On Effectiveness and Entropy Generation in Heat Exchanger

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青年人如何重塑社会英语作文

The Role of Youth in Reshaping SocietyIn the dynamic and evolving landscape of contemporary society, the role of youth in reshaping it cannot be overstated. As the future leaders and innovators of our world, the actions and ideas of young people hold the potential to transform the way we live, work, and think.The challenges we face as a society - from climate changeto social inequality - require fresh perspectives and innovative solutions, and it is the youth who are often at the forefront of these efforts.Firstly, the youth are agents of change. They are not bound by the conventions and traditions of the past, butare free to think critically and creatively about the world. This openness to new ideas and willingness to question existing norms allows them to identify problems and propose solutions that are often overlooked by older generations. Whether it's through activism, entrepreneurship, or technological innovation, young people are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible.Secondly, the youth are agents of connection. In an increasingly globalized world, the ability to communicateand collaborate across borders is crucial. The youth, who are often more tech-savvy and digitally connected thantheir elders, are natural bridge-builders. They are able to use technology to share ideas, connect with diverse communities, and collaborate on projects that have a global impact. This ability to connect and collaborate isessential for addressing the complex challenges we face today.Moreover, the youth are agents of sustainability. As the first generation to fully grasp the severity of the climate crisis, young people are increasingly focused on building a more sustainable future. They are leading the charge in areas like renewable energy, waste reduction, and sustainable agriculture. By adopting sustainable practices and promoting awareness about environmental issues, they are helping to create a world that is healthier and more resilient for all.However, it is important to acknowledge that the youth alone cannot reshape society. They need the support and guidance of older generations, as well as access to education, resources, and opportunities. It is only throughcollaboration and cooperation across all ages and backgrounds that we can achieve meaningful and lasting change.In conclusion, the youth play a pivotal role in reshaping society. Their fresh perspectives, innovative ideas, and willingness to take action are essential for addressing the challenges we face. By fostering a culture that encourages young people to speak out, take risks, and pursue their passions, we can create a society that is more inclusive, sustainable, and vibrant than ever before.**青年在重塑社会中的角色**在当代社会不断演变和充满活力的背景下，青年在重塑社会中的作用不容忽视。

创新思维的重要性及其发展途径英语作文

创新思维的重要性及其发展途径英语作文The Power of New IdeasHi there! My name is Alex and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to talk to you about something really important - innovative thinking! You might be wondering, what is innovative thinking? Well, it's all about coming up with new and creative ideas that are different from what already exists.Innovative thinking is really cool because it allows us to solve problems in brand new ways. It helps us create amazing inventions that make life better and more fun. Just think about all the awesome things that started as an innovative idea in someone's mind - computers, smartphones, video games, you name it! Without innovative thinkers having those light bulb moments, we wouldn't have any of that super neat stuff.But innovative thinking isn't just useful for creating gadgets and gizmos. It can also help in lots of other areas too. Like in school, if you get stuck on a tough math problem, thinking innovatively could lead you to a new method to solve it. Or in art class, being an innovative thinker means you can make creative art pieces that are totally unique. Innovative thinking gives you an edge in whatever you do!I bet you're convinced by now that innovative thinking is pretty amazing. The big question is, how can you become a more innovative thinker yourself? Well, here are some tips that can help:Question the norm. Don't just accept that things have to be a certain way because "that's how it's always been done." Innovative thinkers challenge assumptions and aren't afraid to ask "Why?" When you question the status quo, it opens your mind to new possibilities.Look for inspiration everywhere. Innovative ideas can come from the most unexpected places. Keep your eyes and ears open to the world around you. Something you see, hear, or experience could spark a lightbulb moment. Read books, watch shows, talk to people - let your creativity feed off everything!Think outside the box. If you approach things the same way as everyone else, you'll just get the same results. But if you can "think outside the box" and look at things from a totally new angle, that's when the magic happens. Don't let your thinking get boxed in!Embrace your curiosity. Little kids are naturally super curious, always asking "Why?" As you get older, don't lose that sense ofcuriosity and wonder. Stay curious about the world. Question things. That curiosity will lead you to new insights.Don't fear failure. Lots of people are afraid to try new things because they might fail or look silly. But you know what? Some of the best innovative ideas came after many failures and mistakes. The key is to not get discouraged and to learn from those failures. They'll make you smarter!Nurture your creativity. Do activities that flex your creative muscles. Write stories, draw pictures, build things with your hands. The more you exercise your creativity, the stronger your innovative thinking skills will become. It's like a muscle - use it or lose it!Find innovative role models. Learn about people throughout history who were great innovative thinkers. How did they approach problems differently? What habits or traits helped them see things in a new way? Model the innovative mindset.Those are some great ways to get started with developing stronger innovative thinking abilities. But stick with it because, like anything worthwhile, it takes practice. The more you exercise those innovative thinking muscles, the better you'll get!Why put in all that hard work though? Well, because being an innovative thinker opens up so many doors and opportunities in life. The future belongs to the innovators and creative problem solvers of the world. You could be the next person whose game-changing idea revolutionizes how we do things!Just imagine - you could invent a cool new technology that makes everyone's life easier and more fun. You could pioneer a breakthrough in science or medicine that helps millions. You could write the next bestselling book series or create the next blockbuster movie. The possibilities are endless when you're an innovative thinker!Not only that, but working to think more innovatively makes life more exciting and fulfilling. You'll never be bored because you'll always be coming up with fresh ideas and perspectives. Innovative thinking helps you approach any obstacle or challenge as an opportunity for creativity instead of a roadblock. With an innovative mindset, every day is a new adventure full of possibilities to explore.So what do you think? Are you ready to start flexing those innovative thinking skills? I know I am! We creative kids are the ones who will dream up the bold new ideas that change theworld. Our imagination and curiosity are superpowers. All we have to do is practice using them.If we can all commit to thinking more innovatively and seeing things with fresh eyes, there's no limit to what we can achieve. We can solve world issues like hunger and pollution. We can make our communities happier and healthier places. We can create incredible new forms of art, entertainment, and technology. The future is a blank canvas, and it's our job as the next generation to fill it with our most daring, out-of-the-box ideas.Innovative thinking is what propels humanity forward. It drives progress and helps us continually reimagine what's possible. When we think innovatively, we're not just coming up with new ideas - we're coming up with new solutions that can truly make the world a better place.Pretty powerful stuff for something that starts by just asking "What if...?" or "Why not...?" Those two little questions have sparked some of the greatest innovations in human history. So keep asking them, keep dreaming, and keep finding new ways to look at things.Because you never know - your innovative idea could be the next game-changer that blows everyone's minds!。

正确对待科学技术进步的态度英语作文

正确对待科学技术进步的态度英语作文The Correct Attitude Towards Scientific and Technological Progress。

In today's rapidly advancing world, scientific and technological progress has become an integral part of our lives. It has brought about numerous benefits and improvements in various fields, including medicine, communication, transportation, and agriculture. However, it is essential to have the correct attitude towards scientific and technological progress to ensure that it is used for the betterment of humanity and the environment. In this article, we will explore the importance of adopting a responsible and ethical approach towards scientific and technological advancements.Firstly, it is crucial to acknowledge the positive impact that scientific and technological progress has had on society. Through advancements in medicine, we have witnessed the development of life-saving drugs and treatments, leading to a significant increase in life expectancy. Communication technologies have revolutionized the way we connect and interact with others, breaking down barriers and fostering global collaboration. Transportation advancements have made travel faster, safer, and more efficient, enabling people to explore new places and cultures. Furthermore, agricultural innovations have increased food production, helping to alleviate hunger and improve the quality of life for many.However, while embracing these advancements, we must also be aware of the potential risks and negative consequences they may bring. One of the key concerns is the ethical use of technology. For instance, the rise of artificial intelligence has raised questions about privacy, security, and the potential loss of jobs. It is imperative to establish regulations and guidelines to ensure that technology is used responsibly and does not infringe upon individual rights or harm society as a whole.Moreover, we must consider the environmental impact of scientific and technological progress. While advancements have undoubtedly improved our lives, they have also contributed to environmental degradation. The excessive use of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases have led to climate change and other ecological issues.Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in research and development. This includes investing in renewable energy sources, promoting recycling and waste reduction, and adopting environmentally friendly practices in all aspects of life.Additionally, it is essential to promote inclusivity and accessibility in scientific and technological advancements. As these fields continue to evolve, it is crucial to ensure that everyone has equal opportunities to benefit from them. This includes bridging the digital divide by providing access to technology and internet connectivity to underserved communities. It also involves promoting diversity in the scientific community, encouraging the participation of individuals from different backgrounds and perspectives.In conclusion, embracing scientific and technological progress is vital for the advancement of society. However, it is equally important to adopt a responsible and ethical approach towards these advancements. This includes considering the potential risks and negative consequences, promoting environmental sustainability, and ensuring inclusivity and accessibility for all. By doing so, we can harness the power of science and technology to create a better and more equitable world for future generations.。

无畏扬新图的英语作文

In the spirit of embracing new challenges and charting a bold new course,the English essay titled Fearless in Pursuit of New Horizons could delve into the theme of courage and innovation.Heres a detailed outline of what such an essay might include:Introduction:Introduce the concept of fearlessness as a driving force for personal growth and societal advancement.Present the thesis statement:Embracing a fearless attitude towards new challenges is essential for innovation and progress.Body Paragraph1:Overcoming FearDiscuss the psychological barriers that prevent individuals from pursuing new goals. Provide examples of historical figures who overcame their fears to achieve greatness, such as Amelia Earhart or Nelson Mandela.Body Paragraph2:The Importance of InnovationExplain how innovation is a product of stepping out of comfort zones and taking risks. Discuss the role of innovation in various fields,such as technology,medicine,and the arts.Body Paragraph3:The Role of Education and EncouragementArgue that fostering a fearless mindset starts with education and encouragement from a young age.Mention programs or initiatives that promote creativity and risktaking in educational settings.Body Paragraph4:Personal Stories of FearlessnessShare personal anecdotes or case studies of individuals who have fearlessly pursued their dreams and the impact of their actions.Highlight the importance of resilience and adaptability in the face of setbacks.Body Paragraph5:The Impact on SocietyDiscuss how a society that encourages fearlessness can lead to breakthroughs and advancements that benefit all.Provide examples of societal changes or improvements that have resulted from innovative thinking.Conclusion:Summarize the main points made in the essay about the importance of fearlessness in driving innovation.Reiterate the thesis statement and emphasize the collective benefits of a society that supports and celebrates those who are unafraid to explore new frontiers.End with a call to action,encouraging readers to embrace their own fearlessness and contribute to a more innovative and progressive world.Sample Essay:Title:Fearless in Pursuit of New HorizonsIntroduction:In an everchanging world,it is the fearless who carve out new paths and lead humanity towards progress.This essay explores the significance of fearlessness in innovation and the collective benefits it brings to society.Body Paragraph1:Overcoming FearFear is a natural response to the unknown,yet it is the very emotion that must be conquered to achieve greatness.Historical figures like Amelia Earhart,who fearlessly soared into the skies,and Nelson Mandela,who stood against oppression,exemplify the power of overcoming fear to change the world.Body Paragraph2:The Importance of InnovationInnovation is the lifeblood of progress,and it thrives in environments where fear is not an obstacle.From the technological marvels of the digital age to breakthroughs in medical research,innovation is born from the courage to explore the uncharted.Body Paragraph3:The Role of Education and EncouragementEducation plays a pivotal role in nurturing fearlessness.Encouraging young minds to think creatively and take risks is essential for cultivating a generation of innovators. Programs that foster such an environment are crucial for societal advancement.Body Paragraph4:Personal Stories of FearlessnessPersonal stories of individuals who have fearlessly pursued their passions,such as Elon Musks ventures in space exploration,underscore the transformative power of fearlessness. Their resilience and adaptability in the face of challenges inspire others to follow suit. Body Paragraph5:The Impact on SocietyA society that champions fearlessness is one that thrives on innovation.The societal impact of such a mindset is profound,leading to improvements in living standards, healthcare,and technology that benefit all.Conclusion:In conclusion,fearlessness is not just a personal virtue but a societal necessity.By encouraging individuals to step beyond their comfort zones and embrace the unknown, we can collectively unlock the potential for unprecedented innovation and progress.Let us all strive to be fearless in our pursuits and contribute to a world that is everevolving and improving.。

