土木工程概论论文(英文版)
关于土木工程英语作文
关于土木工程英语作文Civil Engineering。
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. It is one of the oldest engineering disciplines and is often considered the backbone of modern society.The field of civil engineering is incredibly diverse,as it encompasses a wide range of sub-disciplines,including structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and construction engineering. Civil engineers are responsiblefor designing and overseeing the construction of infrastructure projects, ensuring that they are safe, efficient, and sustainable.One of the most important aspects of civil engineeringis structural engineering, which focuses on the design and construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures. Structural engineers are responsible for ensuring thatthese structures are able to withstand the forces of nature, as well as the stresses and strains of daily use. They must consider factors such as material strength, building codes, and environmental conditions to create safe and durable structures.Geotechnical engineering is another important sub-discipline of civil engineering, which deals with the behavior of earth materials, such as soil and rock, andtheir interaction with structures. Geotechnical engineers are responsible for assessing the stability of the ground and designing foundations for buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure projects. They also play a crucial role inthe design of retaining walls, tunnels, and other underground structures.Transportation engineering is yet another vital sub-discipline of civil engineering, which focuses on the planning, design, and operation of transportation systems.Transportation engineers are responsible for designing and maintaining roads, highways, railways, airports, and other transportation infrastructure. They must consider factors such as traffic flow, safety, and environmental impact to create efficient and sustainable transportation networks.Environmental engineering is an increasingly important sub-discipline of civil engineering, which focuses on the protection and preservation of the natural environment. Environmental engineers are responsible for designing and implementing systems to manage air and water quality, as well as waste disposal and pollution control. They must consider factors such as public health, sustainability, and regulatory compliance to create environmentally friendly solutions.Construction engineering is the final sub-discipline of civil engineering, which focuses on the management and execution of construction projects. Construction engineers are responsible for coordinating the activities of various construction teams, ensuring that projects are completed on time and within budget. They must consider factors such aslabor, materials, and equipment to ensure the successful completion of construction projects.In conclusion, civil engineering is a diverse and vital field that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. Civil engineers are responsible for designing, constructing, and maintaining infrastructure projects that are essential for modern society. Whether it's building a new bridge, designing a sustainable transportation system, orprotecting the natural environment, civil engineers are at the forefront of creating a better world for future generations.。
土木工程毕业设计英文翻译论文
Structural FormsStructural forms, such as the beam or the arch ,have developed through the ages in relation to the availability of materials and the technology of the time. The arch, for instance, undoubtedly developed as a result of the availability of brick. In the technology of buildings .every structure must work against gravity ,which tends to pull everything down to the ground .A balance must therefore be attained between the force of gravity ,the shape of the structure ,and the strength of the material used. To provide a cover over a sheltered space and permit openings in the walls that surround it ,builders have developed four techniques are post and lintel, arch and vault, truss, and cantilever construction.Post and lintel. In post and lintel construction ,a horizontal beam is placed across the space between two supporting posts. If the support is continuous, it is called a wall; if a series of beams are joined together into a continuous surface, it is called a slab.Simple rectilinear buildings result from post and lintel construction, which is characteristic of much primitive construction as well as of the classical Greek temples. In this type of construction, the post (or column) carries only a vertical weight, or load, and is therefore under compression, and the lintel (or beam) is bent by the loads acting transversely to its axis. Therefore , the post must have compressive strength, and the beam must have bending strength. Both wood and stone were used in early example of this type of construction , although the limited bending strength of stone dictated the close column spacing which is apparent in Greek temples. For example, in the Parthenon in Athens, the space between the columns is approximately equal to the column diameter.Modern building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete are used to advantage in post and lintel construction. The skeleton frame of a modern steel skyscraper, for instance, consists of beams and columns in a three-dimensional post and lintel network, or grid. The typical wood fame house, with closely spaced wooden post, or studs, and floors with a series of closely spaced wood beams, or joists, also illustrates post and lintel construction.Just as a house of cards can support vertical loads but collapses under a slightbreath of air, the post and lintel system can topple under winds or earthquakes, but of which impose a horizontal force. This collapse is due to the fact that the joint between the column and beam acts as if it were a hinge .In earlier times this lateral instability was not apparent because the weight and the mass of the materials (particularly stone) and the limited height of the structures negated the importance of horizontal forces. In tall modern building that have slender elements made of strong and light materials such as steel, lateral instability becomes a significant factor . To provide the necessary lateral resistance, a rigid connection must be made between the vertical column and horizontal beam. This creates a rigid frame; it is used to achieve lateral stability in skyscraper construction.Arch. The arch which is characteristically a masonry type of construction, undoubtedly had its origin in Mesopotamia，a land of brick buildings. Arches consist of masonry blocks in the form of a curved line. In principle, each wedge-shaped masonry block cannot fall inward without pushing the others out ;thus, the whole arch form remains stable as long as a force is applied at the base to keep it from spreading. This force is called a horizontal thrust. A continuous series of arches is known as a vault.The Etruscans, by their examples of arch constructions in bridges and gates, probably inspired the Roman to experiment with this type of construction about 600 B.C. However, it was not until the last years of the Roman republic that tunnel vaults and intersecting, or groined, vaults were used to cover large rooms. The form of the Roman arch or vault is generally semicircular for reasons of geometric simplicity. As a result, all wedge-shaped stones are identical; their curved edges are equidistant from the center of the circle ,and their straight edges lie on equally spaced lines radiating from the center. This type of semicircular arch was widely used by the Romans in buildings such as the Basilica of Constantine and the Baths of Caracalla and in gates such as the Porta Maggiore in Rome.The Gothic arch, which is characterized by its pointed shape ,evolved in France in the 12th century. This form characterizes some of the most magnificent churches of the early Renaissance period such as the Chartres. Amiens, and Rheims cathedral. theform of the Gothic arch is superior to the Roman arch because of its greater structural clarity, which closely approaches the shapes the shape of an idea arch. The concept of the idea arch can best be explained by a comparison with a suspension cable.A chain or a cable supported at each end assumes a curved shape called a catenary (from catena, chain).If the cable were required to support one weight hung from it ,it would change shape to adjust to this condition ;this is due to the fact that a cable carries loads only by the actin of simple tension along the length of the cable. If, instead of a single load, many parabola. The catenary and the parabola are geomertrically similar since the weight of the cable is approximately a uniformly distributed load .An ideal arch may be thought of as a cable frozen in its shape and turned upside down.(Instead of carrying loads by tension, as in the cable, the ideal arch carries loads by simple compression)This ideal shape of load the arch is called the “funicular curve” A different funicular curve exists for every type of load the arch is required to carry. Since the arch ,unlike the flexible cable ,cannot adjust its shape to the load ,then the arch, under a load other than that which gave it its funicular shape, must also carry the load by bending, as in a beam .The structural efficiency of an arch can thus be measured in terms of the proximity of the geometric shape to the funicular curve ,In the semicircular Romans arch ,there is a large difference between the funicular curve of the loads and the circular shape. The pointed Gothic arches are much closer to the funicular curve of the loads and therefore possess a clear advantage over the earlier semicircular form.To resist the horizontal thrust which exists at the base of an arch ,the Roman used massive piers or buttresses. In some of the Gothic cathedrals, which raised the arch high above the nave, flying buttresses over the side aisles were used to counteract the thrust.In modern times ,arch construction has been used extensively for bridge, utilizing steel, wood, or reinforced concrete. The concrete arch bridges built by Robert Maillart in Switzerland are outstanding examples of elegance and structural clarity in modern arch design.Truss. The simplest form of truss is a triangle consisting of three bars. Thiselementary truss form undoubtedly grew out of the use of the gabled roof for small houses and churches. In this construction, two slanting rafters rest on top of a wall and are pinned at the peak. The load of the roof tends to push out the top of the walls. Tying the bottom of the rafters together with a bar or rod counters this outward push. The resulting triangular shape is a rigid form geometrically, because none of its angles can change without changing the length of its sides. Each element in a truss is subject to either tension or compression; in the simple triangular truss, the rafters are in compression and the tie rod is in tension.The elementary triangular truss is limited to spanning relatively short distance because each slanting member is long compared to the span. In a triangular truss with equal angles, for instance, each member is as long as the span. This drawback was recognized by Andrea Palladio in the 16th century. His design for a trussed bridge utilized the principle that if a single triangles is rigid ,combinations of triangles are also rigid . By arranging short lengths of timbers in a series of triangles to form complex trusses, almost any distance can be spanned.It was not until the 19th century , when mathematical methods of analysis became known and iron and steel were introduced, that trusses with a great degree of perfection and elegance were developed. Modern trusses with a variety of configurations are used to span auditoriums, armories, and convention halls , creating large column-free spaces. The type of trusses most commonly used in buildings are the Pratt, Howe, and Warren trusses, all named after their inventors. The Pratt and Howe trusses have top and bottom chords (horizontal elements), and both verticals and diagonals between the chords. The Warren truss has only diagonals joining the top and bottom chord .Cantilever. In cantilever construction, building elements are projected outward from a fixed support. An early kind of cantilever construction was the corbel; it had its origin in the late Stone Age and can be found in the form of corbelled domes built in Sarrdinia about 2,500 B.C. In corbel construction, each successive layer of stone stands out farther from a wall in the form of upside-down steps. Only the weight of the stones above and behind the face of the wall prevent a corbel from collapsing. Anexcessive amount of material is required for corbel construction because of the necessity for heavy masonry walls.Cantilevering building elements from a wall or other fixed support permits projecting part of a building beyond the ground-level construction to gain more living area above, as in many of the Renaissance town houses.The cantilever is much used in modern buildings as a result of the availability of steel and reinforced concrete. It is a simple matter in a concrete apartment building to create a cantilevered balcony when the balcony slab is merely a continuation of the interior slab. The Kaumfman house, built by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1939, is an example of a dramatic use of cantilevers and demonstrates the potential of this type of construction. In a steel-framed building, beams can project beyond column to permit the face of the building to be a curtain wall with large glass areas. This cantilever construction was exemplified by the Bauhaus (1926) ,which was used as a model for many skyscrapers built after World WarⅡ结构形式结构形式，如梁或拱，通过发展有关的材料供应和当时的技术的年龄。
土木工程英语作文模板及范文
土木工程英语作文模板及范文英文回答：Civil Engineering Essay Template and Sample。
Introduction。
Hook: Begin with a captivating fact or question related to the topic of civil engineering.Thesis statement: State your main argument or purpose for writing the essay.Body Paragraph 1: Importance of Civil Engineering。
Discuss the critical role of civil engineers in society.Provide examples of essential infrastructure projects (e.g., bridges, roads, buildings).Explain how these projects enhance quality of life and economic growth.Body Paragraph 2: Challenges in Civil Engineering。
Identify common challenges faced by civil engineers, such as environmental concerns, design complexities, and cost constraints.Discuss how these challenges require innovative solutions and collaboration.Body Paragraph 3: Technological Advancements。
Describe emerging technologies that are transforming civil engineering practices.Examples could include BIM (Building Information Modeling), drone surveys, and advanced materials.Explain how these advancements enhance efficiency,accuracy, and sustainability.Body Paragraph 4: Case Study。
土木工程专业英语论文
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineeringAbstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process摘要：土木工程是人类历史上年代最久远的“技术科学”，作为一种系统的产业活动，土木工程的实质是生产的过程，是一种技术过程。
Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology.As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Introduction to Engineering through a semester course of study, I have been deeply impressed by the Civil Engineering covers a wide range, appreciate the achievements of their predecessors, but also understand that as a civil engineer of great responsibility. Of course, we can not have been immersed in the brilliant achievements, stalled. We should also advance with the times, to dig, to discover, to think, to imagine, to be innovative. In this, China's future as a civil engineer, I would like to combine the history of civil engineering, combined with China's national conditions and the world situation, to talk about civil engineering and sustainable development.My knowledge about civil engineering has been broadened since I became a student of Tongji University.Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering.The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. So this era will be both exciting and rewarding for the Chinese Civil Engineers. And of course, civil engineering’s futu re is promising.However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the future; we should also try to update all the transportation systems.To deal with these problems, we will have to develop innovative and enterprising skills. And we should choose a way that we can go continuously. Hazard Mitigation may be a great choice. Not only can it save money in the long run, but also avoid getting into an embarrassing situation in which we have to rebuild all the broken buildings. And we should also use more environmentally friendly materials when designing or constructing new buildings.Well, to be a brilliant civil engineer is not easy. Today, engineering is a synthetic system. It not only depends on traditional mechanics, but also closely related to advanced science. So Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, Computer Science and perhaps more are all in our civil engineering program.To be a good civil engineer, we should have the ability to apply the knowledge, to design a system, a component, or a procedure of construction. We should also be able to conduct experiments and explain the results. Furthermore, an engineer never works alone, so we shall cooperate with working team, and try our best to communicate effectively.I’m very glad to be a student in this wonderful field. And I will try my best to be a successful civil engineer, to make contributions to our motherland.1. Of civil engineering history, current situation and future development of knowledge 1.1.1 Ancient Civil EngineeringAncient Civil Engineering has a very long time span, it is roughly from 5000 BC to the Neolithic Age to the mid-17th century, around about 7000 years. In housing construction, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering, tower engineering have made brilliant achievements. Some of the masterpieces of ancient civilization handed down a lot, so far stand tall. For example, China's Great Wall, Egyptian pyramids and so on. Built in the 6th century arch bridge, is the world's first open shoulder arch bridge, in 1991, American Society of Civil Engineers was selected as the world in 12 civil engineering landmark. 1.1.2 Modern Civil EngineeringThe time span of the modern civil engineering from the mid-17th century to the mid-20th century, after about 300 years. In the meantime, construction materials mainly from a shift to natural materials mainly man-made materials, the construction of theory building from the main to sum up the experience long-term experience to take into account the importance of scientific change. Construction techniques, some of the performance of large machinery along with a variety of highly effective methods of construction there, so people began to construct the complex structure or a poor environment in which civil engineering. During the completion of the Eiffel Tower, Empire State Building and Golden Gate suspension bridge, is still regarded as the great civil engineering.1.1.3 Modern Civil EngineeringModern civil engineering began in the mid-20th century. Development to date,civil engineering in building materials, structural theory and constructiontechniques have made very great progress.Building materials, high-strength concrete, high strength low alloy steel,polymers, glass more and more appear in the buildings. Structure theory, theuse of powerful computing and computer graphics, mechanical analysis and theresults more in line with the results of the calculation of the actual situation inwhich the design is more reliable. For building technology, have been developedto machine - electrical - computer integration, the construction process, whetherit is God, and crosses into the earth or the sea, are not the construction of thebarrier; and the widespread use of welding technology, but also makes the steelstructure development has entered a new stage.Created by world-renowned modern civil engineering construction are: China'sTaipei International Financial Center, Shanghai Jin Mao T ower, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia's oil and building the twin towers, the French Normandy cable-stayedbridge and so on.1.2 pairs of understanding of the status of civil engineeringToday's civil engineering, are increasingly using the same function or itsproduction process closely.Requirements of public and residential buildings in the architectural, structural,water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation for gas, electricity and othermodern technical equipment increasingly integrated as a whole.Industrial buildings require constant temperature and humidity, anti-vibration,anti-corrosion, radiation, fire, explosion, magnetic, dust, high (low) temperature,resistance to high (low) wet, to a large span, ultra-heavy-duty, flexible spacedirection.In addition, a growing number of high-rise buildings, underground engineeringhigh-speed development, urban elevated highways, overpasses appeared inlarge numbers, and the progressive realization of high-speed transportation,large-scale water conservancy projects.It is worth mentioning that China's reform and opening up, the comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved, and already has more large-scaledevelopment and use of water conditions, such as the Three Gorges Dam,water diversion project are all world-class large-scale water project.1.3 pairs of understanding the future development of Civil EngineeringWith the constant deepening of China's reform and opening up and rapideconomic development, China will face a more massive building boom. We cansay that we are faced with a leap of civil engineering along with the greatdevelopment of the national economy a good period. And such a gooddevelopment environment has been and will continue to be the West's urgentattention.As a cross-century generation, this situation provides us with excellent rareShizhancaigan unprecedented, the impact to the international standards of goodopportunities. At the same time, we feel deeply that this is an "opportunity" and"challenge" coexist, "cooperation" and "competition" intertwined, "innovation"and "follow the old" era of competing, how to grasp the turn of the century whenthe Civil disciplines, trends, and create with Chinese characteristics, world-classnew era of civil engineering disciplines, a generation of our century's challenges.2. My feelings and understanding: China's Civil Engineering to go the road of sustainabledevelopmentChina's civil engineering has its own particularity."China is the world's most populous country, a great resource in addition to that by 13 $ 110 to become negligible, while a small problem multiplied by 1.3 billion becomes a big problem." Professor Liu Xila this language effectively tells our the difficulty lies.China's coal, oil, gas, water, forests are living in the world total, and per capita, but all below the world average. Population, energy, education, pollution problems have become severe problems faced by the four. Path of sustainable development is imminent. And civil engineering, also will be when a long-term, out of a sustainable development.World, the modernization process of the United States can be described as advanced, and now data indicate that: the future of the United States to invest $ 1.6 trillion construction projects to address the unsafe condition, for example, chloride-induced corrosion of buildings and so on. As a contemporary civil engineer, in the tradition of the brilliant achievements of our predecessors, but also have a lot of the lessons learned have been an accident, in future work to improve innovation and achieve sustainable development.2.1 the development of high-tech, structural health monitoring applications, toachieve sustainable developmentCivil Engineering in actual use, there will be varying degrees of damage orperformance degradation, since this will affect the carrying capacity anddurability, and even lead to serious construction accidents, caused significantcasualties and economic losses, resulting in serious social impact . Therefore,from the moment of completion of construction, we must make health monitoring,repair and reinforcement of the preparation.With modern sensor technology, computer and communications technology,signal processing techniques and structural analysis and dynamic analysis ofthe rapid development of the theory, it is proposed the concept of structuralhealth monitoring, to revolutionize the development of civil engineering changes.Structural health monitoring system installed in the structure through a variety ofsensors, automatic, real-time measurement of the structure of the environment,load, response, etc., on the structure of health status assessment, scientific andeffective conservation and management structure to provide basis for decisionmaking, to ensure the structural safety of the operation to extend the structurallife.In recent years, large-scale civil engineering structures, especially large-spanbridge health monitoring domestic and international engineering and technologyas the focus of attention in the academic community through research andengineering and technical personnel research efforts have yielded fruitful results.Home and abroad in recent years, new bridges were installed in many largestructural health monitoring systems, such as China's Shanghai Xupu Bridge,Jiangyin Yangtze River Highway Bridge, the Donghai Bridge, Hong Kong's TsingMa Bridge, the bridge and Youngjong Korea Seohae bridge, U.S. CommodoreBarry Bridge and Canada Confedration bridges.Like this, through the development of structural health monitoring and safetywarning, the first time found that the construction problems that may arise,timely repair and reinforcement, both to avoid the possible constructionaccidents, construction has been largely solved the rapid aging of damage, haveRemove the restoration of the embarrassing situation, and the resulting largenumber of economic resources, a waste of time to achieve the sustainabledevelopment of building use.2.2 The rational use of natural resources, focusing on re-use of existing civilengineering infrastructure, to achieve sustainable development"Sustainable development is achieved without sacrificing the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs and conditions, to meet current needs."Rational use of natural resources, will have in the civil engineering construction,use and maintenance process, the civil engineer to take the initiative to besaving energy, and maximize the role of both civil engineering facilities.For example, we can take advantage of building green, gray brick walls in thesummer, reduce the surface temperature, thereby reducing air conditioning use;can use energy-saving type of brick or insulation composite wall as the wallmaterial, to the role of thermal insulation in winter ; also solar energy, groundheat and other new energy sources, reducing the amount of non-renewableresources to reduce.In addition, the reuse of existing buildings is also an important means ofsustainable development. This regard, Shanghai has made a lot of successfulexperience: do not plant a lot, a lot has been transformed into exhibition halls,offices, artists studios. This transformation of re-use, consistent with therequirements of modern use, but also save energy, avoid waste, is an effective 2.3 Development and utilization of renewable resources and green resources toachieve sustainable developmentRemoval of waste each year the world of concrete, concrete waste generated byconstruction etc will have a huge amount of construction waste. China's annualconstruction of the building construction waste generated by 4,000 tons, haveproduced 13.6 million tons of waste concrete, removal processing a largeamount of environmental pollution. In addition, China is the world's cementproduction 20 years of superpower, which in itself is a high consumption ofresources, high energy consumption, pollution of the environment industry.Compared with other materials, steel and recycled concrete is more in line withgreen building standards, this should be to develop the green building materials.In this regard, Japan's Aichi World Expo, give us a vivid lesson: materials, theExpo will be a variety of construction materials on the surface is very high, butmany are recycling. Many plank wood construction waste by processing, placedaround the chair, TV cabinet is made of crush. Toyota Pavilion wall is made fromrecycled waste paper processing, long-term venue Japan Pavilion, only thepursuit of harmony between man and nature, but also saves the expenditure,the use of most of the steel and wood, can be recycled. At the same time, theadvantages of bamboo wall to September 3 Aichi summer also showedexhaustive. Bamboo greatly reduces the performance of their indoortemperature, air-conditioning use is also significantly reduced. This gave me anumber of thought: in the building material selection, the appropriate place in theapplication of renewable natural resources, save money, but also to achieve aharmonious and sustainable ecological development and architecture, why not?In addition, the World Expo in Aichi Japan Nagakute, Japan Pavilion cocoon-likein order to reduce heat load, the use of green walls, bio-degradable plasticmaterials and thinning wood (forest wood to be cut fine) to achieve theenvironmental protection function. "Nature's Wisdom" as the theme of the AichiWorld Expo, pavilion building large-scale application of modern scientific andtechnological achievements, highlighting the environmental and functional,reflecting the natural beauty of the human diligently pursuing. This should alsobe the future civil engineers to learn and develop.China's building, Professor Li Guohao Yangpu Bridge is also designed classic.Approach part of the spiral structure, saving several hundred million RMB, is acivil and sustainable economic development model.Of course, sustainable development, by no means blind pursuit