学术英语abstract写作word版本
学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract
What is an abstract? Types of abstracts Why write an abstract? What should the abstract include? How do you write an abstract? What is the style of an abstract? An outline for writing an abstract Common problems in writing an abstract Difference between an abstract and an introduction The Tricks, Conclusion of the lecture
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
学术英语
The Study of College Students’ Sports Safety Issue in PE Class------take Zhejiang University of Science andTechnology as an exampleName: Wang YiClass: Marketing122Number: 1120650044The Study of College Students’ Sports Safety Issue in PE class ——take Zhejiang University of Science and Technology as an example Abstract: The physical education class is not only an obligatory course in college, but also a good way for students to participate in physical exercise. But in recent years, a common phenomenon is that many students in physical education movement are easy to get injured. Therefore, it’s necessary to pay more attention to sports safety issues. This article is mainly through questionnaires and interviews to collect data and analyze the statistical data in order to analyze the reasons for student injuries. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the reasons and put forward appropriate recommendations to reduce and prevent sports injuries in physical education class. Finally, using experimental comparison method, comparing the injury proportion of the students who adopt the recommendations and the students who did not adopt the recommendations to verify the effectiveness of recommendations .Article is consisted of three parts, I will elaborate the status and problems, causes(from four aspects), recommendations (from both teachers and students)these three parts.Keywords: 1.college students 2.physical education class3. sports safety issuePhysical education class is a relaxing and interesting class, it is not only beneficial to help us build up our body, but also can entertain us. But in recent years, there is a common phenomenon that a lot of students get injured in the physical education class. For example, running in the fall, sprain and so on. This not only brings us to the pain, but also declines our good impression about PE class. What’s worse, we may fear in some sports. Therefore, it’s necessary for us to conduct a preliminary investigation and analysis of the causes of the phenomenon. Finally, put forward some reasonable recommendations to improve the situation in sports injuries.After the questionnaires, we count and analyze the data, and finally summed up in four main reasons to explain why we are often injured in PE class.To begin with, students lack of safety awareness. Safety awareness of movement is possible to understand the dangerous situations in PE class and avoid these situations, but sixty percent students' understanding of safety awareness is ambiguous. The teachers mentioned it in the classroom is only occasionally. From this, we can see no matter we are teachers or students, we do not pay enough attention to safety awareness. So students lack a certain degree of safety awareness.Second, college students lack of physical exercise in daily life. From the survey data, we found that fifty percent of the students’movementfrequency is once a week, fifteen percent students less than once a week and five percent students almost don’t take part in sports. It’s normally visible that movement in our students’life is very limited. Therefore, when students suddenly do a certain amount of movement in the physical education class, our body is difficult to adapt to it which makes us very easy to get injured.In addition, the preparation activities before exercise have not done enough is another reason for injuries. Preparation activities are some simple systemic activities before exercise, the purpose is to increase muscle temperature, improve the skill level of the internal organs, regulate mental state and prepare for the next campaign. So preparation activities are important for us. However, in the questionnaire survey, we found that although eighty-five percent students knew its importance, students really do each preparation activity seriously is only forty percent. About sixty percent of students are not serious enough.Last but not the least, our sports action is not standardized. We all know that every sport has its prescribed action. Standard action allows us to reduce the chances of injury. But in the survey, we can see that the students know about the sports skills roughly, the percent is seventy-two. As for the level of action norms in movement is only moderate, seventy percent students do not meet the specification level. This leads to the increases of possibility of students’ injuries.Through the survey, we conclude four reasons to account for the sports injuries. Now we have known the reasons, we try to put forward reasonable and feasible recommendations so that we can improve this situation.We can proceed from both teachers and students.At first, teachers should strengthen sport safety education to improve students’safety awareness. Teachers would better introduce some specialized knowledge about sports safety to students, especially the specification, dangerous and how to avoid the dangerous in sports which students are going to do. Through the education of safety knowledge, it’s beneficial to help to improve students 'knowledge of sports injuries, and enhance students' self-protection awareness. Only prevention consciousness raised and ideologically really pay attention to it can we reduce sports injuries radically.Second, teachers should arrange course content scientifically in order to avoid the injuries of excessive movement. Movement in the course is ought to follow the principle that from easy to difficult. The amount of exercise should from less to much so that we can give the body a process of adaptation. Once movement excessively, the body can not afford or physical fatigue. It makes our exercise capacity decreased, which is very easy to make us hurt.Furthermore, students are supposed to often take part in physical exercise in usual. Take part in physical exercise will not only improve ourphysical fitness, but also can allow us to reduce the risk of injuries in sports in physical education class. In the usual exercise, our body functions are strengthened in all aspects, our knowledge of sports also increased, so in the class, our body can adapt to various sports.Besides, why not be prepared before exercise activities. We should pay more attention to the importance of preparation activities. Before exercise we should do each activity seriously, the action should be in place. According to the sports, select a corresponding movement of the preparation activities. To do enough preparation activities for the parts which has a large amount of exercise and easy to get injured. So through prior activities, our bodies are easy to adapt to the next exercise.What’s more, it is necessary for students to learn more about sports safety knowledge by themselves. In the usual classroom, the teacher may ignore impart knowledge about sports safety. If we do not have any knowledge in this regard is likely to be injured because of ignorance. In order to avoid this, we can learn a little knowledge about sports safety by our own in peacetime. As a result, even if the teacher does not introduce, we also know how to avoid injury.Although we have put forward some advice, people may still doubt the feasibility of the measures. