Effect of constraint induced by crack depth on creep crack-tip stress
经济学专业英语词汇
经济学专业英语词汇Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理 Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average revenue 平均收益average product of labour 劳动平均产量average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率 capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设 ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线 Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化choice 选择change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化Coase theorem 科斯定理cobweb model 蛛网模型Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数 collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析 compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数 compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量 competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场 complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息 completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件 closed set 闭集condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件 concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变 constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿 consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间 continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数 contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减 deduction 演绎法demand 需求 demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头dynamic models 动态模型diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减 diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论 duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线 Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型 efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性 endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量 excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理 excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性 exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值 expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济 externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线fixed costs 固定成本first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数 flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车，免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶 收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品 homogeneity 齐次性Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准 homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数 homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性 increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增 inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息 information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新 input 投入 input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险 intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率 intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化 invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数 investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线，isoprofit curve 等利润曲线soquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数，land 土地 law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率 law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型leisure 闲暇least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清，市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败 market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构 market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节 market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法 Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数 maximization 极大化 microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资 misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争 monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削 monopoly 垄断，卖方垄断 monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价 monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金 monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡 Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源 Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好 nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性 nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性 nonprice competition 非价格竞争 nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品 normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数 oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场 oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本 optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束 perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置 optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序 ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值 price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线 product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线 production efficiency 生产效率 production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线 productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率 productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学 proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线 public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择 public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争 rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换 pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型 quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率 rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数 regulation 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学 resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置 returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬 revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益 revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数 revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和，满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视 second derivative --阶导数 second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务 set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期 short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡 short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数 socialism 社会主义solution 解 space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡 Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析 stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略 subsidy 津贴 substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应 substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性 symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切 taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束 technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济 transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿VValue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值 variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量 visible hand 看得见的手 vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡 Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润。
考虑两端实际约束的隧道施工诱发邻近桩基响应解析解
第 54 卷第 8 期2023 年 8 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.8Aug. 2023考虑两端实际约束的隧道施工诱发邻近桩基响应解析解孙影杰，施成华，王祖贤，张轩煜，郑晓悦(中南大学 土木工程学院，湖南 长沙，410075)摘要：隧道施工不可避免地会对邻近桩基产生影响，对既有桩基响应进行分析时大多将桩顶和桩端假定为自由或固定边界，这与桩基实际约束条件不符。
为反映桩基两端的实际约束状态，并考虑桩基剪切效应，将桩基简化为Vlasov 地基中具有广义弹性约束的Timoshenko 梁，建立隧道−土体−桩基简化计算模型。
基于弹性地基梁理论，采用两阶段法推导邻近隧道施工时任意边界约束条件下桩身横向附加变形和内力的解析解。
通过本文解析解与边界元和有限元数值解进行对比，验证解析模型的可靠性。
最后，给出桩基两端实际约束的简化计算方法，并进一步分析桩顶及桩端约束条件对桩基横向变形和内力的影响规律。
研究结果表明：桩顶转动弹簧刚度K θ0对桩顶横向变形的影响较小；当1×104<K t0<1×106 kN/m 时，桩顶横向变形随桩顶水平弹簧刚度K t0的变化最显著；当K t0<1×103 kN/m 且K θ0<1×103 kN·m/rad 时，桩顶近似为自由端；当K t0>1×107 kN/m 且K θ0>1×107 kN·m/rad 时，可按桩顶固定简化计算；当桩端水平弹簧刚度K tn <1×103 kN/m 时，可按桩端自由简化计算；当K tn >1×108 kN/m 时，可按桩端固定简化计算。
采用本文方法可较准确地预测隧道施工影响下邻近桩基的响应特性，对于现场施工具有重要指导意义。
中低速冲击载荷作用下SCT_岩石试样Ⅰ型裂纹的动态扩展行为
