology, plastics have taken the place of many ________ materials.A. conventionalB. optionalC. artificialD. potential【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析.conventional 传统的、常见的.句意为：随着科学的进步，塑料产品已经代替了传统的材料.optional 可选择的、随意的；artificial 人造的，仿造的； potential潜在的，可能的.8. 【原创】Be careful that a good name of a product doesn’t ______ mean good quality of it.A. alternativelyB. approximatelyC. obviouslyD. necessarily【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析.句意：当心名字好听的产品并不一定质量好.alternatively“可选择地”；approximately“大约”；obviously“显然地”；necessarily“必然地”.根据句意选D项.9. 【2017甘肃兰州一中上学期期中】They were pretty poor but most of their friends were even _________.A.richerB.badly offC.worse offD.well off【答案】C【解析】考查形容词及短语辨析.句意：他们相当穷，但是他们朋友中的大多数的境况甚至更差.由语境可知C项正确.10．【2018浙江温高三期末八校联考】As a typist, the most important aspect of the job is to be able to type quickly and _____.A. faithfullyB. actuallyC. roughlyD. accurately。
2023年新高考英语二轮复习之语法 专题04形容词和副词(学生版+解析版)
专题04形容词和副词1.语篇型填空、短文改错主要考查形容词、副词的句法功能,因此考生需要掌握形容词、副词．．．．．．．．．．．．在句中作什么成分．．．．．．．．。
2.对形容词和副词的构词法(构成形容词的后缀．．．．)的考查是语篇型填空、．．．构成副词．．．．．．．．,“．．形容词．．．+．-．ly”短文改错的重点之一。
3.对形容词、副词的比较等级(形容词及副词比较级、最高级的构成规则．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．;．形容词及副词平级、比较级、最高级的基本句型．．．．．．．．．．．．)的考查是语篇型填空、短文改错的另一个重点。
4.对形容词、副词的辨析(如many和much的区别,hard和hardly的区别,before和ago的区别,so 和such的区别等)是语篇型填空、短文改错的一个难点。
5.对数词的考查主要是基数词和序数词之间的相互转换。
6.对形容词、副词构词法和比较等级的考查仍然是未来高考语篇型填空、短文改错的重点。
1.（2021辽宁六校期中联考,45）It seems that Chinese Spring Festival is becoming a _____(globe) celebration of joy and love.2.（2021安徽五校联考,66）If you then touch your eyes, mouth or nose, you are (likely) to become infected than those who wash their hands.3.（2021江苏四市调研,36）It is not only an important part of (tradition) Chinese culture but also a way of life for people of all classes.4.（2021广东四市名校联考,44）California, Oregon and Washington state have seen historic wildfires that have burned faster and (far) than ever before.5.（2020全国Ι,62）Landing on the moon’s far side is (extreme) challenging.6.（2020全国Ⅱ,69）Branches of Plum Blossoms(梅花): The (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.7.（2020全国Ⅱ,66）(certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.8.（2020全国Ш,62）One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their (fine) work, so that he could choose the best.9.（2019全国Ι,62）It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been(poor) studied...10.（2019全国Ι,68）Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are (high) than they actually are.11.（2019全国Ш,61）On our way to the house, it was raining hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.12.（2019全国Ⅱ,70）But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s(wonder).13.（2018全国Ι,69）Running is cheap, easy and it’s always (energy).14.（2018浙江,62）The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______(afford) but doing this most days adds up.15.Chinese wood carving is appreciated worldwide for its shapes being (true) detailed and the beauty of its themes.16.China’s Mars mission expresses the determination and perseverance(毅力) of the Chinese nation in looking for (science) truth.17.People’s curiosity about the unknown and thirst for knowledge are (obvious) aroused whenever the country makes breakthroughs in