创新思维重要性和提升方法英语作文

创新思维重要性和提升方法英语作文The Importance of Innovative Thinking and Ways to Enhance ItIntroductionIn today's rapidly changing world, the ability to think innovatively has become more important than ever before. As the pace of technological advancements accelerates and global competition intensifies, individuals and organizations must constantly innovate to stay ahead. In this essay, we will discuss the significance of innovative thinking and explore some ways to enhance this crucial skill.The Importance of Innovative ThinkingInnovative thinking is essential for driving progress and growth in all aspects of life. Whether in business, science, technology, or art, the ability to generate creative ideas and solutions is what sets successful individuals and organizations apart. By thinking outside the box and challenging conventional wisdom, innovators can create new products, services, and processes that revolutionize industries and improve the lives of people around the world.Furthermore, innovative thinking is indispensable for problem-solving in today's complex and interconnected world. As challenges become more multifaceted and interconnected, traditional approaches are often inadequate to address them. Innovative thinkers are able to connect disparate pieces of information, see patterns where others see chaos, and come up with novel solutions to complex problems.In addition, innovative thinking fosters adaptability and resilience in the face of uncertainty and change. By constantly exploring new ideas and experimenting with different approaches, individuals and organizations can evolve and thrive in a rapidly evolving environment. In a world where the only constant is change, the ability to innovate becomes a source of competitive advantage and long-term success.Ways to Enhance Innovative ThinkingWhile some people may be naturally more inclined towards innovative thinking, it is a skill that can be developed and nurtured through deliberate practice and effort. Here are some ways to enhance your innovative thinking:1. Cultivate a Growth Mindset: Embrace challenges, persevere in the face of setbacks, and see failures as opportunities for growth. A growth mindset allows you to viewlearning and improvement as a lifelong journey, rather than a fixed endpoint.2. Stimulate Curiosity: Ask questions, seek out new experiences, and stay curious about the world around you. Curiosity fuels the creative process by inspiring new ideas, connections, and insights.3. Encourage Divergent Thinking: Practice brainstorming, mind mapping, and other techniques that encourage the generation of a wide range of diverse ideas. Embrace ambiguity and explore different perspectives to stimulate creative thinking.4. Collaborate with Others: Engage in discussions, debates, and collaborative projects with people from diverse backgrounds and perspectives. Exchanging ideas with others can spark new insights, challenge assumptions, and inspire innovative solutions.5. Embrace Constraints: Rather than seeing limitations as barriers to creativity, view them as opportunities to think more creatively. Constraints can stimulate innovative thinking by forcing you to think creatively within a set of boundaries.6. Experiment and Iterate: Test out new ideas, gather feedback, and iterate on your solutions based on the results.Experimentation allows you to learn from failure, refine your ideas, and ultimately create more innovative outcomes.ConclusionInnovative thinking is a critical skill for success in today's fast-paced and competitive world. By fostering a growth mindset, stimulating curiosity, encouraging divergent thinking, collaborating with others, embracing constraints, and experimenting and iterating on your ideas, you can enhance your ability to think innovatively and drive progress in all aspects of your life. As you continue to develop your innovative thinking skills, remember that creativity is not a fixed trait – it is a muscle that can be strengthened through practice and persistence. Embrace the challenge of thinking innovatively, and you will unlock a world of possibilities and opportunities for growth and success.。

熵产理论在液力透平内流场分析中的应用

引用格式：黄宁 , 李振林 . 熵产理论在液力透平内流场分析中的应用 . 石油科学通报 , 2020, 02: 269-276 HUANG Ning, LI Zhenlin. Application of entropy production theory in flow field analysis of hydraulic turbines. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2020, 02: 269-276. 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1693.2020.02.023
Abstract Hydraulic turbines are usually used to replace Joule-Thomson valves in petrochemical processes to reduce pressure, which can not only improve the overall efficiency, but also recover high-pressure liquid energy and improve energy efficiency. The overall performance of a hydraulic turbine is related to its efficiency of energy recovery. In order to make a quantitative and direct evaluation of the energy loss in the flow field of the hydraulic turbine, and to more accurately calculate the size and position of the hydraulic loss in the flow field, entropy production analysis theory based on the second law of thermodynamics is introduced for the analysis. The RNG κ-ε turbulence model is used to simulate the whole flow passage of the turbine, and compared with the experimental results. It is found that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The entropy generation theory of the numerical simulation results is analyzed, and the entropy production of the guide vane and runner basin under different working conditions is obtained. The calculation results show that at the design operating point, the streamline distribution of the flow field of the runner basin is the best and the entropy production is the smallest. The entropy production of the guide vane and runner basin accounts for 56% and 44% of the total entropy production respectively, and the high entropy production in the runner is mainly

基于D-S理论的冲突证据融合算法

中文摘要中文摘要近年来，由于对信息融合的要求越来越高，使得融合技术不仅在信息处理过程方面大大进步，也在军事领域、故障诊断和目标识别等众多领域得到了成功的研究与应用。

其中，D-S证据理论有着在无先验信息的状态下，可以很好的表示和处理不确定情况的优点，从而通过对问题进行建模，在融合过程中对数据进行更加优化的处理，提高了融合的准确性，使决策结果更加精确。

但若存在冲突证据，运用D-S证据理论进行证据融合就不能达到很好的效果甚至结果有悖常理，所以需要对证据理论进行改进。

当前研究的重点主要集中在修正证据源和修改组合规则，两种方法相对比发现，对证据源进行预处理不会破坏Dempster组合规则的优良性质，这比修改组合规则更有优势。

本文从证据源预处理和证据融合两方面入手，对冲突证据处理并合成，主要研究内容如下：首先，针对融合的不确定性问题进行分析，提出了在证据冲突且存在复合焦元的情况下降低不确定度的逆DP概率转换方法。

基于DP合成规则，通过势的划分，分层逐步降低不确定度，将基本概率分配函数经过转化为概率函数进行融合。

其次，针对冲突证据融合过程中可信度不高的问题，提出一种基于置信距离的加权融合算法。

利用置信距离测度对证据度量，将证据转换为距离矩阵形式，经过矩阵相关计算得到可信度，进而加权进行信度分配以修正证据源，最终进行基础的证据融合。

最后，针对证据冲突程度的衡量问题，提出了基于指数散度的冲突证据融合算法。

利用指数交叉熵进行冲突证据的衡量，并将证据间的冲突系数构建距离矩阵，利用加权融合的方式进行数据融合。

通过大量仿真对比研究，验证了所提算法的有效性与可靠性。

关键词：D-S证据理论；冲突证据；证据融合；概率转换；置信距离测度；指数散度黑龙江大学硕士学位论文AbstractIn recent years, with the increasing demand for information fusion, fusion technology has not only made great progress in information processing, but also been successfully studied and applied in many fields such as military field, fault diagnosis and target identification. Among them, D-S evidence theory has the advantage of expressing and dealing with uncertainties well without prior information, so it can model problems and process data more optimally in the process of fusion, which improves the accuracy of fusion and makes decision results more accurate. However, if there are conflict evidences, the evidence fusion using D-S evidence theory can not achieve good results or even the results are contrary to common sense, so we need to improve the evidence theory.The current research focuses on revising evidence sources and modifying combination rules. However, compared with two methods, it is found that pretreatment of evidence sources will not destroy the good quality of Dempster combination rules, which is more advantageous than revising combination rules. In this paper, the conflict evidences are processed and synthesized from two aspects of evidence source pretreatment and evidence fusion. The main research contents are as follows: Firstly, the uncertainty of fusion is analyzed, and an inverse DP probability conversion method is proposed to reduce the uncertainty in the case of evidence conflict and compound focal elements. Based on DP synthesis rule, the uncertainty is gradually reduced by dividing the potential, and the basic probability assignment function is transformed into probability function to fuse.Secondly, a weighted fusion algorithm based on confidence distance is proposed to solve the problem of low credibility in the process of conflict evidence fusion. Using confidence distance measure to measure evidence, the evidence are transformed into distance matrix form. The credibility is obtained by matrix correlation calculation, and then the reliability is allocated by being weighted to modify the evidence source. In the end, the basic evidence is fused.Finally, aiming at the measurement of evidence conflict degree, a method ofAbstractconflict evidence synthesis based on exponential divergence is proposed. The index cross-entropy is used to measure the conflict evidence, and the conflict coefficient between the evidences is constructed into a distance matrix, and the data fusion is carried out by weighted fusion.A large number of simulation and comparative studies verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed algorithm.Keywords: D-S evidence theory; conflict evidences; evidence fusion; probability conversion; confidence distance measure; exponential divergence黑龙江大学硕士学位论文目录中文摘要 (I)Abstract ............................................................................................................................. I I 第1章绪论 .. (1)1.1 课题的研究背景与意义 (1)1.2 证据理论融合算法的研究现状 (2)1.3 证据理论的优点与不足 (4)1.4 本文的主要研究内容 (5)第2章D-S证据理论概述 (7)2.1 D-S证据理论的基本概念 (7)2.1.1 识别框架 (7)2.1.2 基本概率赋值 (7)2.1.3 信任函数 (8)2.1.4 似然函数 (8)2.1.5 贝叶斯信任函数 (9)2.2 D-S证据理论合成规则 (10)2.2.1 两组证据的合成规则 (10)2.2.2 多组证据的合成规则 (10)2.3 D-S证据理论合成存在的冲突问题 (11)2.3.1 经典Zadeh悖论 (11)2.3.2 其他典型悖论问题 (12)2.4 本章小结 (13)第3章基于逆Dubois和Prade合成规则的概率转换方法 (14)3.1 引言 (14)3.2 逆DP转换方法介绍 (15)3.2.1 DP合成规则 (15)目录3.2.2 逆DP转换方法 (16)3.2.3 不确定性度量指标 (18)3.3 逆DP概率转换方法中比率再分配因子ε的取值分析 (18)3.4 实例分析 (20)3.5 本章小结 (25)第4章基于置信距离的D-S冲突证据融合算法 (26)4.1 引言 (26)4.2 基于置信距离的D-S冲突证据融合算法 (26)4.2.1 置信距离测度 (26)4.2.2 证据方差的判定 (28)4.3 实例验证与对比分析 (31)4.4 本章小结 (38)第5章基于指数散度的D-S冲突证据融合算法 (39)5.1 引言 (39)5.2 熵的理论综述 (39)5.2.1 熵的基本概念 (39)5.2.2 熵的基本性质 (41)5.3 基于熵衡量冲突证据的现有方法 (42)5.4 基于指数散度的D-S冲突证据融合算法 (45)5.4.1 基于指数散度的冲突证据衡量方法 (45)5.4.2 新的证据融合算法及对比分析 (47)5.5 本章小结 (51)结论 (52)参考文献 (54)致谢 (61)攻读学位期间发表论文 (62)独创性声明 (63)黑龙江大学硕士学位论文第1章绪论第1章绪论1.1 课题的研究背景与意义信息融合最早出现在上世纪70年代，自信息融合技术诞生以来就广泛应用在军事与民用领域中[1,2]。

高效能人士第十章读后感

高效能人士第十章读后感英文回答：Chapter 10 of "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People" is titled "Sharpen the Saw." This chapter focuses on the importance of self-renewal and continuous improvement in order to maintain high levels of productivity and effectiveness.One key concept in this chapter is the metaphor of sharpening the saw. The author, Stephen R. Covey, explains that just like a saw becomes less effective over time if it is not regularly sharpened, our own effectiveness diminishes if we do not take the time to renew ourselves physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. Covey emphasizes the need to balance and integrate all four dimensions of our nature in order to achieve a sustainable high level of performance.Covey introduces four key dimensions of renewal:physical, mental, social/emotional, and spiritual. He suggests that in order to sharpen the saw in each of these dimensions, we should engage in activities such as exercise, reading, building relationships, and connecting with our own personal values and beliefs.I found this chapter to be particularly insightful and relevant to my own life. As a high achiever, I often find myself caught up in the hustle and bustle of daily life, neglecting my own self-care and renewal. Reading this chapter reminded me of the importance of taking time for myself and investing in my own well-being.The concept of balancing all four dimensions of renewal resonated with me. It made me realize that trueeffectiveness is not just about working harder or longer hours, but also about taking care of myself and nurturingmy own growth. I have started to incorporate more physical exercise into my routine, set aside time for reading and learning, and make an effort to connect with loved ones and engage in activities that bring me joy.Overall, Chapter 10 of "The 7 Habits of HighlyEffective People" serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of self-renewal and continuous improvement. It has inspired me to make positive changes in my own life and strive for a more balanced and fulfilling approach to success.中文回答：《高效能人士的七个习惯》第十章名为“磨刀不误砍柴工”。

on the performance and entropy generation of double pass solar air heater with fins