第49卷第11期中南大学学报(自然科学版) V ol.49No.11 2018年11月Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)Nov. 2018 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2018.11.024中低速冲击载荷作用下SCT岩石试样Ⅰ型裂纹的动态扩展行为董玉清1, 2，朱哲明1, 2，王蒙1, 2，周磊1, 2，应鹏1, 2(1. 四川大学深地科学与工程教育部重点实验室，四川成都，610065；2. 四川大学四川大学建筑与环境学院，四川成都，610065)摘要：为研究侧开单裂纹三角形(SCT)岩石试样的动态扩展行为和断裂韧度，采用落锤冲击实验系统进行动态加载，通过裂纹扩展计(CPG)得到裂纹的断裂时间和扩展速度；用有限差分软件AUTODYN进行数值模拟，验证实验结果的可靠性；将实验测量的载荷条件代入有限元软件ABAQUS建立的数值模型中，得到动态应力强度因子时程曲线，通过普适函数修正后，利用断裂时间得到动态断裂韧度。
研究结果表明：SCT试件构型能够较好地应用于岩石动态扩展行为的研究；砂岩的扩展韧度与裂纹扩展速度呈负相关；数值模拟得到的裂纹扩展路径与实验结果基本一致，裂纹扩展速度不为常数；岩石裂纹动态扩展过程中可能存在止裂现象，止裂韧度大于扩展韧度，但与起裂韧度相差不大。
关键词：侧开单裂纹三角形试件；动态起裂韧度；动态扩展韧度；落锤冲击；数值模拟中图分类号：TU 45 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672−7207(2018)11−2821−10Mode I crack dynamic propagation behavior ofSCT specimens under medium-low speed impact loadDONG Yuqing1, 2, ZHU Zheming1, 2, WANG Meng1, 2, ZHOU Lei1, 2, YING Peng1, 2(1. Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education,Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China；2. School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China)Abstract: In order to study crack dynamic propagation behavior and rock fracture toughness, single cleavage triangle (SCT) specimens were used. By using these specimens and a drop weight test system, impact experiments were performed, and the crack propagation velocity and the fracture time were measured by crack propagation gauges(CPG).In order to examine the effectiveness of the experiment results, finite difference numerical models were established by using AUTODYN. Finite element code ABAQUS was used to calculate crack dynamic stress intensity factors(SIF) based on numerical models and the measured loading curves, and the curve of crack dynamic SIF versus time was obtained.The fracture toughness was determined according to the correction universal function and the fracture time measured by CPG. The results show that the SCT specimen is suitable for the study of crack dynamic propagation behavior and fracture toughness. Propagation toughness decreases with the increase of the crack propagation velocity. The crack propagation paths obtained from numerical simulation are basically the same with those of the test results, and the crack propagation speed is not a constant. In the process of crack propagation, crack arrest may happen, in which arrest收稿日期：2017−12−26；修回日期：2018−02−28基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(11672194，11702181)；四川省安全监管局安全生产科技项目(aj20170515161307); 四川省科技计划项目(2018JZ0036) (Projects(11672194, 11702181) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project (aj20170515161307) supported by Safety Production Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Administration of Work Safety;Project(2018JZ0036) supported by Science and Technology of Sichuan Province)通信作者：朱哲明，教授，博士生导师，从事岩石力学与采矿工程的研究；E-mail:**********************中南大学学报(自然科学版) 第49卷2822toughness is higher than crack propagation toughness, and the difference between the initiation toughness and arrest toughness is slight.Key words: single cleavage triangle(SCT) specimen; dynamic initiation toughness; dynamic propagation toughness; drop weight impact; numerical simulation岩石是一种典型的工程材料，其内部存在大量的节理、裂隙等缺陷，研究岩石裂纹扩展规律具有重要意义。
爆炸荷载下刚
第 54 卷第 6 期2023 年 6 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.6Jun. 2023爆炸荷载下刚−柔耦合围岩支护结构二维平板动态损伤破坏特征试验研究杨荣周1, 2，徐颖1, 2，刘家兴2，丁进甫2，谢昊天2(1. 安徽理工大学 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室，安徽 淮南，232001；2. 安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院，安徽 淮南，232001)摘要：为探究爆炸冲击荷载下以橡胶水泥砂浆(RCM)作为柔性吸能材料的“刚−柔耦合”围岩支护结构的动态稳定性，通过搭建二维平板爆炸冲击试验系统，开展单体平板试件在中心起爆方式下和组合体平板试件在偏心起爆方式下的单孔爆炸冲击荷载试验；并从炮孔动态膨胀响应特征、剥落区形成机理和爆生裂缝扩展机理3个方面，探究“刚−柔耦合”围岩支护结构二维平板试件的动态损伤破坏特征。
最后，从应力波传播和协调变形2个方面分析讨论“刚−柔耦合”围岩支护结构中多层材料间的耦合作用特征与围岩稳定性机理，进一步印证以RCM 作为柔性材料的“刚−柔耦合”围岩支护结构降低围岩及其支护结构动力损伤的潜力。
研究结果表明：随橡胶体积分数增大，平板试件整体的损伤破坏程度明显减小；尽管RCM 单体平板试件的爆后炮孔直径和剥落区面积因橡胶体积分数的增大而有所增大，但RCM 有效降低了组合体平板试件的爆后炮孔直径、剥落区面积和爆生裂缝总长度。
平板试件在爆炸冲击荷载作用下主要受到爆炸冲击波与爆轰气体的共同作用，尤其在底板对炮孔的封闭约束下，炮孔中也因爆炸能量的瞬间释放形成了向上的聚能射流效应，进一步导致了V 形爆坑剥落区的形成。
在同一起爆方向下，当橡胶体积分数为60%时， R-R-H 和H-R-R 的裂缝长度总和最小；在同一橡胶体积分数下，相比于H-R-R ，R-R-H 的裂缝长度总和最大降低了46.25%。
Summary
Debond Analyses for Stitched Composite StructuresE.H. GlaessgenNational Research CouncilHampton, VA 23681, U.S.A.I.S. Raju and C.C. Poe, Jr.NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, VA 23681, U.S.A.SummaryThe effect of stitching on mode I and mode II strain energy release rates for debond configurations is studied using an analysis based on plate finite elements and the virtual crack closure technique. The stitches were modeled as discrete nonlinear fastener elements with a compliance determined by experiment. The axial and shear behavior of the stitches was considered with both the compliances and failure loads assumed to be independent. The mode I strain energy release rate, G I, was shown to decrease once the debond had grown beyond the first row of stitches and was reduced to zero for long debonds, however, the mode II strain energy release rate, G II, continued to be of significant magnitude over the range of debond lengths considered.IntroductionWarp-knit carbon/epoxy textile composite materials are currently being considered for use in primary aircraft structures. Stitching the stiffeners to the skin is expected to suppress the initiation and growth of debonds between the stiffeners and skin. The structural skins are typically made of between two and ten stacks (layers of woven material) of 1.40 mm. thick carbon warp-knit fabric that is layered and stitched with Kevlar yarns. The stiffeners and intercostals are fabricated with a similar number of stacks of stitched fabric and are stitched to the skin. Once the preform is assembled, resin film infusion (RFI) is used to impregnate the entire structure with epoxy resin [1].Skin-stiffener interface stresses may be large enough to cause a separation between the skin and stiffening elements resulting in a delamination or debond [2]. The effects of stitching on delamination or debond growth in composites have been examined in simple two- and three-dimensional configurations by modeling the stitches as truss or beam elements connecting nodes through the thickness of the material [3-5]. An advantage of the three-dimensional modeling is to allow the stitches to be modeled discretely rather than as structural components with an ÒeffectiveÓ stiffness. References 2,6,7 proposed the use of plate elements to model skin-stiffener debond problems and calculate strain energy release rates using the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). The approach taken in references 2,6-8 and the present analysis, is to place the skin nodes and the stiffener nodes along the interface between the skin and the stiffener. The positioning of these nodes at the interface is performed by defining an offset distance from the mid-plane of both the skin and the stiffener.The objective of this paper is to quantify the effect of stitches on the mode I and mode II strain energy release rates of the mixed mode skin-stiffener debond configuration shown in Figure 1. The plate element modeling technique is used to analyze the debond configurations and the VCCT is used to calculate strain energy release rates. Because the skin nodes and corresponding stiffener nodes are coincident in the bonded region, the plate element models do not allow for nodal connectivity beyond the element interface. Thus, the stitches are not modeled as finite length spar or beam elements as in references 3-5, but rather as nonlinear fastener elements with axial and shear compliances determined by experiment. In this paper, the stitched skin-stiffener configuration is analyzed and the strain