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of these measures, we carry out an experiment. We select one hundred students randomly. Then they were divided into two groups, each grouphas fifty students. One group adopted the above recommendations, another group did not take. After a period of time, we count the injured students in each group. The injury proportion of the group who takes the recommendations is ten percent. The proportion of injured of the group who did not adopt the recommendations is sixteen percent. Compared to this experiment, it’s obvious that these recommendations are effective, they can improve the situation of students injuries.In a word, through this study, we know why many college students get injured in physical education class. There are four main reasons account for it. We lack of safety awareness, lack of physical exercise in usual. In the class, we do preparation activities inadequate. Our sports action is not standardized. These result in our injuries. According to these reasons, we can conclude that the improvement of college injuries can be taken from the teachers and students two aspects. Teachers should strengthen education on sports safety to improve students’safety awareness; then arrange the course science to avoid excessively movements. Students should participate in more physical exercise in peacetime. Before exercise, we should do enough preparation activities. In daily life, we’d better learn more about sports safety knowledge. I hope that through this research, the students will pay more attention to the sports safety issues in physical education class, enhance safety awareness and understand the causes of injury. What’s more, enhance self-protectionby the measures so that can reduce injured.ReferencesSHI, Da-Ling., & ZHENG, Ai-zhen. (2004). The survey of college students’ sports injuries and the analysis of the causes. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. o3ZhEN, Da-qing. (2011).The Prevention of Students’Sports Injuries in Physical Education. Magnificent Wrting.02ZHAO, Wen-hu. (2011). Talking about sports injuries’prevention. Manager’ Journal.01AN, Min & QIAN Liang. (2005). The Investigation and Analysis of Common College Students’Sports Injuries. Journal of Yunnan Nomal University (Natural Science).03LI, Zhen. , & CHEN, Chao. (2008). The Investigation and Study of Contemporary College Students’Sports Injuries in Physical Exercise. Social Sciences Review.04W ANG, Feng-ying. , & JIANG, Xia. (2004). The Analysis of Sports Injuries and Some Preventive Measures.03ExcursusThe questionnaire about university students' sports safety issue inphysical education classDear students:How are you! According to the situation that many students are injured in physical education class, we design this questionnaire. The purpose of this survey is to understand the students’ safety awareness in sports and hope to understand the causes of injury. Please tick in brackets which before the answer depending on the options you select.1 do you see any injuries in movement in physical education class? ( ) Yes ( ) No2 What is the situation of injury you often see in class?( ) break ( ) sprain ( ) others3 How often do you usually participate in movement?( ) Twice a week or more ( ) once a week( ) less than once a week ( ) almost does not participate4 What is your level of understanding about the sports safety in physical education class?( ) very clear ( ) know a little ( ) not clear5 Does the physical education teachers conducted to explain the knowledge related to sports safety to you?( ) often introduced clearly ( ) occasionally mentioned ( ) did not mention6 Do you think preparation activities in physical education are important? ( ) Yes, I do ( ) No, I don’t7 Do you treat preparation activities seriously in physical education and do each preparation activities well?( ) Yes ( ) No8 What is your understanding of sports skill in physical education? ( ) very clear ( ) know a little ( ) not clear9 What is your specification degree of sports action in physical education?( ) standardized ( ) General ( ) not standardized 10 What do you think the exercise intensity in physical education? ( ) Tired ( ) proper ( ) easyThank you very much for your cooperation!。
学术英语(理工)abstract
电脑黑客是如何侵入计算机的？摘要：对于黑客是如何进入计算机这个问题，要想简单地去解释是很困难的。
在本文中，我们将提供很多细节并且分析黑客侵入计算机所使用的方法。
一般来说，侵入计算机有三种形式：进入计算机系统的存储目录，掌控系统的处理能力，捕获计算机系统之间的信息交流。
至于使用的方法，我们可以简要地描述为利用计算机中的漏洞，包括已知的漏洞，如因功能需要所存在的漏洞；还有就是未知的漏洞，如由欠佳的工程处理所致或从那些原本需要的功能中产生了意外的后果。
另外，在黑客利用所开发出的技术之前，他们必须明确目标系统的规格，然后便能利用已知构型的漏洞来侵入电脑了。
当然，从黑客所使用的技术中，我们也可受到启发，如何去限制和管理系统漏洞，以此来保护我们的计算机。
关键词：计算机，非授权用户，漏洞，安全。
How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer? Abstract: It is very difficult if you want to simply explain how computer hackers “get inside” a computer. In this text, we will provide lots of details and analyze the way hackers use to invade into the computer. Generally speaking, there’re three patterns of getting inside the computer, which refer to gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities of system, or capturing information being communicated between systems. As for the method, concisely, we can describe it as exploiting vulnerabilities, which includes known vulnerabilities, exist as the result of needed capabilities, and the unknown vulnerabilities, the result of poor engineering or arise from unexpected consequence of the needed capabilities. On the other hand, the unauthorized user must determine the specification of the target system, and then they can exploit the configuration’s known vulnerabilities. Of course, from the hackers’ method, we can also be enlightened how to limit and manage the vulnerabilities of your system in order to assure the security of the computer.Keywords: computer, unauthorized user, vulnerabilities, security.。
学术英语abstract写作
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
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· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
学术英语写作Unit 5 Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style. An abstract is a summary of a body of information. Sometimes, abstracts are in fact called summaries-sometimes, executive summaries or executive abstracts. There are different kinds of abstracts— your technical report uses two types: the descriptive abstract and the informative abstract.
