Chapter Two 1

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CHAPTER TWO

2.1.1 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
疾病-arthritis（关节炎），bronchitis（支气管炎），
rickets（软骨病），
mumps（腮腺炎）， diabetes（糖尿病）-用作单数
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of body. Phlebitis（静脉炎） is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
The herd of cows and claves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.5 Concord of Others
1. PRINCIPLES OF COCORD
Grammatical
Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity
1.1 GRAMATICAL CONCORD

公司法英文对照(1)完整篇.doc

公司法英文对照（1）-; TABLE OF CONTENTS; 第一章：总则Chapter One：General Provisions; 第二章：有限责任公司的设立和组织机构Chapter Two：Establishment and Organs of Limited Liability Company; 第一节：设立Section One Establishment; 第二节：组织机构Section Two Organs; 第三节：国有独资公司Section Three. Wholly State-owned Company; 第三章：股份有限公司的设立和组织机构Chapter Three：Establishment and Organs of Joint Stock Limited Company; 第一节：设立Section One. Establishment; 第二节：股东大会Section Two. Shareholders’ general committee; 第三节：董事会、经理Section Three. Board Of Directors And General Manager; 第四节：监事会Section Four. Board Of Supervisors; 第四章：股份有限公司的股份发行和转让Chapter Four：Issue and Transfer of Shares of Joint Stock Limited Company; 第一节：股份发行Section One. Issue Of Shares; 第二节：股份转让Section Two. Transfer Of Shares; 第三节：上市公司Section Three. Listed Company; 第五章：公司债券Chapter Five：Company Bonds; 第六章：公司财务、会计Chapter Six：Financial and Accounting Affairs of Company; 第七章：公司合并、分立Chapter Seven：Merger and Division of Company; 第八章：公司破产、解散和清算Chapter Eight：Bankruptcy，Dissolution and Liquidation of Company; 第九章：外国公司的分支机构Chapter Nine：Branch of Foreign Company; 第十章：法律责任Chapter Ten：Legal Liabilities; 第十一章：附则Chapter Eleven：Supplementary Provisions; 第一章：总则Chapter One：General Provisions; 第一条：为了适应建立现代企业制度的需要，规范公司的组织和行为，保护公司、股东和债权人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，根据宪法，制定本法。

国际商务英语Chapter 2-1

quasi-pubic 半公有公司
quasi a combining form meaning ―resembling,‖ ―having some, but not all of the features of,‖ used in the formation of compound words: quasi-definition; quasi-monopoly; quasi-official; quasi-scientific. 1. He was a quasi actor. 他有点象演员。 2. In some people's view, TV series is a kind of quasiart. 在某些人看来，电视连续剧是一种准艺术。

1. proprietorship — 所有权 2. stockholder — 股东，持股人 3. partnership — 合伙企业 4. entity — 实体 5. bankruptcy — 破产 6. joint-stock company — 合股公司 7. dividend —红利，股息 8. bylaw — 附则，细则 9. treasurer — 司库，财务长 10. comptroller —主计长，总会计师
tort: n. 侵权行为 a wrongful act, not including a breach of contract or trust, that results in injury to another's person, property, reputation, or the like, and for which the injured party is entitled to compensation.

大学专业英语chapter two

WHAT IS SAMPLING?
Sampling is the process of selecting subjects to study from the target population.
Be representative
Small sample>=30
Sampling
Types of sampling:
Correlation
Experiment: Independent variables/dependent variables Extraneous variables
Hypotheses
Hypotheses is a precise testable statement of what the researchers predicts will be the outcome of the study.
• Random • Stratified • Opportunity • Self-selecting
Experimental design
Three types of design: • Repeated measures • Independent measures • Matched pairs Order effects
o The Ha states that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable has an effect on the other).
Positive correlation Negative correlation
Experimental methods

实用英汉翻译技巧与实践(Chapter 1&2)