space exploration.18.The three chicks are more than happy to be around their human neighbor. They’re not ______(frighten) at all. Actually, they are in a relaxed condition.19.Developed by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system, which has become an (influence) part of Chinese culture.20.When they are gone, we feel much(free) to gather in a large group than usual and come to shore.21.Students can be prepared for the (compete) fields of food science at Appalachian State University.22.I wanted so much to buy something from her because I could tell she was having a hard time (finance).23.Working as a temporary worker is a great way to earn some money when you’re ____(job).24.The calendar takes into consideration the (long) and the shortest daytime of the year, and the two days of the year when the length of the day is the same as that of the night.25.（2021江西名校第二次联考,67）From late February to early March the following year, a large number of birds begin to fly to the (north) part.26.（2021江苏盐城统考,57 & 58）(hope) , the program will influence behaviors, like choosing (little) packaging, throwing away fewer items and finally decreasing use of disposable(一次性的) materials.27.（2021安徽合肥调研,61）But the deep sea remains (large) unexplored.28.（2021江西南昌摸底测试,61）China’s South-to-North Water Diversion(转移)Project, perhaps the world’s(large) of its kind, has served as the lifeline of water supply for the dry north.29.（2021浙江五校联考,65）Casey did not say how he was able to survive in the woods for two days in the cold, (rain) weather.30.（2021四川泸州一诊,42）It wasn’t an easy decision, but (lucky), I made it.31.（2021山东师大附中一模,60）Some hip hop singers hoped the stories of hip hop could be (accurate) told and passed down.32.（2021江苏南京师大附中考试,64）So perhaps the debate shouldn’t be about which one is (good) — the fast life or the slow one.33.（2020四川成都摸底测试,65）Students attend lectures on the history of movable type along with(interest)classes on typesetting and printing.34.（2020安徽合肥调研,68）They spoke it(fluently)than some people from Hong Kong,she said jokingly.35（2020广东惠州第二次调研,70）Even if the experiment "doesn’t work",we usually learn something(value)from it.36.（2020山西大同学情调研,68）This group was also more likely to have cognitive decline(认知衰退)and was at a(great) risk for age-related health conditions.37.（2020湖南益阳、湘潭两市教学质量测评,44）Since noodles mean long life, it is considered very (lucky) to cut it off.38.（2020湖南师大附中,42）However, he is also a (talent) musician who is able to play several instruments expertly.39.（2020浙江金丽衢十二校联考,44）As you can (probable) guess, the cost to enjoy such a hotel room isn’t cheap.40.（2020全国Ш,68）As the small boat moved (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.41.（2020全国新高考Ⅱ(山东),36）In the 18th and 19th centuries, (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.42.（2020北京,10）They were much stronger than modern humans, but it’s long been assumed that human ancestors were (smart)than the Neanderthals.43.（2020浙江1月,62）This is(particular) true in the US.44.（2019全国Ⅱ,63）Her years of hard work have (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.45.（2019浙江,65）School uniforms are (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.46.