Descriptive Abstracts
In this type of abstract, you don't summarize any of the facts or conclusions of the report. The descriptive abstract does not say something like this: Problem: Based on an exhaustive review of currently available
学术英语Abstract
AbstractIT ,A hot topic,which lasts for several years.That,s is sure ,as one of IT area,cloud storage has become more and more popular.After some enquiring comprehending aroudsdudents.It authenticate that although many students are using cloud storage,but they don,t understand pared the capacitance,they pay more attention to the advantages,disadvantages,secure,sustainability and internet speed.Andthen Searching for Google for some hours，it found that almost the big companies have advanced cloud storage technologies，some of them provide customer free storage enclosure，other gather some lease fee.Once some experts forecast cloud storage unsupersedetate.So,both customer angle and supplier angle,studying cloud storage has giant significance.This article is about enterprise-level cloud data storage. For consumer-level file hosting services, see file hosting service.Based on investigating quantities of materials，With self analysis and elaborative arrange，formed this article,which aim at helping the cloud storage customers understandthe details of their commodity.This article will show you the glamour of cloud storage.Meanwhile,promting the development of cloud storage.Key words: History Architecture Advantages concerns翻译：IT 行业，一个已经持续了几年的脱手可热的话题。
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-8-Writing-Abstract
Unit 8 Writing AbstractObjectives- Learn the purpose of writing an academic abstract- Get to understand different types of abstracts and the abstract elements- Understand features of academic English in writing an abstract- Learn how to write an academic abstract- Learn how to write key wordsContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion:What is an academic abstract?What are the elements of an abstract?- Language focus: commonly used verbs and tenses; sentence patterns- Rewriting practice: understand different styles of academic abstracts- Rewriting practice: understand the elements of an academic abstract- Writing practice: write an abstract and key words based on the given material1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskAbstract is an important part of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest that you leave abstract writing to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.Before you learn the detailed steps to write an abstract, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of writing an abstract?What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?What language problems may you have in abstract writing? (For example: the wording problem, the tense problem and the voice problem, etc.)1.2Reading PassageSample Abstract 1This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarifies the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.(Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs and tenses in abstractsRead the following sample abstract and pay attention to the verbs used in it. Sample abstract 2Cybercrime –crime on the Internet –is of growing concern in the business community. Despite UK Government initiatives (such as BS7799) and growing sales in software solutions (e.g. anti-virus software), cyber attacks are on the increase. This dissertation focuses on ways to assess the effectiveness of current preventative measures to cybercrime and to understand why organizations continue to be vulnerable to cybercrime. This dissertation met these twin research aims through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a Case Study with Company XXX using semi-structured interviews with key I.T. security personnel. This research produced a number of key findings: recent surveys confirm a significant increase in the incidences of cybercrime and their impact on the business community but also the types of cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity theft, fraud, privacy issues, web vandalism, etc.); organizations lacked the security expertise to deal with cybercrime and so depended too much on readily available technical ways to combat cybercrime (and failing); organizations were not aware of Government recommendations on how to address Internet-based security issues; and Governments and law enforcement agencies tended to localize cybercrime, allocating scant resources to contributing to a global solution. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to fighting cybercrime are deficient because they fail to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow local software-based focus, and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at local, national and international level has hindered security development. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of cybercrime. It takes into account Risk-Assessment models, local management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for global support infrastructures, and a means of fostering communication networks.(/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1 Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem is not obviously "interesting", it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Read the following paragraph and write down the Motivation in the blank.A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required to solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment. One such technique is the method that involves the use of permeable treatment walls. These methods use a reactive medium such as iron to remediate contaminated groundwater.3.1.2 What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. Read the following paragraph and write the problem (aim) in the blank.Several methods of implementing this remediation strategy have been described. These methods include injection and trenching. The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program.3.1.3 How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Read the following paragraph and write the approach in the blank.The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program. The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4 What is the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you do not have room for all the caveats. Read the following paragraph and write the result in the blank.The results showed that increasing the wall length, gate length and permeability increases the size of the plume captured. An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5 What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case? Read the following and write the conclusion in the blank:A sensitivity analysis has been conducted that shows that increasing the size of the capture zone decreases the residence time which will limit the design. The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented so that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.2 The following is a structured abstract from a report examining the network legitimacy in China telecommunication market (Low, Johnston, and Wang 97). Read it and transfer it into an informative abstract.Abstract structurePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach –The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complemented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings –The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications –The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications –In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.3.3Writing keywordsKeywords often stand alone after the Abstract. In choosing the key words, a wide choice of keywords increases the probability that a paper will be retrieved and read, thereby potentially improving citation counts and journal impacts. To ensure that your paper can be found and cited by as many readers as possible, as suggested by James Hartley, it might be worth considering selecting keywords from a series of categories such as Discipline (e.g. economic, chemistry, biomedical), Methods (e.g. experiment, case study, questionnaire, grounded theory), Data source (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary students, senior citizens), Location (e.g. country, city, town, institution), Topic (e.g. air pollution, super-virus, earthquake). Such a selection of keywords allows the search engine, such as Google Advanced Scholar, to list your paper in the results no matter which of the above keywords the reader types in.The researchers sometimes have to trade-off between the keywords, particularly when they write for the journals that bound the number of keywords in the limit of 3~5. In this situation, choose the keywords from recent or often-cited titles close to your contribution. If you pick your keywords in this way, the searches that retrieve these articles will also retrieve yours. Consequently, the chances of your paper being read will increase. Read the above sample abstracts and write down the key words:4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstractBefore you write the Abstract section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1) Identify the major objectives and conclusions.2) Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.3) Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.4) Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.5) State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.6) Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description ofmethods.7) Remove extra words and phrases.8) Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information.9) Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.10) Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with yourwork) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing an abstract section of your research paper.4.2 Outline an abstractWhen we outline an abstract, there are usually five major aliments to follow. The following sample paper is finished without the abstract and key words. Read the paper, find the statements concerned and fill in the blank after it.Sample paperGLOBAL MEGACITIES AND LOW CARBON: FROM CONCEPT PLANNING TO INTEGRATED MODELLINGPhil Jones, Simon Lannon, Robbert van Nouhuys, Hendrik RosenthalMega citiesIn 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2000, it was 47%. By 2010 more than half of the world’s population will be living in cities. The total may even reach 60% by 2030 and possibly 85% by the middle of this century. Such rapidly increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, creates many opportunities and challenges.We are living in a globalized and changing world whereby increasingly we require wise use of human and natural resources. At the same time, we need to reduce the