On the performance and entropy generation of the double-pass solar air heater with longitudinal ﬁnsPaisarn Naphon *Center for Alternative and Renewable Energy (CARE),Department of Mechanical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,Srinakharinwirot University,63Rangsit-Nakhonnayok Road,Ongkarak,Nakhon-Nayok 26120,ThailandReceived 9July 2004;accepted 22October 2004Available online 28December 2004AbstractThe performance and entropy generation of the double-pass ﬂat plate solar air heater with longitudinal ﬁns are studied numerically.The mathematical models described the heat transfer characteristics of the double-pass ﬂat plate solar air heater derived from the conservation equations of energy.The predictions are done at air mass ﬂow rate ranging between 0.02and 0.1kg/s.The effects of the inlet condition of working ﬂuid and dimension of the solar air heater on the heat transfer characteristics,performance,and entropy generation are considered.q 2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Double-pass solar air heater;Entropy generation;Performance;Fin1.IntroductionThe improvement of the heat transfer rates has been continuously performed to obtain smaller and more effective thermal systems.Many researchers have been conducted regarding ﬂow and heat transfer characteristics in the solar air heater.Hegazy [1]analyzed a criterion for determining the optimum ﬂow-channel depth of conventional ﬂat-plate solar air heaters.Toure [2]studied the characteristic temperatures in a natural convection solar 0960-1481/$-see front matter q 2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.10.014Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–/locate/renene*Tel.:C 6637322625x2064;fax:C 6637322609.E-mail address:paisarnn@swu.ac.th.air heater.Good agreement was obtained between the calculated data and measured ones.Badescu [3]presented the details about the modeling of the heating system of an ecological building.Two different operating modes of the heating system were investigated.Thakur et al.[4]experimentally investigated the heat transfer and friction factor correlations in packed bed solar air heater for a low porosity system.Togrul et al.[5]investigated the force convection performance of a solar air heater with a cylindrical absorber central to a conical concentrator.Gao et al.[6]numerically studied the natural convection inside the channel between the ﬂat-plate solar cover and the sine-wave absorber in a cross-corrugated solar air heater.Karwa et al.[7]theoretically investigated a thermo-hydraulic performance of the collector arrays.Ammari [8]appliedP.Naphon /Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–13571346the mathematical model for predicting the thermal performance of a single pass ﬂat-plate solar air heater with the metal stats.Effects of volume air ﬂow rate,collector length,and spacing between the absorber and bottom plates were investigated.Abu-Hamdeh [9]developed the mathematical model for computing the thermal efﬁciency heat gain,and outlet air temperature.The predicted results were validated by comparing with the measured data.Naphon and Kongtragool [10]applied the mathematical models for predicting the heat transfer characteristics and performance of the various conﬁgurations ﬂat-plate solar air heater.Leiner et al.[11]studied the maximizing net exergy ﬂow gained within a solar collector.Different collector conﬁgurations can be optimized with regard to high useful heat and low friction losses.To the best of author’s knowledge,the second law analysis of the solar air heater had rarely been reported.In the present study,the main concern is to study theoretically on the heat transfer characteristics and entropy generation of the double-pass ﬂat plate solar air heater with longitudinal ﬁns.The effects of various relevant parameters on the heat transfer characteristic and entropy generation are also investigated.2.Mathematical modeling2.1.The ﬁrst law analysisThe basic physical equations used to describe the heat transfer characteristics of the solar air heater as shown in Fig.1are developed from the conservation equations of energy.The model is based on that of Naphon and Kongtragool [10]with the following main assumptions:-Flow of air is steady,-Air-side convective heat transfer coefﬁcient is constant along the length of solar air heater,-Tube-side convective heat transfer coefﬁcient is constant along the length of solar air heater,-Thermal conductivity of ﬁn is constant along the length of solar airheater,Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the solar air heater.P.Naphon /Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–13571347For top glass coverI a c Z h aðT c K T aÞC h f1cðT c K T f1ÞC h r;cpðT c K T pÞC h r;acðT c K T aÞ(1) where I is the solar intensity,a c is the absorptivity of the glass cover,h a is the convective heat transfer coefﬁcient between the ambient and the glass,T c is the glass cover temperature,T p is the absorber plate temperature,T a is the ambient temperature,T f1is the ﬂuid temperature in the top channel,h r,cp and h r,ac are the radiative heat transfer coefﬁcients between the glass upper and the absorber plate,the glass cover and ambient, respectively,as follows:h r;cp Z sðT2c C T2pÞðT c C T pÞ13cC13pK1(2)h r;ac Z sðT2c C T2aÞðT c C T aÞ13cK1(3)Forﬁrst-pass air streammC p d T f1d xZ h f1cðT c K T f1ÞC h f1pðT p K T f1ÞCNA frontalðz Z Hz Z02h1LðT v1K T f1Þd z(4)where m Z m0/W is the massﬂow rate ofﬂuid per unit width,C p is the speciﬁc heat of workingﬂuid,h f1c is the convective heat transfer coefﬁcient between the glass cover and workingﬂuid,and h f1p is the convective heat transfer coefﬁcient between the absorber plate and workingﬂuid,N is the number ofﬁns,A frontal is the frontal area of the channel,h1 is the convective heat transfer coefﬁcient between theﬁn and air in the upper channel,H is the height of theﬁn,z is the distance from the absorber plate,T v1is theﬁn temperature in the upper channel,and L is the length of the collector.For upperﬁnN A frontalðz Z Hz Z02h1LðT v1K T f1Þd zZNA frontalK kAd T v1d z z Z0(5)For absorber plateI a p t c Z h f1pðT p K T f1ÞC h f2pðT p K T f2ÞC h r;cpðT p K T cÞC h r;pbðT p K T bÞCNA frontalK kA s;fd T v1d zz Z0CNA frontalK kA s;fd T v2d zz Z0(6)where a p is the absorptivity of the absorber plate,t c is the transmitivity of glass cover,and T f2is theﬂuid temperature in the bottom channel,and T v2is theﬁn temperature in the lower channel.For lowerﬁnN A frontalðz Z Hz Z02h2LðT v2K T f2Þd zZNA frontalK kA s;fd T v2d z z Z0(7)P.Naphon/Renewable Energy30(2005)1345–13571348For second-pass air streammC p d T f2d xZ h f2pðT p K T f2ÞC h f2pðT p K T f2ÞCNA frontalðz Z Hz Z02h2LðT v2K T f2Þd z(8)For bottom plateo Z h f2bðT b K T f2ÞC h r;pbðT b K T pÞC U aðT b K T aÞ(9) where U a is the overall heat transfer coefﬁcient,T b is the bottom plate temperature,A s,f is the cross section area ofﬁn.Energy balance for each element of theﬁn with a height(d z)shown in Fig.2can be expressed asq z Z q z C d z Z2h1L d zðT v1K T f1Þ(10) whereq z Z K kA s;f d T v1(11)q z C d z Z K kA s;f d T v1d z z C d zZ K kA s;fd T v1d zCd2T v1d zd z(12)Substituting Eqs.(11)and(12)into Eq.(10),we getd2T v1 d z K2h1LkA s;fðT v1K T f1ÞZ0(13)Fig.2.Schematic diagram ofﬁn section.P.Naphon/Renewable Energy30(2005)1345–13571349ord2q1d zK M2q1Z0(14)where q1Z(T v1K T f1)and M2Z2h1L/kA s,fEq.(14)is presented in the ordinary differential equation form with the general solution form as followsq1Z C1cosh MðH K zÞC C2sinh MðH K zÞ(15) where C1and C2are constants and can be determined from the boundary conditions for z Z0;T p K T f1Z q0(16)for z Z H;d q1d zZ0(17)From boundary conditions,Eq.(15)can be written as:q1Z T v1K T f Zq0cosh MHcosh MðH K zÞ(18)Temperature gradient at the wall can be obtained by differentiating Eq.(18)K kA s;f d T v1d z z Z0Zð2kA s;f Lh1Þ1=2ðT p K T f1ÞtanhðMHÞ(19)Similarly,we getK kA s;f d T v2d z z Z0Zð2kA s;f Lh2Þ1=2ðT p K T f2ÞtanhðMHÞ(20)Substituting Eq.(19)into Eq.(5)and Eq.(20)into Eq.(7),we getðz Z H v z Z02h1LðT v1K T f1Þd zZð2kA s;f Lh1Þ1=2ðT p K T f1ÞtanhðMHÞ(21)ðz Z H z Z02h2LðT v2K T f2Þd zZð2kA s;f Lh2Þ1=2ðT p K T f2ÞtanhðMHÞ(22) Substituting Eq.(21)into Eq.(4)and Eq.(22)into Eq.(8),we getmC p d T f1d xZ h f1cðT c K T f1ÞC h f1pðT p K T f1ÞCNA frontalð2kA s;f Lh1Þ1=2!ðT p K T f1ÞtanhðMHÞ(23)mC p d T f2d xZ h f2pðT p K T f2ÞC h f2bðT b K T f2ÞCNA frontalð2kA s;f Lh2Þ1=2!ðT p K T f2ÞtanhðMHÞ(24)P.Naphon/Renewable Energy30(2005)1345–1357 1350Substituting Eqs.(21)and (22)into Eq.(6),we getI a p t c Z h f1p ðT p K T f1ÞC h f2p ðT p K T f2ÞC h r ;cp ðT p K T c ÞC h r ;pb ðT p K T b ÞC NA frontal ð2kA s ;f Lh 1Þ1=2ðT p K T f1Þtanh ðMH ÞC NA frontal ð2kA s ;f Lh 2Þ1=2!ðT p K T f2Þtanh ðMH Þ(25)2.2.The second law analysis The pressure drop occurring in the solar air heater is not considered,the entropy generation rate (S gen ),can be expressed as:[12](26)The ﬁrst term on the right hand side of Eq.(26)is the entropy generation rate due to heat removal of ﬂuid ﬂow in the channel,the second term is the entropy generation rate due to the solar radiation,and the last term represents the entropy generation rate due to heat loss.Q s is the solar heat transfer rate,T s is the apparent sun temperature,Q loss is the total heat loss,m 0is the total air mass ﬂow rate,and S gen is the entropy generation rate.From the energy balance,the total heat loss can be expressed asQ loss Z Q s K ðm 0C p ÞðT out K T in Þ(27)Substituting Eq.(27)into Eq.(26)and rearranging,we get S gen Z ðm 0C p Þ(ln T out in K T out a C T in a)K Q s 1s K 1a (28)On rearranging,we get N s Z M (ln t out t in K t out C t in )K 1t s C 1(29)where N s Z (S gen T a /Q s )is the entropy generation number,M Z (m 0C p T a /Q s )is the mass ﬂow rate number,t out Z (T out /T a )is the dimensionless outlet temperature,t in Z (T in /T a )is the dimensionless inlet temperature,and t s Z (T s /T a )is the dimensionless apparent sun temperature.3.Calculation methodThe heat transfer characteristics of solar air heaters are described by Eqs.(1)–(25).The solar air heater can be divided into numerous sections as shown in Fig.3.The calculation is performed section by section along the length of solar air heater.In order to solve the model,the convective heat transfer coefﬁcients for air ﬂowing over the outside surface of the top glass cover and inside the channel are needed.The following correlation proposed P.Naphon /Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–13571351by McAdams [13]for air ﬂowing over the outside surface of the glass cover is used to predict the convective heat transfer coefﬁcienth a Z 5:7C 3:8V (30)where h a is the convective heat transfer coefﬁcient,and V is the wind velocity.Heaton et al.[14]proposed the convective heat transfer coefﬁcient correlation between the channel for laminar ﬂow region (Re !2300)as follows:Nu Z h i D e k Z Nu N C 0:00190h Re Pr D e L ÀÁi 1:711C 0:00563h Re Pr D e LÀÁi (31)where Nu is the Nusselt number,Re is the Reynolds number,Pr is the Prandtl number,Nu N Z 5.4,and D e is the equivalence diameter of the channel as follows:D e Z 4!free flow areawetted perimeter (32)For the transition ﬂow region (2300!Re !6000),the correlation proposed by Hausen[15]is used to predict the heat transfer coefﬁcientNu Z 0:116ðRe 2=3K 125ÞPr 1=3h 1C D e L2=3i m m w 0:14(33)The correlation proposed by Tan and Charters [15]is used to predict the heat transfer coefﬁcient for turbulent ﬂow region follows:Nu Z 0:018Re 0:8Pr 0:4(34)Fig.3.Schematic diagram of simulation approach.P.Naphon /Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–13571352In addition,the solar air heater dimensions and properties of workingﬂuids,as well as the operating conditions,are also needed.The iteration process is described as follows: -The air temperature at theﬁrst section is assumed.-Eqs.(1),(9),(23)–(25)are solved simultaneously to obtain the glass temperature(T c), working temperature(T f),absorber plate temperature(T p),and bottom plate temperature(T b),at segment1and the heat transfer rate(Q),is calculated.-The computation described above is next performed at segment2and the remaining segments until the last segment(inlet section).-The calculated air temperature at the last segment is compared with the inlet working ﬂuid temperature(initial condition).If the difference is within10K4,the calculation is ended,and if not,another air temperature value of theﬁrst segment is tried again and the computations are repeated until convergence is obtained.-Entropy generation number(N s),and thermal efﬁciency(h),are calculated.4.Results and discussionIn the following section,results of the heat transfer characteristics and entropy generation of the solar air heater withﬁns are presented.The numerical calculations are carried out by employing the values of the relevant parameters also taken into account are as follows:a p Z0.95,3p Z0.8,t c Z0.9,a c Z0.06,3c Z0.9,U Z1W/(m2K),V Z1m/s, T s Z5762K,H c Z0.15m,L Z2m,W Z1m.A large number of graphs can be drawn fromthe results of the study but because of the space limitations,only typical results are shown. Fig.4shows the variation of the outlet-air temperature with air massﬂow rate for differentnumber ofﬁns.It can be clearly seen from theﬁgure that at a speciﬁc inlet-airtemperatureFig.4.Variation of outlet air temperature with air mass for rate.P.Naphon/Renewable Energy30(2005)1345–13571353and number of ﬁns,the outlet-air temperature decreases rapidly with increasing air mass ﬂow rate and moderately decrease as the air mass ﬂow rate increases over 0.08kg/s.For a given air mass ﬂow rate and inlet-air temperature,the outlet-air temperature increases relative constantly as number of ﬁn increases constantly.However,the increase of outlet-air temperature becomes relatively smaller as air mass ﬂow rate increases.Figs.5and 6show the variation of the thermal efﬁciency with air mass ﬂow rate.The thermal efﬁciency used to evaluate the performance of the solar air heater iscalculatedFig.5.Variation of thermal efﬁciency with air mass ﬂow rate for different number ofﬁns.Fig.6.Variation of thermal efﬁciency with air mass ﬂow for different height of ﬁns.P.Naphon /Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–13571354fromh Z QIA c (35)It is found from both ﬁgures that the thermal efﬁciency increases with increasing air mass ﬂow rate.This is because the heat transfer rate is directly proportional to the air mass ﬂow rate.At a given air mass ﬂow rate,the increase of the number and height of ﬁns causing increase of heat transfer surface area results in the increase of heat transfer rate.Therefore,thermal efﬁciency also increases as the number and height of ﬁnsincrease.Fig.7.Variation of entropy generation rate with air mass ﬂowrate.Fig.8.Variation of entropy generation number with air mass ﬂow rate.P.Naphon /Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–13571355Fig.7shows the variation of the entropy generation rate with air mass ﬂow rate for various height of ﬁns.The entropy generation rate is calculated from Eq.(28).It can be seen from ﬁgure that the entropy generation rate tends to increase with increasing air mass ﬂow rate.For a speciﬁc air mass ﬂow rate at constant inlet-air temperature,the entropy generation rate decreases with increasing height of ﬁns.Again,it can be clearly explained by Eq.(28)that the outlet-air temperature increases with increasing height of ﬁns.Therefore,the entropy generation rate also decreases.The results can be shown in another form as in Fig.8and the same explanation as for Fig.7can be given.Fig.9shows the variation of the entropy generation number with air mass ﬂow rate for different number of ﬁns.It can be clearly seen from ﬁgure that the entropy generation number increases with increasing air mass ﬂow rate.This phenomenon can be clearly explained by Eq.(29).As shown in Fig.9,at any air mass ﬂow rate,the outlet-air temperature increases with increasing number of ﬁns.Therefore,the entropy generation number also decreases a number of ﬁns increases.However,the increase of entropy generation number becomes relatively smaller as air mass ﬂow rate increases.5.ConclusionsThis study presents the mathematical model for predicting the heat transfer characteristics,the performance,and entropy generation of the double-pass solar air heater with longitudinal ﬁns.Effect of the height and number of ﬁns on the performance and entropy generation are considered.It was found that the thermal efﬁciency increases with increasing the height and number of ﬁns.The entropy generation is inversely proportional to the height and number ofﬁns.Fig.9.Variation of entropy generation number with air mass ﬂow rate.P.Naphon /Renewable Energy 30(2005)1345–13571356P.Naphon/Renewable Energy30(2005)1345–13571357 References[1]Hegazy parative study of the performances of four photovoltaic/thermal solar air heater.RenewEnergy1999;18:283–304.[2]Toure S.Characteristics temperature in a natural convection solar air heater.Energy Convers Manage2001;42:1157–68.[3]Badescu V.Model of a space heating system integrating a heat pump,photothermal collectors and 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theﬂat-plate solar air heaters.Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer2003;30:1125–36.[11]Leiner KA,Fiebig M.Second law optimization ofﬂat-plate solar air heaters,part I:the concept of exergyﬂow and the modeling of solar air heater.Solar Energy1988;(41):127–32.[12]Bejan A.Entropy generation minimization.1st ed.New York:CRC Press;1996.[13]McAdams WH.Heat transmission.3rd ed.New York:McGraw-Hill;1954.[14]Heaton HS,Reynolds WC,Kays WM.Heat transfer in annular passage.Simultaneous development ofvelocity and temperatureﬁelds in laminarﬂow.Int J Heat Mass Transfer1964;(7):763–81.[15]Tan HM,Charters WS.Effect of thermal entrance region on turbulent forced-convection heat transfer for anasymmetrically heated rectangular duct with uniform heatﬂux.Solar Energy1969;(12):513–6.。