energy release rates and stitch forces are evaluated for various debond lengths.AnalysisConsiderable insight into the behavior of complicated debond configurations can be gained by examining simple configurations such as the flange-skin configuration shown in Figure 1 while reducingmodeling complexity. The configuration was modeled as an infinitely wide strip of length L 1=L 2=2.54 cm.with a skin and stiffener flange of equal thickness, t , of 0.56 cm. and subjected to cylindrical bending repeating unit boundary conditions (v =0, q x =0 on y =±s y /2 in Figure 1).Material and skin thicknesses that are representative of the stitched composite wing skin used in a NASA program are considered [1]. The same material is assumed for both the skin and the stiffener flange with each stack of material oriented with its primary axis in the x -direction. The equivalent laminate stacking sequence is (45/-45/0/90/0/-45/45)ns with areal weights of 1.73E-4 N/cm 2, 3.62E-4 N/cm 2 and 1.95E-4 N/cm 2for the forty-five, zero and ninety degree plies, respectively. In these analyses, the laminates are assumed to be homogeneous with propertiesE 11=63.8 GPa m 12= m 13=15.7 GPa u 12= u 13=0.397E 22=E 33=32.2 GPam 23=3.43 GPau 23=0.490where E ii , m ij , u ij (i,j=1,2,3) are the YoungÕs moduli, shear moduli, and PoissonÕs ratio, respectively, and the subscripts 1,2,3 represent the fiber and two transverse directions, respectively. The stitch spacings, s x and s y , were assumed to be 3.18 mm. in the x- and y-directions, respectively (see Figure 1).The STAGS 480, 9-node quadratic shear deformable, plate/shell element [9] is used for modeling the debond configurations. A representation of the 9-noded plate elements near a debond front with rectangular grid type modeling is shown in Figure 2. The element size chosen was 0.13 mm. in the x -direction by 0.80mm. in the y -direction as shown in Figure 1. The virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) [10,11] can be used to calculate strain energy release rates, G , with plate elements using the techniques discussed in references 2,6-8. Reference 8 suggests that allowing the elements ahead of the debond front to have independent (free)rotations ensures accurate evaluation of the strain energy release rates. With this assumption, the G values can be calculated using the nodal forces (F x , F y , F z ) and displacements (u , v , w ) near the debond front as (see Figure 2) [6]Mode-I components:I i iz p p z l l I j j z q q z m m I k kz r r z n n G b F w w F w w G b F w w F w w G b F w w F w w i e j f k g ()()()©©©©©©=--()+-()[]=--()+-()[]=--()+-()[]121212D D D (1)Mode-II components:II i i x p p x l l II j jx q q x m m II k kx r r x n n G b F u u F u u G b F u u F u u G b F u u F u u iejfkg()()()©©©©©©=--()+-()[]=--()+-()[]=--()+-()[]121212D D D .(2)Mode III components can be calculated in a similar manner using y -forces and relative v -displacements.However, mode III components are negligible for this configuration and are identically zero at locations corresponding to y =-s y /2, 0 and s y /2 (Figure 1) due to local symmetry and hence are not reported here.Equations (1) and (2) assume that the elements have the same length, D, ahead of and behind the debond front.The equivalent widths apportioned to the two corner debond-front nodes are b i and b k , and to the midside debond-front node is b j and are taken asi b b b j b b k b b b J J J J J =+[]==+[]-+16231611,,,(3)where b J-1, b J and b J+1 are the widths of layers J-1, J and J+1, respectively, as shown in Figure 2(b).The strain energy release rates along the debond front of the mixed-mode skin-stiffener debondconfigurations are calculated using equations (1)-(3). The configurations have been analyzed with a geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis using the STAGS finite element code.Closure of the debond faces may occur once the debond is of sufficient length. In the finite element analysis, contact of the faces is allowed, while interpenetration of the faces is not. Interpenetration of the faces can be prevented either by adding gap elements (STAGS 810 PAD elements) to the model between the debond faces where interpenetration is likely to occur or by adding multipoint constraints along a known region of interpenetration to impose the requirement of identical z -direction displacements among elements in contact.No constraint on the relative sliding displacements (u ) is imposed using either technique. The later procedure was used in the present analysis although it requires that multiple analyses be executed to determine the actual contact length.The fastener elements used in this analysis are imposed as nonlinear constraints within the plate element model [9]. These fastener elements have both an axial and a shear stiffness, K axial and K shear , respectively.Only the fastener elements behind the debond front (L 1<x<L 1+a in Figure 1) carry load since the upper and lower plate elements ahead of the debond front are coupled using constraint equations to have identical translational displacements. Accurate compliance curves for both axial and shear behavior of the stitches were developed in reference 12 using flatwise tension and double lap shear tests, respectively. A piecewise linear representation of this data is used in the finite element model with failure occurring at 258 N in tension and 169N in shear. For the purposes of this analysis, the axial and shear responses of the stitches are assumed to be independent.Results and DiscussionThe mixed-mode skin-stiffener debond configuration assumes self-similar debond growth between the skin and stiffener. Thus, no variation in G across the width of the model is assumed and the values of G reported are those calculated along the lines of the stitching (y =0 in Figure 1). Examination of the distribution of G I and G II across the width for this debond configuration shown in Figure 1 showed less than two percent difference between the location in line with the stitches (y =0) and the location midway between the stitches (y =±s y /2, see Figure 1).The skin-stiffener debond configuration exhibits both mode I and mode II deformations at the debond front. As shown in Figure 3(a), for a fixed applied load, p , of 226 kN/m, both the mode I and mode II strain energy release rates, G I and G II , respectively, for the unstitched configurations increase with increasing debond length over the range of debond lengths, a , considered. Stitching significantly affects both G I and G II . G I initially increases with debond length and then begins to decrease after the debond passes the first stitch (first vertical line in Figure 3a), decreasing as additional stitches begin to carry load, eventually reaching values of zero for long debonds (a/t >2.3). These zero values for long debonds correspond to a region of contact immediately behind the debond front that increases with increasing debond length. In contrast, G II is a weak function of debond length and remains within 20% of its maximum value over the range considered. Thus,even though G I is significantly reduced, there may be sufficient G II present to grow the debond.Figures 3(b) and 3(c) show the axial and shear force in the stitches normalized by the force required for axial and shear failure, respectively. As seen in Figure 3(b), only stitches 1 through 3 have nonzero axial force (F axial ) over the range of debond lengths considered. The axial force reaches a near-constant value for debond lengths corresponding to the region of zero G I (a/t >2.3). However, a shearing force (F shear ), shown in Figure3(c), is also present in the stitches and is nonzero for all of the stitches (stitches 1 through 6) along the debond. Results were evaluated from the finite element model with increments of debond growth of 0.32 cm. (a/t=0.57), so the force corresponding to the first 0.32 cm. (a/t=0.57) of debond growth beyond a given stitch location in the finite element model was not recovered in the analysis and is represented by the dashed lines in the figure. For the longest debond considered in this analysis (a/t=4.6) corresponding to 80% of L1+a in Figure 1, the normalized shear force (F shear/F shear failure) in the first stitch is larger than the corresponding normalized axial force (F axial/F axial failure). There are two ways that the debond may continue to grow in this mixed-mode configuration. If the stitches remain intact, the debond may continue to grow by mode II as shown in Figure 3(a). However, if the stitches fail, non-zero mode I may be present and may also contribute to the growth of the debond. The present analysis suggests that the former may be the preferred growth mode for this configuration.Concluding RemarksThe effect of stitching on mode I and mode II strain energy release rates for debond configurations was studied using an analysis based on plate finite elements and the virtual crack closure technique. The plate element modeling technique was used to model the configuration and the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) was used to calculate the strain energy release rates. The debond growth between the flange and the skin was shown to be approximately self-similar and continuous along the length of the flange-skin interface. The stitches were modeled as discrete nonlinear fastener elements with their compliance determined by experiment. Both axial and shear behavior of the stitches was considered, however, the two compliances and failure loads were assumed to be independent.The stitches began to carry considerable load and cause G I to decrease once the debond length became sufficiently long. In contrast, the stitches had less effect on mode II and G II remained significant throughout the range of debond lengths considered. Thus, there are two ways that the debond may continue to grow in this mixed-mode configuration. If the stitches do not fail, the debond may continue to grow by mode II, however if they do fail, the resulting mode I may also contribute to the growth of the debond.References1. Dow, M.B. and Dexter, H.B., ÒDevelopment of Stitched, Braided and Woven Composite Structures in the ACT Program and at Langley Research Center,Ó NASA TP-97-206234, November 1997.2. Wang, J.T., Jegley, D.C., Bush, H.G. and Hinrichs, S.C., ÒCorrelation of Structural Analysis and Test Results for the McDonnell Douglas Stitched/RFI All-Composite Wing Stub Box,Ó NASA TM-110267, 1996.3. Mignery, L.A., Tan, T.M., and Sun, C.T., ÒThe Use of Stitching to Suppress Delamination in Laminated Composites,Ó ASTM STP 876, 1985, pp. 371-385.4. Sankar, B.V. and Sonik, V., ÒModeling End-Notched Flexure Tests of Stitched Laminates,Ó Proceedings of t he American Society f or Composites , ASC, 1995, pp. 172-181.5. Lee, C. and Liu, D., ÒTensile Strength of Stitching Joint in Woven Glass Fabrics,Ó Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Vol. 112, April 1990, pp. 125-130.6. Wang, J.T., Raju, I.S., and Sleight, D.W., ÒComposite Skin Stiffener Debond Analyses Using Fracture Mechanics Approach with Shell Elements,Ó Composites Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1995, pp. 277-296.7. Wang, J.T. and Raju, I.S., ÒStrain Energy Release Rate Formulae for Skin-Stiffener Debond Modeled with Plate Elements,Ó Engineering Fracture Mechanics , Vol. 54, No. 2, 1996, pp. 211-228.8. Glaessgen, E.H., Riddell, W.T. and Raju, I.S., ÒEffect of Shear Deformation and Continuity on Delamination Strain Energy Release Rate,Ó 39th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference , AIAA Paper 98-2023, 1998.9. Brogan, F.A., Rankin, C.C., Cabiness, H.D. and Loden, W.A., STAGS User Manual, Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Co., July 1996.10. Rybicki, E.F. and Kanninen, M.F., ÒA Finite Element Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors by a Modified Crack Closure Integral,Ó Engineering Fracture Mechanics , Vol. 9, 1977, pp. 931-938.11. Raju, I.S., ÒCalculation of Strain-Energy Release Rates with Higher Order and Singular Finite Elements,ÓEngineering Fracture Mechanics , Vol. 28, No. 3, 1987, pp. 251-274.12. Adams, D.O., ÒStitch Compliance in Delaminated Composites,Ó 29th SAMPE Technical Conference , Orlando, FL, October 28-31, 1997.5x, u (F x )y, v (F y )z, w (F z )Figure 1 Mixed-mode debond configurationFigure 2 Debond configuration modeled using 9-node plate elements(b) Details of the model near the debond front010020030040050060070012345S t r a i n E n e r g y R e l e a s e R a t e , G Ia n d G I I(N -m /m 2)Debond Length, a/tDebond Length, a/tS t i t c h F o r c e , Fa x i a l/Fa x i a l f a i l u r e00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.412345(a) Strain energy release rate as a function of debond length(b) Stitch shear force as a function of debond lengthFigure 3 Effect of multiple stitches on G I , G II and stitch force (Applied Load, p=226 kN/m, t=0.56 cm., s x =0.32 cm., s y =0.32 cm.)(c) Stitch axial force as a function of debond lengthDebond Length, a/tS t i t c h F o r c e , Fs h e a r/Fs h e a r f a i l u r e0.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40123456。
焊接专业英语词汇学习汇总
焊接专业英语词汇学习汇总IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】焊接方面的1. 保护气体 shielding gas2. 变形 deformation3. 波浪变形 buckling distortion4. 补焊 repair welding5. 残余应力 residual-stress6. 层状撕裂 Lamellar Tear7. 插销试验 Implant Test8. 常规力学性能 convention mechanics performance9. 超声波探伤 ultrasonic inspection10. 衬垫焊 welding with backing11. 船形焊 fillet welding in the flat position12. 磁粉探伤 magnetic particle inspection13. 粗滴过渡 globular transfer14. 脆性断裂 brittlement fracture15. 淬火 vt. quench n. ~ing16. 错边变形 dislocating distortion17. 搭接 lap welding18. 打底焊 backing welding19. 单道焊 single-pass welding20. 单面焊 welding by one side21. 导电嘴 wire guide ;contact tube22. 等离子弧焊 plasma welding23. 低合金钢 low alloy steel24. 点焊 spot welding25. 电弧动特性 dynamic characteristic26. 电弧焊 electric arc welding27. 电弧静特性 static characteristic28. 电极 electrode29. 电流 current30. 电压 voltage31. 电源 power supply;power source32. 电阻焊 resistance welding33. 调修 correct34. 定位焊 tack welding35. 短路过渡 short circuiting transfer36. 段焊 tack37. 断续焊 intermittent welding38. 堆焊 surfacing;build up welding39. 对接 butt welding40. 钝边 root face41. 多层焊 multi-layer welding42. 多道焊 multi-pass welding43. 二氧化碳气体保护焊 carbon-dioxide arc welding44. 反接 reversed polarity;positive electrode45. 返修焊 rewelding46. 飞溅 splash47. 飞溅 spatter48. 分段多层焊 block sequence welding49. 分段退焊 backstep sequence50. 封底焊 back welding;sealing welding51. 缝焊 seam welding52. 根部间隙 root gap;root opening53. 固体夹杂 solid inclusions54. 过热区 overheated zone55. 焊道 bead56. 焊缝 seam welding57. 焊缝凹度 concavity58. 焊缝成形系数 form factor(of the weld )59. 焊缝代号 welding symbols60. 焊缝厚度 weld throat thickness61. 焊缝金属 weld metal62. 焊缝宽度 weld width63. 焊缝凸度 convexity64. 焊根 root of weld65. 焊后热处理 postweld heat treatment66. 焊机 welding machine67. 焊剂 fluxes68. 焊脚尺寸 fillet weld size；size of a fillet weld69. 焊接变位机 welding positioner70. 焊接变位机 positioner71. 焊接材料 welding material72. 焊接残余变形 welding residual deformation73. 焊接翻转机 welding tilter74. 焊接工艺 welding technology75. 焊接工艺参数 welding condition(welding parameter)76. 焊接工艺评定 evaluation about technology of welding77. 焊接工作台 welding bench78. 焊接规范 welding norm ;welding specifation79. 焊接机器人 welding robot80. 焊接技术 welding technique81. 焊接夹具 fixture82. 焊接缺陷 crack imcomplete penatration83. 焊接热循环 weld thermal cycle84. 焊接熔池 welding pool85. 