（2019北京,10）Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend, and it’s never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and ______(meaning) college experience.47.（2018全国Ⅱ,67）According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ______(globe) fertilizer consumption.48.（2018全国Ⅱ,63）A taste for meat is (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.49.（2019浙江,60）When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings, car drivers can (easy) see them.50.（2018全国Ⅱ,61）According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ______(long) than non-runners.51.（2018全国Ш,63）He screams the (loud) of all.52.（2018浙江11月,58）(recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.53.（2018浙江,63）There could be an even (high) cost on your health.54.（2017甲卷(全国Ⅱ),66）...it must have been (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.55.（2017甲卷(全国Ⅱ),70）The Central London Railway was one of the most (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.56.（2017乙卷(全国Ⅱ),69）However, be(care) not to go to extremes.57.（2017丙卷(全国Ш),70）It is (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.58.（2017浙江,60）Sixteen years (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cooka meal.59.（2016乙卷(全国Ⅱ),63）From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be _____(official)given to me at a ceremony in London.60.（2016浙江,13）A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience, (especial) if you are travelling at high speed.61.（2016甲卷(全国Ⅱ),67）Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks(regular).62.（2016丙卷(全国Ш),66）Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which _____(gradual) turned into chopsticks.63.（2020全国Ι）(因为工作努力和知识渊博), she is one of the best teachers in our school.64.（2020全国Ι）She (总是耐心地与我们谈话)and helps us to find a solution.65.（2020天津5月）Online learning allows me (学英语更便捷、更高效).66.（2019天津3月）This book opens a gate of history to me, therefore I (为我们的国家感到更骄傲).67.（2019江苏）So the school uniforms are (一个更好的选择) than the traditional Chinese dress for (这样一个场合).【能力提升】A专项语篇型填空(形容词和副词)It’s 1(obvious)right to say that living in the city is2(interest), but compared with living in the country, there are 3(many)unpleasant and annoying things, such as traffic jams.Air pollution is also a big problem in the city, especially in winter.4(addition), the city is very noisy. Life in the country is5(health) in many ways. I always want to escape city life to have a good rest and enjoy the6(beauty) scenery in the country.7, some people think country life is so slow and boring! Life is sometimes not 8 (convenience). As for me, I like the city for its 9(color) and good life, and want the country life for its quiet. When I’m married and have children, I’ll move to the country while working in the city. I’m not so sure, 10.B语法填空（2021广东惠州一调）In recent years, veganism(纯素食主义) has become one of the fastest-growing lifestyle 1__(trend ) in the world. Over 3 million people in the US are vegans while about 542,000 British people 2(choose) veganism over the past 10 years.What is driving this growth in veganism? First, people attach importance to protecting the environment. They think producing meat and dairy products is 3(stress) for the environment. According to a recent study, global meat manufacturing has