risk urbanization poses and enhance the quality of life for all those who live in, or are impacted by Megacities. Megacities are more than just large cities with populations of 10 million inhabitants or more. They are critical to national economies. Their scalecreates new dynamics, new complexity and new simultaneity of events and processes –physical, social and economic. They host highly efficient economic activities utilizing intense and complex interactions between different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes.Nations undergoing economic progress often generate rapid urbanization linked with considerable opportunities, as well as strong pressures for change accompanied by environmental degradation. In current times in the developing world, Megacities grow faster than ever before and much faster than their infrastructure can support. Traditionally this results in uncontrolled urban sprawl, high traffic volumes and congested transport systems, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, unregulated and disparate land and property markets, insufficient housing development, excessive waste generation, loss of productivity, general economic constipation, degradation and decline.Over the past decades traditional Megacities have been suffering from inadequate representative governance, inhibiting spatial planning, building control, delivery of services (such as water supply, sewage disposal and energy distribution), and the establishment of general order (including security and disaster prevention). Existing administrations and their organizational structures may have been outgrown by the rapidly expanding city and may simply be unable to cope with the huge scale of their new responsibilities. On the other hand, megacities contain a rich mix of coexisting people and support systems when properly planned and managed. Groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social surroundings have opportunity to thrive and develop. Differences in economic development, social polarization, quality of infrastructure and governance are recognized and taken into account. The scale and dynamism of Megacities, coupled with complex interacting processes and the sheer concentration of human capital make them incubators of huge growth and innovation. Megacities are the focal points of globalization as well as the driving forces for development; they harbor a wide spectrum of human skill and potential, creativity, social interaction and cultural diversity.For Hanoi to develop within a rapid urbanization scenario it must look far ahead –not 20 years, not 50 years but 100 years –into the 22nd Century. The use of conventional planning and economic development guidelines have proven to be outdated, resulting in the risk of harboring pronounced poverty, social inequality, and aggravating rapid environmental degradation. Population density, if not managed, increases vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards. Thus, Megacities are both victims and producers of risk, if unmanaged and exposed to the global environmental, socio-economic and political changes to which they contribute.Megacities will be essential and efficient drivers of a nation’s gross domestic product, processes and activities. Megacities will be ideal places to drive activities and innovation to solve social, environmental, medical, socio-economic and political issues. For these reasons, Megacities are necessary and have potential to substantially contribute towards global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.Low Carbon and Energy ModelingAspects of sustainable master planning that impact carbon and energy implications need to be understood to help inform concepts at the earliest stage of the design process. For example, the full benefits of reducing operating energy demand of buildings can only be realized if the energy supply can respond to the reduced demand, which includes the additional benefits of reducing the energy supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces its embodied energy. Likewise, if a low (or zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for example, renewable energy, this is easier to achieve if first the energy demand is reduced. Also, as the operating energy performance of buildings is improved the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the building, for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., becomes of the same order as the embodied energy used in construction and fit-out of the building and its infra-structure. So a balanced approach across energy demand and supply infrastructure, operating energy and embodied energy, is needed to achieve optimum performance.This paper describes how the aspects of low carbon planning and design (i.e. operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, and other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc.) can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely EEP-Urban, at a whole city and building plot level. In particular, it explores how the reduction in energy supply infrastructure together with reduced energy demand can lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions associated with both operating and embodied energy. The concept of the Megacity in the context of Hanoi in 2110 is used to illustrate the model.The Concept of Metabolic Super ClustersHanoi in 2110 will feature super tall skyscrapers, elevated connectors and railways, nodal communication networks, as well as electrical and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods, where people live, shop, relax and work, are built on and above this surface. Built structures are not just individual towers standing independent from another but instead are interlinked and inter-dependent to form an urban spatial organization that allows for vertical connectivity.The urban model proposes 1 million people on a 1 square kilometer floor plate, hence called a Super Cluster. Under current suburban density standards a similar population would require in the order of 100 square kilometers. Thus, this vision for Hanoi in 2110 saves 99% of land for other uses, most notably conservation of ecological functions and provides food, leisure, material and energy support systems for the city thereby localizing the ecological footprint of the city.Another distinct aspect of Hanoi in 2110 is that it does not have static building functions. Instead, land use layers, building envelopes and orientations change over time – hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly – to optimize performance efficiencies, therefore becoming a Metabolic Super Cluster. It is envisaged that Hanoi by the end of this century will consist of 30 metabolic super clusters in addition to its traditional urban city centre.Concentrated compact development will enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers because all infrastructures, environmentally damaging and other undesirablesurface activities are located underground or integrated into the vertical structure, thereby significantly improving the quality of living space at the ground, open-air level. Underground space may also provide a safer environment for some public and commercial activities as well as providing shelter from inclement weather conditions. This may prove to be essential for infrastructure in particular, given the predicted impacts associated with climate change. Elevated multi-level connectors between building clusters are converted into common corridors with public amenities, farms and open space.Quality of life depends on individual perceptions, attitudes, aspirations and value systems. These differ with age, ethnicity, culture and religion, as well as lifestyles, education and cultural background. An individual’s priorities and attitudes to life depend heavily upon socio-economic background and cultural environment. Historic places, cultural sites or public spaces may give Megacities a certain unique identity, heritage, and authenticity. As a result, such spatial capital contributes to social cohesion and makes people feel at home.Nevertheless, the general opinion may be that the quality of life for many residents in Megacities would be low – for rich and poor alike. Air, water and soil pollution, water and energy supply shortages, traffic congestion, environmental health problems, limited green spaces, poverty and malnutrition, social security and public safety problems place many burdens and restrictions on people.The Megacity of the future has adapted to greater diversity in socio-cultural circumstances by including and enhancing the often widespread and dynamic informal activities that enrich such communities. Further development of new visions and innovative management tools are now urgently needed in order to enhance quality of life and create cohesive communities.Urban governance and management is one of the key success factors of any global Megacity. As society and aspirations evolve over time, the city has to be designed to adapt to change. Utopian cities built around fixed ideologies have never worked. Megacities need to be versatile in order to adapt.The main challenges for a Megacity in terms of urban governance are: dealing with the speed of change with intelligent urban infrastructure systems; eradicating social exclusion; and introducing proper forms of urban governance.Way ForwardWhether or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1 km2 super cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density for sustainability, land use and quality of life may be less and will vary with global location. The above approach is essential to inform the design of high rise high density Megacities if they are to realize their full potential for providing sustainable healthy zero carbon cities of the future that can co-exist in a sustainable way with their neighboring rural areas.4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and keywords for the sample paper. Abstract:Key words:5.Final Checklistbackground, purpose, findings, conclusions, recommendations and follow strictly the chronology of the report/papers.∙Avoid excessive use of jargon, and exaggerative language∙Keep within the specified word limit. Most institutions will have their own "house rules" as to the length of the abstract. The abstract should stand alone and be able to be understood without reference to citations,∙Ensure the abstract contains all your key words (for the searchable databases). ∙Add no new information but simply summarize the report/papers. Be intelligible to a wide audience。
学术英语abstract写作
摘要的内容
内容通常包括：
1. 背景知识或文献回顾（Background Information/Literature Review）
2. 研究的主要目的和范围（Principal Purpose） What is the problem to be solved? What has been done? What are the results?