焊接顺序 welding sequence86. 焊接速度 welding speed87. 焊接位置 position of welding88. 焊接温度场 welding temperature field89. 焊接性 weldability90. 焊接性 weldability91. 焊接应力 welding stress92. 焊瘤overlap93. 焊枪 welding gun94. 焊丝 welding wire95. 焊条welding rod;electrode96. 焊趾 toe of weld97. 横焊 horiz ontal position welding98. 横向收缩变形 transverse shringkage distortion99. 后热 postheat 100.弧长 length of arc101.弧坑裂纹 crater crack102. 划线 criibing103.混合比 mixing ratio104.基本尺寸 basic dimensions105.激光焊 laser beam welding106.夹紧力clamping force107.间隙 gap108.减压器 pressure regulator109.交流 alternating current110.角变形 angular distortion111.角接 fill et welding112.接头 joint113.近缝区 Near Weld Zone114. 开焊接坡口 bevelling115.快速割嘴 nozzle for high-flame cutting116.扩散焊diffusion welding117.冷裂纹 Cold Cracking118.立焊 vertical posi tion welding119.连续焊 continuous welding120.流量 the rate of flow12 1.流量计 flowmetre122.螺旋变形 twisting distortion123.埋弧焊submerged arc welding124.脉冲氩弧焊 plused argon arc welding125.密封性检验 leak test126.摩擦焊 friction welding127.母材basic material128.内应力 internal stress129.耐压检验 press ure test130.挠曲变形 bending distortion131.扭曲变形 distorma tion132.喷射过渡 spray transfer133.喷嘴 nozzle134.疲劳性能 fatigue property135.平焊 flat position welding136.坡口groove137.坡口角度 groove angle138.气孔 gas cavity139.气密性检验 air tight test140.气体保护电弧焊 gas shielding arc welding1 41.钎焊 brazing;soldering142.切割 cut143.氢致裂纹Hgdrogen induced Crack144.清根 back chipping145.缺陷imperfection146.缺陷分级 classification for imperfection147.热烈纹heat crack148.热烈纹 Hot Cracking149.热应力 thermal st ress150.热影响区 Heat Affected Zone金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element 反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing滑动轴承 sliding bearing弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead联轴器 coupling链 chain (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor集成电路 integrate circuit挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop (来源：英语交友) 工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination(来源：英语博客)气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy 势能potential energy 机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum 桁架 truss 轴线 axes 余子式 cofactor 逻辑电路 logic circuit 触发器 flip-flop 脉冲波形pulse shape 数模 digital analogy 液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts 淬火冷却 quench 淬火 hardening 回火 tempering 调质 hardening and tempering 磨粒 abrasive grain 结合剂 bonding agent 砂轮 grinding wheelGoodcollection but some corrections below for your reference:频率特性 frequency characteristics定位 positioning动力学 dynamics 运动学 kinematics 静力学 statics 分析力学 analytical mechanics 拉伸 tension压缩 compression 磁路 magnetic circuit 几何形状 geometric shape 正弦形的 sinusoidal 直流电源 DC electrical power 螺纹加工 thread machining压模 stamping die 铸造 casting液压离合器 fluid clutch 液压泵hydraulic pump 腐蚀 corrosion 集成电路 integrated circuit 缸 cylinder汽缸pneumatic cylinder金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element 反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry机械仆?Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination气体状态方程 equation of state of gas动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy动量 momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench淬火 hardening回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheel参考资料：回答者： - 2006-6-8 16:15 机械专业英语词汇（很全）金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals 刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element 反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement 进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor集成电路 integrate circuit挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design 有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械仆?Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination气体状态方程 equation of state of gas动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape焊接专业英语（一）(2009-01-12 21:52:18)标签：分类：Aactual weld-throat thick-ness焊缝厚度all-around weld (整周焊缝)环焊缝angle butt weld 斜对接焊angle weld角焊appearance of weld焊缝成形arc-seam weld电弧缝焊arc-spot weld电弧点焊arc-weld电弧焊arc welding 弧焊aspect ratio of weld焊缝成形系数at weld edge在焊缝边上attachment weld连接焊缝automatic spot weld自动点焊法automatic weld自动焊接axis of a weld焊缝中心线; 焊接轴线axis of weld焊缝轴线; 焊接轴线arc seam weld电弧缝焊缝arc spot weld 电弧焊点arc strike 碰弧as–brazed 钎接态as–welded 焊态argon (shielded) arc welding氩弧焊接argon tungsten-arc welding钨极氩弧焊argon-arc welding氩弧焊argonaut welding自动氩弧焊atomic H welding氢原子焊atomic hydrogen welding原子氢焊atomic-hydrogen welding原子氢焊接austenite welding不锈钢焊接autogenous pressure welding自动压合热焊autogenous welding气焊automatic arc welding head自动电弧焊接机头automatic arc welding machine自动电焊机; 自动弧焊机automatic drying line for welding electrode电焊条自动烘焙线automatic slag pool welding 自动电渣焊automatic spot welding自动点焊automatic submerged arc welding自动埋弧焊automatic submerged slag welding of rail钢轨自动埋弧电弧焊automatic submerged-arc welding machine埋弧自动焊机automatic transverse welding横向自动焊automatic welding自动焊; 自动焊接automatic welding head自动焊头automatic welding machine自动焊接机automatic welding of circumferential seams环缝自动焊automatic welding process自动焊接工艺规程automation of welding焊接自动化arc-welded pipe弧焊管arc-welded steel pipe电弧焊接钢管around openings for welded attachments环绕焊接附件孔口as welded焊态as-welded焊后状态automatic arc welded tube自动电弧焊缝管air-acetylene welding空气-乙炔焊接argon arc welding 氩弧焊automatic slag-pool welding 自动电渣焊aircomatic welding 自动调弧氩弧焊, 惰性气体保护金属极弧焊aluminothermic welding 铸焊, 铝热剂焊接austenite welding 不锈钢(焊条)焊接automatic submerged arc welding 自动埋弧焊argon shielded arc welding 氩护电弧焊all-welded全焊接all-welded construction全焊结构automatic spot weld 自动点焊法AC & D. C. arc welding machine交直流弧焊机AC arc welding交流电弧焊AC gas metal-arc welding process交流熔化极气保护焊AC gas tungsten arc welding交流钨极气保护焊AC welding set交流焊机; 交流焊接变压器AC-dc welding machine交直流两用焊机acetylene welding气焊; 乙炔焊; 乙炔焊接acetylene welding torch乙炔焊炬; 乙炔接焊吹管air-acetylene welding空气-乙炔焊接all-position welding全位置焊接alloy steel gas welding rod合金钢气焊条alternating current arc welding交流电弧焊alternating current welding machine交流电焊机aluminium alloy arc welding electrode铝合金焊条aluminothermic welding铝热焊; 铸焊angle backwards welding后倾焊axial bend test纵弯试验angle butt welding斜口对接焊angle forwards welding前倾焊annealing welding wave退火焊波antogenous welding氧炔焊apparatus for butt welding平接压焊夹具arc braze welding电弧钎焊arc flash welding电弧闪光焊arc spot welding 电铆焊arc stud welding柱钉电弧焊; 螺柱电弧焊arc voltage feedback controlling arc welding弧压反馈电弧焊arc welding电弧焊; 电弧焊接; 弧焊arc welding electrode电弧焊条arc welding generator电弧焊接用发电机; 弧焊发电机arc welding generator with independent excitation自激弧焊发电机; 他激电焊发电机arc welding generator with self-excitation自激电焊发电机arc welding machine弧焊机; 电焊机; 电弧焊机arc welding mask电弧焊遮罩arc welding process电弧焊接工艺过程arc welding rectifier弧焊整流器arc welding robot弧焊机器人arc welding set电弧焊机组arc welding transformer弧焊变压器arc-welding electrode电弧焊用焊条arc-welding plant电焊厂arcogen welding电弧氧乙炔焊air-acetylene welding空气-乙炔焊接aircomatic welding自动调弧氩弧焊, 惰性气体保护金属极弧焊aluminothermic welding铸焊, 铝热剂焊接argon arc welding氩弧焊argon shielded arc welding氩护电弧焊austenite welding不锈钢(焊条)焊接automatic slag-pool welding自动电渣焊automatic submerged arc welding自动埋弧焊?Bback of weld焊缝背面back gouging 背面清根backing 衬垫backing gas 背面保护气base metal 母材backing groove of weld焊缝反面坡口backing weld底焊; 底焊焊缝bare metal arc weld裸焊条电弧焊bead weld珠焊; 堆焊bead-on-plate weld堆焊焊缝beading weld凸焊beam-to-beam weld 梁间焊接; 梁式引线焊接block sequence weld分段多层焊bond weld钢轨接头焊接bridge seam weld桥缝焊接; 桥线焊brize weld硬焊braze 钎接接头brazer 钎接工brazing 钎接butt weld对接焊缝butt weld ends对头焊接端butt-weld碰焊; 平式焊接; 对头焊接butt-weld in the downhand position对接平焊butt-weld joint对头焊接butt-weld pipe mill对焊管轧机button spot weld按电钮点焊back hand welding后退焊; 反手焊接back step welding反手焊接back ward welding反手焊接back welding底焊; 退焊法back-step welding分段退焊法backhand welding逆向焊; 右焊法; 后焊法; 向后焊backing welding打底焊backstep welding分段逆焊; 分段退焊;反向焊; 逐步退焊法; 逆向焊backstep welding sequence分段退焊次序backward welding 后倾焊; 后退焊; 向右焊balanced welding对称焊bare