of savings, butthe most reasonable to seek a middle state, we must ensure there is enoughcreative architecture, but also the pursuit of the perfect technical and economicindicators, with minimum investment for maximum benefits. We still still want tocreate classic, but must not be built on the squandering of money, based onconsuming more resources and energy basis. T oday, building the world hasentered an era of eco-aesthetics, focusing on culture, ecology, engineering andenvironmental relationship between the human-oriented, energy saving andsustainable development, the focus is the direction of contemporary engineers.3.Civil Engineering expertise should have the qualityA good civil engineer, must have the "four elements", that is, knowledge structure,practical skills, ability to structure and the overall quality and innovation.Knowledge structure, including: public basic knowledge, professional knowledge and expertise.First, the good civil engineer must have a solid basic knowledge of the public, and, in the familiar basis of natural science, a good psychological and moral humanities, social science-based knowledge is also essential.Second, the best engineers must also have excellent professional knowledge. Ofengineering mathematics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and so have a solid understanding and ability to apply strong.Third, also in-depth expertise. Whether engaged in railway engineering, tunnels, underground works or construction projects, each engineer has to be advanced for the emphasis on industry expertise. The only way to make our civil engineering business, walking in the forefront of the world.Inseparable from the practice of Civil Engineering. Therefore, engineers have to have superb practical skills. For example: drawing skills, computer application skills, measurement skills and structural engineering testing skills.As a Civil Engineering undergraduate students, I will be four years of college learning process, and strive to master the computer language and programming skills, treasure every opportunity to practice on the machine, and in college physics experiments, material testing and structural experiments The general structure of the experiment to master the basic method, with the structure of the initial test of skills, and providing technical training, curriculum design, structural design for the contest winners.In addition, the difference between engineers and scientists not only by the constraints of the laws of nature, will be bound by the laws of society. Engineering and technical personnel complete each project is a program of "social activities" may not rely on a person in the room alone. Therefore, to have sufficient capacity to deal with social, follow the laws of good society.In school life, I will continue to improve their learning ability, from the engineering capabilities to enhance learning, students work to enhance the management capacity, and gradually improve their own knowledge structure, from which to develop a science and technology development capabilities and skills and the ability of public relations to do more.However, these skills also help to constitute a truly sustainable development of China's civil engineer. Because the engineer is the most important cultural enrichment with high moral and intellectual quality. In order to state and national interests, dedicated to the cause of the motherland. For the country's honor, to have a strong sense of competition. With dialectical materialist way of thinking, there is step on solid, rigorous, hard working style. The only way to be a qualified civil engineer in China.We should also note that China's civil engineering industry with world-class level there is a gap. For example, many domestic high-rise buildings (including the Shanghai World Financial Center), almost all of its engineering design borne from abroad, almost all steel products imported from abroad, the general contractor were mostly borne by the foreign countries, only the steel structure fabrication and installation work by domestic unit commitment. Be completely independent intellectual property rights, engineering and construction to achieve the localization, catch up with international standards, we need the young generation to complete!附录：参考资料：《土木工程》(英)斯科特(Scott,J.S.)撰中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑文献检索与利用》肖友瑟主编大连理工大学出版社《土木工程总论》丁大钧，蒋永生编中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑工程概论》王继明主编高等教育出版社《土木工程学报》中国土木工程学会土木工程学报编辑部《土木工程》中国土木工程学会科学出版社《土木工程概论》上海交通出版社《土木系统工程》机械工业出版社《INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》中国建筑工业出版社。
【设计】土木工程毕业设计英语论文及翻译
【关键字】设计土木工程毕业设计英语论文及翻译篇一：土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译外文文献翻译Reinforced ConcreteConcrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope.Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind, and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself.The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place, theconcrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely.The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masoy, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations:1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overall costs.In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration.2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function.A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shapeand texture by means of the forms and the finishing techniques. This allows such elements ad flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and / or ceiling surfaces. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size of shape is governed by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members.3. Fire resistance. The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing while the building is evacuated and the fire is extinguished. A concrete building inherently has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details. Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.4. Low maintenance. Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members. This is particularly true if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used for surfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away from the structure. Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.5. Availability of materials. Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are verywidely available, and reinforcing steel can be transported to most job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas.On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include:1. Low tensile strength. The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its compressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow penetration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such cases. In the case of water-retaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage.2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a cast-in-place structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction.3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume. The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, long-span structures are often built from steel.4. Time-dependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergo-approximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled, and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads.In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of components that make up typical reinforced concrete structures-beams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide range of complex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, composed of these elements.Since reinforced concrete is a no homogeneous material that creeps, shrinks, and cracks, its stresses cannot be accurately predicted by the traditional equations derived in a course instrength of materials forhomogeneous elastic materials. Much of reinforced concrete design in therefore empirical, i.e., design equations and design methods are based on experimental and time-proved results instead of being derived exclusively from theoretical formulations.A thorough understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete will allow the designer to convert an otherwise brittle material into tough ductile structural elements and thereby take advantage of concrete’s desirable characteristics, its high compressive strength, its fire resistance, and its durability.Concrete, a stone like material, is made by mixing cement, water, fine aggregate ( often sand ), coarse aggregate, and frequently other additives ( that modify properties ) into a workable mixture. In its unhardened or plastic state, concrete can be placed in forms to produce a large variety of structural elements. Although the hardened concrete by itself, i.e., without any reinforcement, is strong in compression, it lacks tensile strength and therefore cracks easily. Because ueinforced concrete is brittle, it cannot undergo large deformations under load and fails suddenly-without warning. The addition fo steel reinforcement to the concrete reduces the negative effects of its two principal inherent weaknesses, its susceptibility to cracking and its brittleness. When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. This material, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, storage takes, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals, and innumerable other structures and building products. Two other characteristics of concrete that are present even when concrete is reinforced are shrinkage and creep, but the negative effects of these properties can be mitigated by careful design.A code is a set technical specifications and standards that control important details of design and construction. The purpose of codes it produce structures so that the public will be protected from poor of inadequate and construction.Two types f coeds exist. One type, called a structural code, is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of a particular class of structures.篇二：土木工程毕业设计中英文翻译附录：中英文翻译英文部分：LOADSLoads that act on structures are usually classified as dead loads or live loads.Dead loads are fixed in location and constant in magnitude throughout the life of the ually the self-weight of a structure is the most important part of the structure and the unit weight of the material.Concrete density varies from about 90 to 120 pcf (14 to 19 KN/m2)for lightweight concrete,and is about 145 pcf (23 KN/mKN/m2)for normal concrete.In calculating the dead load of structural concrete,usually a 5pcf (1 )increment is included with the weight of the concrete to account for the presence of the 2 reinforcement.Live loads are loads such as occupancy,snow,wind,or traffic loads,or seismic forces.They may be either fully or partially in place,or not present at all.They may also change in location.Althought it is the responsibility of the engineer to calculate dead loads,live loads are usually specified by local,regional,or national codes and specifications.Typical sources are the publications of the American National Standards Institute,the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and,for wind loads,the recommendations of the ASCE Task Committee on Wind Forces.Specified live the loads usually include some allowance for overload,and may include measures such as posting of maximum loads will not be exceeded.It is oftern important to distinguish between the specified load,and what is termed the characteristic load,that is,the load that actually is in effect under normal conditions of service,which may be significantly less.In estimating the long-term deflection of a structure,for example,it is the characteristic load that is important,not the specified load.The sum of the calculated dead load and the specified live load is called the service load,because this is the maximum load which may reasonably be expected to act during the service resisting is a multiple of the service load.StrengthThe strength of a structure depends on the strength of the materials from which it is made.Minimum material strengths are specified in certain standardized ways.The properties of concrete and its components,the methods of mixing,placing,and curing to obtain the required quality,and the methods for testing,are specified by the American Concrete Insititue(ACI).Included by refrence in the same documentare standards of the American Society for Testing Materials(ASTM)pertaining to reinforcing and prestressing steels and concrete.Strength also depends on the care with which the structure is built.Member sizes may differ from specified dimensions,reinforcement may be out of position,or poor placement of concrete may result in voids.An important part of the job of the ergineer is to provide proper supervision of construction.Slighting of this responsibility has had disastrous consequences in more than one instance.Structural SafetySafety requires that the strength of a structure be adequate for all loads that may conceivably act on it.If strength could be predicted accurately and if loads were known with equal certainty,then safely could be assured by providing strength just barely in excess of the requirements of the loads.But there are many sources of uncertainty in the estimation of loads as well as in analysis,design,and construction.These uncertainties require a safety margin.In recent years engineers have come to realize that the matter of structural safety isprobabilistic in nature,and the safety provisions of many current specifications reflect this view.Separate consideration is given to loads and strength.Load factors,larger than unity,are applied to the calculated dead loads and estimated or specified service live loads,to obtain factorde loads that the member must just be capable of sustaining at incipient failure.Load factors pertaining to different types of loads vary,depending on the degree of uncertainty associated with loads of various types,and with the likelihood of simultaneous occurrence of different loads.Early in the development of prestressed concrete,the goal of prestressing was the complete elimination of concrete ternsile stress at service loads.The concept was that of an entirely new,homogeneous material that woukd remain uncracked and respond elastically up to the maximum anticipated loading.This kind of design,where the limiting tensile stressing,while an alternative approach,in which a certain amount of tensile amount of tensile stress is permitted in the concrete at full service load,is called partial prestressing.There are cases in which it is necessary to avoid all risk of cracking and in which full prestressing is required.Such cases include tanks or reservious where leaks must be avoided,submerged structures or those subject to a highly corrosive envionment where maximum protection of reinforcement must be insured,and structures subject to high frequency repetition of load where faatigue of the reinforcement may be a consideration.However,there are many cses where substantially improved performance,reduced cost,or both