results
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning
progress concerning the particular instructional approach were
method
investigated. Results showed that the Student Response System was an
• Use present tense, past tense and present perfect tense
• Specify any abbreviations
• Use objective, academic instead of emotional words and expressions
of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and
学术英语议论文作文模板
学术英语议论文作文模板英文回答：Introduction。
Begin with a hook to capture the reader's attention.State the thesis statement, which clearly expresses the main argument.Body Paragraphs。
Paragraph 1:Topic sentence: State the first supporting argument.Evidence: Provide concrete examples, data, or research to support the argument.Analysis: Explain how the evidence supports the argument.Paragraph 2:Topic sentence: State the second supporting argument.Evidence: Provide concrete examples, data, or research to support the argument.Analysis: Explain how the evidence supports the argument.Paragraph 3:(Optional) Provide additional evidence or arguments to strengthen the overall thesis.Conclusion。
Restate the thesis statement.Summarize the main supporting arguments.End with a closing statement that reinforces the thesis and leaves a lasting impression.中文回答：前言。
学术英语理工类abstrcat1,3,5,6,8,9,11,15,18
学术英语理工类abstrcat1,3,5,6,8,9,11,15,18南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractComputer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computerand do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractThis article aims to account for the advantages of cloud computering.At the begin of this article,it states what cloud computing is and the overall feature of cloud computering.Then the author lists all kinds of the cloud computering in order to reflect the virtue of it:the most basic ones being remote accessibility,lower costs,and quick re-provisions.At the section of Green computeing,it talks about energy efficient usage of computering resources which is an important advantage of the cloud computering.To draw a conclusion,the cloud computering combines remote accessibility,easy expansion,security and environmentally friendly into one,it is making changes to the whole world.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractWith the development of social and technology, Artificialintelligence may replace human jobs in the future. There are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades. People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution. Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic. Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happened. It bring better plows, planting and sowing machines. Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers’ children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen. So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food become cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spend money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines takeover the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace南昌大学学术英语理工类Abstracthuman jobs.Text 6The article gives detailed explanation for game theory.Firstly the author states the research object of the game theory.Recent research has focused on games that are neitherzero-sum nor purely cooperative,but the games in which palyers must make choice allow for both competition and cooperation.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.Some games can be “solved" completely like tic-tac-toe,while others such as chess are too complex to perform in practice.A game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by John Nash,but this notion remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games.Then the author gives several examples including the prisoners' dilemma,mixing moves,strategic moves,bargaining,concealing and revealing information toillustrate some of the fundamentals of game theory.Though game theory has made some progress in solving several situations of conflict and cooperation recently,it remains far from complete and people still need to try more about the design of successful strategy.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractText 8At the begin of this article,it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it―even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology.Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology ,we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved.The long of one nanometer is so small.When we measure the atomic scale,we can find that it ’s still small compare to the nannmeter.But in a lecture called “Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience”,Nobel Prize winne r Dr.Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something―it’s not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.Then the article statesthat some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics,nanorobot.It nanotechnology in future.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractText 11The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact withpeople for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small involume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.南昌大学学术英语理工类AbstractText 15Genetically modified food caused a fierce debate in the modern society, especially in long agrarian tradition and vocal green lobbies in the country。
学术英语作文示范范文模板
学术英语作文示范范文模板Title: Academic English Writing Sample Essay Template。
Introduction。
In academic writing, it is essential to follow a specific structure and format to effectively convey your ideas and arguments. This essay will provide a sample template for academic English writing, covering the key components of an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.Introduction。
The introduction serves as the opening of your essay, providing background information on the topic and presenting the thesis statement. It should also capture the reader's attention and provide a roadmap for the rest of the essay. In this section, it is important to introduce the topic and its significance, as well as provide any necessary context or background information. The introduction should end with a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument of the essay.Body Paragraphs。
学术英语summary写作模板
学术英语summary写作模板AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive summary of the process of writing an academic English summary. The purpose of thisarticle is to provide guidance on how to create an effective summary and provide tips for improving one’s summary writing skills. The process of writing a summary involves identifying, highlighting, and synthesizing key points from the source material, developing an organized structure and style, formatting, and citing all references used. The primary goalof a summary should be to clearly and concisely communicatethe main ideas of the source material to the reader.To create an effective summary, writers should first identify the most important information from the source material and then highlight it in the summary. Next, writers should synthesize the highlighted information and create an organized structure for the summary. When crafting the language of the summary, writers should focus on being clear and concise, as well as avoiding plagiarism by providing citations for all source materials. Additionally, writers should make sure the formatting of the summary is consistent, following the guidelines of their chosen academic field.By using the steps outlined above, writers can learn to effectively summarize source material and create an organized structure with clear language. As writers become more experienced with summary writing, they will also develop personal preferences that allow them to efficiently craft summaries. To practice summary writing, writers should select source material, try generating summaries, and then reviewthem to identify areas for improvement. By engaging in these activities regularly, writers can sharpen their summarywriting skills and produce summaries that effectively communicate the main ideas of the source.In conclusion, this article has provided a summary of the process for writing an effective academic English summary. In general, the process involves identifying, highlighting, and synthesizing key points from the source material, developingan organized structure, formatting, and citing all references. With practice, writers can learn to craft summaries that effectively communicate the main ideas of the source to the reader.。
学术论文写作报告(英文版)