An Applied Course in English-Chinese Translation Skills and Practice实用英汉翻译技巧与实践(Definition of Translation)1.2 翻译的原则(Principles of Translation)忠实(Faithfulness)通顺(Smoothness)1.3 翻译的基本步骤(Basic Steps in Translation)a. 原文理解（Comprehension of Source Texts)•词义确定（Determination of Word Meaning)It is quite another story now.The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post.The white-haired girl's story is one of the saddest.A young man came to police station with a story.•语法分析（Grammatical Analysis)W hile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.•逻辑判断（Logical Judgement)H e bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be replica.•文体把握（Understanding of Style)旅游景点警示语：路滑, 小心跌倒！译1：The road is slippery, fall down carefully！译2：The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down.译3：Slippery // Wet path！b.译文表达（Expression of Target Texts)c. 译文校核(Proofreading of Target Texts)1.4 翻译的主要方法（Major Translation Approaches)a. 直译法（Literal Translation）p aper tigerl ose facer unning dogG ood to begin well, better to end well.b. 意译法（Free Translation）Q ueen’s Englishs mall talkr eceive glove moneyE very life has its roses and thorns．c. 归化法（Domestication）b lack sheepa s timid as a hared.异化法（Foreignization）1.5 翻译的常用技巧（Practical Translation Skills)异&选择（Choice of Word Meaning)一词多义（Polysemous Words）•New homes are for sale.•I’ll see her home tonight.•He’s at home with classics.•Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.a. 语境与词义（Context and Word Meaning）A caller to the broadcasting station claimed responsibility for the bombing.T hroughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.b.词性与词义（Word Class and Word Meaning）M y room was big, light and looked out on the East lake.H e lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went on.c.文体与词义（Style and Word Meaning）•United States Declaration of Independence：He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.•The third power of 2 is 8.2.2 引申翻译a. 具体化引申翻译（Extension from the Abstract or General Words to the Concrete Words)•抽象名词的具体化（Concreteness fromAbstract Nouns)T he car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.T he administration was free from corruption.•概括词语的具体化（Concreteness from General Words）A nimal waste is the best food for the soil.T he weather has a great effect on the farmer¡¯s work and the products of his work.b. 概括化引申翻译（Extension from the Concrete or Special Words to the General Words)H e was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.M y father is the bread earner.2.3 增补翻译(Addition)a. 语法增补（Grammatical Addition)•动词的增补（Addition of Verbs)I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.A fter the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he went home tiredly.•量词的增补（Addition of Measure Words)A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.T he carefully planned party turned out to be a bad dream.•时态词的增补（Addition of Words Denoting Tenses)T he tutor had taught the girl to play the piano.T he old man said, “They say his father was ¡°a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”译文：老头儿说: “听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。

新英汉翻译课件教程 chapter 2 翻译的过程

例1：Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it. (G.A.Lensen: Russian’s Eastward Expansion) 【译文】他们发现了一个无名小岛后，便住了下来，在那里过冬。【解析】这是个“主-谓”结构的简单句，译文的靓点是“wintered upon it”，“winter”用作名词是 “冬天”，用作动词译为“过冬”。“过冬”肯定是住下来过，因此增加了“住下来”使句子顿时鲜活。比如“shadow”我们对它的认识就是“阴影、影子”，但“Shadow him and see what is going to happen.”却是“跟踪他看看会发生什么”，它用作动词时意思却变为“如影随形地跟踪”。
译文欣赏
1.无论是中国还是美国，都不会缩小贸易的重要性。 2. 几乎是毫无意识地，我用手指抚摸着我所熟悉的叶片和花朵，这新长的叶子和新开的花朵迎来了南方美好的春天。 3. 话说，人生幸福只需三条：有所爱，有所为，有所盼。 4. 爱丽丝无所事事，跟姐姐一起闲坐岸边，开始感到厌倦了。姐姐正在看书，她瞥了一两眼，但是那书上并没有图画或对话。爱丽丝想，一本书中如果没有图画或是对话，那它又有什么用呢？
【译文】让我们回到密西西比去，回到亚拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到佐治亚去，回到路易斯安娜去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去。要牢记，这种状况是能够，也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不可自拔。朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。我梦想有一天，这个国家会站起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等。” 【解析】译文再现原文交际情景，选词组句紧扣原文，给读者描述了一件发生在异国他乡的事件。译者运用直译手法，刻意保留原文的语言和文化差异，文化色彩，使译文“洋气”一点。直译可以缩短民族文化交流的差距。

Chapter 2 (1) 加注与释义

第二章翻译的技巧（一）
Annotation & Paraphrase
1. Annotation
Annotation is used in translation of some cultural terms which have no equivalent expression in another language.
Annotation
(1)音译加注（Transliteration plus 音译加注（音译加注 annotation）(see p.20) ） 1) pizza 2) Sahara 3) AIDS 6) Jazz 7) He did it a Jordan.
New York was never Mecca to me. 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。圣地麦加纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。 Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath. 他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子酒神巴赫斯的儿子，他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。瓶威士忌。 *巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神
She and her mother are as like as two peas. 她和她母亲长得一模一样. (as like as two peas 不能译为 "像两颗豌豆一样相似")
In-class Exercise
“Don’t you know that I only love you in the world--- you, who are a stone to me.” The audience brought down the house. Our son must go the school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in. The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch. The staff members folded like an accordion(手风琴). The baby was brought up on the bottle. He ran away like one o’clock. Our appeal remained a dead letter. “你难道不知道我爱的是你？你对我就像石头一样冥顽不灵。” 观众们全场喝彩。我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。狡猾的敌人，一边伸出橄榄枝，表示愿意讲和，一边在准备发动新的攻势。这个工作人员就像合拢的手风琴一样一声不吭了。这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。他飞快地跑掉了。我们的呼吁石沉大海。