may be obtained through the use of a lesser amount of prestress.Full predtressed beams may exhibit an undesirable amount of upward camber because of the eccentric prestressing force,a displacement that is only partially counteracted by the gravity loads producing downward deflection.This tendency is aggrabated by creep in the concrete,which magnigies the upward displacement due to the prestress force,but has little influence on the should heavily prestressed members be overloaded and fail,they may do so in a brittle way,rather than gradually as do beams with a smaller amount of prestress.This is important from the point of view of safety,because suddenfailure without warning is dangeroud,and gives no opportunity for corrective measures to be taken.Furthermore,experience indicates that in many cases improved economy results from the use of a combination of unstressed bar steel and high strength prestressed steel tendons.While tensile stress and possible cracking may be allowed at full service load,it is also recognized that such full service load may be infrequently applied.The typical,or characteristic,load acting is likely to be the dead load plus a small fraction of the specified live load.Thus a partially predtressed beam may not be subject to tensile stress under the usual conditions of loading.Cracks may from occasionally,when the maximum load is applied,but these will close completely when that load is removed.They may be no more objectionable in prestressed structures than in ordinary reinforced.They may be no more objectionable in prestressed structures than in ordinary reinforced concrete,in which flexural cracks alwaysform.They may be considered a small price for the improvements in performance and economy that are obtained.It has been observed that reinforced concrete is but a special case of prestressed concrete in which the prestressing force is zero.The behavior of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams,as the failure load is approached,is essentially the same.The Joint European Committee on Concrete establishes threee classes of prestressed beams.Class 1:Fully prestressed,in which no tensile stress is allowed in the concrete at service load.Class 2:Partially prestressed, in which occasional temporary cracking is permitted under infrequent high loads.Class 3:Partially prestressed,in which there may be permanent cracks provided that their width is suitably limited.The choise of a suitable amount of prestress is governed by a variety of factors.These include thenature of the loading (for exmaple,highway or railroad bridged,storage,ect.),the ratio of live to dead load,the frequency of occurrence of loading may be reversed,such as in transmission poles,a high uniform prestress would result ultimate strength and in brittle failure.In such a case,partial prestressing provides the only satifactory solution.The advantages of partial prestressing are important.A smaller prestress force will be required,permitting reduction in the number of tendons and anchorages.The necessary flexural strength may be provided in such cases either by a combination of prestressed tendons and non-prestressed reinforcing bars,or by an adequate number of high-tensile tendons prestredded to level lower than the prestressing force is less,the size of the bottom flange,which is requied mainly to resist the compression when a beam is in the unloaded stage,can be reduced or eliminated altogether.This leads in turn to significant simplification and cost reduction in the construction of forms,as well as resulting in structures that are mor pleasing esthetically.Furthermore,by relaxing the requirement for low service load tension in the concrete,a significant improvement can be made in the deflection characteristics of a beam.Troublesome upward camber of the member in the unloaded stage fan be avoeded,and the prestress force selected primarily to produce the desired deflection for a particular loading condition.The behavior of partially prestressed beamsm,should they be overloaded to failure,is apt to be superior to that of fully prestressed beams,because the improved ductility provides ample warning of distress.英译汉：荷载作用在结构上的荷载通常分为恒载或活载。
论文篇-土木工程英文-论文
Buried tunnel project on the environmentAbstract: a deeply buried tunnel far-reaching impact on the environment through the waterways with the sinking pipe related. Under the tunnel on the mainland in the region and the impact of surface water in the tunnel design and construction method of choice to play the most important role. In considering the impact of the recent construction of a problem is the need to trench excavation for the tunnel may appear to be contaminated soil. And transporting the excavated soil up to the specialized equipment in order to receive their storage place is a series of important new technologies and quality control measures for environmental problems. The most common is in any construction project will encounter environmental problems, namely, noise, dust and traffic congestion. In this paper, these issues and the current technology to address these issues and measures are discussed.Key words: tunnel environmentCharacteristics of a Buried deeply buried tunnel tunnel has two fundamental characteristics: (1) It is part of an underground structure of the site, to ensure that heavy traffic conditions, construction, and does not mean that this area is full use of The. Therefore, the construction space is very valuable.Will eventually be installed in the location of the river or canal bottom section of tunnel is very close in other areas to build manufacturing plants, ways, and this condition is unlikely in the field and reached the site. The advantages of planning and construction of pipe manufacture and the site will be ready to separate from the logistical advantages are obvious, there are extremely easy to implement effective quality control advantages.Tunnel work site on the environmental impact is also considerablyless than the construction of the tunnel fully all the circumstances at the scene; such as space requirements and construction of transport, these two issues is greatly easing.Of course, a prerequisite for these benefits is a ready-made for pipe suitable site. It must meet the conditions for a series of environmental impact. In the Netherlands such as densely populated countries, to find a suitable site is not easy, but it is clear that once selected an available position, can be used repeatedly for quite a draw a crowd. Therefore, the overall plan for the tunnel construction is a common topic for discussion.Both ends of the structure of a new underground tunnel link to the original structure to the existing underground, often in fact across the waters to replace an existing facility, such as ferry or bridge. It can also be a complement existing facilities in tunnels or bridges. Whether the decision to build a new tunnel the reason, its location will be in large part by the constraints of existing underground structure layout, and its construction design must also meet the existing transport only by the requirements of minimal interference. This means that the location in the tunnel area designers rarely have a choice, and thus have the position according to the established conditions and requirements to modify the tunnel design.This situation mainly affects the approach roads connecting part of the tunnel itself. However, because the approach road through the water by the formation of sub-components, it may require new measures to control the approaches to the scope of the construction pit drainage impact.Buried Tunnel approach roads are almost always located in the deposition zone, where the tunnel approach road down to the groundwater level below. At its completion, they are impervious structure, the surrounding water can not penetrate, there's just the nature of the environmental impact of a simple structure.However, during construction, environmental issues will play an important role. To build from the structures, construction of foundation must be excavated until the water table following a number of meters deep,the traditional construction method requires the construction period in the continuous draining of the water. Unless further measures, or drainage will definitely lower the water level in the surrounding area, and will lead to a series of undesirable consequences. Subsidence will occur, based on the surrounding buildings and structures will be affected, and even deep pile foundation soil settlement will also be passed by the friction down to the pile on the extra load. Subsidence and elevation of the dam sinking, and agricultural drainage water will be affected.May also result in a completely different nature of environmental problems: the construction area may be contaminated soil. In this case, the construction of the excavation pit special attention to requirements and, if possible, should be used, such as soil mixed with water and water transport by pipeline, special methods. There must also be able to accommodate an approved place of contaminated soil.Number of measures must be taken to prevent the pumping of contaminated water caused by the rapid distribution of the soil to a large area on the ground.Technically speaking, is always possible to eliminate the impact of these kinds. However, it is extremely complex and do take a lot of money and time, therefore, tend to look at present the greatest extent possible the construction of approach roads and tunnels in the water imported methods. Ideally, the empty pit in the construction of a drainage of water should be no impact on the approach roads and the surrounding groundwater single operation.The obvious conclusion is that as far as possible the construction pit designed as part of the final product.Approach a wall can be designed to image the wall of the dam impervious core in the form of a slurry wall, curtain or plastic sheet of steel sheet pile walls common. On the final form (steel sheet pile wall) (off panel through the use of heavy anchor piles and soil) to increase its retaining function, you can save valuable space and can be easily achieved in the water and impermeable floor connection.Water under the concrete floor can be built. This approach hasbeen developed to control the elevation and surface roughness, which completely drained to the approach road after finishing requires less work.Another method is the use of impermeable plastic sheet, add water to the town of emphasis placed on the bottom and cover the pit slope. In the Netherlands, this approach not only for the tunnel approaches, and the groove for the public network segment.Use large plastic sheet, to the soil to the water for the town re-placed by a major highway intersection in the play a long-term good results, it shows that this technology has been widely used. Soon, the Netherlands, the tunnel approach roads may be to show a lush green slope, thereby replacing the gray concrete vertical wall.Approach can also be prefabricated elsewhere and in the form of installation of floating structures. This method only with trench excavation and dredging vessels do not have to drain. But not yet able to adequately address basic problems of buoyancy and appropriate design. Buried tunnel project on the environmentPipe manufacturing approaches to the excavation of underground water and the discussion of the relationship between the way the majority can be used to produce the same pipe excavation of the temporary venues. Expensive solution to bring an unreasonable burden to the project. Moreover, the manufacture of pipe near the site have repeatedly flooded the open waters and open to the precast tunnel segments into the transportation to the dock at the other pipe section in order to make room. Rarely a large enough place for all of the pipe manufacturer.In short, the choice of the location of manufacturing pipe dock not chosen as the location of the tunnel approach roads to be strictly determined by functional requirements, so choose the location of manufacturing pipe dock with the advantages of flexibility. Therefore, the manufacture of docks will be allowed to use the traditional water method, if the reasons listed above that do not allow the use of traditional water law, and the dock had to separate from the surrounding water, this places impermeable plastic plate because of its low cost to have obvious advantages.Another does not affect the drainage around the water table is "pumping recharge Law" This law is the foundation of the water into the pump discharge and pump water through the filter of these tube wells to the water source recharge area. As long as the penetration rate is not too large and can be maintained roughly a constant, the row, when the closed-loop irrigation can be maintained. The new measures, now being expanded in the Netherlands approaches to the construction of a pit, but also because the foundation of the dock as the manufacture of pipe it to be expanded.Construction of foundation trench trough structure deeply buried tunnel excavation method is dredging. In this paper, we only stress the importance of dredging requirements of foundation trench excavation method can achieve high accuracy, and this requires that the work will determine the most suitable type of device. Given the strict positioning tolerances, preferably dredging boat anchor or pile in positioning the dredging equipment. However, because they can not move freely, it could become an obstacle to shipping vessels.If there is water in the dredging area, or the wave of the impact of dredging will become the base slot to carry water along the bottom or sediment accumulation over the place. If the foundation trench excavation in place pipe for long periods, it will soon form a deposition. In these circumstances, the base section of tank excavation and tunnel installation of the interval between the two processes must be as short as possible, and thus the arrangement of the two procedure are to be particularly accurate, you can use a special device to clean the base before the installation of pipe slot. In the Netherlands, this operation has been developed to be used in the East (Eastern Scheldt) anti-dam pier storm waves reach a very high precision installation.Dredging stir up the river sediments, resulting in a certain time a certain area of the water turbidity. Eventually become a suspended fine particles of these substances will spread out and gradually settle down again. Although this process had limited impact on the environment, and harmless, but in a certain range or the increasingly strong criticism.If you want to have dredged soil is contaminated, it is even more complicated, because in such conditions, the dredging operation will cause the spread of contamination. Dredging technology has now developed to the drain by using a special mud head to eliminate this effect. Under the floating boat by hanging curtains from the dredging area will be completely separated from the surrounding method may also reduce the spread of pollution.Further development in this