caused 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. This figure is 4(high) than that caused by all the world’s cars, trains and planes combined. Second, many young people 5(convince) that it’s cruel to kill animals for food and becoming vegans is 6ethical(伦理的) decision.Veganism doesn’t simply means 7(eat) no meat, cheese or eggs. It also applies 8 fashion and manufacturing. Every year more than a billion animals are killed 9(produce) leather products from their skins. Now, many brands are seeking for substitutions(替代品). So 10the idea of protecting animals and saving environment appeals to you, give veganism a try.专题04形容词和副词1.语篇型填空、短文改错主要考查形容词、副词的句法功能,因此考生需要掌握形容词、副词．．．．．．．．．．．．在句中作什么成分．．．．．．．．。
高考英语语法复习 专题04 形容词和副词(知识精讲)牛津译林版
专题04形容词和副词知识精讲一、形容词和副词的基本用法(一)形容词在句中的作用1.形容词在句中可作定语、表语和补语①形容词作定语时的位置问题：通常放置被修饰的名词前，但是下列情况需后置：▲形容词短语作定语This is a language difficult to master.这是一门难以掌握的语言。
In the distance there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.远处有一座180英尺的斜塔。
He is a student worth of praise.他是个值得表扬的学生。
▲表语形容词(参考下列3)作定语He is indeed a Lei Feng alive.他真是个活雷锋。
▲形容词修饰不定代词Someone strange is asking to see you.有个陌生人要见你。
Something unexpected happened and we had to make some changes to our plan.发生了一些意想不到的事情，我们不得不对我们的计划做些改变。
▲else修饰疑问代词和不定代词No one else can answer the question.其他没有人能回答这个问题。
What else do you want to say? 你想还说点什么？②多个形容词作定语时的词序为：大小、长短、高低形状/年龄、新旧颜色/来源、国籍、地区、出处/材料/用途(熟记下列顺口溜：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠)。
It’s a _______ clock, made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.A. charming French smallB. French small charmingC. small French charmingD. charming small French【答案与解析】D。
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形容词与副词是高考考查的热点，高考英语中单项填空、完形填空、书面表达，任何一项题目中都有可能涉及形容词等级、辨析和在句中的位置。
关于形容词与副词这一考点，主要考查以下几个方面：在具体的语境中考查形容词词义辨析；考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。
一、形容词、副词的主要功能．形容词在句中主要作定语、表语和补语，但有时也作状语，表示伴随、原因等。
如： . (宾补), . (伴随状语), . (原因状语)．副词作状语主要是用作修饰性状语、评注性状语及连接性状语。
其中后两种状语是现在考查的重点。
如：. (修饰性状语), . (评注性状语). , , . (连接性状语)注意：() 形容词作状语是形容主语的性质，而副词作状语则修饰动词。
如：. 他慢慢地步行回家了。
, . 他到家时又累又饿。
() 有些副词像, , , , , 等作评注性状语往往修饰整个句子，对整个句子进行说明或解释，表示说话人对话语的态度与看法。
通常位于句首，常用逗号与句子分开。
如：, ., ' .(3)还有些副词起连接作用，使前后句构成某种逻辑上的衔接。
常见的有：. , . 我错了。
同样地，你也该受到谴责。
. ' . 抓住这个机会，否则你会后悔的。
. () , . 他们正玩得很开心，更精确地说，他们好像正玩得很开心。
. 他忘了打开收音机，因此错过了那个节目。
, . 可能下雪，但我无论如何要进城。
; ', .他说他要来，可是并没有来。
; , .母亲去买东西；我打扫屋子。
二、形容词的位置．形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：() 形容词短语作定语，定语后置。
如：,() 表语形容词(，，，，等)作定语，定语后置。
如：。
有些表身体健康状况的形容词，如：，，只作表语。
既可作表语又可作定语，若作定语意为“”。
() 用作定语，修饰由不定代词，，和构成的复合词，如，等时，通常后置。
如： .() 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
．多个形容词及限定词等修饰同一个名词的顺序：口诀巧记：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。
() .．．．．【解析】考查多个限定词的词序。
前位限定；中位限定。
() ' .．．．．【解析】考查多个形容词修饰同一中心词的词序：大小＋颜色＋材料。
三、副词的分类英语里的副词分为类：时间、地点、方式、频率、程度、连接、关系、疑问和句子副词。
常见的有：．时间副词常见的时间副词有, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ，, 等。
．地点副词常见的地点副词有, , , , , , , , , , , , , 等。
．频率副词频率副词表示动作发生的次数，常见的有, , , , , , , , , , , 等。
．程度副词程度副词用于表示程度，常见的有, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 等。
．连接副词常见的连接副词有, , , , ，, , , , , 等。
．句子副词句子副词用于修饰句子(而不是修饰某个单词)，反映说话人的观点和看法，如, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 等。