朗文5A-Chapter-2复习题要

朗文5A Chapter Two复习提要Part A and BNew words and phrases （要求：知道中文意思，会读，会拼写。

）competition 名词，竞争，比赛，竞赛 (注意发音)。

mark 名词，(考试的)分数，可数。

course 名词，1.科目，课程; 2.一道菜 the main course 主菜(4B)。

weight 名词，重量。

hard 它是个多义词，在本课中是个副词，意为“努力地”；比较级harder，更加努力地。

turn over a new leaf 它是英文中的习惯表达，类似汉语中的成语，意为“重新开始，改过自新，翻开新的一页”。

wishing tree 许愿树make plans for...为...制定计划the new school year 新学年want to do sth. 想要做某事win the swimming competition赢得游泳比赛get high marks 取得高分 put on weight发胖，增重practise swimming harder更加努力地练习游泳take a Japanese course 攻读一个日语课程join the Cubs加入幼童军Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。

）本部分学习so作为连词的用法，在句中意为“所以，因此”What do you want to do? 你想要做什么？I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practise swimming harder. 我想要赢得游泳比赛，因此我计划更加努力地练习游泳。

句中用一般现在时描述目标，运用短语want to do sth. so后面连接计划、打算，用be going to一般现在将来时表达。

2. What do you want to do? I want to improve my English so I’m going to read more English books. 我想要提高英语，所以我计划读更多英文书。

美国文学史chaptertwo(sectionI)

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Major Writers and Literary Works
--- several names attached to Irving (1) the first American writer who gained international fame (2) started short story as a literary genre (3) father of American literature
• Characteristics of Romanticism • 1. subjectivity • (1) feeling and emotions, finding truth • (2) emphasis on imagination • (3) emphasis on individualism –
(Rousseau: French Philosopher)
American Romanticism
• Background • (1) Political background • a. economic boom • b. calling for culture independence • c. eagerness in literary expression • (2) Romantic movement in European
• Major work:
• The Sketch Book , including his best-known short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle
countries
Features
• (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and blended with “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.

Chapter Two 词汇翻译

China policy 对华政策（不是“中国政策”
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black art 妖术（不是“黑色艺术”） black stranger 完全陌生的人（不是“陌生的黑人”） white coal （作动力来源用的）水（不是 “白煤”） white man 忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的人”） yellow book 黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”） red tape 官僚习气（不是“红色带子”） green hand 新手（不是“绿手”）
13
四
词语含义的理解
standing: To our knowledge, their financial standing is sound. (据我们了解，他们的财务状况良好） business standing (营业状况） commercial standing (商业信用）
14
turnover: This product has a fast turnover, three shipments going out per day. 这产品的成交量很高，每天可出三批货 Starbucks’ annual turnover is 60 million yuan. The company has a fast turnover because of the poor working condition.
5
We are sorry to say we had to lodge a claim against you to cover our loss and hope you will take action immediately. 译文：十分遗憾的奉告，我方不得不向你方提出索赔以弥补我方损失，并望尽快落实。

跨文化交际Chapter 2

Culture is adaptive
Culture is adaptive
Culture is adaptive
Metaphors of culture --- culture is like an iceberg
Metaphors of culture --- culture is like an iceberg
Definitions of Culture
Historically, “culture” derives from Latin word “colere”. Culture usually refers to sth that derives from or created by the intervention of humans ----- culture is cultivated. No less than 164 definitions of culture (Kroeber and Kluckhohn, 1952);
• Culture is ongoing and subject to change; • Culture seldom remain constant; • They can produce change through the mechanisms of invention and diffusion. • Culture changed also because of (1) laws, (2) shifts in values, (3) natural disasters, (4) wars, or other calamities. The most significant is (5) economic change. • “Change” involves adaptation.