学术论文写作报告（英文版）Title: Strategies for Effective Academic Writing1. IntroductionAcademic writing plays a crucial role in the dissemination of research findings and the development of knowledge in various disciplines. To produce high-quality academic papers, researchers and students must employ effective writing strategies. This report aims to discuss key strategies for successful academic writing, including proper planning, researching, organizing, and revising.2. PlanningEffective academic writing begins with careful planning. Before starting the writing process, it is essential to identify the purpose and audience for the paper. Clearly outlining the research question or thesis statement is crucial, as it provides direction for the entire paper. Additionally, creating a timeline or schedule for each writing phase enables efficient progress.3. ResearchingThorough research is vital for academic writing. Researchers should review and analyze relevant literature to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This involves searching scholarly databases, reading academic journals, and consulting reputable sources. Taking diligent notes during the research process helps organize ideas and prevent plagiarism.4. OrganizingProper organization is essential for coherent academic writing. Structuring the paper using headings and subheadings helps to communicate ideas clearly and streamline the flow of information.A logical progression of ideas and arguments ensures that readers can easily follow the author's thought process. Arranging information in a way that supports the research question or thesis statement is key to maintaining focus and coherence.5. Writing Style and ToneAcademic writing requires a formal and objective tone. Use of clear and concise language is crucial, avoiding jargon or unnecessary technical terms. Sentences should be well-constructed, with proper grammar and punctuation. Active voice is preferred over passive voice, as it makes the writing more engaging and direct.6. Citations and ReferencingAccurate citations and proper referencing are fundamental to academic writing. Researchers must acknowledge the ideas and works of others by citing them appropriately. Following a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, ensures credibility and respect for intellectual property rights. Careful attention should be paid to in-text citations and the compilation of a comprehensive reference list.7. Revision and EditingEffective academic writing involves multiple rounds of revision and editing. After completing the initial draft, it is crucial to review and refine the content for clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Editing for grammar, punctuation, spelling, and formatting is equally important. Seeking feedback from peers or mentors can help identify areas for improvement and ensure the overall quality of the paper.8. ConclusionIn conclusion, effective academic writing requires careful planning, thorough research, proper organization, adherence to writing conventions, and meticulous revision. Engaging in these strategies can contribute to producing high-quality academic papers that effectively communicate research findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in various disciplines. Researchers and students alike can benefit from understanding and implementing these strategies to enhance their academic writing skills and achieve success in their scholarly pursuits.9. Clarity and CoherenceClarity and coherence are key elements of effective academic writing. Clear and concise writing helps readers understand the research findings and arguments without confusion. It is essential to use simple and precise language, avoiding unnecessary jargon or complex terminology that may alienate readers who are not experts in the field. Using clear and well-structured sentences and paragraphs helps convey ideas logically and coherently.To ensure clarity, it is important to define key terms and concepts,especially if they are specific to the research topic. This provides readers with a solid understanding of the subject matter and prevents any potential misunderstandings. Additionally, providing clear explanations and examples can enhance comprehension and allow readers to follow the researcher's line of reasoning.Coherence refers to the logical flow and connection between different ideas and sections of a paper. Transitions between paragraphs and sections should be smooth and seamless to guide readers through the argument. Using appropriate linking words and phrases, such as "however," "in addition," or "for example," helps establish these connections and maintain the overall coherence of the paper.10. Avoiding PlagiarismPlagiarism is a serious offense in academic writing and can lead to severe consequences, including losing credibility and facing disciplinary actions. To avoid plagiarism, researchers must properly cite and reference all sources used in their paper. This includes both direct quotes and paraphrased information. A citation should be provided whenever a researcher uses someone else's ideas or words, regardless of whether the source is a published work, an interview, or an online resource.Using a consistent citation style throughout the paper is crucial for maintaining accuracy and consistency. Common citation styles include MLA, APA, and Chicago. Each style has specific guidelines for in-text citations, reference lists, and formatting, so it is important to familiarize oneself with the chosen style and followits rules diligently.Properly acknowledging the contributions of others not only prevents plagiarism but also demonstrates intellectual integrity and respect for the work of fellow researchers. By providing accurate citations and references, researchers contribute to the scholarly conversation and build upon existing knowledge in a responsible and ethical manner.11. Proofreading and EditingProofreading and editing are essential steps in the academic writing process to ensure a polished and error-free final product. After completing the initial draft, researchers should review their work for language, grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. It is also crucial to check for consistency in formatting and citation style.Proofreading involves carefully reading the paper to identify and correct any errors or typos. Paying attention to sentence structure, word choice, and clarity helps improve the overall quality of the writing. Reading the paper aloud can also help identify awkward or unclear sentences that may need revision.Editing goes beyond proofreading and involves critically evaluating the content and organization of the paper. Researchers should consider the logical flow of ideas, the effectiveness of arguments, and the overall coherence of the paper. This may require revising, reordering, or expanding sections to enhance clarity and strengthen the argument.Seeking feedback from peers, mentors, or professional editors can provide valuable insights and improve the overall quality of the paper. Fresh eyes can often catch errors or inconsistencies that the author might have missed. Taking the time to carefully proofread and edit the paper demonstrates the researcher's commitment to producing high-quality and professional work.12. Practice and PerseveranceLike any skill, academic writing requires practice and perseverance to improve. Researchers and students should consistently engage in writing activities, such as drafting research papers, writing literature reviews, or submitting conference abstracts. Through practice, writers become more familiar with the conventions of academic writing, enhance their critical thinking skills, and become more confident in expressing their ideas.It is important to remember that academic writing is a process that involves multiple stages, including planning, researching, organizing, writing, and revising. Each stage requires attention to detail and dedication to producing the best possible work.Developing good writing habits, such as setting aside dedicated time for writing, seeking feedback from peers or mentors, and continuously learning and honing writing skills, can contribute to becoming a more effective academic writer.13. ConclusionIn conclusion, effective academic writing involves careful planning, thorough research, proper organization, adherence to writing conventions, and meticulous revision. Clarity and coherence are essential elements for effectively communicating research findings and arguments. Avoiding plagiarism through proper citation and referencing is crucial for maintaining academic integrity. Proofreading and editing ensure the paper is error-free and polished. With practice and perseverance, researchers and students can enhance their academic writing skills and produce high-quality papers that contribute to the scholarly discourse and advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.。
(完整word版)如何写英文Abstract
How to Write an Abstract一、什么是摘要Abstract?an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper.摘要是叙述文章主要内容的一个段落，并且位于文章的开头部分.摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结,它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息.它也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。
而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。
因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。