企业质量管理常用到的一些专业术语英文简写

企业质量管理常用到的一些专业术语英文简写【A】ABC Activity-Based Costing 作业制成本制度AR Account Receivable 应收款AP Account Payable 应支AVL Approval Vendor List 合格厂商ACC accept 允收APP Approve 核准,认可,承认ASSY Assembly 装配,组装A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 尽可能快的AOD Accept On Deviation 特采（n,背离）AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收品质水准ANOVA Analysis of Variance 变异数分析/方差分析APQP Advanced Production Quality Plan 产品质量先期计划ADM Absolute Dimension Measurement 全尺寸测量AR Average Range 全距平均值AOQL Average Output Quality Level 平均出货品质水平【B】BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单BTF Build To Forecast 计划生产BTO Build To Order 订单生产BSC Balanced Scoreboard 平衡计分卡【C】CAR Corrective Action Request 改进对策要求CAR Correction Action Report 改善报告CPM Complaint per Million 每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨CPM Critical Path Method 要径法CRM Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理CRP Capacity Requirements Planning 产能需求规划CS Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意度CS Customer Service 顾客服务CTO Configuration To Order 客制化生产CTQ Critical to quality 质量关键COGS Cost Of Goods Sold 销售成本CQA Customer Quality Assurance 客户品质保证CSA Customer Simulate Analysis 客户模拟分析CIP Continual Improvement Plan 持续改善计划CRA corrective action report 改正行动报告(改善报告) CON Concession / Waive 特采CAT Carriage Alignment Tool 载器调整具CR Critical 极严重的CP capability index 能力指数/准确度C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许CHK Check 确认CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CTN Carton 卡通箱CPK capability process index 过程能力参数Conformity 合格（符合）Characteristic 特性continual improvement 持续改进Correction 纠正Cost down 降低成本Confidence interval 信赖区间Control chart 管制图Cause and Effect matrix 因果图.鱼骨图Center line 中心线check 检查Check Sheet 查检表Characteristic Diagram 特性要因图Complaint 投诉CPI: continuous Process Improvement 连续工序改善【D】DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径DWG Drawing 图面DC Document Center 资料中心D/C Date Code 生产日期码DQA Design Quality Assurance 设计品质保证DOE Design of Experiments 实验设计DCC Document Control Center 数据控制中心DPPM Defective Pieces Per Million units 百万件中有损件数DPMO Defects per million opportunities 每百万个机会的缺点数DPU Defects per unit 单位缺点数DFSS Design for six sigma 六个希格玛设计DOE Design of experiment 实验设计DVT Design Verification Testing 设计验证DSS Decision Support System 决策支持系统DCN Design Change Notice 设计变更通知DMR Defective Material Report 材料缺陷报告DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类DOE Design of Experiments 实验设计DSA Defects Analysis System 缺陷分析系统Data Collection 数据收集Description 描述Device 装置Digital 数字Do 执行Design of manufacturing 制造设计deviation permit 偏离许可degrade 降级design and development 设计和开发dependability 可信性Defect 缺陷Decision 决心Data 数据Data Collection 数据收集Data concentrator 资料集中缓存器Decision 决策.判定Defects per unit 单位缺点数Description 描述Detection 难检度Device 装置Digital 数字Do 执行【E】EC Engineer Change 设计变更／工程变更EC Electronic Commerce 电子商务EMC Electric Magnetic Capability 电磁相容EOQ Economic Order Quantity 基本经济订购量ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源规划ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程变更通知(供货商) ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户) ERS External Reference Spec 外部规格ERP Enterprise Resource Programming 企业资源项目ES Engineering Standard 工程标准E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 电子邮件EAR Engineering Analysis Request 工程分析要求EV Equipment Variation 设备变异ES Engineering Standardization 工程标准Environmental 环境Equipment 设备Effectiveness 有效性Efficiency 效率Element 元素Else 否则Engineering technology 工程技术Entropy 函数Estimated accumulative frequency 计算估计累计数External Failure 外部失效,外部缺陷Event 事件【F】FMEA Failure Mode and Effect analysis 失效模式与效果分析FA Failure Analysis 不良分析FQA Final Quality Assurance 最终品质保证FQC Final Quality control 最终品质控制FAI first article inspection 首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告F/T Function Test 功能测试FMS Flexible Manufacture System 弹性制造系统FQC Finish or Final Quality Control 成品质量管理FGI Finished goods Inventory 成品存货FTA Fault Tree Analysis 故障树分析FREQ Frequency 频率FIN Finance 财务Fix OH Fix Overhead 固定管理费用Finance Accounting 财务账目Failure rate 故障率Fact control 事实管理FPY 合格率Full-steer 完全转向function 职能【G】GS General Specification 一般规格GRR Gauge Reproducibility & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量测可靠与否Gauge system 量测系统Grade 等级General Affair 总务【H】H/W hardware 硬件H/T High Temperature Test 高温测试HQ Headquarter 总公司HR Human Resource 人力资源部Histogram 直方图Hypothesis testing 假设检定Health meter 体重计Heat press 冲压粘着Hi-tech 高科技【I】IMD Image Management Division 影像管理事业部ITS Information Technology System 计算机部IPQC In Process Quality Control 制程品质控制IQC Incoming Quality Control 来料品质控制IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程ID/C Identification Code (供货商)识别码ID Industrial Design 工业设计(外观设计)IS Information System 资讯系统IT Information Technology 系统技术ISAR Initial Sample Approval Request 首批样品认可I/O input/output 输入/输出Improvement 改善Inductance 电感Information 信息Initial review 先期审查Inspection 检验Internal Failure 内部失效,内部缺陷Interested party 相关方Infrastructure 基础设施Inspection 检验【J】JIT Just In Time 实时管理JQE Joint Quality Engineer 客服工程师【L】LCL Lower Control limit 管制下限LQC Line Quality Control 生产线品质控制LQL Limiting Quality Level 最低品质水准L/T Lead Time 前置时间(生产前准备时间) LRR Lot Reject Rate 批退率LSL Lower Size Limit 规格下限L/T Low Temperature Test 低温测试L/N Lot Number 批号LAB Laboratory 实验室LPCL Lower Per-control Limit 前置管制下限Love 爱心Link 连接Life Test 寿命测试Law of large number 大数法则【M】MSA Measurement System Analysis 量测系统分析MPS Mass Production Schedule 量产计划MTF Modulation Transfer Function 调整转换功能MC Material Control 物料控制MVT Mass Verification Test 多项验证测试MIL-STD Military Standard 军用标准MIS Management Information System 管理资讯系统MTBF Mean Time Between Failure 平均故障间隔MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的MIN Minimum 最小值MAX Maximum 最大值MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品质保证MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需求计划MRB Material Review Board 物料评审委员会MRB Material Reject Bill 退货单MO Manufacture Order 生产单MFG Manufacturing 制造部MES Manufacturing Execution System 制造执行系统management system 管理体系Materials 物料Measurement 量测management 管理Machine 机械Materials 物料Median 中位数Miss feed 漏送Momentum 原动力Multiplication rule 乘法运算规则【N】N/A Not Applicable 不适用NG Not Good 不行,不合格N Number 样品数NFCF Notice for Changing Forecast 更改预估量的通知Nonconformity 不合格（不符合）Normal distribution 常态分配【O】OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证OQC Out going Quality Control 出货质量控制OPT Optimized Production Technology 最佳生产技术ORT On Going Reliability Test 出货可靠性测试OBA Open Box Audit 成品检验OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造OBA out of box audit 开箱检查Occurrence 发生率Organization 组织organizational structure 组织结构Operation Instruction 作业指导书【P】PR Public relation 公共关系PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCC Product control center 生产管制中心PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制P&L Profit & Lose 利润与损失PV Performance Variance 性能差异PRS Pairs 双(对等)PO Purchasing Order 采购订单PD Product Department 生产部POC passage quality control 检人员P/N Part Number 番号PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一PS Package Specification 包装规范PD Product Department 生产部PCBA Printed Circuit Board Assembly 电路板组装PVT Production Verification Test 生产验证测试PDCA Plan-Do-Check-Action 管理循环PQC process quality control 制程检查管制PQA Process Quality Assurance 制程品质保证PPAP Production Parts Approval Procedure 生产件批准程序PCL Per-control Central Limit 前置管制中心限PO Purchase Order 订单PUR Purchasing 采购President 总裁preventive action 预防措施Plato Diagram 柏拉图Parameter 参数Part 零件Pulse 脉冲Policy 方针Procedure 流程Process 过程Product 产品Production 生产Program 方案Projects 项目Progress 进步Passive 消极的,被动的Population 群体Power 力量,能源Practice 实务Precision 精密度preemptive 先占式多任务Pressure 压缩Prevention 预防Probability 机率Probability density function 机率密度函数Process capability analysis 制程能力分析图Process control and process capability 制程管制与制程能力Producer’s risk 生产者之风险【Q】QA Quality Assurance 品质保证QC Quality Control 品质控制QE Quality Engineering 品质工程QFD Quality Function Design 品质架构设计OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QRA Quality & Reliability Assurance 质量与可靠性保证QE Quality Engineer 质量工程师QRA Quality Reliability Assurance 品保部QCC Quality Control Circle 品管圈QP Quality Policy 目标方针QIT Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组QI Quality Improvement 品质改善Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品质/可靠度/服务QTY Quantity 数量QVL Qualified Vendor List 合格厂商QFD quality function deployment 质量机能展开QS Quality System 品质系统QRA Quality Reliability Assurance 品质保证(处) QSA Quality System Audit 品质系统审核QT Quality Target 品质目标QCP Quality Control Procedures 品管程序quality objective 质量目标quality plan 质量计划qualification process 鉴定过程Quality manual 品质手册【R】RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可R&D Research & Design 设计开发部RMA Return Material Administration 材料回收管理RMA Returned Material Approval 退货验收ROP Re-Order Point 再订购点REE Reject 拒收RMA Return Material Authorization/Authority 退料认可RPN Risk Priority Number 风险系数Record 记录Reflow 回流Repair 返修Repeatability 可重复性Reproducibility 再现性Requirement 要求Residual 剩余的，残留的Response 响应Responsibilities 职责Review 评审Rework 返工Rolled yield 直通率Release 放行Range 全距Random experiment 随机试验Random numbers 随机数Range 全距Reject 拒收Response 响应Responsibility 职责Robustness 稳健性Rolled yield 直通率【S】SOP Standard Operation Procedure 标准作业书SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制SQA Source(Supplier) Quality Assurance 供应商品质保证SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范SPC Statistical Process Control 统计过程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计质量管理SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商品质评估S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品质保证SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务品质保证SPEC Specification 规格SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求SAP System Application Programming 体系运行计划S/W software 软件SFC Shop Floor Control 现场控制SO Sales Order 订单SIP Specification Inspection Process 制程检验规格SQM Supplier Quality Management 供应商品质管理SL Size Line 规格中心线Stratification 层别法System 体系(系统)Sales 销售Supplier 供方sample 抽样,样本Scrap 报废sample 抽样,样本Scatter diagram 散布图分析Screw 螺旋Severity 严重度Size 规格Slip 滑动Special cause 特殊原因Specification 规范Stage sampling 分段随机抽样statistical table 统计(数值)表Sum of squares 统计表systematic sampling 系统抽样Sample space 样本空间Simple random sampling 简单随机取样Stratified random sampling 分层随机抽样Sampling with replacement 放回抽样Sampling without replacement 不放回抽样【T】TQC Total Quality Control 全面品质控制TQM Total Quality Management 全面品质管理TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生产保养T/P True Position 真位度T/C Temperature Cycle 温度循环T/O Turn Over Rate=Monthly 周转率TOC Theory of Constraints 限制理论TVR tool verification report 模具确认报告Taguchi-method 田口方法top management 最高管理者Test 试验traceability 可追溯性Technical committees 技术委员会Test piece 测试片Theory 原理Time stamp 时间戳印Time-lag 延迟Title 标题Torque 转矩Total 求和Traceability 追溯Training 培训Trouble 困扰Transaction processing and logging 交易处理【U】UCL Upper Control Limit 管制上限USL Upper Size Limit 规格上限UTS Units To Stock 存货单元UPCL Upper Per-control Limit 前置管制上限Up and down 上和下【V】VQM endor Quality Management 厂商质量管理VMI Visual Mechanical Inspection 外观机构检验VOC voice of Customer 客户需求VOE Voice of Engineer 工程需求Vice President 副总裁Verification 验证Validation 确认Variable 计量值Version 版本Vector 向量【W】WIP Work In Process 在制品WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求work environment 工作环境【Z】ZD Zero Defect 零缺点- End -。

值此论文完成之际作者首先要衷心感...