ChapterTwo语义翻译

Part One Word-meaning Choosing
1.词义理解。(Lexical level) 2.语义理解。(Sentence level) 3.上下文理解。(Co-text level) 4.文化背景理解。(Social level)
1. 词义的理解。 (1) Polysemous words are common in both Chinese and English.
Part Two Collocation in expressing
1. Expressing on the lexical level. 2. Expressing on the syntactic level. 3. Expressing on the logical level. 4. Expressing on style and implied
Miss Jonhson is the manager’s girl Friday. Tom is a green hand. Chia pao-yu is a Green Boy. He may always possess merits which make or everything; if
A. 大量的美国无线电台运行良好。 B. 许多美国无线电台竞争激烈。 C. 许多美国广播电台向红色国家广播。 D. 大量的美国无线电台在惨淡经营。
e.g. Miss Johnson is the manager's girl Friday.
A 约翰逊小姐是经理的“星期五情妇”。 B 约翰逊小姐是经理的“小秘”。 C 约翰逊小姐星期五为经理当秘书。 D 约翰逊小姐是经理的私人助理。
e.g. head 和头
head
He was badly wounded in his head. You should use your head a bit. He has a good head for mathematics. Prick with the head of a needle. The dinner cost us five dollars a head.

Chapter Two 词汇记忆

Chapter Two词汇记忆一．发音记忆法英语是拼音文字，语音感很强，发好音是学好英语记忆单词的第一关，记一个单词时，我们常常首先默念一下这个单词的发音，如[gud]，然后才拼出这个单词的字母g-o-o-d。

记单词，不能一个个字母地死记硬背，而是要结合英语的发音及发音规则进行记忆。

英语单词记忆无外乎是要记住单词的发音、拼写、词义和用法，而最首要的就是发音，读不出单词的语音，怎么能拼写出字母来呢？所以记单词首先应从语音上下功夫，掌握国际音标和发音规律，以达到科学记忆。

例如：我们知道元音字母0在重读音节时读[əu]，根据这条规则，go，hope，note 等词，不用费什么劲就记住了。

另外还有一条发音规则在0之后，如果是m，n，v，th时，o可以读[ʌ]，根据这条规则，我们不会把mother，some，come，dove,等单词中的0写错。

注意：发音记忆法的关键是发音正确。

如果一个单词听也听不懂，说也不会说，要想记住它实在是太难了。

二．分类记忆法英语词汇极其丰富，如果能把单词分明别类的进行记忆，是大有好处的。

分类方法灵活多样，例如：1）星期(week)Monday（星期一）、Tuesday（星期二）、Wednesday（星期三）、Thursday（星期四）、Friday （星期五）、Saturday（星期六）、Sunday（星期天）（2）月份(month)January（一月）、February（二月）、March（三月）、April（四月）、May（五月）、June （六月）、July（七月）、August（八月）、September（九月）、October（十月）、November （十一月）、December（十二月）（3）季节(season)spring（春节）、summer（夏天）、autumn（秋天）、winter（冬天）（4）颜色(color)red 红色（的）、yellow黄色（的）、blue蓝色（的）、green绿色（的）、black黑色（的）、white白色（的）、orange橙黄色（的）、brown棕色（的）、褐色（的）、pink粉红色（的）、purple紫色（的）、gray灰色（的）（5）国家(country)China(中国)、Japan（日本）、England(英国)、India（印度）、Canada（加拿大）、America / the United States(美国)、Australia（澳大利亚）、Germany（德国）、Russia（俄罗斯）、France（法国）（6）大洲Asia（亚洲）、Africa（非洲）、America（美洲）、Europe（欧洲）（7）动物(animal)lion（狮子）、tiger（老虎）、elephant（大象）、camel（骆驼）、cow（奶牛）、pig（猪）、fox（狐狸）、snake（蛇）、duck（鸭子）、chicken（鸡）、hen（母鸡）、bird（小鸟）、rabbit（兔子）、panda（熊猫）、deer（鹿）、giraffe（长颈鹿）、sheep（羊）、fish（鱼）、ant（蚂蚁）、mouse (mice) / rat（老鼠）、dog（狗）、cat（猫）、monkey（猴子）、pig （猪）（8）衣着clothes（衣服）、hat（帽子）、shirt（衬衫）、T-shirt（男衬衫）、coat（外套、上衣）、raincoat（雨衣）、uniform（制服）、skirt（裙子）、dress（连衣裙）、trousers（裤子）、jeans（牛仔裤）、sock（袜子）、shoe（鞋子）（9）科目(subject)Chinese（汉语）、math（数学）、English（英语）、history（历史）、geography（地理）、biology（生物）、physics（物理）、chemistry（化学）、P.E.（体育）（10）亲属father（父亲）、mother（母亲）、parents（父母）、grandfather / grandpa（爷爷、外公）、grandmother / grandma（奶奶、外婆）、grandparents（爷爷奶奶、外公外婆）、brother（哥、弟）、sister（姐、妹）、cousin堂（表）兄弟、堂（表）姐妹、husband （丈夫）、wife（妻子）、son（儿子）、daughter（女儿）、uncle（叔、伯、舅、姨夫、姑父）、aunt（姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母）三．构词记忆法大家都见过葡萄，摘葡萄都是一串一串地摘。