二、写作Abstract的目的对于科技论文的摘要，Abstract的目的有以下几点：1.Introduce journal articles.rm readers about article`s content.3.Help readers decide whether or not to read article.4.Overview conference programs,abstract collections，and book chapters.三、学习写作Abstract的必要性1。
Helps you present complex information in a clear,concise manner。
2.Helps you read abstracts more effectively.3。
Helps you conduct research.4.Helps you write abstracts for future publications。
5.Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches。
学术英语写作summary范文
学术英语写作summary范文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: An Introduction to Academic WritingHi guys! Today we are going to talk about academic writing. Academic writing is super important because it helps us communicate our ideas in a clear and organized way.First, let's talk about the structure of academic writing. Usually, it has three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction is where you introduce your topic and thesis statement. The body is where you support your thesis with evidence and arguments. And the conclusion is where you summarize your main points and wrap everything up.Next, let's talk about the language of academic writing. It is important to use formal language and avoid slang or contractions. Also, make sure to use proper grammar and spelling.Another important thing in academic writing is to use citations. This means giving credit to the sources you used inyour writing. You can use footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citations to do this.Finally, make sure to revise and edit your writing. Check for any errors in grammar, punctuation, or spelling. It's also a good idea to have someone else read your writing to get feedback.So, that's a basic introduction to academic writing. Remember to practice and keep improving your writing skills. Happy writing!篇2Summary:In the article "The Effects of Technology on Children's Learning", the author explores the impact of technology on children's education. The author discusses how technology can enhance learning by providing access to a vast amount of information and resources. However, the author also highlights the potential negative effects of technology, such as decreased attention span and limited social interaction.The author suggests that it is important for parents and educators to strike a balance between using technology as a learning tool and encouraging traditional forms of learning. Thearticle emphasizes the importance of monitoring children's screen time and ensuring that technology is used in a way that benefits their educational development.Overall, the article acknowledges the benefits of technology in education but also emphasizes the need for caution and moderation. By being mindful of how technology is used, parents and educators can help children to harness the benefits of technology while also promoting healthy cognitive and social development.篇3Summary:Today, I want to talk about academic writing. Academic writing is like the superhero of writing because it is smart, proper, and super cool! When you write academically, you need to use big words and long sentences to show how smart you are. But don't worry, you can always use a dictionary or ask your teacher for help if you get stuck.In academic writing, you need to follow the rules. This means you have to use references and citations to give credit to the people who came up with the ideas you are talking about. This isimportant because it shows that you are honest and respectful of other people's work.Another important thing in academic writing is to stay focused on your topic. You can't just write about whatever you want – you need to stick to the main point and support it with evidence. This can be hard sometimes, but don't give up! Just keep practicing and you'll get better.So, next time you have to write an academic paper, remember to be smart, follow the rules, and stay focused. With these tips, you'll be a superhero of academic writing in no time! Good luck!篇4SummaryLast week, my teacher asked us to write a summary of an academic article for our English class. The article was about the impact of social media on teenagers' mental health. I learned a lot from reading the article, and I want to share some of the key points with you.Firstly, the article discussed how social media can have both positive and negative effects on teenagers' mental health. On theone hand, social media can help teenagers connect with friends and family, express themselves, and find support during difficult times. However, on the other hand, it can also lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and low self-esteem.Secondly, the article highlighted the importance of monitoring and limiting teenagers' use of social media. Excessive use of social media has been linked to a variety of mental health issues, including depression and addiction. Parents and educators play a crucial role in helping teenagers navigate the online world and develop healthy technology habits.Lastly, the article discussed the need for more research on the long-term effects of social media on teenagers' mental health. While some studies have shown a clear link between social media use and mental health problems, more research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between the two.In conclusion, social media has a significant impact on teenagers' mental health, and it is important for parents, educators, and policymakers to address this issue. By promoting healthy online behaviors and supporting teenagers in developing positive coping strategies, we can help prevent the negative effects of social media on mental health.篇5Oh, hello everyone! Today I want to tell you about academic writing in English. Academic writing is like writing essays or reports for school, but it's more fancy and serious. You have to use big words and make sure your sentences are clear and logical.First, you need to have a good topic. It can be anything you want to learn more about, like animals, space, or even your favorite video game. Then, you have to do research to find information and facts to support your ideas. You can use books, articles, or the internet to find the information you need.Next, you have to organize your ideas into paragraphs. Each paragraph should have a topic sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph is about. You also need to use transition words like "first," "next," and "finally" to help your reader follow along.After you write your paragraphs, you need to write a conclusion to sum up what you've learned. This is where you tell your reader why your topic is important and what you want them to remember.Finally, you have to edit and revise your writing. Make sure your sentences are clear and easy to understand. Check for spelling and grammar mistakes, and make sure you've cited your sources correctly.So, that's how you write an academic paper in English. Remember to choose a good topic, do your research, organize your ideas, write a conclusion, and edit your work. You'll be writing like a pro in no time!篇6Today I read a really cool article about academic writing and I want to share a summary with you guys. The article talks about how to write a good academic paper and gives some tips and tricks.First, the article says that you should start by choosing a topic that interests you. This will make the writing process much more fun and you'll be more motivated to do a good job.Next, the article recommends doing some research on your topic. You should read a lot of books and articles to get a good understanding of the subject. This will help you come up with some original ideas for your paper.When you start writing, the article suggests making an outline first. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure your paper flows well.After you finish writing, it's important to edit and proofread your paper. You should check for spelling and grammar mistakes, as well as make sure your ideas are clear and easy to understand.Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of writing clearly and concisely. You should avoid using too many fancy words or complicated sentences.I think these tips are really helpful and I'm going to try them out next time I have to write a paper. I hope you guys found this summary helpful too!。
学术英语写作作文
学术英语写作作文Title: Academic English Writing: Strategies for Success。