regard we have taken note of the current, most waterways in the Netherlands contain contaminated bottom sediments have been very clear, so dredging the mud is bound to take some special environmental requirements.Currently, these requirements have not been unified to form, but made different for each specific project requirements. Hope that this delay in the development of key technologies of the chaos can be quickly resolved.According to the type and extent of contamination, contaminated soil can be divided into 1 to 4 classes. For dredging mud (including dredging process water in the process) and disposal are subject to strict restrictions by category; particular, 3 and 4 the soil must be isolated, and in possible to be purified.In the Rotterdam area, has built a store of these solid waste and other hazardous substances the center of the dump site. In addition, Type 4 is placed in temporary dredging spoil heap smaller point, let it be purified and then transferred to another isolated place repository. Place in the absence of such facilities to be established by dredging this dump sites. This measure is a clear need to do a lot of work.Transportation and installation of pipe work and dredging the shipping obstacles to transport and install pipe sections are brought about environmental problems. To open the pipe system and installation of marinas and docks to deepen the shallow waters between the points need to channel dredging operations. Some of the previous discussion about dredging also apply to this situation.The installation procedures in a particular area may involve theend of the tunnel-based clean-up slot. To make clean-up and installation of the two processes reduce to a minimum interval of time, placed in the pipe to its final position before the bottom of the sand filling has been successfully used to shoot clean water law section of the base tunnel. With a powerful water jet to remove the last layer of the sediment washed into the suspension, followed by water flow away.Left in the pipe manufacturing dock, anchored at the temporary terminal and leave the temporary pier, floating point and transported to the installation during installation are likely to hinder shipping. Only the last one caused by the shipping process will complete in the short term temporary interruption or partial interruption.In this respect, a deeply buried tunnel across a river and there are differences across a canal. In the latter case, the absence of flow effects to make the sinking and installation of pipe can be better controlled. The advantage of this control to allow the use of more deeply buried sections of the tunnel tube pipe unit, but it must be large enough to create dock.Therefore, in the Netherlands, in the past most deeply buried pipe unit length of the tunnel are varied between 100 ~ 150m, crossing the North Sea Canal between Amsterdam and the Trondheim area tunnel (Hemtunnel) project has also used the unit for up to 268m of pipe . Use a longer pipe unit reduces the number of installation, which will slow down the barriers to shipping.Buried pipe for the tunnel project, it seems to impede the shipping for the environment as a problem, but not a major problem.This process includes filling with sand filling pipe at the base, back to the filling tank, and, if necessary in the pipe at the top of the construction of a scour protection layer.Backfill material must be uncontaminated. Ship in the tunnel construction work will interfere with the above shipping. However, by using a pipe installed in the tunnel were part of the operation of equipment, we can reduce such problems, for example, through the tunnel at the bottom of the holes by pumping sand and water mixture to backfilling.This system has been successfully applied in the Netherlands.Tunnel operation and maintenance operations involving major environmental issue is ventilation.Cleaning and maintenance of the tunnel wall to obstruct the road vehicle operation, they must be in the appropriate period of time quickly. Smooth wall and good coating helps to clean the operating table, thus reducing the time limit traffic through the tunnel.Road construction must be done to minimize future maintenance.。
土木工程概论论文外文翻译
ntroduction to Civil Engineering PapersCivil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, aframework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aestheticstructure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and production. Later, in order to adapt to the war, production and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of industrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, gradually formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the gradually developed into a science.In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineeringexperience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.翻译：土木工程概论论文对土木工程的发展起关键作用的，首先是作为工程物质基础的土木建筑材料，其次是随之发展起来的设计理论和施工技术。
土木工程专业英语论文
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broaderScope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into anumber of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use ofcomputers. Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project.Structural engineering.In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.Water resources engineering.Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, anddetermine the location of structures affecting navigation.Geotechnical engineering.Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater.Environmental engineering. In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smoke-producing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land.Transportation engineering. Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of bothpeople and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.Pipeline engineering. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.Construction engineering. Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, andoperating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure.Community and urban planning. Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping. The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radiosignal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation project, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.Other specialties. Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.Engineering management.Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government—municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.Engineering teaching. The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in constructionmaterials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and commissions associated with major projects.土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
土木工程英语文献原文及中文翻译
Civil engineering introduction papers[英语原文]Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.[key words] : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, waterand wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. [1]Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technologyimproves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is theinteraction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures. [3]As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a morecomfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility.Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.Reference:[1] LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan university of technology press. 2007[2] WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 2002[3] jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering introduction of higher education press. Beijing.. 1992土木工程概论 [译文]摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。
土木工程专业英语论文
土木工程专业英语论文文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to alittle bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defendShen and a little bit other use function not a creation to after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope reinforced concrete norm is alsoexplicit provision:Some structure at place ofdissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the preventionSuo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a the cement syruphumidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy the Suo crack is much surface parallellines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dintetc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of theconcrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of theproperty and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to usethe constringency quantity smaller cement, general lowhot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use,the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protectto is a constitution the accommodation is in theconcrete structure of the constringency sew.Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlierperiod strength or common the Huo sour brine is strictthe control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reactioncrack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of becauseof chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation openthis kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measurecarry on of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone isthe in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali boneto anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner,the harmful material get into concrete to makereinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcingbar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcingbar of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the is a concrete class to go together with to want is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight is areinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating. Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structurereinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concretefrom continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A JiC Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of in common use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to theconcrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》。
土木工程毕业论文中英文翻译
外文翻译班级：xxx学号：xxx姓名：xxx一、外文原文：Structural Systems to resist lateral loads Commonly Used structural SystemsWith loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today’ s technology.Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows:1.Moment-resisting frames.2.Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.3.Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.4.Tube-in-tube structures.5.Core-interactive structures.6.Cellular or bundled-tube systems.Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combinations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays.The method of combining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings. These combinations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both is needed to formulate a truly extraordinary design of a high-rise building.While comprehensive discussions of these seven systems are generally available in the literature, further discussion is warranted here .The essence of the design process is distributed throughout the discussion.Moment-Resisting FramesPerhaps the most commonly used system in low-to medium-rise buildings, the moment-resisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints. Such frames are used as a stand-alone system or in combination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal loads. In the taller of high-rise buildings, the system is likely to be found inappropriate for a stand-alone system, this because of the difficulty in mobilizing sufficient stiffness under lateral forces.Analysis can be accomplished by STRESS, STRUDL, or a host of other appropriate computer programs; analysis by the so-called portal method of the cantilever method has no place in today’s technology.Because of the intrinsic flexibility of the column/girder intersection, and because preliminary designs should aim to highlight weaknesses of systems, it is not unusual to use center-to-center dimensions for the frame in the preliminary analysis. Of course, in the latter phases of design, a realistic appraisal in-joint deformation is essential.Braced Frame sThe braced frame, intrinsically stiffer than the moment –resisting frame, finds also greater application to higher-rise buildings. The system is characterized by linear horizontal, vertical, and diagonal members, connected simply or rigidly at their joints. It is used commonly inconjunction with other systems for taller buildings and as a stand-alone system in low-to medium-rise buildings.While the use of structural steel in braced frames is common, concrete frames are more likely to be of the larger-scale variety.Of special interest in areas of high seismicity is the use of the eccentric braced frame.Again, analysis can be by STRESS, STRUDL, or any one of a series of two –or three dimensional analysis computer programs. And again, center-to-center dimensions are used commonly in the preliminary analysis. Shear wallsThe shear wall is yet another step forward along a progression of ever-stiffer structural systems. The system is characterized by relatively thin, generally but not always concrete elements that provide both structural strength and separation between building functions.In high-rise buildings, shear wall systems tend to have a relatively high aspect ratio, that is, their height tends to be large compared to their width. Lacking tension in the foundation system, any structural element is limited in its ability to resist overturning moment by the width of the system and by the gravity load supported by the element. Limited to a narrow overturning, One obvious use of the system, which does have the needed width, is in the exterior walls of building, where the requirement for windows is kept small.Structural steel shear walls, generally stiffened against buckling by a concrete overlay, have found application where shear loads are high. The system, intrinsically more economical than steel bracing, is particularly effective in carrying shear loads down through the taller floors in the areas immediately above grade. The system has the further advantage of having high ductility a feature of particular importance in areas of high seismicity.The analysis of shear wall systems is made complex because of the inevitable presence of large openings through these walls. Preliminary analysis can be by truss-analogy, by the finite element method, or by making use of a proprietary computer program designed to consider the interaction, or coupling, of shear walls.Framed or Braced TubesThe concept of the framed or braced or braced tube erupted into the technology with the IBM Building in Pittsburgh, but was followed immediately with the twin 110-story towers of the World Trade Center, New York and a number of other buildings .The system is characterized by three –dimensional frames, braced frames, or shear walls, forming