致谢值此论文完成之际，作者首先要衷心感谢导师邵良杉教授的悉心指导和淳淳教诲。

邵老师严谨治学、开拓创新的学术作风，谦虚豁达、平易近人的高尚人格，勤勉踏实、兢兢业业的工作态度，对我在做人、治学、工作和生活等方面产生了极大影响，将使我终身受益。

在此，谨向导师致以崇高的敬意和真诚的感谢!感谢一起学习和生活的各位同学。

学术上的交流促进了我们彼此的科研，生活中大家一起分享阳光，分担风雨，一起面对学习中的压力与挑战，一起度过了愉快而短暂的美好时光。

这些同学包括已经毕业的师兄师姐，一同入校的同学，宿舍里同住的姐妹以及实验室里一起学习的师弟师妹们。

难得的友情我一定会铭记终生。

最后感谢父母，生活上的关怀和精神上的理解与鼓励，使我能够面对各种困难与挫折，让我充满信心和勇气。

他们的默默支持，是促使我完成学业的最大动力。

最后我要将本文献给所有支持和帮助过我的人，向他们表达我最诚挚的谢意。

摘要随着信息技术和数据库技术的高速发展，人们每天都要面对巨大的数据量，数据挖掘正是致力于数据的分析和理解、揭示数据内部蕴藏知识的技术，是当前人工智能研究中非常活跃的领域。

粗糙集理论是一种有效地处理模糊性和不确定性问题的数学工具，为数据挖掘的研究提供了新的思路和基础。

本文主要研究变精度粗糙集的约简算法，针对传统数据挖掘处理噪声数据不力的问题，从理论和应用两个方面对约简算法进行了深入的研究。

主要工作包括:(1) 在变精度粗糙集理论下对经典粗糙集的概念进行了重新的诠释;分析了粗糙集理论在数据挖掘应用中的理论根据和基本原理，并点出了研究的方向。

(2)比较分析了两种变精度粗糙集模型下的约简算法，即−β下近似和−β下分布约简算法，结合这两种算法提出了一种改进算法，并验证了新算法的有效性。

(3) 提出了基于变精度粗糙集和熵权相结合的评估模型，并将模型应用于企业自主创新能力评价中，通过实证分析，证实了该模型在企业自主创新能力评价中的有效性。

关键词：变精度粗糙集；属性约简；熵权；自主创新能力AbstractAs information technology and database technology developing rapidly, people every day face the enormous amount of data,Data mining is a technology that dedicated to data analysis and understanding, revealing hidden knowledge of the internal data ,and is currently a very active area of research of AI. Rough set theory is an effective way of dealing with ambiguity and uncertainty of the mathematical tools for data mining research has provided new ideas and the foundation.This paper studies the variable precision rough set reduction algorithm ,for traditional data mining deal with the noise problem of insufficient data, from both theoretical and applied aspects of reduction algorithm in-depth study.Main functions include:1) Re-interpret the concept of the classic rough set based on the variable precision rough set theory; analysis of rough set theory in data mining applications, the theoretical basis and rationale, and point out research directions.2) A comparative analysis of two kinds of variable precision rough set model of the reduction algorithm, namely, the βlower approximation andβlower distribution reduction algorithm, combining the two algorithms proposed an improved algorithm and verify that the new algorithm.3) Propose an assessment model based on variable precision rough set and entropy, and the model was applied to evaluation of enterprise independent innovation capacity, through empirical analysis confirms the model capability of independent innovation in the enterprise evaluation of effectiveness.Key Words：Variable precision rough set； attribute reduction ；entropy；capability of independent innovation目录摘要Abstract1 引言 (1)1.1 论文研究背景及意义 (1)1.2 国内外研究综述 (2)1.2.1粗糙集理论的发展及研究现状 (2)1.2.2 数据挖掘方法的研究现状 (7)1.3 论文主要研究内容和结构安排 (8)2 相关理论概述 (10)粗糙集基本理论2.1 (10)2.2变精度粗糙集理论 (15)2.3变精度粗糙集理论和其他挖掘算法的结合应用 (17)3 基于变精度粗糙集的属性约简算法 (19)β近似属性约简算法 (19)3.1 变精度粗糙集中的−β下分布属性约简算法 (22)3.2 变精度粗糙集下的−β下分布约简的基本思想 (22)3.2.1 −β下分布可辨识矩阵 (23)3.2.2 −β下近似属性约简算法 (25)3.3 改进的VPRS下的−3.4实验结果及分析 (29)4 基于VPRS-熵权法的企业自主创新能力评价研究 (31)4.1 自主创新理论阐述 (31)4.1.1 创新概念的提出 (31)4.1.2 自主创新的内涵 (32)4.1.3 企业创新能力及测度理论 (32)4.2信息熵与熵权 (35)4.2.1信息熵 (36)4.2.2 熵权 (36)4.3 熵值法计算步骤 (38)4.4基于VPRS下近似约简算法的建模过程 (39)4.5 实证分析 (40)4.5.1 初选评价指标及待评对象确定 (40)4.5.2 原始数据采集及数据预处理 (41)4.5.3 指标约简 (45)4.5.4 确定熵值、权重和综合评价 (46)5 结论 (49)5.1研究工作总结 (49)5.2展望 (50)致谢 (50)参考文献 (51)作者简历 (54)学位论文原创性声明 (55)学位论文数据集 (56)1 引言1.1 论文研究背景及意义20世纪90年代以来，随着科技的进步，特别是信息产业的发展和普及，把我们带入了一个崭新的信息时代。

高熵合金催化剂丙烷脱氢

高熵合金催化剂丙烷脱氢英文文档：High-Entropy Alloy Catalysts for Propane DehydrogenationThe development of high-entropy alloy catalysts has garnered significant attention in the field of propane dehydrogenation.These catalysts offer unique properties that enhance the efficiency and selectivity of the dehydrogenation process, making them promising candidates for future industrial applications.High-entropy alloys are characterized by their complex microstructures and high thermal stability, which contribute to their superior catalytic performance.The presence of multiple elements in these alloys creates a heterogeneous surface, which promotes the formation of active sites for dehydrogenation reactions.This results in enhanced activity and selectivity for the conversion of propane to propylene.One of the key advantages of using high-entropy alloy catalysts is their resistance to coke formation and deactivation, which are common issues in traditional catalysts.The unique electronic properties of these alloys enable strong adsorption of hydrocarbons on the catalyst surface, preventing the formation of coke deposits.This extends the catalyst lifespan and reduces the need for frequent regeneration.Furthermore, high-entropy alloy catalysts exhibit excellent thermal stability, allowing them to operate at high temperatures without significant loss of activity.This is particularly beneficial for the propane dehydrogenation process, which typically requires high temperatures to achieve high conversion rates.The stability of these catalysts ensures consistent and reliable performance over an extended period.In addition to their catalytic properties, high-entropy alloys are also attractive due to their cost-effectiveness and abundance.The composition of these alloys can be tailored to optimize specific properties, such as activity, selectivity, and stability, without the need for expensive noble metals.This makes them a promising alternative to traditional catalysts, which often rely on expensive components.In conclusion, high-entropy alloy catalysts offer a promising solution for propane dehydrogenation, offering improved efficiency, selectivity, and stability compared to traditional catalysts.Their unique properties make them a valuable area of research and development, with the potential to revolutionize the petrochemical industry.中文文档：高熵合金催化剂在丙烷脱氢中的应用高熵合金催化剂在丙烷脱氢领域的开发受到了广泛关注。

领导力是先天的还是后天培养的英语作文

领导力是先天的还是后天培养的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Is Leadership Innate or Cultivated?IntroductionLeadership is a crucial trait in today's society, as it plays a significant role in guiding and inspiring individuals towards achieving common goals. However, the debate on whether leadership is an innate quality or a skill that can be cultivated through education and experience remains ongoing. This essay will explore both perspectives and provide insights into this intriguing topic.The Argument for Innate LeadershipSome theorists argue that leadership is an innate quality that individuals are born with. They believe that certain individuals possess natural traits such as charisma, confidence, and decisiveness that make them effective leaders. These innate qualities cannot be taught or learned, as they are inherent in a person's personality from birth.Proponents of this view often point to historical figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, who displayed exceptional leadership skills from a young age. These leaders were able to inspire and mobilize people towards a common cause effortlessly, showcasing their innate leadership abilities.The Argument for Cultivated LeadershipOn the other hand, some experts argue that leadership is a skill that can be developed through education, training, and practical experience. They believe that anyone can learn to be a leader by acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills required for effective leadership.Leadership development programs and courses are designed to enhance individuals' leadership capabilities through training in communication, decision-making, problem-solving, and other key areas. By practicing and honing these skills, individuals can become effective leaders regardless of their natural abilities.Moreover, research has shown that leadership effectiveness is not solely determined by innate qualities but also by situational factors. A person's leadership style may vary depending on the context and the needs of the group they areleading. This adaptability suggests that leadership is a dynamic skill that can be cultivated over time.ConclusionIn conclusion, the debate on whether leadership is innate or cultivated is complex and multifaceted. While some individuals may possess natural leadership qualities, others can develop the necessary skills through education and experience. Ultimately, effective leadership requires a combination of innate traits and cultivated skills to inspire and motivate others towards common goals. As society continues to evolve, the need for strong and capable leaders will remain essential, highlighting the importance of ongoing research and discussion on this fascinating topic.篇2Leadership is a quality that is often thought to be innate, something that a person is born with. However, many believe that leadership can also be developed and cultivated through experiences, learning, and practice. In this essay, we will explore the debate of whether leadership is inherent or can be nurtured.Those who argue that leadership is a natural trait point to certain individuals who seem to have been born leaders. Theseindividuals display qualities such as charisma, confidence, decisiveness, and the ability to inspire and motivate others. They are often successful in leading teams and organizations, and have a natural talent for guiding others towards a common goal. Examples of such leaders include historical figures like Winston Churchill and Mahatma Gandhi, as well as contemporary leaders like Steve Jobs and Barack Obama.On the other hand, proponents of the idea that leadership can be developed point to the fact that many successful leaders have gone through training, education, and various experiences that have shaped their leadership abilities. They argue that leadership is a skill that can be honed and improved over time, rather than something that is fixed at birth. Through practice, feedback, and self-reflection, individuals can develop the necessary qualities and competencies to become effective leaders.Research in psychology and management has also shown that leadership is a complex and multidimensional trait that is influenced by a combination of factors, including genetics, upbringing, personality, education, and experiences. While some people may have a natural inclination towards leadership, otherscan learn and develop the necessary skills and behaviors to become effective leaders.Furthermore, the changing nature of work and organizations in the 21st century requires leaders to be adaptable, inclusive, and collaborative. These qualities can be learned and cultivated through training programs, coaching, and mentorship. In today's fast-paced and globalized world, leadership is no longer seen as a one-size-fits-all concept, but rather a dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation.In conclusion, the debate over whether leadership is innate or can be cultivated is an ongoing and complex one. While some individuals may have a natural talent for leadership, others can develop the necessary skills and behaviors through learning, practice, and experience. Ultimately, effective leadership requires a combination of innate qualities and learned competencies, as well as a willingness to adapt and grow in response to changing circumstances. Leadership is not just about being born with certain traits, but also about continuously striving to improve and develop as a leader.篇3Leadership is a quality that is highly valued in all areas of life, whether it be in the workplace, in school, or in the community. It is often debated whether leadership is something that is innate, or whether it can be developed through training and experience. In my opinion, while some individuals may possess natural leadership qualities, leadership is primarily a skill that can be nurtured and developed over time.First and foremost, it is important to recognize that leadership is not simply a personality trait that some people are born with. While some individuals may naturally possess certain qualities that lend themselves to leadership, such as charisma or assertiveness, these traits alone do not make a good leader. In fact, many successful leaders credit their success not to their innate talents, but to the hard work, dedication, and learning that they have put into developing their leadership skills over time.One of the key ways in which leadership can be developed is through experience. By taking on roles of responsibility and authority, individuals can learn valuable skills such asdecision-making, communication, and conflict resolution. Through these experiences, individuals can develop their confidence, resilience, and ability to inspire and motivate others – all essential qualities of a good leader.Furthermore, leadership can also be developed through training and education. There are a wide range of leadership development programs available, both in-person and online, that can help individuals develop the skills and knowledge they need to become effective leaders. These programs often focus on areas such as emotional intelligence, team building, and strategic thinking, all of which are crucial for effective leadership.In addition, mentorship can also play a crucial role in the development of leadership skills. By learning from more experienced leaders, individuals can gain valuable insights and advice that can help them to develop their own leadership style and approach. Mentorship provides individuals with the opportunity to learn from the successes and failures of others, and to benefit from the guidance and support of someone who has been in their shoes before.Overall, while some individuals may naturally possess certain qualities that lend themselves to leadership, leadership is primarily a skill that can be developed through training, experience, and mentorship. By actively seeking out opportunities to develop their leadership skills, individuals can become more effective leaders and make a positive impact in their organizations and communities. Leadership is notsomething that is simply innate – it is a skill that can be nurtured and developed by anyone willing to put in the time and effort to cultivate it.。