Academic English writing is a fundamental skill for students and scholars alike, essential for effectively communicating research findings, presenting arguments, and engaging in scholarly discourse. In this essay, we will explore key strategies for mastering academic English writing.First and foremost, a strong command of grammar and vocabulary is indispensable. Grammatical errors and poor word choice can detract from the clarity and credibility of your writing. Therefore, it is crucial to regularly review grammar rules and expand your vocabulary through reading academic texts and consulting resources such asdictionaries and thesauruses.Furthermore, mastering the structure of academicwriting is essential. Academic essays typically follow aspecific format, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each section serves a distinct purpose, with the introduction providing context and stating the thesis, the body paragraphs presenting evidence and analysis, and the conclusion summarizing the main pointsand offering final thoughts. Familiarizing yourself withthis structure and practicing its implementation will enhance the coherence and organization of your writing.Additionally, developing critical thinking skills is paramount in academic English writing. Analyzing and evaluating sources, synthesizing information, and constructing logical arguments are essential components of scholarly writing. By engaging critically with the material and demonstrating independent thought, you can elevate the quality and depth of your writing.Moreover, effective academic writing requires precision and clarity in expression. Avoiding ambiguity and vagueness ensures that your ideas are communicated accurately to the reader. Use clear and concise language, define terms when necessary, and provide sufficient evidence to support yourclaims. Additionally, pay attention to sentence structure and coherence to facilitate understanding and maintain the reader's engagement.Another key aspect of academic English writing is citation and referencing. Acknowledging the contributions of other scholars and providing proper attribution is essential for academic integrity. Familiarize yourself with the citation style required by your discipline (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and adhere to its guidelines consistently. Proper citation not only avoids plagiarism but also demonstrates your engagement with existing scholarship and positions your work within the broader academic discourse.Furthermore, revising and editing are integral parts of the writing process. After drafting your paper, take the time to review and refine your work. Check for coherence, clarity, and consistency, and ensure that your argument flows logically from one point to the next. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors, and consider seeking feedback from peers or instructors to identify areas for improvement.In conclusion, mastering academic English writing requires a combination of linguistic proficiency,structural understanding, critical thinking, clarity of expression, citation proficiency, and meticulous revision. By honing these skills and applying them consistently, you can enhance the quality and impact of your scholarly writing. Remember, effective academic writing is not only a means of conveying information but also a tool for advancing knowledge and contributing to the academic community.。
学术英语写作范文
学术英语写作范文Here is an essay on the topic of "Academic English Writing Sample" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional title or unnecessary punctuation marks.The importance of academic English writing cannot be overstated in today's globalized world. As the international language of research, education, and professional communication, proficiency in academic English is essential for individuals seeking to thrive in various fields. Whether one is a university student, a researcher, or a business professional, the ability to effectively convey complex ideas and findings through well-structured, formal, and coherent written expression is a valuable asset.Academic English writing differs significantly from other forms of written communication, such as casual conversations or personal narratives. It requires a distinct set of skills and conventions that must be mastered to ensure clear, concise, and persuasive communication. At the core of academic writing lies the ability to research, analyze, and synthesize information from reliable sources, and to present one's findings and arguments in a logical and organized manner.One of the fundamental aspects of academic English writing is the use of formal and objective language. This means avoiding the use of colloquialisms, contractions, and personal pronouns, and instead employing precise and technical vocabulary, as well as a more impersonal tone. Academic writing also emphasizes the importance of citing and referencing sources appropriately, in accordance with established citation styles such as APA, MLA, or Chicago.Another crucial element of academic writing is the development of a clear and coherent structure. This typically involves an introduction that provides background information and states the main thesis or argument, body paragraphs that present and support the key points, and a conclusion that summarizes the main ideas and offers final insights or recommendations. The use of transitional phrases and logical organization is essential in guiding the reader through the progression of the essay or research paper.Effective academic writing also requires the ability to critically analyze and evaluate information from various sources. This involves not only the identification and summarization of relevant facts and findings but also the ability to assess the credibility and reliability of the sources, as well as to identify potential biases or limitations. By engaging in this critical analysis, writers can develop a well-rounded understanding of the topic and construct a persuasive and well-supported argument.In addition to the structural and linguistic aspects of academic writing, there are also important considerations regarding the presentation and formatting of the written work. This includes adherence to specific guidelines for page layout, font size and style, margins, and the inclusion of any necessary visual aids, such as tables, figures, or appendices. Attention to detail in these areas can contribute to the overall professionalism and clarity of the written piece.One of the challenges faced by many individuals when engaging in academic English writing is the need to overcome the influence of their native language and cultural norms. Differences in sentence structure, word choice, and rhetorical conventions can pose significant obstacles, particularly for non-native English speakers. However, with dedicated practice, exposure to academic writing models, and a willingness to adapt to the expectations of the target audience, these challenges can be overcome.Furthermore, the process of academic writing often involves multiple drafts and revisions, as writers refine their ideas, address feedback, and ensure the clarity and coherence of their work. This iterative approach is essential for producing high-quality academic writing, as it allows writers to identify and address any weaknesses or areas forimprovement.In the context of higher education, the ability to write effectively in academic English is crucial for success. University-level assignments, such as research papers, essays, and dissertations, require a strong command of academic writing skills. Students who possess these skills are better equipped to engage with course materials, synthesize information, and articulate their own original ideas and arguments.Beyond the academic realm, proficiency in academic English writing is also highly valued in the professional world. Many organizations, particularly those with an international presence or focus on research and development, require their employees to produce written reports, proposals, or publications that adhere to academic writing conventions. Individuals with strong academic writing skills are often seen as more credible, reliable, and valuable contributors to their respective fields.In conclusion, the importance of academic English writing cannot be overstated. Whether one is a student, a researcher, or a professional, the ability to communicate effectively and persuasively through written expression is a crucial skill that can open doors to new opportunities and contribute to one's overall success. By mastering the conventions and techniques of academic writing, individuals canenhance their critical thinking, research, and communication abilities, ultimately positioning themselves for greater achievements in their academic and professional pursuits.。
Abstract Writing-学术英语写作
Method
Sentence
Using…(technique)，we studied… Using…，it was found that… The…was(were)measured using…
16
Example
sentence & vocabulary.
The impacts of our obtained results are ...
Tips:
Abstracts are typically a paragraph or two and should be no more than 10% of the length of the full essay. If you will be combine the main content of the paper and the four template (PARI) connection into the nature sentence, you will get a high quality of the abstract.
9
How
to write a good abstract?
1）Use short sentences.
2）Past tense.
Such as: Describes the author's work usually use the past tense (Because the work was done in the past).On the contrary, work in the statement by these conclusions should be use the present tense.