a closed surface more or less cylindrical in nature, but of nearly any plan configuration. Because those columns that resist lateral forces are placed as far as possible from the cancroids of the system, the overall moment of inertia is increased and stiffness is very high.The analysis of tubular structures is done using three-dimensional concepts, or by two- dimensional analogy, where possible, whichever method is used, it must be capable of accounting for the effects of shear lag.The presence of shear lag, detected first in aircraft structures, is a serious limitation in the stiffness of framed tubes. The concept has limited recent applications of framed tubes to the shear of 60 stories. Designers have developed various techniques for reducing the effects of shear lag, most noticeably the use of belt trusses. This system finds application in buildings perhaps 40stories and higher. However, except for possible aesthetic considerations, belt trusses interfere with nearly every building function associated with the outside wall; the trusses are placed often at mechanical floors, mush to the disapproval of the designers of the mechanical systems. Nevertheless, as a cost-effective structural system, the belt truss works well and will likely find continued approval from designers. Numerous studies have sought to optimize the location of these trusses, with the optimum location very dependent on the number of trusses provided. Experience would indicate, however, that the location of these trusses is provided by the optimization of mechanical systems and by aesthetic considerations, as the economics of the structural system is not highly sensitive to belt truss location.Tube-in-Tube StructuresThe tubular framing system mobilizes every column in the exterior wallin resisting over-turning and shearing forces. The term‘tube-in-tube’is largely self-explanatory in that a second ring of columns, the ring surrounding the central service core of the building, is used as an inner framed or braced tube. The purpose of the second tube is to increase resistance to over turning and to increase lateral stiffness. The tubes need not be of the same character; that is, one tube could be framed, while the other could be braced.In considering this system, is important to understand clearly the difference between the shear and the flexural components of deflection, the terms being taken from beam analogy. In a framed tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the bending deformation of columns and girders , the webs of the framed tube while the flexural component is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns , the flanges of the framed tube. In a braced tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the axial deformation of diagonals while the flexural component of deflection is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns.Following beam analogy, if plane surfaces remain plane , the floor slabs,then axial stresses in the columns of the outer tube, being farther form the neutral axis, will be substantially larger than the axial stresses in the inner tube. However, in the tube-in-tube design, when optimized, the axial stresses in the inner ring of columns may be as high, or evenhigher, than the axial stresses in the outer ring. This seeming anomaly is associated with differences in the shearing component of stiffness between the two systems. This is easiest to under-stand where the inner tube is conceived as a braced , shear-stiff tube while the outer tube is conceived as a framed , shear-flexible tube.Core Interactive StructuresCore interactive structures are a special case of a tube-in-tube wherein the two tubes are coupled together with some form of three-dimensional space frame. Indeed, the system is used often wherein the shear stiffness of the outer tube is zero. The United States Steel Building, Pittsburgh, illustrates the system very well. Here, the inner tube is a braced frame, the outer tube has no shear stiffness, and the two systems are coupled if they were considered as systems passing in a straight line from the “hat” structure. Note that the exterior columns would be improperly modeled if they were considered as systems passing in a straight line from the “hat” to the foundations; these columns are perhaps 15% stiffer as they follow the elastic curve of the braced core. Note also that the axial forces associated with the lateral forces in the inner columns change from tension to compression over the height of the tube, with the inflection point at about 5/8 of the height of the tube. The outer columns, of course, carry the same axial force under lateral load for the full height of the columns because the columns because the shearstiffness of the system is close to zero.The space structures of outrigger girders or trusses, that connect the inner tube to the outer tube, are located often at several levels in the building. The AT&T headquarters is an example of an astonishing array of interactive elements:1.The structural system is 94 ft wide, 196ft long, and 601ft high.2.Two inner tubes are provided, each 31ft by 40 ft , centered 90 ft apartin the long direction of the building.3.The inner tubes are braced in the short direction, but with zero shearstiffness in the long direction.4.A single outer tube is supplied, which encircles the buildingperimeter.5.The outer tube is a moment-resisting frame, but with zero shearstiffness for the center50ft of each of the long sides.6.A space-truss hat structure is provided at the top of the building.7.A similar space truss is located near the bottom of the building8.The entire assembly is laterally supported at the base on twinsteel-plate tubes, because the shear stiffness of the outer tube goes to zero at the base of the building.Cellular structuresA classic example of a cellular structure is the Sears Tower, Chicago,a bundled tube structure of nine separate tubes. While the Sears Towercontains nine nearly identical tubes, the basic structural system has special application for buildings of irregular shape, as the several tubes need not be similar in plan shape, It is not uncommon that some of the individual tubes one of the strengths and one of the weaknesses of the system.This special weakness of this system, particularly in framed tubes, has to do with the concept of differential column shortening. The shortening of a column under load is given by the expression△=ΣfL/EFor buildings of 12 ft floor-to-floor distances and an average compressive stress of 15 ksi 138MPa, the shortening of a column under load is 15 1212/29,000 or per story. At 50 stories, the column will have shortened to in. 94mm less than its unstressed length. Where one cell of a bundled tube system is, say, 50stories high and an adjacent cell is, say, 100stories high, those columns near the boundary between .the two systems need to have this differential deflection reconciled.Major structural work has been found to be needed at such locations. In at least one building, the Rialto Project, Melbourne, the structural engineer found it necessary to vertically pre-stress the lower height columns so as to reconcile the differential deflections of columns in close proximity with the post-tensioning of the shorter column simulatingthe weight to be added on to adjacent, higher columns.二、原文翻译：抗侧向荷载的结构体系常用的结构体系若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重,那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了;确实,较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点;这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地;实际上,正是因为有了这种宏观的构思,新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展,可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了;如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈,高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类：1．抗弯矩框架;2．支撑框架,包括偏心支撑框架;3．剪力墙,包括钢板剪力墙;4．筒中框架;5．筒中筒结构;6．核心交互结构;7．框格体系或束筒体系;特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式,同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力,大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系;而且,就较高的建筑物而言,大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列;将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质;其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展,以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构;这并不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑;正相反,有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了,然而,如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导,那么,得以发展的就只能是好的结构,并非是伟大的建筑;无论如何,要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计,两者都需要最好的;虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论,但是在这里还值得进一步讨论;设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论;设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中;抗弯矩框架抗弯矩框架也许是低,中高度的建筑中常用的体系,它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点;这种框架用作独立的体系,或者和其他体系结合起来使用,以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力;对于较高的高层建筑,可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系,这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度;我们可以利用STRESS,STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析;所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地,由于柱梁节点固有柔性,并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点,所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的;当然,在设计的后期阶段,实际地评价结点的变形很有必要;支撑框架支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强,在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用;这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色,它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑,并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中;尤其引人关注的是,在强震区使用偏心支撑框架;此外,可以利用STRESS,STRUDL,或一系列二维或三维计算机分析程序中的任何一种进行结构分析;另外,初步分析中常用中心距尺寸;剪力墙剪力墙在加强结构体系刚性的发展过程中又前进了一步;该体系的特点是具有相当薄的,通常是而不总是混凝土的构件,这种构件既可提供结构强度,又可提供建筑物功能上的分隔;在高层建筑中,剪力墙体系趋向于具有相对大的高宽经,即与宽度相比,其高度偏大;由于基础体系缺少应力,任何一种结构构件抗倾覆弯矩的能力都受到体系的宽度和构件承受的重力荷载的限制;由于剪力墙宽度狭狭窄受限,所以需要以某种方式加以扩大,以便提从所需的抗倾覆能力;在窗户需要量小的建筑物外墙中明显地使用了这种确有所需要宽度的体系;钢结构剪力墙通常由混凝土覆盖层来加强以抵抗失稳,这在剪切荷载大的地方已得到应用;这种体系实际上比钢支撑经济,对于使剪切荷载由位于地面正上方区域内比较高的楼层向下移特别有效;这种体系还具有高延性之优点,这种特性在强震区特别重要;由于这些墙内必然出同一些大孔,使得剪力墙体系分析变得错综复杂;可以通过桁架模似法、有限元法,或者通过利用为考虑剪力墙的交互作用或扭转功能设计的专门计处机程序进行初步分析框架或支撑式筒体结构：框架或支撑式筒体最先应用于IBM公司在Pittsburgh的一幢办公楼,随后立即被应用于纽约双子座的110层世界贸易中心摩天大楼和其他的建筑中;这种系统有以下几个显着的特征：三维结构、支撑式结构、或由剪力墙形成的一个性质上差不多是圆柱体的闭合曲面,但又有任意的平面构成;由于这些抵抗侧向荷载的柱子差不多都被设置在整个系统的中心,所以整体的惯性得到提高,刚度也是很大的;在可能的情况下,通过三维概念的应用、二维的类比,我们可以进行筒体结构的分析;不管应用那种方法,都必须考虑剪力滞后的影响;这种最先在航天器结构中研究的剪力滞后出现后,对筒体结构的刚度是一个很大的限制;这种观念已经影响了筒体结构在60层以上建筑中的应用;设计者已经开发出了很多的技术,用以减小剪力滞后的影响,这其中最有名的是桁架的应用;框架或支撑式筒体在40层或稍高的建筑中找到了自己的用武之地;除了一些美观的考虑外,桁架几乎很少涉及与外墙联系的每个建筑功能,而悬索一般设置在机械的地板上,这就令机械体系设计师们很不赞成;但是,作为一个性价比较好的结构体系,桁架能充分发挥它的性能,所以它会得到设计师们持续的支持;由于其最佳位置正取决于所提供的桁架的数量,因此很多研究已经试图完善这些构件的位置;实验表明：由于这种结构体系的经济性并不十分受桁架位置的影响,所以这些桁架的位置主要取决于机械系统的完善,审美的要求,筒中筒结构：筒体结构系统能使外墙中的柱具有灵活性,用以抵抗颠覆和剪切力;“筒中筒”这个名字顾名思义就是在建筑物的核心承重部分又被包围了第二层的一系列柱子,它们被当作是框架和支撑筒来使用;配置第二层柱的目的是增强抗颠覆能力和增大侧移刚度;这些筒体不是同样的功能,也就是说,有些筒体是结构的,而有些筒体是用来支撑的;在考虑这种筒体时,清楚的认识和区别变形的剪切和弯曲分量是很重要的,这源于对梁的对比分析;在结构筒中,剪切构件的偏角和柱、纵梁例如：结构筒中的网等的弯曲有关,同时,弯曲构件的偏角取决于柱子的轴心压缩和延伸例如：结构筒的边缘等;在支撑筒中,剪切构件的偏角和对角线的轴心变形有关,而弯曲构件的偏角则与柱子的轴心压缩和延伸有关;根据梁的对比分析,如果平面保持原形例如：厚楼板,那么外层筒中柱的轴心压力就会与中心筒柱的轴心压力相差甚远,而且稳定的大于中心筒;但是在筒中筒结构的设计中,当发展到极限时,内部轴心压力会很高的,甚至远远大于外部的柱子;这种反常的现象是由于两种体系中的剪切构件的刚度不同;这很容易去理解,内筒可以看成是一个支撑或者说是剪切刚性的筒,而外筒可以看成是一个结构或者说是剪切弹性的筒;核心交互式结构：核心交互式结构属于两个筒与某些形式的三维空间框架相配合的筒中筒特殊情况;事实上,这种体系常用于那种外筒剪切刚度为零的结构;位于Pittsburgh的美国钢铁大楼证实了这种体系是能很好的工作的;在核心交互式结构中,内筒是一个支撑结构,外筒没有任何剪切刚度,而且两种结构体系能通过一个空间结构或“帽”式结构共同起作用;需要指出的是,如果把外部的柱子看成是一种从“帽”到基础的直线体系,这将是不合适的；根据支撑核心的弹性曲线,这些柱子只发挥了刚度的15%;同样需要指出的是,内柱中与侧向力有关的轴向力沿筒高度由拉力变为压力,同时变化点位于筒高度的约5/8处;当然,外柱也传递相同的轴向力,这种轴向力低于作用在整个柱子高度的侧向荷载,因为这个体系的剪切刚度接近于零;把内外筒相连接的空间结构、悬臂梁或桁架经常遵照一些规范来布置;美国电话电报总局就是一个布置交互式构件的生动例子;1、结构体系长米,宽米,高米;2、布置了两个筒,每个筒的尺寸是米×米,在长方向上有米的间隔;3、在短方向上内筒被支撑起来,但是在长方向上没有剪切刚度;4、环绕着建筑物布置了一个外筒;5、外筒是一个瞬时抵抗结构,但是在每个长方向的中心米都没有剪切刚度;6、在建筑的顶部布置了一个空间桁架构成的“帽式”结构;7、在建筑的底部布置了一个相似的空间桁架结构;8、由于外筒的剪切刚度在建筑的底部接近零,整个建筑基本上由两个钢板筒来支持;框格体系或束筒体系结构：位于美国芝加哥的西尔斯大厦是箱式结构的经典之作,它由九个相互独立的筒组成的一个集中筒;由于西尔斯大厦包括九个几乎垂直的筒,而且筒在平面上无须相似,基本的结构体系在不规则形状的建筑中得到特别的应用;一些单个的筒高于建筑一点或很多是很常见的;事实上,这种体系的重要特征就在于它既有坚固的一面,也有脆弱的一面;这种体系的脆弱,特别是在结构筒中,与柱子的压缩变形有很大的关系,柱子的压缩变形有下式计算：△=ΣfL/E对于那些层高为米左右和平均压力为138MPa的建筑,在荷载作用下每层柱子的压缩变形为1512/29000或毫米;在第50层柱子会压缩94毫米,小于它未受压的长度;这些柱子在50层的时候和100层的时候的变形是不一样的,位于这两种体系之间接近于边缘的那些柱需要使这种不均匀的变形得以调解;主要的结构工作都集中在布置中;在Melbourne的Rialto项目中,结构工程师发现至少有一幢建筑,很有必要垂直预压低高度的柱子,以便使柱不均匀的变形差得以调解,调解的方法近似于后拉伸法,即较短的柱转移重量到较高的邻柱上;。
土木工程英文文章
土木工程英文文章English:Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of structures and infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and airports. It encompasses various sub-disciplines including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, and water resources engineering. Civil engineers play a crucial role in society by ensuring that infrastructure is safe, functional, and sustainable. They apply scientific principles and innovative technologies to address complex challenges related to population growth, urbanization, environmental degradation, and climate change. From designing earthquake-resistant buildings to developing efficient transportation systems, civil engineers contribute to improving the quality of life for people around the world. Collaboration with architects, urban planners, environmental scientists, and government agencies is often necessary to successfully execute civil engineering projects. Moreover, civil engineers must consider factors such as cost, aesthetics, social impact, and regulatory requirements when planning andimplementing infrastructure projects. Overall, civil engineering is a dynamic field that continuously evolves to meet the changing needs of society and the environment.中文翻译:土木工程是一门工程学科，涉及建筑物、道路、桥梁、水坝和机场等结构和基础设施的设计、建造和维护。