The Importance of Supporting Mental Wellness

The Importance of Supporting MentalWellnessMental wellness is a crucial aspect of overall well-being, yet it is often overlooked or stigmatized in society. It is essential to support mental wellness for individuals to lead fulfilling and productive lives. There are various perspectives to consider when discussing the importance of supporting mental wellness, including the individual, societal, and economic impacts. By addressing these perspectives, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of why supporting mental wellness is vital. From an individual perspective, mental wellness plays a significant role in one's quality of life. Mental health affects how individuals think, feel, and act, impacting their relationships, work, and daily functioning. When individuals receive support for their mental wellness, they are better equipped to cope with stress, make meaningful connections, and pursue their goals. Additionally, supporting mental wellness can help individuals build resilience and improve their overall sense of well-being. It is crucial to recognize theintrinsic value of mental wellness for individuals and the positive impact it has on their lives. On a societal level, supporting mental wellness contributes to creating a more compassionate and inclusive community. By promoting mental wellness, we can reduce the stigma and discrimination associated with mental health conditions. This, in turn, fosters a supportive environment where individuals feel comfortable seeking help and accessing resources. Furthermore, prioritizing mental wellness can lead to increased awareness and understanding of mental health issues, promoting empathy and acceptance within society. Ultimately, a society that values and supports mental wellness is one that prioritizes the holistic well-being of its members. Economically, the importance of supporting mental wellness is evident in the significant impact it has on productivity and healthcare costs. Mental health conditions can lead to decreased productivity in the workplace due to absenteeism and presenteeism. By supporting mental wellness in the workplace, employers can create a more positive and productive work environment. Additionally, investing in mental wellness programs and resources can reduce healthcare costs associated with untreated mental health conditions. It isessential to recognize the economic benefits of supporting mental wellness and the long-term savings it can generate for individuals, employers, and the healthcare system. In conclusion, the importance of supporting mental wellness cannot be overstated. From individual well-being to societal and economic impacts, prioritizing mental wellness has far-reaching benefits. By addressing the multiple perspectives surrounding mental wellness, we can cultivate a more empathetic and supportive society that values the mental health of all its members. It is crucial to continue advocating for mental wellness and investing in resources that promote mental well-being. Ultimately, by supporting mental wellness, we can create a healthier, more resilient, and thriving community for generations to come.。

“城市双修”理念的街道质量评估方法研究——以武汉街道为例

街道为例进行实证分析，并计算出街道质量评估分值表，依据评估分值表确立城市修补的依据，进而提出修补策略。实证说明
实体数据客观量化、客观赋权能准确评估街道建设水平差异，有效提供城市修补依据。
关键词：“城市双修”；质量评估；修补策略；客观量化；客观赋权
［中图分类号］TU984
［文献标识码］A

Research on Street Quality Assessment Method with the Concept of Urban“Renovation and Restoration”
—— A Case Study of Wuhan Streets
Li Kuncheng, Li Xin (School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan Hubei 430072, China)
Abstract:The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural development has put forward the strategy of“ecological restoration and urban renovation”, and street renovation is an important part of this strategy. The basis of street renovation comes from the evaluation of street construction, and their effectiveness and practicability determined by the evaluation method. This paper designed 6 criteria and 24 evaluation indicators according to the key points of the concept of“renovation and restoration”. This process quantified the physical attributes of streets using the entropy weight method to empower indicators, then put forward a systematic quantitative evaluation method based on the objective measurement and objective empowerment using street entity data. Taking 4 streets in Wuhan as a case for empirical analysis, the street quality assessment score table was calculated, and the basis of street renovation was found according to the evaluation score table, and then the renovation strategy was proposed. The empirical results show that objective measurement and objective empowerment of physical data can accurately evaluate differences in street construction and effectively provide the basis for urban renovation. Key words: renovation and restoration; quality assessment; renovation strategy; objective quantification; objective empowerment

熵-英文版

熵英文版维基百科英文版小星星英文版吻别英文版我的滑板鞋英文版闪客快打3英文版peppapig英文版小苹果英文版后会无期英文版激情与速度6英文版
Entropy (YAC- Ch. 6)
In this Chapter, we will: Introduce the thermodynamic property called Entropy (S) Entropy is defined using the Clausius inequality Introduce the Increase of Entropy Principle which states that
2
1
reversible process
dS ≥
δQ
δQ δQ , since dS = , dS > T T rev T irrev
S
Increase of Entropy Principle (YAC- Ch. 6-ine entropy generation Sgen T 1
2 1 2 2
2
1
From entropy definition δQ dS= , T rev
2
T
any process
2
δQ δQ Therefore, ∫ ≤∫ = ∫ dS = S 2 S1 = S T 1 T rev 1 1 δQ S = S 2 S1 ≥ ∫ , This is valid for all processes T 1
S(source) = 2000/800 = 2.5 (kJ/K) S(sink) = -2000/500 = -4 (kJ/K) Sgen= S(source)+ S(sink) = -1.5(kJ/K) < 0 It is impossible based on the entropy increase principle Sgen≥0, therefore, the heat can not transfer from low-temp. to high-temp. without external work input If the process is reversed, 2000 kJ of heat is transferred from the source to the sink, Sgen=1.5 (kJ/K) > 0, and the process can occur according to the second law

The Importance of Mental Health Awareness

The Importance of Mental HealthAwarenessMental health, an often-overlooked aspect of our overall well-being, plays a crucial role in our ability to lead fulfilling and productive lives. It encompasses our emotional, psychological, and social well-being, impacting how we think, feel, and behave. In a world that constantly demands our attention and energy, raising awareness about mental health is more critical than ever. One of the primary reasons why mental health awareness is so important is the sheer prevalence of mental health conditions. According to the World Health Organization, nearly two-thirds of people with a known mental disorder never seek help from a health professional at all, highlighting a significant gap in understanding and access to care. The stigma surrounding mental health often prevents individualsfrom seeking the help they need, fearing judgment and discrimination. This stigma can be pervasive, preventing open conversations and creating barriers to treatment. Furthermore, mental health significantly impacts our physical health. Chronic stress, anxiety, and depression can weaken the immune system, increasing the riskof developing chronic illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Conversely, taking care of our mental health can have a positive impact on our physical well-being. When we prioritize our mental health, we are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate sleep. Promoting mental health awareness also fosters a more empathetic and supportive society. When we understand the challenges faced by thosestruggling with mental health conditions, we can cultivate a culture of compassion and understanding. This can be achieved through educational initiatives, public awareness campaigns, and open dialogues that encourage individuals to share their experiences without fear of judgment. It is crucial to remember that mentalhealth is not a destination but a journey. There will be times when we feel strong and resilient, and other times when we struggle. Recognizing the fluctuations inour mental well-being allows us to be proactive in seeking support when needed. Itis a sign of strength, not weakness, to acknowledge our struggles and reach outfor help. Ultimately, the importance of mental health awareness cannot beoverstated. It is a collective responsibility to create a society that prioritizes mental well-being, fosters open conversations, and provides access to appropriate care. By investing in mental health awareness, we create a healthier, more compassionate, and supportive world for ourselves and future generations.。