welding rod光焊条bare wire arc welding光焊丝电弧焊bead welding窄焊道焊接bench arc welding machine台式弧焊机bevel welding斜角焊blacksmith welding锻工焊接; 锻焊block sequence welding分段多层焊; 分段连续焊接block welding块焊接big diameter welded tube大口径焊缝管blacksmith welded joint煅接接头butt welded (bw)对焊机butt welded seam对焊缝butt-welded drill对头焊接钻头butt-welded joint对焊接头butt-welded pipe对缝焊接管butt-welded rail ends对焊轨端butt-welded tube对缝焊管; 对焊钢管; 对口焊接钢管?butt-welded with square ends方头对焊braze welding硬焊, 铜焊, 钎焊butt welding对接焊, 对焊butt weld对接焊缝blasting welding factory爆破焊接厂braze welding 硬焊, 铜焊, 钎焊butt welding 对接焊, 对焊butt weld 对接焊缝backing run; backing weld打底焊道block welding sequence分段多层焊body welding machine罐身焊接机both sides welding双面焊接brass welding rod黄铜焊条braze welding钎焊; 钎焊接; 钎接; 铜焊braze-welding钎接焊bridge spot welding带接合板点焊; 单面衬垫点焊; 单面搭板点焊bridge welding桥接焊; 盖板焊brize welding硬焊build (built) up welding堆焊build-up welding堆焊building-up by welding堆焊butt resistance welding电阻对焊; 对接电阻焊butt seam welding对接滚焊butt seam welding machine对接缝焊机butt welding对接焊; 平对焊butt welding machine对接焊机butt welding process对接焊法butt-welding对接焊butt-welding machine对焊机Ccap weld最后焊层; 盖面焊缝carbon content of weld materials焊接材料的碳含量cast-weld construction铸焊结构caulk weld 填缝焊contour weld 特形焊接concave fillet weld 凹角焊carbon arc weld 碳极弧焊capability of welding vertically upwards直上焊接能力capacitor-discharge welding电容放电焊接carbon arc welding碳弧焊; 碳极弧焊carbon in materials for welding焊接用材料中的碳carbon-dioxide arc welding二氧化碳保护焊carriage of automatic welding machine自动焊机走架cascade welding阶梯式焊; 山形多层焊cascade welding sequence串级叠置法cast welding铸焊concave fillet weld凹形角焊缝carbon arc weld碳极弧焊concave fillet weld凹角焊contour weld特形焊接cement-welding金属陶瓷焊接centralized installation of welding machine多站焊接chain intermittent fillet welding并列断续角焊缝; 链式断续角焊chemical welding化学焊circular seam welding环缝对接焊circular seam-welding machine环形滚焊机cleaning before welding焊接前的清理cleaning of welding deposits焊接沉积的清理closed butt gas pressure welding闭式加压气焊cold welding冷焊; 冷压焊cold-pressure welding冷压焊combined cutting and welding torch焊割两用炬combined cutting and-welding blow-pipe焊割两用炬combined thermit welding加压铸焊complete penetraction and fusion in welding全焊透complete fusion 完全熔合caulking weld密实焊缝chain intermittent fillet weld链式分段角焊; 并列间断角焊缝chain intermittent weld并列焊接circular weld环形焊缝circumferential weld环缝; 环焊缝cleft weld裂口焊closed weld底边无缝焊; 无间隙焊缝closed-chamber fusion weld闭室熔焊cluster weld丛聚焊缝coil weld 卷板对接焊; 卷板对接焊; 板卷焊cold weld 冷压接commutator-controlled weld 换向控制焊接complete penetration butt weld 贯穿对焊composite weld 紧密焊缝; 强度密封焊缝concave filled weld 凹形角焊缝concave filler weld 凹角焊concave fillet weld 凹面填角焊concave weld 凹焊缝; 凹面焊; 凹形焊缝; 轻型焊connective weld 联系焊缝continuous butt-weld mill 连续式炉焊管机组continuous fillet weld连续(填)角焊缝; 连续角焊缝; 连续贴角焊continuous weld 连续焊缝continuous weld process连续式炉焊管法contour weld 特形焊接convex fillet weld 凸角焊缝; 凸形角焊缝convex weld 凸焊缝; 凸形焊缝copper weld wire 包铜钢丝corner flange weld 单卷边角焊缝corner weld 角焊corner-flange weld 卷边角焊缝; 卷边角焊缝crack of weld 焊部裂纹cross weld十字交叉焊缝; 横向焊缝cross-wire weld十字焊crotch weld 楔接锻接; 楔接焊接cup weld 带盖板焊缝condenser (discharge) spot-welding machine 电容器放电点焊机condenser discharge spot welding 电容储能点焊; 电容贮能点焊constant current welding machine 恒流电焊机constant energy welding machine 恒功率电焊机constant voltage welding machine 恒压电焊机constant-current arc welding power source 垂降特性弧焊电源constant-current welding source 恒流式焊接电源constant-power welding source 恒功率式焊接电源constant-pressure pressure welding 恒压压力焊constant-temperature pressure welding恒温压力焊constant-voltage welding machine恒电压焊机constant-voltage welding source恒压式焊接电源; 平特性焊接电源consumable electrode welding 熔化极电弧焊consumableguide electroslag welding自耗定向电渣焊contact welding 接触焊continuous feed welding 连续送丝电弧焊continuous welding 连续焊; 连续焊接contour welding 绕焊controlled arc welding 可控电弧焊接controlled atmosohere arc welding 充气室电弧焊controlled atmospere arc welding 充气式电弧焊controlled tungsten-arc welding 自动控制弧长的钨极电弧焊controlled-transfer welding 可控过渡电弧焊convex fillet welding 凸面角焊缝copper arc welding electrode 铜焊条copper welding rod 铜焊条copper-alloy arc welding electrode 铜合金焊条copper-aluminium welding rod 铜铝焊条copper-nickel welding rod 铜镍焊条copper-silicon welding rod 铜硅焊条copper-tin welding rod 铜锡焊条copper-zinc welding rod 铜锌焊条core welding-wire 焊芯core wire for welding rod 焊条芯线corrosion due to welding 焊接腐蚀cosmetic welding 盖面焊cover chain welding 链节式药皮包丝焊接CO2 arc welding machine 二氧化碳弧焊机cracking test for automatic welding 自动焊抗裂试验crankshaft flashbutt welding 曲轴电阻弧花压焊cross welding 横向焊缝cyc-arc welding 圆环电弧焊cast welded rail joint 铸焊钢轨接头continuous welded rail 连续焊接钢轨carbon arc welding 碳弧焊carbon dioxide gas arc welding二氧化碳气体保护焊Ddepth of weld焊接深度dissimilar weld metal不同的焊接金属; 不同金属的焊接distance between the toes of a weld焊缝宽度double groove weld双面坡口焊缝double-bevel groove weld双斜边坡口焊缝; 双斜坡口焊double-flanged butt weld双弯边对接焊缝double-V groove weld双斜边坡口焊缝; 双斜坡口焊downhand weld平焊缝duplex spot weld双点点焊接头。
核能工程专业英语词汇郑东宏
abnormal异常的,不正常的absorber rod吸收棒acceleration加速度acceptable cost可接受费用acoustic monitoring声音监测acoustic声音的actinides锕类元素active system能动系统active能动的,有源的actuation触发,驱动actuator传动机构,制动机构, 触发器acute effect急性效应aerodynamic空气动力学的agent介质agitation搅动,震动air ejector condenser除气冷凝器air ejector抽汽器airplane crash飞机撞击airtight气密的alarm system报警系统alignment lug定位凸台alignment plate定位板alignment成直线allay缓和allotropic同素异形体allowable power level or peaking容许功率水平或峰值alpha particle氦核alpha phase uranium α相铀altitude高度aluminum oxide氧化铝aluminum铝amplitude limiting device振幅限制装置amplitude振幅amu=atomic mass unit原子质量单位analogy类似anisotropic structure各向异性结构anisotropic各向异性的annihilation radiation湮灭辐射annihilation湮灭annulus环形套筒annunciator alarm报警信号器anticipated transient without scram ATWS未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态antifreeze防冻液antimony锑antireverse rotation device防止反转装置annunciator信号器apparent radius表观半径appendix附录appreciable可观的argument论证array阵,列as low as reasonably achievable ALARA合理可行尽量低ASME American society of mechanical engineers美国机械工程师协会aspirator吸气机assemblage集合,总体assembly组合,组合件atm=atmospheric pressure大气压atomic number原子序数atom原子attenuation衰减austenitic stainless steel奥氏体不锈钢automatic protective system APS自动保护系统auxiliary equipment辅助设备auxiliary feedwater pump辅助给水泵auxiliary spray line辅助喷淋管auxiliary辅助的availability可利用率average lifetime平均寿命average specific power平均比功率Avogadro’s number阿伏伽德罗常数axial load轴向载荷axial power distribution轴向功率分布axial轴向的azimuthal tilt方位角偏差azimuthal方位角backpressure反冲压力，背压backup power备用电源backup备用baffle隔板,折流板balance of plant BOP电站辅助设备balanced bellow平衡伸缩管ballast resistor镇流电阻器bank组件,管排barely几乎没有barium钡barn靶恩,10-28m2barrel吊篮,桶,屏障barrier屏障base load operation基本负荷运行base load基底负荷base metal基体金属baseline基本的beam拉杆bending moment弯曲力矩beryllium oxide BeO氧化铍beryllium铍beta particle β粒子bidirectional双向的binary二元的binding energy结合能biological shield生物屏蔽biological生物的bismuth铋blackout停电blanket再生区blind封闭的blowdown下泄blunt nose钝头Bohr theory波尔理论boil dry time蒸干时间boiling water reactor沸水堆bolt螺栓bombardment轰击bombard轰击bonnet阀盖booster pump升压泵booster增强,调升borated用硼酸处理过的bore孔径boric acid硼酸boron carbide碳化硼boron硼boss凸台,浮凸boundary边界的braking radiation韧致辐射breach破口breeder reactor增殖反应堆breeding ratio增殖比breeding增殖bremsstrahlung韧致辐射brittle failure脆性失效brittle fracture脆性断裂bucket叶片bulk大块,大多数bundle棒束,组件burnable absorber rod depletion可燃性吸收棒消耗burnable absorber rod可燃吸收棒burnable poison可燃毒物burnout燃毁burn-up燃耗bypass旁通,支路cadmium镉calandria排管容器californium锎capital cost投资成本capsule腔,囊capture gamma radiation俘获伽马射线capture俘获carbide碳化物carbon dioxide二氧化碳Carnot efficiency卡诺效率casing机壳cast铸造,浇铸caustic苛性钠cavitation气蚀cavity内腔centrifugal pump离心泵centrifuge离心ceramic陶瓷的cesium铯chain reaction链式反应charged particle带电粒子charging pump上充泵Charpy impact specimen夏氏冲击试样Charpy test摆锤式冲击试验check valve单向阀chemical and volume control system化学和容积控制系统chemical bond化学键chemical shim化学补偿chemically inert化学惰性chloride氯化物choke阻塞chromium铬circumference圆周,环形circumferential环形的clad creep包壳蠕变cladding material包壳材料cladding