四、兼有两种形式的副词有些副词有两种形式，一种形式是在形容词后加，另一种形式同该形容词，即“形、副同形”，但其意义有很大差别，这类词主要有：．不加表示具体概念，加表示抽象概念或用于比喻意义。
空间高度 .高度地，非常地 .注意短语：心怀大志，志向高远空间深度 .深深地 .注意搭配：到深夜空间宽度 .广泛地，普遍地 .注意短语：完全清醒接近地，紧紧地 .仔细地，严密地 .．两种形式，词义差别较大晚，迟 .最近(＝)？免费 .自由地； .很，非常，最 .主要地，大部分 .努力地 .几乎不，简直不 .专题四│正面解读五、形容词和副词比较等级的基本句型．＋.原级＋＋.原级＋注意：当…中间有名词时采用以下格式。
.＝ .．.比较级＋.注意：比较级后面跟有名词时，有时需要加适当的冠词。
..．＋最高级＋＋同类名词＋范围、地点等名词定语从句(……).注意：() 当没有比较的范围时，表示非常，相当于，此时没有比较概念。
.() “否定词语＋比较级”，“否定词语＋…”结构表示最高级含义。
.＝ .＝ .' .．＋比较级…，＋比较级…越……，越……, .．比较级＋＋比较级越来越…….六、比较级和最高级的修饰词．, , , , , , 等词可以用来修饰…结构。
．, (只能在比较级后是可数名词复数时使用)，, , , , , , , , , ，, 等词可以修饰比较级。
．, , , ，等词可以修饰最高级。
.....' .＝ ...七、表达倍数的常用句型结构．……．或……如：.新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。
．……．如：.这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。
．……．如：.这本字典比那本恰好贵倍。
注意：用表示倍数时，一般只限于三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍常用或。
八、特殊结构和固定搭配形容词和副词有许多特殊结构和固定搭配，归纳与考点有密切联系的部分如下：．…句型的两个意义() 表示否定意义，意为“太……而不能”。
如：.这个问题太难，我理解不了。
. 花太美，难经久。
() 表示肯定意义，意为“非常，很，极”。
当后面接, , , , , 等形容词时，表示“很，非常”之意，与表达“很”的意思相同。
当前有, , 等词时，形成…结构，仍旧表达“非常，很，极”之意。
如：' .听到这个消息我非常高兴。
' .他非常高兴去接她。
.他们非常高兴来看我。
． . 意为“对于就如对于。
”如：.发动机对于机器就如心脏对于动物。
．的习惯短语() 意为“超过，多于；十分，非常；不仅仅”。
如：.对他的突然到来我非常吃惊。
() …意为“与其……不如”。
如：.与其说他受到伤害不如说他受到了惊吓。
() 意为“而非，不，宁愿……也不”( …)。
如：, ' .我宁愿步行上学也不愿乘车。
() 常意为“除……之外，不同于”；在否定结构中，形成的结构搭配，常意为“正是，恰好是，除了……别无”。
如：.就是我的老朋友琼斯。
．要避免重复使用比较级。
【误】 .【正】 .【正】 .．要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
【误】 .【正】 .．比较的对象要一致。
【误】 .【正】 .【解析】句意为：中国的天气与美国的天气不同。
比较的是天气而不是国家，比较的主体要一致，因此用代替前面的。
．要避免表语形容词用作定语。
【误】, .【正】, .【解析】是表语形容词不能作定语，而是过去分词变来的普通形容词，可以作定语。
．不要把连接性副词当连词使用。
() 【误】, , .【正】; , .【正】 . , .() 【误】, , .【正】, , .【正】 . , .【解析】, 等很多词是起连接作用的副词，不能当连词使用，因此它们所在的句子和前面的句子之间只有语义上的逻辑关系，而句子之间在语法上是独立的，因此前面的句子要用句号或分号或用并列。
．[·全国卷Ⅱ] . .．．．．【解析】考查形容词比较级的用法。
形容词比较级用于否定句表示隐含的最高级，表示“没有比……更……的”。
．，， .．．．．【解析】考查倍数的表达。
很显然这里要表达的意思是：来的客人人数是他邀请的客人数的两倍，所以要用“倍数＋”结构。
第二个及其后的内容省略。
．, .．．．．【解析】表示程度“非常，极度”。
．, .．．．．【解析】“…”只好等待。
．[·全国卷Ⅰ] .．．．．【解析】易混副词用法辨析。
……句型在否定句中可以替换为……如本句。
．[·福建卷] — .—， .．．．．【解析】考查副词辨析。
根据第一句句意：志愿工作在中国正越来越受到欢迎，可知项正确。
．[·湖北卷] ' ； .．．．．【解析】考查副词词义辨析。
句意为：我没有责备任何人，我仅仅是说像这样的错误是可以避免的。
这里表示“仅仅，只有”，所以用。
．, .．; ．;．; ．;【解析】表示眼睛睁得大、嘴张得大等时，要用修饰；表示“酣睡”时，常用来表达。
． . ， .．．．．【解析】考查形容词比较级的用法。
根据题干内容可知，这里是将的智商与班级里其他同学的智商进行比较，因此应该用比较级，排除、两项；另外，这里是表泛指，因此用不定冠词，故项正确。
．—?— . ， .．．．．【答案】．, ' .．．．．【解析】本题考查副词。
句意为：每个人都按时到会，甚至连那个通常什么时候都会迟到十分钟的麦克也按时到会了。
选。
．, .．．．．【解析】考查形容词短语作状语的用法。
句意为：人们因害怕沙尘暴，外出时都戴着口罩。
．. .．．．．【解析】考查名词前多个形容词的排列顺序。
其排列顺序为：大小形状、颜色、出处、材料、用途。
选。
．—, !— . . ' .．．．．【答案】． .．．．．【解析】考查副词辨析。
句意为：经济影响调查是由几个来自堪萨斯州大学的、特别挑选的硕士研究生进行的。
尤其是；有规律地；潜在地。
特别地，符合题意。
．(·青岛市第一次模拟) ，，.．．．．解析：在句中是形容词短语作伴随状语，往往用逗号隔开。
答案：．(·青岛市第一次模拟) .．．．．解析：依据后半句可知这里表示“精力充沛的”，故选项。
热情的；健谈的；敏感的。
答案：．(·福建毕业班检查) .．．．．解析：考查形容词辨析。
表示“一般的，平常的”；表示“异乎寻常的”；表示“极好的，壮丽的”；则表示“流行的”。
根据语意，此处表示“智力一般的学生在改进学习习惯之后也能变得很出色”，所以选项。
答案：．(·东城练习二) .．．．．解析：本题考查形容词、副词的比较级。
句意为：年轻人上大学，带着这样的期望——得到更好教育的人会得到更高的工资报酬。
所以本题应该选择项。
答案：．(·黑龙江检测) .．；．；．；．；解析：根据语意，第一空用，浓咖啡才能提神；第二空表示比较，意为“比现在工作得更好”，故用的比较级。
答案：．(·南昌一模) .．．．．解析：考查形容词词义辨析。
语境为：学生数量的增加使有限的电脑不够每个学生都使用。
固定短语意为“可享受的，可得到的，可使用的”。
对……有帮助的，有益的，有用的；付得起的，不太昂贵的；可接受的，合意的，可承受的，可忍受的。
语境暗示学生多，电脑少，因此应是不够用。
答案：．(·杭州教学检测) ，“” .．．．．解析：考查副词。
尽管增加了许多航班和火车班次以便运送旅客，但是在五一假期里交通工具还很急需。
热切地；很，非常；平等地；略微，稍微。
只有项符合语意。
答案：．(·山东济南月模拟) ， .．．．．解析：句意为：在下雪天，你必须谨慎驾车以避免交通事故。