基于Vague_集模糊熵和D-S_证据理论的多属性群决策方法邹　圆,_杨道理,_

第40卷第3期Vol.40㊀No.3重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版)J Chongqing Technol &Business Univ(Nat Sci Ed)2023年6月Jun.2023基于Vague 集模糊熵和D -S 证据理论的多属性群决策方法邹㊀圆1,杨道理2,王立威31.重庆工商大学经济学院,重庆4000672.重庆工商大学管理科学与工程学院,重庆4000673.六盘水师范学院物理与电气工程学院,贵州六盘水553004摘㊀要:针对方案属性值为Vague 值且考虑专家评分可信度的多属性群决策问题,提出了一种基于Vague 集模糊熵和D -S 证据理论的多属性群决策分析方法㊂该方法充分考虑各专家给出的Vague 值评价信息中所蕴含的模糊性与不确定性,借助模糊熵来获取与专家自身意见相匹配的评分可信度序列,其完全由数据驱动,弥补了传统方法对可信度主观统一设定的不足㊂首先,基于各专家原始决策矩阵获得各属性下的Vague 集模糊熵,以构建与专家集相对应的评分可信度矩阵;其次,对经可信度调整后的各专家决策矩阵使用证据合成进行信息集结,利用Vague 集记分函数并经可信度调整得到属性权重;最后,将专家群体集结信息经属性权重加权修正后算出各方案最终的Vague 评价值,进而使用记分函数获得各方案综合得分,筛选出最优方案㊂利用证据理论在不确定信息融合方面的优势和Vague 集记分函数的信息转化功能,通过证据合成和记分函数集结专家群体的评价信息,所得出的决策结果更加客观㊁合理,并通过一个具体算例验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性㊂关键词:Vague 集;模糊熵;证据理论;多属性群决策;记分函数中图分类号:C934㊀㊀文献标识码:A ㊀㊀doi:10.16055/j.issn.1672-058X.2023.0003.011㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀收稿日期:2022-04-25㊀修回日期:2022-06-01㊀文章编号:1672-058X(2023)03-0078-07基金项目:重庆工商大学高层次人才科研启动项目(2153014);重庆市社会科学规划博士项目(2018BS80).作者简介:邹圆(1986 ),男,湖南常德人,讲师,博士,从事经济统计分析与预测研究.引用格式:邹圆,杨道理,王立威.基于Vague 集模糊熵和D -S 证据理论的多属性群决策方法[J].重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版),2023,40(3):78 84.ZOU Yuan YANG Daoli WANG Liwei.A multi-attribute group decision making method based on fuzzy entropy of vague sets and D-S evidence theory J .Journal of Chongqing Technology and Business University Natural Science Edition 2023 40 378 84.A Multi-attribute Group Decision Making Method Based on Fuzzy Entropy of Vague Sets and D-S Evidence TheoryZOU Yuan 1 YANG Daoli 2 WANG Liwei 31.School of Economics Chongqing Technology and Business University Chongqing 400067 China2.School of Management Science and Engineering Chongqing Technology and Business University Chongqing 400067 China3.School of Physics and Electrical Engineering Liupanshui Normal University Guizhou Liupanshui 553004 ChinaAbstract Aiming at the multi-attribute group decision-making problems with Vague value and considering the reliability of expert rating a multi-attribute group decision-making analysis method based on Vague set fuzzy entropy and D -S evidence theory was proposed.The method took into full account the fuzziness and uncertainty embedded in the Vague value evaluating information given by various experts and used fuzzy entropy to obtain the scoring credibility sequence matching experts opinions.It is completely data-driven which makes up for the deficiency of the traditional method in the subjective unified setting of credibility.Firstly based on the original decision matrix of each expert the fuzzy entropy of Vague set under each attribute was obtained to construct the scoring credibility matrix corresponding to the expert set.Secondly the information of each expert decision matrix adjusted by credibility was gathered through evidence synthesis第3期邹圆,等:基于Vague集模糊熵和D-S证据理论的多属性群决策方法and the attribute weight was obtained by using score function of Vague sets and credibility adjustment.Finally the final Vague evaluation value of each scheme was calculated by modifying the aggregation information of expert group by attribute weight and then the comprehensive score of each scheme was obtained by using the score function to screen the optimal scheme.By using the advantages of evidence theory in uncertain information fusion and the information transformation function of score function of Vague sets the evaluation information of expert group was gathered through evidence synthesis and score function of Vague sets the decision-making results were more objective and reasonable and the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were verified by a specific numerical example.Keywords Vague sets fuzzy entropy evidence theory multi-attribute group decision making score function1㊀引㊀言多属性群决策指多人共同参与决策分析,在各属性下对方案进行评估,通过将不同决策者提供的带有各自偏好的决策信息进行集结,据此对备选方案排序并选优的过程[1]㊂由于经济社会等领域中现实决策问题的复杂性㊁人们自身知识的有限性及认识事物的局限性,专家们往往难以给出精确的评估值而使决策问题通常带有不确定特征㊂Gau等[2]于1993年首次提出Vague集概念,其特点在于同时包含了支持隶属度㊁反对隶属度和未知度3方面信息;Mishra等[3]认为相比于单一隶属度的Zadeh模糊集,Vague集对事物的刻画更为细腻,可视为Zadeh模糊集概念的推广㊂以Vague 值表征的专家评价信息可很好契合人类思维亦此亦彼㊁非此非彼的模糊特性,因而引起了研究者们的极大关注并在不确定多属性群决策问题中获得了广泛的应用[4-6]㊂对Vague多属性群决策的现有研究主要聚焦于两个方面:一是方案排序及选优㊂Liu[7]㊁Zhou[8]㊁Gao[9]等将TOPSIS方法引入Vague集,通过算出各备选方案与正负理想解之间的差距以对方案进行排序; Wang[10]㊁Guo[11]㊁Lin[12]㊁许昌林等[13]各自定义Vague集记分函数,将Vague值转化为精确数,从而计算各方案的得分,分数越高表示方案越优;Gui[14]提出了基于Vague集的灰色关联分析排序方法㊂二是个体决策信息集结到群体判断㊂一些学者通过定义Vague 集的基本运算诸如实数与Vague值乘积[15]㊁Vague值间的交并运算[16]㊁Vague值间的乘积[17]㊁Vague集间的相似度[18]等将评价信息集结,获得方案的最终评价值㊂上述操作均未涉及Vague集未知度的合理分配,融合结果存在不同程度的偏差㊂Wang[19]将Vague值转化为Fuzzy值后进行信息融合以筛选方案,但在转换时易造成信息损失㊂后续,Wang等[20]定义了Vague集的极小和极大信心度,并利用线性规划模型求出群体最优综合信心度,以此作为唯一依据进行决策,其缺陷在于未考虑其他影响因素㊂鉴于传统方法对Vague信息集结时未知度分配不合理以及将Vague信息转化为其他类型信息处理所导致的信息损失问题,崔春生等[21]提出了基于证据理论的Vague多属性群决策方法㊂证据理论作为一种被广泛运用的不确定信息处理方法,在信息融合中不需要先验概率[22],且在证据合成过程中可对未知度进行重新分配,在不确定信息的表达与融合上具有优势,有效地解决了Vague多属性群决策的信息集结难题㊂通过对现有文献的研究梳理发现,学者们往往关注Vague信息转化和信息集结,较少探讨Vague多属性群决策问题中的专家评分可信度获取规则,通常是直接先验给定可信度点值,这缺乏客观依据,也未考虑专家在不同属性下评分可信度的差异,影响评价结果的内在一致性㊂模糊熵是对Vague信息模糊不确定性的客观度量,熵值越大,表示模糊不确定性越高,专家评价信息的可信度越低,可用来客观反映专家在决策中的评分可信性㊂本文在前人工作的基础上,将模糊熵的思想引入Vague决策环境中,结合证据理论和Vague集记分函数,提出了一种新的完全由数据驱动的Vague多属性群决策方法㊂该方法基于专家群体的原始评价信息,利用模糊熵获取各专家在不同属性下的评分可信度,从而构建起专家评价信息与其可信度之间的一一映射关系,降低了由于可信度赋值的主观性对最终决策结果产生的影响㊂引入证据理论来解决Vague多属性群决策的信息集结问题,以及利用记分函数进行Vague值转化及排序,最后以一个决策实例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性㊂2㊀问题描述及方法基础2.1㊀问题描述假设决策方案集为A={A1,A2, ,A m};方案的属性集为C={C1,C2, ,C n};决策的专家集为E={e1, e2, ,e L};关于属性C j,专家e k对方案A i给出的Vague 评价值为d k ij,其中d k ij=[t k ij,1-f k ij];t k ij,f k ij,πk ij=(1-f k ij)-t k ij 分别表示支持度㊁反对度与未知度;专家评分可信度分别记为r1,r2, ,r L;集合所有专家的意见可构建原始决97重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版)第40卷策矩阵D k (k =1,2, ,L )为D k =d kij []m ˑn =d k 11 d k1n ︙︙d k m 1 d k mn éëêêêêùûúúúú(1)考虑各属性对决策方案的重要性,假定专家e k 对属性C j 给出的Vague 权重值为w kj ,其中w kj =[t kj ,1-f kj ],t kj ,f kj ,πkj =(1-f kj )-t kj 分别表示重要度㊁不重要度与对属性影响的未知度,则可构建属性权重矩阵W 为W =w kj []L ˑn =w 11 w 1n ︙︙w L 1 w Ln éëêêêêùûúúúú(2)基于专家评分可信度㊁决策矩阵与属性权重矩阵对各方案进行集成评价,最终筛选出最优决策方案㊂本文主要解决的问题在于:传统方法一般事先给定专家评分可信度,往往带有一定的主观性,且对所有属性均相同,缺乏客观依据与针对性,并影响方案的最终评价结果㊂而本质上造成专家评分可信度不一的来源在于其在Vague 决策过程中的未知性㊁不确定性与模糊性㊂模糊熵作为上述特征的度量工具,可据此来计算评分可信度㊂首先,通过计算各专家Vague 决策矩阵中的模糊熵获得其在各属性上的评分可信度;其次,基于D -S 证据理论对各专家关于每一个方案的Vague 评价值进行信息集结;再次,确定各属性权重并计算决策方案的最终评价值;最后根据评价值进行方案的排序与择优㊂2.2㊀Vague 集模糊熵Vague 集的模糊熵通常被用来度量Vague 集的未知性㊁不确定性以及二者交叉时形成的模糊性㊂其公理化要求为[23]定义1㊀假设A 是论域U 上的一个Vague 集,记为A (x )=[t A (x ),1-f A (x )],其中t A (x ),f A (x )及πA (x )=1-t A (x )-f A (x )分别为x 在A 中的支持度㊁反对度和未知度㊂称函数VE :U ң[0,1]为Vague 集A 的模糊熵,若其满足如下条件:(1)VE (A )=0当且仅当对∀x ɪU ,A (x )=[0,0]或[1,1];(2)VE (A )=1当且仅当对∀x ɪU ,t A (x )=f A (x );(3)若B 是初始论域U 上的一个Vague 集,令B (x )=t B (x ),1-f B (x )[],πB =1-t B -f B ,当满足t A (x )-f A (x )2+πA (x )ɤt B (x )-f B (x )2+πB (x )(∀x ɪU )时,则有VE (A )ȡVE (B );(4)若A c 是A 的补集,A c (x )=f A (x ),1-t A (x )[],则VE (A )=VE (A c )㊂基于上述公理化定义,杨永伟[23]㊁范平[24]等分别独立提出了Vague 集上模糊熵的具体计算公式㊂定义2㊀设论域U =x 1,x 2, ,x n {},A 是U 上的一个Vague 集,A (x )=[t A (x ),1-f A (x )]㊂(1)假定未知度πA (x i )=1-t A (x i )-f A (x i ),且y A (x i )=t A (x i )-f A (x i )2+πA (x i ),则Vague 集A 的模糊熵定义为[23]VE (A )=-1n ðni =1y A (x i )log 2y A (x i )+[(1-y A (x i ))log 2(1-y A (x i ))](3)(2)令πA (x i )=1-t A (x i )-f A (x i ),Vague 集A 的模糊熵定义为[24]VE (A )=ðni =1πA (x i )+n -ðni =1t A (x i )-f A (x i )2n+ðni =1πA (x i )t A (x i )-f A (x i )2n(4)上述关于模糊熵的两个计算公式均体现了Vague 信息的未知度㊁不确定度及二者交叉的模糊度㊂当A 变成Fuzzy 集时,前者退化成Fuzzy 集上的模糊熵,因而与Fuzzy 集上的模糊熵定义相容;后者按照Vague 集模糊熵的度量来源直接表示,其测算过程符合人们直觉㊂2.3㊀D -S 证据理论D -S 证据理论通过定义信任函数,并以Dempster合成规则为核心来综合不同数据源或专家群体的数据或知识,勿需先验概率信息,在证据合成过程中可对未知度进行重新分配,表征和融合不确定性信息更为有效直观㊂在信息融合方面的突出优势使其在专家系统㊁情报分析㊁多属性决策分析等领域均获得了广泛应用㊂D -S 证据理论的相关基本概念定义如下:定义3㊀将不确定性问题的所有可能结果组成的集合记为识别框架Θ,在识别框架Θ上定义集函数m :2Θң[0,1],称为mass 函数,满足m (∅)=0且ðA ⊆Θm (A )=1,则称m (A )为A 的基本概率分配函数,使得m (A )>0的A 称为焦元,其中∅是空集,2Θ为Θ的幂集㊂定义4㊀在识别框架Θ上,假定基本概率分配函数m :2Θң[0,1],有(1)在Θ上基于m 的信任函数Bel :2Θң[0,1]定义为Bel (A )=ðB ⊆Am (B );(2)在Θ上基于m 的似然函数Pl :2Θң[0,1]定义为Pl (A )=ðB ɘA ʂ⌀m (B )㊂8第3期邹圆,等:基于Vague 集模糊熵和D -S 证据理论的多属性群决策方法定义5㊀对于∀A ⊆Θ,定义识别框架Θ上的有限个mass 函数m 1,m 2, ,m k ,焦元(证据)分别为A 1,A 2, ,A k ,则Dempster 证据合成规则为m (A )=m 1 m 2 m k ()(A )=11-K ðA 1ɘA 2ɘ ɘA k =A m 1(A 1)㊃m 2(A 2) m k (A k )(5)其中,K =ðA 1ɘA 2ɘ ɘA k =φm 1(A 1)㊃m 2(A 2) m k (A k )称作冲突系数,反映了证据间的冲突程度㊂3㊀模型设计3.1㊀评价信息处理专家评分可信度受制于其在对目标方案的Vague 决策中表现出来的未知性㊁不确定性及二者兼具时的模糊性影响,可由模糊熵来客观度量㊂(1)专家可信度确定㊂对于专家e k 的决策矩阵D k ,运用上述模糊熵公式计算各属性C j 对应的Vague集的模糊熵VE kj㊂由于熵是对系统状态不确定性的度量,模糊熵值越大,所表征的未知性㊁不确定性与模糊性越高,且VE 取值在[0,1]范围内㊂专家e k 在属性C j上的评分可信度记为r k j ,可设定为r kj =1-VE k j ,根据熵的性质可以判断,属性的模糊熵值越高,其在该属性下的评分可信度越低㊂专家e k 关于属性集C 的评分可信度序列r k =r k 1,r k2, ,r k n (),从而与专家集E 对应的评分可信度矩阵r 为r =r 11 r 1n ︙︙r L 1 r L n éëêêêêùûúúúú(6)(2)决策矩阵修正㊂根据专家决策矩阵D k (k =1,2, ,L )与评分可信度矩阵r ,对专家的评价信息进行修正后获得新的决策矩阵D ^k (k =1,2, ,L )为D ^k =d ^k ij []m ˑn=d ^k 11d ^k 1n ︙︙d ^k m 1d ^k mn éëêêêêêùûúúúúú(7)在上述矩阵中,元素d ^k ij=[t ^k ij ,1-f ^kij]是一个经专家e k 的评分可信度r k 修正后关于方案A i 的Vague 评价值,其中t ^k ij =r k j ˑt k ij ,f ^k ij =r k j ˑf k ij ㊂(3)属性权重计算㊂通常采用记分函数表示决策方案对决策者要求的满足程度㊂对于方案A i ,根据评价函数E ,获得A i 的Vague 评价值E (A i )=[t A i,1-f A i],将记分函数定义如下:S (E (A i ))=t A i +t A i ˑ(1-t A i -f A i )1-(t A i -f A i )(8)基于上述记分函数计算属性权重矩阵W 中Vague 权重的得分,获得属性权重得分矩阵:W ^=w ^kj []L ˑn =w ^11 w ^1n ︙w ^L 1 w ^Ln éëêêêêêùûúúúúú(9)结合考虑专家的评分可信度,在各个属性上将所有专家的意见进行加权综合,计算出各个属性的综合权重值,并构建属性综合权重序列W ∗:W ∗=w ∗j []1ˑn =[w ∗1, ,w ∗n ](10)其中,w ∗j =ðLk =1r k j w ^kj ðnj =1ðLk =1r k j w ^kj为属性C j (j =1,2, ,n )的权重值㊂3.2㊀决策矩阵证据信息集结在Vague 多属性群决策中,对于每个决策方案,在各属性下均有多位专家给出的Vague 值评价信息,利用证据理论将各专家经修正后的Vague 评价值进行信息集结,获得每个方案在各属性下的综合Vague 评价值㊂其流程如下:设定识别框架Θ={Support =支持,Opposite =反对,Unknown =未知},简记为Θ={S ,O ,U },对于专家e k ,其基本概率分配函数为m k ij (S )=t ^k ij ,m kij (O )=f ^k ij ,m k ij (U )=(1-f ^k ij )-t ^k ij ㊂其中m k ij (S )㊁m k ij (O )与m kij (U )分别表示在属性C j 下,专家e k 对决策方案A i 的支持度㊁反对度及未知度㊂基于上述证据合成式(5),将专家群体的评价信息集结,计算出决策方案A i 在属性C j 下的Vague 专家群体评价值,因此获得群体决策矩阵D :D =d ij []m ˑn =d 11d 1n ︙︙d m 1d mn éëêêêêùûúúúú(11)其中,d ij =[t ij ,1-f ij ],并满足:t ij =m ij (S )=11-K ðA 1ɘ ɘA L =Sm 1ij (A 1) m L ij (A L )(12)f ij =m ij (O )=11-K ðA 1ɘ ɘA L =Om 1ij (A 1) m Lij (A L )(13)K =ðA 1ɘ ɘA L=⌀m 1ij (A 1) m Lij (A L )(14)18重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版)第40卷3.3㊀确定最优决策方案在属性集C 下专家群体对方案A i 的综合评价值为Vague 值序列d i 1,d i 2, ,d in ;利用属性权重序列W ∗=[w ∗1, ,w ∗n],计算各个方案的Vague 加权平均评价值d -i =[t -i ,1-f -i ],其中t -i =ðnj =1w ∗j ㊃t ij ,f -i =ðnj =1w ∗j ㊃f ij ;再结合Vague 值的记分函数式(8),集成获得决策方案A i 的综合评价得分为S (d -i )㊂分数越高,表明方案越优,得分最高的方案即是最优决策方案㊂3.4㊀算法步骤根据上述分析,给出基于Vague 集模糊熵和D -S 证据理论的多属性群决策方法㊂具体步骤如下:步骤1㊀将各专家给出的方案的属性评价值以及属性权重值用Vague 值表示,构建决策矩阵与属性权重矩阵㊂步骤2㊀根据决策矩阵计算各专家在各属性下的Vague 集模糊熵,得到每位专家的评分可信度序列,并以此修正各专家的决策矩阵㊂步骤3㊀针对每个方案,利用证据合成式(12) 式(14),对各专家在各属性下经修正后的每一方案Vague 评价值进行信息集结,相应构建得到专家群体决策矩阵㊂步骤4㊀针对属性权重矩阵,使用记分函数式(8)计算属性权重得分矩阵,并利用各专家的评分可信度序列进行调整,获得属性综合权重序列㊂步骤5㊀基于专家群体决策矩阵与属性综合权重序列,计算各方案的加权平均Vague 评价值,再利用记分函数式(8)算出各方案的综合得分㊂其值越大,所对应的决策方案越优㊂综上所述,进行多属性群决策的具体流程如图1所示㊂图1㊀Vague 值多属性群决策算法流程图Fig.1㊀The algorithm flow chart of Vague valuedmulti-attribute group decision making4㊀算例分析为了解释上述算法,并与崔春生等[21]提出的基于证据理论与Vague 集的多属性群决策方法进行比较分析,本文继续沿用崔春生等[21]文中的案例,假设方案集为A ={A 1,A 2,A 3},方案评价的标准为属性集C ={C 1,C 2,C 3,C 4},3位专家记为e 1㊁e 2㊁e 3,基于各属性分别对各个方案进行评价㊂步骤1㊀专家e 1㊁e 2㊁e 3考虑各属性后对各决策方案进行Vague 评价,构建原始决策矩阵D 1㊁D 2㊁D 3分别为D 1=[0.2,0.3][0.2,0.6][0.4,0.5][0.6,0.8][0.1,0.7][0.5,0.6][0.2,0.4][0.7,0.8][0.4,0.5][0.6,0.7][0.5,0.6][0.3,0.5]éëêêêùûúúúD 2=[0.7,0.8][0.5,0.5][0.4,0.7][0.5,0.5][0.4,0.6][0.4,0.8][0.7,0.8][0.2,0.6][0.3,0.5][0.1,0.3][0.5,0.6][0.6,0.8]éëêêêùûúúúD 3=[0.1,0.6][0.4,0.6][0.5,0.5][0.6,0.8][0.6,0.9][0.3,0.7][0.5,0.8][0.2,0.4][0.5,0.5][0.7,0.9][0.4,0.7][0.4,0.8]éëêêêùûúúú专家e 1㊁e 2㊁e 3设定各属性的权重,构建属性权重矩阵W 为W =[0.5,0.9][0.3,0.6][0.7,0.8][0.3,0.8][0.6,0.7][0.5,0.5][0.3,0.4][0.5,0.7][0.5,0.5][0.6,0.8][0.5,0.7][0.4,0.5]éëêêêùûúúú步骤2㊀根据各专家决策矩阵,运用Vague 集模糊熵式(3),计算各专家的评分可信度序列,得到可信度矩阵r 为r =0.51360.57280.58790.36150.58950.58030.55800.63400.57180.71820.72780.4060éëêêêùûúúú经各专家的评分可信度序列修正后,新的决策矩阵D ^1㊁D ^2㊁D ^3如下:D ^1=[0.10,0.64][0.11,0.77][0.24,0.71][0.22,0.93][0.05,0.85][0.29,0.77][0.12,0.65][0.25,0.93][0.21,0.74][0.34,0.83][0.29,0.76][0.11,0.82]éëêêêùûúúúD ^2=[0.41,0.88][0.29,0.71][0.22,0.83][0.32,0.68][0.24,0.76][0.23,0.88][0.39,0.89][0.13,0.75][0.18,0.71][0.06,0.59][0.28,0.78][0.38,0.87]éëêêêùûúúúD ^3=[0.06,0.77][0.29,0.71][0.36,0.64][0.24,0.92][0.34,0.94][0.22,0.78][0.36,0.85][0.08,0.76][0.29,0.71][0.50,0.93][0.29,0.78][0.16,0.92]éëêêêùûúúú步骤3㊀将D ^1㊁D ^2㊁D ^3中的Vague 评价值转化为28第3期邹圆,等:基于Vague 集模糊熵和D -S 证据理论的多属性群决策方法基本概率分配后,采用式(12) 式(14)进行证据信息集结,得到专家群体决策矩阵D 为D =[0.3201,0.6765][0.2872,0.6883][0.2544,0.7315][0.2569,0.7572][0.4485,0.5676][0.4398,0.5758][0.3822,0.6222][0.3804,0.6078][0.2314,0.7559][0.2730,0.7359][0.3634,0.6463][0.3627,0.6350]éëêêêùûúúú㊀㊀步骤4㊀使用记分函数式(8)计算属性权重矩阵中各位专家对每个属性给出的权重分数,以此获得属性权重得分矩阵W ^为W ^=1.16670.35451.540.50.94290.50.25380.750.51.20.750.4éëêêêêùûúúúú对W ^经过专家评分可信度矩阵调整并归一化后,获得各属性综合权重值及综合权重序列W ∗为W ∗=[0.27670.26020.30590.1572]步骤5㊀根据专家群体决策矩阵D 与属性综合权重序列W ∗,算出各个方案的加权平均Vague 评价值:d -1=[0.2815,0.7090],d -2=[0.4152,0.5928],d -3=[0.3032,0.6982]㊂再由记分函数式(8)计算各个方案的最终综合得分㊂分别为S (d -1)=0.3981,S (d -2)=0.4929,S (d -3)=0.4236㊂由此可知方案A 2综合得分最高,A 3次之,最低的是方案A 1㊂基于方案评价规则和评分结果,待选方案由优至劣的排序为A 2≻A 3≻A 1,且A 2为最优方案,这与崔春生等[21]文中给出的结论一致㊂同理,若采用Vague 集模糊熵公式(4)并沿用上述决策流程,得出各方案综合得分分别为S (d -1)=0.4194,S (d -2)=0.4777,S (d -3)=0.4235,同样也获得了A 2是最优方案的结论㊂崔春生等给出的方法需要事先主观指定各专家评分可信度,评分可信度不同会影响最终评判结果㊂本文是以各专家在Vague 决策中的模糊熵值来确定其评分可信度,因而更具客观性㊁科学性,且决策结果的稳定性与一致性更好㊂5　结束语探讨了Vague 集信息下的多属性群决策问题,提出了一种基于Vague 集模糊熵和D -S 证据理论的多属性群决策方法㊂主要工作及特点包括:根据专家在考虑各属性下对各方案的Vague 评价,运用模糊熵值确定各专家的评分可信度序列,弥补了传统方法对可信度主观统一设定上的不足,其由具体数据驱动,并随具体决策问题不同而不同,因而更具客观性与灵活性,其评价结果也能保持内在一致性;利用专家可信度序列修正原始评价信息,分别运用Vague 记分函数与专家可信度序列计算出各属性的综合权重值,使之更贴合实际;结合Vague 集模糊熵在刻画模糊不确定性上的优势以及D -S 证据理论在信息融合上的优势,运用证据合成公式将各位专家在属性集下每个方案的Vague 评价值进行信息集结,并经属性综合权重的加权与记分函数计算得分后,获得各个方案的最终评分㊂本文提出的多属性群决策方法可以进行程式化设计,具有较强的可操作性,易于实践㊂本文是基于崔春生等[21]一文基础上的后续研究,所提出的方法在该文基础上有两个改进:一是以Vague 集模糊熵为依据来获得专家的评分可信度,摒弃了主观设定的传统思路;二是仅对专家评价证据进行信息集结,减少了对属性集证据信息的二次集结,原因在于证据合成次数较多,尤其是存在高冲突的证据时,易造成信息失真,产生与直觉相悖的结果㊂通过算例验证了提出的多属性群决策方法的合理性和实用性㊂如何降低Vague 证据信息合成中可能存在的高冲突性以拓宽应用场景,以及如何在专家的方案评价信息或属性权重信息存在部分缺失情况下进行群决策有待后续进一步的研究㊂参考文献 References1 ㊀GUPTA P MEHLAWAT M K GROVER N et al.Multi-attributegroup decision making based on extended TOPSIS method underinterval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment J .Applied SoftComputing 2018 69 554 567.2 ㊀GAU W L BUEHRER D J.Vague sets J .IEEE Transactionson Systems Man and Cybernetics 1993 23 2 610 614.3 ㊀MISHRA J GHOSH S.Uncertain query processing usingvague set or fuzzy set which one is better J .International Journal of Computers Communications and Control 20149 6 730 740.4 ㊀ZHANG D ZHANG J LAI K K et al.An novel approach tosupplier selection based on vague sets group decision J .Expert Systems with Applications 2009 36 5 9557 9563.38重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版)第40卷5 ㊀陈岩张宁陈侠.基于Vague集信息的多属性群决策专家水平评判方法J .数学的实践与认识2013 43 1 167 176.CHEN Yan ZHANG Ning CHEN Xia.Method to the assessment level of experts in multi-attribute group decision making based on vague set information J .Mathematics in Practice and Theory 2013 43 1 167 176.6 ㊀JUE W WEI X MA J et al.A vague set based decision support approach for evaluating research funding programs J . 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Journal of Systems Engineering 2011 26 1 17 22.21 崔春生曹艳丽邱闯闯等.基于证据理论和Vague集的多属性群决策方法研究J .运筹与管理2021 30 11 1 5.CUI Chun-sheng CAO Yan-li QIU Chuang-chuang et al. Research on multi-attribute group decision-making method based on evidence theory and vague sets J .Operations Research and Management Science 2021 30 11 1 5.22 XIAO F.Multi-sensor data fusion based on the belief divergence measure of evidences and the belief entropy J . Information Fusion 2018 46 3 23 32.23 杨永伟辛小龙.Vague集信息熵测量及其应用J .模糊系统与数学2012 26 1 161 165.YANG Yong-wei XIN rmation entropy measures for vague sets and its application J .Fuzzy Systems and Mathematics 2012 26 1 161 165.24 范平.关于Vague集模糊熵的度量分析J .计算机工程与应用2012 48 1 57 59.FAN Ping.Measurement analysis for fuzzy entropy of vague sets J .Computer Engineering and Applications 2012 48 1 57 59.责任编辑:李翠薇48。