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical structures and infrastructure of a society. It is one of the oldest engineering disciplines and plays a crucial role in shaping the built environment in which we live.As a student majoring in civil engineering, it is important to have a strong understanding of the field. This involves not only mastering the technical skills and knowledge required for the profession but also developing a deep appreciation for the role that civil engineers play in society.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is the design and construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, tunnels, and buildings. These structures are essential for the functioning of a modern society, providing the means for transportation, communication, and commerce. By studying civil engineering, students learn how to design and build these structures in a safe, cost-effective, and sustainable manner.Another important aspect of civil engineering is the focus on environmental sustainability. As the world population continues to grow, the demand for infrastructure also increases. However, it is important to balance this growth with the need to protect the environment and natural resources. Civil engineers play a critical role in identifying and implementing solutions that minimize the impact of infrastructure projects on the environment and promote sustainable development.In addition to technical skills, civil engineering also requires strong communication, leadership, and problem-solving abilities. Civil engineers often work in teams with professionals from other disciplines, such as architects, urban planners, and environmental scientists. Effective communication and collaboration are essential for ensuring that projects are completed on time and within budget.Overall, civil engineering is a diverse and challenging field that offers a wide range of opportunities for career growth and development. Whether working in the public sector, private industry, or academia, civil engineers have the opportunity to make a positive impact on society by designing and building the infrastructure that shapes our world.In conclusion, studying civil engineering is not just about acquiring technical skills and knowledge, but also about developing a broader understanding of the role that civil engineers play in society. By embracing the challenges and opportunities of the profession, students can prepare themselves for a rewarding and fulfilling career in civil engineering.篇2Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams, buildings, and railways. It is considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines and plays a crucial role in shaping the world around us.As a civil engineering student, one must learn a wide range of technical skills and knowledge to be successful in this field. This includes understanding principles of physics, mathematics, and materials science, as well as gaining expertise in computer-aided design (CAD) software and other tools used in engineering analysis and design. In addition to technical skills, civil engineers must also possess good communication,problem-solving, and decision-making skills to effectively collaborate with clients, contractors, and other professionals.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is its focus on sustainability and environmental protection. Civil engineers play a vital role in designing infrastructure that is resilient to natural disasters and climate change, as well as minimizing the environmental impact of construction projects. By implementing sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials, reducing energy consumption, and preserving natural habitats, civil engineers can help create a more sustainable built environment for future generations.Another important aspect of civil engineering is its emphasis on safety. Whether designing a skyscraper or a highway bridge, civil engineers must prioritize the safety of the public and ensure that structures are built to withstand various loads and forces. By conducting thorough risk assessments and following industry standards and codes, civil engineers can minimize the likelihood of failure and enhance the safety of infrastructure projects.In today's rapidly changing world, civil engineering is facing new challenges and opportunities. Technological advancements, such as building information modeling (BIM) and drone surveying, are transforming the way engineers design andconstruct infrastructure. In addition, the increasing demand for sustainable and resilient infrastructure is driving the need for innovative solutions and interdisciplinary collaboration among engineers, architects, planners, and policymakers.Overall, civil engineering is a dynamic and rewarding profession that offers a diverse range of career opportunities in various sectors, including transportation, water resources, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, and construction management. Whether working for a consulting firm, government agency, or construction company, civil engineers have the opportunity to make a positive impact on society by improving the quality of life and protecting the environment.In conclusion, civil engineering is a vital profession that shapes the world we live in and addresses some of the most pressing challenges of our time. By combining technical expertise with creativity and innovation, civil engineers can design sustainable and resilient infrastructure that benefits society and the environment. As a civil engineering student, it is important to embrace the multidisciplinary nature of the field and continuously improve your skills and knowledge to excel in this dynamic and rewarding profession.篇3Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, dams, buildings, and other infrastructure. As one of the oldest engineering disciplines, civil engineering plays a critical role in shaping the world we live in today.As a civil engineering student, it is essential to have a good understanding of professional English terms and concepts in the field. In this essay, I would like to share my insights on the importance of mastering civil engineering professional English.First and foremost, mastering civil engineering professional English is crucial for effective communication in the field. Engineers often need to work with a diverse group of stakeholders, including clients, contractors, government officials, and fellow engineers. Being able to communicate clearly and concisely in English helps to ensure that everyone is on the same page and that projects are completed successfully.Secondly, understanding civil engineering professional English is essential for studying and researching in the field. Many textbooks, research papers, and technical documents incivil engineering are written in English. Therefore, having a strong command of professional English terms and concepts is necessary for students to succeed in their studies and research.Moreover, mastering civil engineering professional English can also enhance one's career prospects. In today's globalized world, many civil engineering projects are international in nature, and engineers often need to work with colleagues and clients from different countries. Having a good understanding of professional English can help engineers to collaborate effectively with their international counterparts and secure opportunities for career advancement.In addition, civil engineering professional English can also help engineers to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. Many engineering journals and conferences are conducted in English, and having a good grasp of professional English terms and concepts allows engineers to access valuable information and insights that can benefit their work.To improve one's command of civil engineering professional English, there are several steps that students can take. Reading civil engineering textbooks, journals, and research papers in English can help students to familiarize themselves with professional English terms and concepts. Participating inEnglish-speaking workshops, seminars, and conferences can also provide valuable opportunities for students to practice and improve their English communication skills.In conclusion, mastering civil engineering professional English is essential for students pursuing a career in the field. It can enhance communication skills, facilitate studying and researching, improve career prospects, and help engineers to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. By investing time and effort into improving their command of professional English terms and concepts, civil engineering students can set themselves up for success in the future.。
关于土木工程英语作文
关于土木工程英语作文英文回答：Civil engineering is a broad and challenging field that encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment. As a civil engineer, I have the privilege of working on a wide range of projects, from bridges and roads to buildings and water treatment plants.One of the most rewarding aspects of civil engineering is the opportunity to make a tangible difference in the world. The structures that we design and build have adirect impact on the lives of people and communities. For example, a new bridge can connect isolated areas, a new road can improve access to essential services, and a new building can provide shelter and comfort for those who need it.Another aspect of civil engineering that I find particularly interesting is the challenge of constantlyinnovating. The field is constantly evolving, and new technologies and materials are emerging all the time. This means that civil engineers must be adaptable and willing to learn new things.Of course, civil engineering is not without its challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the need to balance the competing demands of safety, cost, and sustainability. Civil engineers must be able to design structures that are safe and reliable, but they must also be mindful of the cost of construction and the environmental impact of the materials used.Another challenge is the need to work with a variety of stakeholders, including clients, architects, contractors, and government agencies. Civil engineers must be able to communicate effectively with all of these stakeholders to ensure that the project is completed successfully.Despite the challenges, civil engineering is a rewarding and fulfilling career. I am proud to be a part of a profession that makes a real difference in the world.中文回答：土木工程是一个既广泛又富有挑战性的领域，涵盖了建造环境的设计、建造和维护。
[整理版]土木工程英语短文
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From the start, the Arup engineers decided that the structural form would need to mirror the architectural form, but the geometric complexity of the building—including its sloped ceilings and walls—left room for few truly vertical walls or columns, the exception being the elevator core. Moreover, a tightly controlled environmental system to protect the works of art was required, and that system would have special ductwork for various zones that would run from centralized mechanical rooms to the galleries. Like the structural system, theductwork could not follow typical vertical and horizontal paths.一开始，阿拉普的工程师们决定结构形式应该反映出建筑形式，但是这个建筑的几何复杂性（包括它的斜屋顶和墙体）使得除了电梯间外它几乎没有为真正意义上垂直的墙体或柱子留出空间。
此外，它需要一个用于保护艺术品的被严格控制的环境系统。
而且，那个系统应该是一个具有从高度机械化的房间到图表的不同分区的特殊管道系统。
就像这个结构体系一样，它是不能套用典型的横平竖直的模式的。
As a result, lateral loads are imposed on the structure that would exceed those potentially seen in regions that experience high levels of seismic activity, even though Denver is not located in a zone of high seismic activity. By reinforcing the composite concrete floor slab with structural steel plates, Arupoptimized the structural system to meet the building’s complex requirements. The engineers approached the design as one might approach the design of a ship, the idea being to pull together the exterior walls so they would be stable and not fall outward.结果，这个结构被加上水平荷载。
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土木工程概论论文课程名称土木工程概论考试方式论文姓名余绍波学号201041201222班级10土木（2）班任课教师郑愚正文We are exciting started university life, we are civil professional, but our own professional are poorly understood, when people ask us to learn is when we say civil engineering, they ask, civil professional is a learn what the professional? Professional inside what aspects into? Out specific? Civil professional prospects? Income? …a series of problems are really difficult to us. Yes, what are we learning? In the study civil engineering introduction this course after, I on civil engineering the professional a rough picture of, also let me on civil engineering from originally of interest to the real in love with the professional.What is the civil engineeringCivil engineering is that branch of engineering which aims to provide a comfortable and safe living for the people .Shelter, one of the primary needs of mankind, is provided by civil engineers. The efficient planning of water supply and irrigation systems increases the food production in a country. Shelters ,apart from just being shelters, have been constructed by civil engineers to provide a peaceful and comfortable life .The engineering marvels of the world, starting from the pyramids to today’s thin shell structures, are the results of the development in civil engineering. Communication lines like roads, railways, bridges, etc. Without which development is impossible, are fruits civil engineers’ work.Scope of civil engineering include many aspects, for example structural geotechnical engineering, fluid mechanics, hydraulics and hydraulic machines, transportation engineering, water supply, sanitary and environmental engineering, irrigation engineering, surveying, leveling and remote sensing, etc.Structural engineering is the most important specialization in civil engineering. The construction of a structure needs efficient planning, design and method of construction to serve the purpose fully.Geotechnical engineering is the basic in civil engineering. For the efficient functioning of any structure built on earth, the behavior of soil must be known. Geotechnical engineering gives the basic idea about the soil. But geotechnical engineering also deals with the analysis, design and construction of foundation. Transportation engineering is very important for people going out. The development of a nation mainly depends on the communication facilities available. A nation’s wealth is measured in terms of the road and railway facilities available. There are three modes of transportation viz., land , water and air. This specialization deals with the design, construction and execution of communication routes.Water supply, sanitary and environmental engineering is very closed to the mankind. Without food man can survive for days but not without water. The responsibility of providing potable water to the public and disposing the waste water safely is that of a civil engineer. The role of an environmental engineer is to build a bridge between biology and technology by applying all the techniques to the job of cleaning the debris. Environmental engineering deals with the methods of protecting the environment from the deleterious effects of human activity which would result in the improvement of environmental quality for the well being of mankind.Irrigation may be defined as the process of supplying water by man-made methods for the purpose of land cultivation. Irrigation engineering includes the study and design of works related to the control of river water and the drainage of waterlogged areas. Thus, irrigation engineering deals with the controlling and harnessing of various resources of water, by constructing dams, reservoirs, canals, head works and distribution channels to the cultivable land.Above of the describing, civil engineering is the most important in the engineering of the worth. I am also honored about that I would become the member of civil engineer.I have a dream to be a structure engineer. I would learn hard in the future.The development history of the civil engineeringAncient civil engineering ancient civil engineering has a long time span, it roughly from 5000 BC in the new Stone Age to 17 centuries middle period, about 7000 years before. In housing, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering, tower engineering, etc are madebrilliant achievement. Some of the ancient civilization handed a masterpiece, has majestically. Such as the Great Wall of China, the pyramids of Egypt, etc. The 6 th century built into the zhaozhou bridge, is the