国际音标表(IPA)(2015版)
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国际音标表（IPA ）（2015版）
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
? 2015 IPA
Bilabial Labiodental Dental
Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal
Velar
Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
VOWELS
Front
Central
Back
Clicks
Voiced implosives
Ejectives
Close
Bilabial Bilabial Examples:
Dental
Dental/alveolar
Bilabial
Close-mid
(Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Velar
Velar
Open-mid
Alveolar lateral
Uvular
Alveolar fricative
OTHER SYMBOLS
Open
Voiceless labial-velar fricative
Voiced labial-velar approximant
Voiced labial-palatal approximant
Voiceless epiglottal fricative
Voiced epiglottal fricative Epiglottal plosive
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Voiced alveolar lateral flap Simultaneous and
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress Secondary stress Long Half-long DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
Voiceless Breathy voiced
Dental
Voiced
Creaky voiced
Apical
Aspirated
Linguolabial
Laminal
More rounded
Labialized
Nasalized
Less rounded
Palatalized
Nasal release
Advanced Velarized
Retracted
Pharyngealized
Centralized
Velarized or pharyng
Mid-centralized
Raised
Syllabic
Lowered
Non-syllabic
Advanced Tongue R
Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root
Extra-short Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
Extra
CONTOUR
or or Rising
high
High Falling
Mid
High
rising
Low
Low
rising
Extr a Rising-
low falling
Downstep Global rise
Upstep Global fall