如何处理好传承和创新关系作文

如何处理好传承和创新关系作文英文回答：Preserving the past while embracing the future is a delicate balancing act that requires careful consideration and thoughtful implementation. Striking the right balance between tradition and innovation is crucial for maintaining cultural continuity, while also allowing for progress and growth.Embracing Tradition:1. Recognize the inherent value of cultural heritage. Traditions provide a sense of identity, continuity, and community.2. Document and preserve historical practices and artifacts to ensure their transmission to future generations.3. Showcase and celebrate traditional arts and crafts to foster appreciation and preserve cultural diversity.4. Encourage intergenerational learning to pass on skills and knowledge from experienced elders to younger members.Promoting Innovation:1. Foster a culture of creativity and experimentation to encourage new ideas and approaches.2. Provide opportunities for individuals to express themselves and share their innovative ideas.3. Support research and development to advance knowledge and develop new solutions to contemporary challenges.4. Promote collaboration between different disciplines and perspectives to cross-pollinate ideas and drive innovation.Balancing Tradition and Innovation:1. Recognize that tradition and innovation are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary forces. Innovation can revitalize and enhance tradition, while tradition can provide a foundation for innovation.2. Establish clear guidelines and boundaries to ensure that innovation respects and does not undermine traditional values and practices.3. Encourage respectful dialogue and collaboration between traditionalists and innovators to foster understanding and find common ground.4. Embrace a forward-thinking mindset while valuing the lessons learned from the past.Conclusion:Navigating the relationship between tradition andinnovation requires a multifaceted approach that acknowledges their interdependence. By embracing the value of tradition while fostering a culture of innovation, societies can ensure both continuity and progress. Preserving the past and shaping the future are not incompatible goals but rather essential elements of a vibrant and sustainable society.中文回答：传统传承与创新。

2014美国大学生数学建模特等奖优秀论文

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Best all time college coach Summary
In order to select the “best all time college coach” in the last century fairly, We take selecting the best male basketball coach as an example, and establish the TOPSIS sort - Comprehensive Evaluation improved model based on entropy and Analytical Hierarchy Process. The model mainly analyzed such indicators as winning rate, coaching time, the time of winning the championship, the number of races and the ability to perceive .Firstly ， Analytical Hierarchy Process and Entropy are integratively utilized to determine the index weights of the selecting indicators Secondly，Standardized matrix and parameter matrix are combined to construct the weighted standardized decision matrix. Finally, we can get the college men's basketball composite score, namely the order of male basketball coaches, which is shown in Table 7. Adolph Rupp and Mark Few are the last century and this century's "best all time college coach" respectively. It is realistic. The rank of college coaches can be clearly determined through this method. Next, ANOVA shows that the scores of last century’s coaches and this century’s coaches have significant difference, which demonstrates that time line horizon exerts influence upon the evaluation and gender factor has no significant influence on coaches’ score. The assessment model, therefore, can be applied to both male and female coaches. Nevertheless, based on this, we have drawn coaches’ coaching ability distributing diagram under ideal situation and non-ideal situation according to the data we have found, through which we get that if time line horizon is chosen reasonably, it will not affect the selecting results. In this problem, the time line horizon of the year 2000 will not influence the selecting results. Furthermore, we put the data of the three types of sports, which have been found by us, into the above Model, and get the top 5 coaches of the three sports, which are illustrated in Table10, Table 11, Table12 and Table13 respectively. These results are compared with the results on the Internet[7], so as to examine the reasonableness of our results. We choose the sports randomly which undoubtedly shows that our model can be applied in general across both genders and all possible sports. At the same time, it also shows the practicality and effectiveness of our model. Finally, we have prepared a 1-2 page article for Sports Illustrated that explains our results and includes a non-technical explanation of our mathematical model that sports fans will understand. Key words: TOPSIS Improved Model; Entropy; Analytical Hierarchy Process; Comprehensive Evaluation Model; ANOVA