world's first open shoulder type arch bridge, in 1991 by the United States civil engineering learn to choose for world shangdi 12 civil engineering milestone.The modern civil engineering the time span of the modern civil engineering from 17 centuries middle period to 20 centuries middle period, about 300 years before. In this period, from building materials with natural material to give priority to with man-made material is given priority to, build theory also, from the main to summarize long-term experience to build on both the scientific experience change. The construction technology, some excellent performance of large-scale machinery with all extremely effective construction method, the emergence of makes people began to build complex or the environment of the bad civil engineering. Built during the Eiffel Tower, the Empire State Building and the golden gate suspension bridge, still can yet be regarded as the great civil engineering.Contemporary civil engineering civil engineering is increasingly with its use function or production process closely. Along with the materials and build the development of technology, to civil engineering society puts forward new requirements. We to the house the comfort and demand more and more beautiful.Public and residential buildings requirements of the construction, structure, water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation, for gas, power supply and other modern technology equipment with increasingly become whole. Industrial building requires constant temperature, humidity, prevent the vibration, anticorrosion, radiation prevention, prevention of fire, explosion, the magnetic, dustproof, and high (low) temperature, resistant to high (low) wet, and to the large span and super-heavy, flexible space development direction. In addition, high-rise building a large rise, the underground engineering high-speed development, urban elevated highway overpass, a large presence, and gradually realize high transportation, water conservancy project large-scale.Civil engineering in our future development tendencyWith the deepening of China's reform, opening up and rapid economic development, China will face a more large-scale construction upsurge. Can say, we are faced with a national economic leap with the civil engineering in the good times. And such a good development environment has been and will continue to by western countries the eager attention. As the cross-century generation, the excellent situation for we provide unprecedented rare display to the international level talents, the impact of the good opportunity. At the same time, we also deeply felt, this is a "opportunity" and "challenges" coexist, "cooperation" and "competition" intertwined, and "innovation" and "follow the old" strive for age, how to grasp of the century when the trend of the development of civil engineering disciplines, initiate have Chinese characteristics, with world-class level of civil engineering discipline of new era, is to us at the turn of the century the challenge of a generation.To our country civil engineering awarenessChina's civil engineering has its own particularity. "China is the most populous country in the world, a large resources are 13 ten million except that became insignificant, but one small problem multiplied by 1.3 billion will become a big problem." LiuXi pull CiYu professor of our country to recognizes the difficulty was. China's coal, oil,natural gas, water, forest amount in the world are front row, but the amount per but all lower than the world average level. Population, energy, education, pollution problem has already become our country faces four severe problems. Sustainable development is imminent. And civil engineering, also will be based on long-term, out of a sustainable development way.Around the world, and America's modernization process is advanced, and recent data show that: the future U.S. to put 1.6 trillion dollars to settle the already built engineering safety state, for example, chloride ion of the building by corrosion and so on. As a contemporary civil engineer and brilliant achievements in the inheritance predecessors, but also must learn from a lot of the teaching of the accident out has, in the future work in improving the innovation, and realize the sustainable development. Development of high and new technology, the application of the structural health monitoring and realize the sustainable development. Civil engineering in the actual process, can appear different degree of damage or performance degradation, it will influence the bearing capacity and durability, and even serious engineering accident, bring the significant casualties and economic loss, have a serious social influence. Therefore, from building built into the moment, will do health monitoring, repair and reinforcement of preparation.With modern sensing technology, computer and communication technology, the signal analysis and processing technology and structure dynamic analysis theory of the rapid development, people put forward the concept of structural health monitoring, to the development of civil engineering brought the revolutionary change.Structural health monitoring system through various sensors installed in structure, to be automatic, real time measurement structure environment, load and response, the health status of the structure of the assessment, and to provide scientific and effective structure maintenance management decision foundation, ensure the safety of the structure operation, prolong the service life of the structure.Through the development of the structural health monitoring and security warning, found in the first time building possible problems and to repair and reinforcement, both to avoid the possible construction accident, also solve the basic building too fast aging damage, had to tear down repaired the awkward situation, and the resulting from the large economy, resources and time wasted, and realize the sustainable development of the building use.Reasonable use of natural resources, pay attention to both civil engineering facilities recycle, realize the sustainable development. "Sustainable development is not sacrifice in future generations and to satisfy their needs, under the condition of ability to meet the needs of the present."Reasonable use of natural resources, should be in civil engineering construction, use and maintenance process, a civil engineer active do energy saving section, and maximize both civil engineering facilities role.For example, we can make full use of building green in summer effectively reduce the ash brick wall surface temperature, so as to reduce the usage of the air conditioning; Can use energy-saving insulation type of porous brick or composite wall as wall material, and reach the role of winter insulation; Can the solar energy, underground heat and other new energy, reduce nonrenewable resources consumption reduction.In addition, both the reuse of building sustainable development is also one of the important methods. This, Shanghai has made many successful experience: not a lot offactories, many have been transformed into a gallery, office building, the artist studio. This transformation recycle, not only conform to the requirements of the modern use, and save the energy, to avoid the waste, can yet be regarded as a kind of effective measures.Development and utilization of renewable resources and green resources and realize the sustainable development. Every year in the world of the demolition waste concrete, engineering construction waste concrete produced all can produce a vast quantity of construction waste. China's annual construction of the construction waste produced 40 million tons, produce 13.6 million tons of waste concrete, removed the workload with big, environmental pollution is serious. In addition, our country is 20 years the world's largest country in cement production, and this in itself is a high consumption of resources, production, pollution environment of the industry.Compared with other materials, steel and recycled concrete conform to the standard of green building materials, shall develop such green building materials. In building material selection, in the place of appropriate application natural renewable resource, save money, but also achieve the ecological and building harmonious sustainable development, what is there against it?Social to our demandsThrough a term civil engineering introduction course of study, I have deeply felt civil engineering covers the extensive, appreciate the predecessors' achievements of, also realized as a civil engineer's big responsibility. Of course, we can't get lost in the has been brilliant achievements, standing still. We should also keep pace with The Times, to dig, to find, to think, to imagine, to innovation.To become excellent civil engineer and must have "four elements", that is, the knowledge structure, the practical skills, ability structure and comprehensive quality and innovative consciousness.The knowledge structure including: public knowledge, basic specialized knowledge and professional knowledge.First, excellent civil engineer must have a solid public knowledge, and, in the understanding of the natural science foundation, good moral psychological quality and the humanities and social science foundation knowledge also indispensable. Secondly, excellent engineers must also have the perfect basic specialized knowledge. For engineering mathematics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, are a solid understanding and strong application ability.Finally, also have a thorough professional knowledge. Whether railway engineering, tunnel project in underground engineering construction projects, or, every engineer to lay particular stress on the industry has a advanced professional knowledge. Only in this way can we make our country civil engineering career, walk in the forefront of the world.Civil engineering from practice. Therefore, the engineer will have excellent practice skills. For example: drawing skills, computer application skills, engineering surveying skills and structure detection techniques, etc.We how to request oneselfAs a civil engineering student, I will in the future the university three years in the learning process, efforts to master the basic specialized knowledge, completes the professional practice work; At the same time actively learn professional knowledge of the other, such as the computer language and programming skills, material experimentand the structure of the master the basic method of the general structure experiment, has initially structure of inspection skills, completes the technical practice, course design and for the prize winners in the structure design. In the future the study life, I will continue to improve their ability to study independently, actively improve personal ability, for entry into society to work well preparation.In addition, engineers and scientists difference is not only affected by natural laws, which also will be affected by the constraints of the social rules. Engineering and technical personnel of each of the scheme for the project of complete is a "social activities", and never rely on a person in the room alone. So to have enough ability to deal with social, follow the good social law."Engineer is scientists; engineer is an artist; engineer is also thinkers." A great engineer had put forward such a speech. Well, the engineer is the use of natural science to create engineering. Engineering is both material also is ideological. Many monumental engineering, great engineering and famous buildings, many people often see only their magnificent, and as a civil engineer, is more should see its soul. So we should understanding of the "structural engineer and artists and thinkers." Become a great structural engineer of the most important factors is "love their career". After all the interest is the best teacher, many excellent construction engineers are interested in since childhood to the building. Hobbies should not only embodies in action to look inward and even more thorough marrow. An engineer in life is an engineer. The problem we mentioned to draw out is to cultivate their thinking quality. Including the habit of thinking, depth and breadth, and the thinking way of thinking and the selection of materials. Become a engineers do have a lot of quality is natural and decisive, the school of training and his efforts to just a few auxiliary measures. A man once asked me a question about perceptual load, in fact I psychological it is very clear that he doesn't understand the inside the most basic physical concept, first of the inductance of the understanding is not language and mathematics formula can explain it. So physics and mathematics is the basis of structural engineer has high requirements, mentioned here of physics and mathematics is to point to one of the most basic understanding and not stay at the surface of the text and formula. I can be deduced that the people don't quite fit for structural engineer, in fact the questions he raised are true in life, looking up distant buildings, or when you see a landmark moment. Can this every moment are often taken for granted and for you is wrong. That we have lost the opportunity to learn, lost inspiration.In the study life, I will continuously improve their ability of self-study, from study advance engineering ability, in the work of students improve their management skills, and gradually perfect their knowledge structure, to develop science and technology development ability and in the power of expression and the public relation ability, more efforts on.However, these skills also won't test a real help to the sustainable development of our country civil engineer. The most important is because engineers have noble moral culture training and the thought quality. For the country and the interests of the nation, to the cause of the motherland. For the glory of the country, can have a strong sense of competition. Have the thinking method of syndrome differentiation materialism, a solid, rigorous, hard core of the work style. Only in this way can we do a qualified Chinese civil engineer.We should also see, our country's civil engineering business and world class level,there is still a gap. Such as the domestic many high-rise buildings (including the Shanghai world financial center), its engineering design almost entirely by overseas undertake, steel almost all imported from abroad, engineering contracting also mostly by overseas undertake, only the fabrication and erection of the steel structure work by the domestic unit to assume. Get completely independent intellectual property rights, realize localization of engineering construction, surpassing international level, we need to the younger generation to complete!I will continue to improve ability, going all out, along with other students, out ofa independent innovation, and sustainable development with Chinese characteristics in civil engineering the road of development and common will of our country civil engineering career to a new high tide.。