strain包壳应变cladding包壳clearance间隙closure stud封头螺栓cluster束clutch离合器coastdown flow惰转流量coastdown惰转coated particle fuel包覆颗粒燃料cobalt钴code法规,规范cold diametrical gap冷态径向间隙cold pressing冷压cold reservoir冷源cold-worked冷加工collapse消失,破裂collide碰撞collision碰撞column柱,列coma昏迷commence开始commission投入运行commit委托,使承担任务compact tension specimen紧凑拉伸compensate补偿component元素,组成部分, 成分composition组成,成分compound nucleus复合核compound复合compression spring压缩弹簧Compton scattering康普顿散射concentrate同心的concrete混凝土condensate booster pump suction冷凝水增压泵吸水口condensate pump冷凝水泵condensate system冷凝系统condensate冷凝液condenser hotwell冷凝器热井condenser冷凝器condense冷凝conduction导热conductivity传导率conduit导管cone圆锥体consistent一致的constituent组成的constraint制约containment sump安全壳地坑containment安全壳contaminate污染contour形状,外形control element assembly CEA控制棒组件control rod控制棒convection对流converging减缩的conversion efficiency转化效率coolant pump冷却剂泵coolant冷却剂core barrel堆芯吊篮core parameter monitoring method堆芯参数监测方法core periphery堆芯外围core power distribution堆芯功率分布core shroud堆芯围板core support barrel堆芯支撑吊篮core support structure堆芯支撑结构core thermal margin堆芯热裕量core堆芯correlation关联式corrosion腐蚀cosmic rays宇宙射线cost penalty成本损失Coulomb electrostatic force库仑静电力Coulomb force库仑力counterpart对应物,正负二份中之一couple耦合coupling联轴节crack破裂cramp绞痛creep strength蠕变强度creep蠕变,屈服crescent-shaped月牙形的crevice corrosion缝隙腐蚀crevice裂缝critical size临界尺寸criticality临界critical临界cruciform十字形crust地壳crystalline structure晶体结构crystalline晶状的curie居里current density流量密度curtain屏蔽curved弯曲的cylindrical pellet圆柱状燃料芯块cylindrical圆柱的daily fluctuation日常波动daily load follow maneuvering日常负荷跟踪操纵data processing system数据处理系统daughter product子产物dead band无控制区，死区debris残留物decay heat衰变热decay衰变deenergized断电的deficit亏损deflection折射,偏转delayed effect慢性效应delayed neutron缓发中子densification密实化density密度departure from nucleate boiling ratio DNBR 偏离泡核沸腾depleted uranium贫化铀deplete用尽deposit堆焊,覆盖, 储存derivation导出,起源detachable可拆卸的detonate爆炸,爆燃deuterion氘核,重氢核deuterium氘,重氢diagnostic诊断的diaphragm隔板diarrhea腹泻die out灭绝diesel generator内燃发电机, 柴油发电机differential expansion膨胀差diffraction衍射diffuser扩压段diffusion coefficient扩散系数diffusion type pump casing扩口型机壳diffusion扩散diluent稀释剂dilution稀释dimensional尺寸的diminish减少dioxide二氧化物direct vessel injection DVI直接注入disassembly拆下discharge head出口压头discrete不连续的,分立的dish-ended UO2 pellet碟形端面UO2芯块dislodge移出,撞出disrupt分离disseminate传播dissipate弥散的distortion变形distribution system配电系统diverging扩张的diverse多样性domed圆顶的Doppler broadening多普勒展宽Doppler feedback多普勒反馈Doppler多普勒dose-risk coefficient剂量风险因子dose剂量doubling time倍增时间downcomer annulus环形下降通道downcomer下水管,下导管downstream下游drain排放drawing抽出drench湿透drive mechanism驱动机构driveshaft驱动轴drop weight落锤drum鼓筒dryness fraction蒸汽干度dryness干度dryout干涸drywell干井ductibility延展性,可锻性ductile可延展的,易变形ductility延展性dumbbell哑铃状体dump蒸汽排放dynamic load动态载荷dynamic动力学eccentricity偏心的economies of scale规模经济economizer节热器eductor排放装置effective full power year有效全功率年effective multiplication factor有效倍增系数k effeffluent废水,流出物eggcrate fashion蛋箱形式Einstein’s theory爱因斯坦理论ejection放出,排出ejector引射器elastic scattering弹性散射elastomer弹性体electromagnetic pump电磁泵electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射electron-positron pair正负电子对electron电子electrostatic静电的element元素elevation高度eliminate消失emerge from出现emergency紧急emission发射emitter发射极empirical equation经验公式empirical经验的enclosed bonnet阀盖encounter碰到,遇到end cap端塞energy balance能量守恒energy conservation能量守恒energy level能级engineering code工程法规,设计法规enriched uranium浓缩铀enrich富集,浓缩enthalpy焓entrain携带epithermal reactor超热中子反应堆equivalence等效的,等价,当量erosion侵蚀error signal错误信号escalation逐步升级estimated additional resource预计附加资源europia氧化铕eutectic共晶的evolutionary design进化设计,改进设计exceedingly非常,极其excited nuclei受激核excited state受激态exclude除去excore detector堆外探测器excursion功率骤升,漂移explicitly明显的,清楚的explosion爆炸explosively expanded爆炸胀管exponentially按指数规律的exponential指数的exposure辐照extrapolation外推fabricate制造,生产fail-safe失效安全,故障安全fallout坠尘fast breeder reactor快中子增殖反应堆fast fission factor快中子裂变因子εfast leakage快中子泄漏fast neutron快中子fast non-leakage probability快中子不泄漏几率p NLFfast reactor快中子反应堆fatigue疲劳faulty signal错误信号feed and bleed stream上充和下泄流feed pump给水泵feedring环形冒口feedwater heater给水加热器feedwater inventory给水装量feedwater给水ferrite铁素体fertile isotope可增殖的同位素fertile material增殖材料fertile可变成裂变物质的Fick’s law of diffusion斐克扩散定律finned cladding带肋片的包壳fins肋片fissile易裂变的fission fragment裂变碎片fission neutron裂变中子fission product裂变产物fission threshold detector裂变临界点探测器fission裂变fitting配件fixed incore detector system固定堆内探测系统flange sealing法兰密封flange法兰flashing闪蒸flask贮罐flexible diaphragm type coupling柔性隔膜式联轴器flexible挠性的flexural扰性的,弯曲的flick轻按flooding淹没flow distribution baffle导流板flow distribution plate流量分配板flow path流程,流道flow restrictor节流阀,限流器fluctuation波动fluorescent荧光的fluoride氟化物flux通量flywheel飞轮forced circulation强制循环forging锻件fouling水垢four alignment keys四个定位键four equally spaced keys四个等距离键four-loop plant四回路电站fractional分部的fraction分数,部分fragment碎片free-standing自力支撑的fretting微振磨损frictional resistance摩擦阻力friction摩擦fuel assembly燃料组件fuel cladding燃料包壳fuel cycle燃料循环fuel densification燃料密实化fuel element燃料组件fuel lattice燃料栅格fuel loading pattern燃料装载图案fuel management scheme燃料管理方案fuel rating燃料功率fuel rod燃料棒fuel-clad interaction effect燃料-包壳交互作用fuel-handling system燃料装卸系统full length guidance全长度导向full penetration weld完全贯穿件焊接full-strength全强度fusion核聚变gadolinium钆gagag盖塞gallon加仑gamma ray γ射线gaseous气体的general electric通用电器genetic遗传学的geology地质学giga十亿,千兆,109gland seal condenser轴封冷凝器gland steam system压盖蒸汽系统,蒸汽轴封系统granite花岗岩grant给予graphite石墨ground state基态guide tube导向管guide导向机构hafnium铪Hahalf thickness半厚度half-life半衰期hardface表面硬化hardfacing表面硬化header联管箱health physics保健物理学heat affected zone热影响区heat conductor热导体heat flux热通量heat pipe热管heat sink热阱heat transfer coefficient传热系数heat transfer medium传热介质heater switchgear加热器开关柜heavy charged particle重带电粒子heavy particle重粒子heavy water重水helical spring螺旋弹簧helical螺旋型的helium leak tested氦气检漏helium氦hemispherical半球形的hereditary effect遗传效应hereditary遗传性的hermetically sealed气密封装hexafluoride六氟化物hexafluorite六氟化物high amplitude vibration大振幅振动high burnup高燃耗high temperature gascooled reactor HTGR高温气冷堆holddown ring压紧环homogeneous mixture均相混合物homogeneous均匀的hookup挂钩,联接轴hot channel factor热通道因子hot reservoir热源hot spot热点hot-channel factor热管因子hotwell热井hour-glass-shaped沙漏形的hub轴心hydraulic stud tensioner液压螺栓拉伸机hydraulically液压的hydride氢化物hydrocarbon碳氢化合物hydroelectric水电的hydrogenated氢化的hydrogen氢hydrothermal deposit热液矿床hydroxide氢氧化物hyperbolic双曲线的hypothesis假说ideal gaseous reactor coolant理想的气堆冷却剂imaginary想象的impart分给,给予,传递impeller转子,动叶轮impermeability不可渗透的impermeable不渗透的impingement冲击impulse turbine冲动式汽轮机in service inspection在役检测inadvertently shutdown偶尔停堆inadvertent偶然的incident入射的incipient开始的inconel因康镍合金in-containment refueling water storage tank IRWST换料水箱in-core instrumentation assembly堆内仪表组件in-core instrumentation堆内仪表in-core neutron monitoring system堆内中子监测系统incremental增加的indium铟induce导致,感应induction motor感应电机inelastic非弹性的inertia惯性inert惰性的infinite multiplication factor无限倍增系数k∞infinite无限的ingest摄入inhalation吸入inhale吸入inherent energy内在能,固有能inherent protection固有保护inherent safety固有安全性inherent固有的inhibit防止,防腐蚀initial absorber strength初始吸收强度insertion and withdrawal下插和提棒instantaneous瞬时的instantly立刻,马上insulate绝热的, 使绝缘integral axial flow economizer集成轴向流动节热器integrity完整性interaction相互作用interelectrode电极间的interlocking可联动的internal bleeding内出血internal shroud内部围板internal内部的inventory装料量,总装量iodine碘ion pair离子对ionization电离ionizing effect电离作用irradiate照射,辐照isothermal等温isotopes同位素jack传动jet impingement shield喷射冲击屏障juncture联接justifiable合理的,正当的Kelvin绝对温度keyway键槽,销座key用键固定kilovolt千伏kinetic energy动能kinetic动力学的known deposit of uranium ore探明铀矿量krypton氪label把…称为lashing捆索latch凸轮latent heat潜热lateral density wave instability横向密度波动不稳定性lateral movement横向运动lateral support横向支承lattice栅格leading edge前缘lead铅leak before break先漏后破leak tightness密封性ledge突出部分letdown排出,下降level indication水位测量level