Chapter Two

a lot 常用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的比较级。
I’ve thought about it a lot. 这事儿我想了许多。 a lot of = lots of 可修饰可数和不可数名词
Reading
Pollution Fighters
Listening
2. repeat / rI5pi:t / v. 重复
7. point / pCInt / n. 观点；理由
8. campaign / kAm5peIn / n. 专为某一目的活动；运动 tree-planting campaign
10. complete / kEm5pli:t / v. 完成
11. make sure 查明; 确定 12. bracket /. general / 5dVenErEl / adj. 普遍的；整体的；大致的，笼统的 3. poster / 5pEJstE/ n. 海报 4. oxygen / 5CksIdVEn / n. 氧气 5. alive / E5laIv / adj. 活着的 6. reduce / rI5dju:s / v. 减少
Reading
10. pass /pB:s / v. 传递 13. breathe / bri:T / v. 呼吸 15. insect / Insekt / n. 昆虫
New Words
11. collect / kE5lekt/ v. 收集；搜集 12. project / 5prCdVekt / n. 课题研究～ on sth. ～ fresh air
26. on the end of 在…末端（on侧重于“面”的接触） at the end of （at侧重于“点”的接触）
27. thank sb. for 因…而感谢某人

同济大学英语 PPT ChapterTwo.ppt

Memorandum
Body Message
Memorandum To: All staff From: John Miller, Manager Date: 5 May, 2008 Subject: Time for blood donations Good News! Each year we work with the Red Cross in setting up a special room for blood donations from employees. This year the oneday drive kicks off after lunch on Friday and will be held in the main conference room on the 4th floor. As a bonus, Gole Sam, our president, said that anyone who donates can take the rest of the afternoon off!
Chapter Two
Writing Memos
Memo
A memo (more formally, memorandum or plural memoranda )
is an administrative document.
Memo writing guidelines
• is used only for communication within a comment and not used for inter-company communication)
them. 3.The size of each class will be limited to 12 participants.

山东财经大学chapter two 汉译英词语的翻译1

• 每天老大爷亲自送孙子上幼儿园。 • Everyday the grandpa himself takes his grandson to the kindergarten. • 把犯罪分子送交法院审判。 • Hand the criminal over to the court for trial. • 送君千里，终须一别。 • Although you escort your guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.
一词多义
人家
• 你们村子上有多少人家？ • How many households are there in your village?
• 他妹妹已经有人家了。 • His sister is already engaged.
• 这件事我是听人家说的。 • I hear it from others.
纺织品纸币四季豆防水油布高中黄皮书、黄页变质的奶公共厕所承认说的错话当心，留神假正经
• • • • • • • • • • •
dried goods joss paper mung bean oily skin university/ college pornography yogurt lounge break a promise look outside yes-man
2.1.3.词义关系
• • • • 完全对等部分对等不对等一词多义
完全对等
• 完全对等是指英语中有些词所表达的意义，在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达，它们的意义在上下文中完全对等。这类词主要是专有名词及简单的普通名词以及术语。 • China = 中国 , Germany = 德国, • New York = 纽约， table = 桌子, • watch = 手表， sun = 太阳 • Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿斯匹林 • 激光= laser 白血病= leukemia

大学英语跨文化交际 chapter two

Intercultural Communication
The international and domestic changes have brought us into direct and indirect contact with people who, because of their cultural diversity, often appear alien, exotic, and perhaps even wondrous.
(3)Psychological noise: psychological tendency or forces within the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding. (4)Semantic noise: the receiver cannot understand what’s intended by the sender.
Culture and Communication
Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.
Cultures inherently contain communication systems. They are inseparable. Cultures generated symbols, rituals, customs, and formats that are used in communication. Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it.

Chapter 2 phonetics(1)

While the English users find it difficult to address(speak) a Chinese whose family name is ―张”(zhang) or ―常” (chang) which is Pinyin—the alphabets to t r a n s c r i b e t h e pronunciation of Chinese c h a r a c t e r s .
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Different languages may use different SPEECH SOUNDs in their spoken language system. Chinese doesn’t have the [W] sound which initiates (begins) the English word think.
3.teeth ridge (alveolus)
4. Hard palate
5.soft palate (velum)
6.uvula 7.tip of tongue
8. Blade of tongue (舌面)
9. Back of tongue 10.vocal cords 11.pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity
Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech called voicing（浊音化）, which is the feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless（清音）.