instrumentation水位仪表liable易于…的licensing执照,批准lithium锂load following功率跟踪load reference参比功率load rejection甩负荷local power peaking局部功率峰值local thinning局部减薄locating pin定位销longitudinal纵肋的,纵向的loss of all feedwater失去全部给水loss of coolant accident LOCA失去冷却剂系统low alloy steel低合金钢low melting point alloy低熔点合金lump sum总额macroscopic cross section宏观截面macroscopic宏观的magnesium镁magnetic force welding磁力焊接magnetic jack磁性传动magnetically operated linear actuator磁性直线执行器,直线马达magnitude大小Magnox镁诺克斯合金main feedwater nozzle主给水管口main loop pipe主回路管道main steam header主蒸汽联箱main steam isolation valve主蒸汽隔离阀门main steam system主蒸汽系统maintain spacing保持间距maintainability可保养性malfunction工作不正常man way人道mandate托管maneuvering操纵,机动maneuver策略,操纵manganese锰manually手动marrow骨髓mass defect质量亏损mass number质量数massive大量的mating lug配合凸台mating surface配合表面mating配合件,连接件matrix基体Maxwellian distribution麦克斯韦分布mean free path平均自由程mechanism机理,作用原理mega兆,百万melting point熔点membrane薄膜mercury水银metallic uranium金属铀metallurgical bond冶金结合metallurgical冶金的metallurgy冶金meterorology气象学microbe微生物microgram微克microscope微观microscopic cross section微观截面microstructure微观结构midplane中平面migrate迁移mill密尔,千分之一美元mineralization矿物,矿化作用mineralogy矿物学mineral矿物质,无机物miniature小型的miscellaneous杂项的missile导弹mitigate缓和,减轻mixed oxide fuel MO X混合燃料moderator atom慢化剂原子moderator慢化剂mode模式moisture separator reheater汽水分离再热器moisture separator汽水分离器moist湿的molecules分子molten salt熔融盐mol摩尔momentum conservation动量守恒momentum动量motive force原动力motor deenergized马达失电motor for control rod控制棒马达mount安装movable in-core detector system MICDS可移动堆内探测器系统multiple barrier多层屏障multiplexer多路调节器multiplex多路通信multiplication factor倍增系数multiplication倍增multi-zone refueling strategy装料方案mutual相互的,共同的nanosecond毫微秒natural background天然本底natural decay自然衰变natural uranium天然铀negative core moderator temperature coefficient堆芯慢化剂负温度系数negative feedback负反馈negative power coefficient负功率系数negative reactivity负反应性neptunium镎net unrecoverable circumferential strain环向不可恢复的净应变neutral中性的neutrino中微子neutron capture cross section吸收截面neutron diffusion中子扩散neutron flux中子通量neutron irradiation中子辐照neutron lifetime中子寿期neutron moderator中子慢化剂neutron number中子数neutron source中子源neutronics中子物理学neutron中子nickel镍nil-ductility零延性nitrogen氮气non-condensable gas非凝结气体non-return valve单向阀,止回阀nosepipe管口nozzle接口, 喷嘴nuclear chain reaction核链式反应nuclear characteristics核特性nuclear fuel核燃料nuclear safety criteria核安全准则nuclear transmutation核嬗变nucleate boiling核态沸腾nuclei是nucleus的复数形式nucleon核子nucleus原子核nut螺帽occupational exposure职业辐照off-normal超常的,越界的oil lubricated thrust bearing油润滑推力轴承on-load refueling不停堆换料on-off controller开关控制器operating margin运行安全裕度operating margin运行裕度operating power level运行功率水平orbital轨道的ore矿orifice孔板outage停机outweight重于,胜过overestimate过高估计overflow valve溢流阀overload过载overspeed超速overstress过应力oxide氧化物oxidize使氧化pair production电子对偶的产生parabola抛物线paraffin石蜡particle accelerator粒子加速器particle颗粒part-strength部分强度passive safety非能动安全性passive system非能动系统passive非能动的,无源的payload有效负载peak clad temperature包壳最高温度peak linear heat rate峰值线性热负荷pellet-cladding interaction PCI芯块-包壳相互作用pellet燃料芯块penetrate穿透,透入penetration贯穿件perimeter strips围板periodic observation周期性的观测peripheral外围的periphery周边,边缘perpendicular垂直的phase相photoelectric effect光电效应photon-electron scattering光电散射photoneutron光激中子photon光子,量子pick up吸收,加速pin柱,棒,钉,栓,销pipe whip管道甩摆pipework管路plant performance电站业绩plastic sheath塑料套管plenum腔室plugging堵塞plug阻力塞plutonium钚pneumatically靠压缩空气poison curtain毒物屏蔽polonium钋porosity多孔性positron正电子post-tensioned后张力的postulate假设pot type池式potassium钾potential hazard潜在危险potential scattering势散射powder metallurgy粉末冶金power coefficient功率系数power density功率密度power grid电网power output功率输出preclude预防precursor产物母体,前驱物predetermined percentage预定百分比predominate起支配作用predominate主要的,起支配作用的pre-eminent优秀的preformed strip预成型条板preheat预热preincident事故前preset预设的pressure tube reactor压力管式反应堆pressure vessel压力容器pressurized thermal shock高压热冲击pressurizer稳压器prestressed concrete预应力混凝土presume假定,假想primary coolant主冷却剂primary system pressure主回路系统压力prime mover原动机probability概率probe探测器procurement征购production cost生产成本programmed value设定值projectile抛射,入射粒子prompt critical瞬发临界prompt neutron瞬发中子propagate传播proportional controller比例控制器proton质子prototype原型protrude伸出,凸出proximity邻近pump wear泵磨损pumping head泵压头punched out切口,凸起punched-out凸起的pyrolitic热解的pyrolytic carbon热解碳qualitative定性的quality纯度, 蒸汽干度quanta为quantum复数quantum量子quench急冷radial and axial expansion径向和轴向膨胀radial power distribution径向功率分布radiation sickness辐照病变radiation放射性,发射,射线radiator散热器radioactive waste放射性废物radioactive放射性的radioactivity放射性radioisotope放射性同位素radiological放射学的radium镭radon氡ramp线性的,斜面的random随机的rated load额定负荷rating负荷reactant反应物reaction turbine反动式汽轮机reactive excursion反应堆漂移reactively worth反应性价值reactivity insertion accident RIA反应性插入事故reactivity insertion or removal反应性的导入或导出reactivity worth反应性价值reactivity反应性reactor coolant bypass leakage反应堆冷却剂侧漏reactor coolant pump反应堆冷却剂泵reactor coolant system RCS反应堆冷却剂系统reactor pressure vessel压力容器reactor regulating system反应堆调节系统reactor trip反应堆保护停堆reactor vessel internals反应堆压力容器堆内构件reactor vessel level monitor水位监测reactor vessel反应堆压力容器reactor-year堆年reasonable assure resource合理确认资源recirculation ratio循环比recoil反冲,反作用redundant冗余的reed switch弹簧开关reference design参考设计reference nil-ductility transition temperature 参考零延性转变温度reflector反射层refueling machine换料机refueling outage换料停机refuel更换燃料regenerative feed heating cycle回热给水加热循环regenerative再生的regulating valve调节阀reheater再热器reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reiterate重申,反复的relay继电器reliability可靠性reliable instrument bus可靠仪器总线relief and safety valve卸压和安全阀门relief valve释放阀reposition复原位reprocessing再加工repulsion排斥residual parasitic absorption残余附加吸收resonance escape probability逃脱共振吸收几率presonance共振rest mass静止质量restrictor节流阀,限流器retain保持,保留retard延迟retention保留rev/s=revolutions per second每秒多少转reversed power lead反相接线rhodium铑rigorously严格的,精确的ring-forge环形锻件rod position adjustment棒位调节rolling滚压rough rule of thumb粗略近似法roughen变粗rpm=revolutions per minute每分钟转多少转safety grade instrumentation安全级仪表safety injection system安注系统safety valve安全阀sampling采样satellite斯太立特硬质合金saturation饱和scaling up按比例放大scattering cross section散射截面scatter散射scenario情况,方案scoring划痕scram紧急停堆,事故停堆scrutiny细看,详细研究seal injection fail失去轴封注射水seal integrity密封完整性seal密封self-aligning自对准self-annealing自退火self-powered自供电的self-sustaining自续的semi-permeable半渗透shadow遮盖shale页岩sheath外壳,套管shedding卸下,脱开负载shielding屏蔽,防护shield屏蔽short and long-lived fission product短周期和长周期裂变产物short circuit短路short range nuclear force短程核力short-term cladding stress短时包壳应力shrinkage收缩,减少shrink-fitted冷缩配合shroud tube套管shroud围带,围板shut down停堆shutdown reactor coolant level monitor停堆冷却剂水位检测器shutdown停堆SI=system international国际单位signal conditioning equipment信号调理系统significance意义,含义silicon carbide碳化硅silicon硅sink散热器,热阱sintered UO2 pellet烧结的UO2芯块sintering烧结sketch示意图sleeve套管slot槽slot狭缝snubber缓冲器sodium potassium alloy钠钾合金sodium钠solder焊solids collection固体水垢集聚soluble poison可溶性毒物somatic effect躯体效应spacer discs垫片spacer grid定位格架spacer定位架special theory of relativity狭义相对论specific gravity比重specific heat比热specific power比功率specimen样品spectrum谱speculative resource理论资源speculative推测的spent fuel乏燃料spider星形接头spring back回弹spring-back回弹,弹性后效spring-loaded safety valve弹簧加载的安全阀stack堆积,许多stage级stainless steel不锈钢stamp盖章通过standby recirculation nozzle备用再循环管口starting torque启动扭矩startup rate启动速率startup sequence启动顺序start-up启动state equation状态方程station blackout SBO电站停电stationary静止的steady state operation稳态运行steam break accident蒸汽管破裂事故steam dryer efficiency蒸汽干燥效率steam dump蒸汽排放,旁排steam generator SG蒸汽发生器steam jet air ejector蒸汽射流空气引射器steam jet蒸汽射流steam line蒸汽管路steel-lined钢衬里steepen变陡stochastic effect随机效应stochastic随机的stockpile贮存stop throttle valve节流阀strategically战略上,策略的stress corrosion cracking SCC应力腐蚀开裂string串排stud双头螺栓subcooled boiling过冷沸腾,欠热沸腾subcool欠热,过冷subcritical次临界subdivision再分sublime升华subscript下脚标subsystem子系统subtle微妙的sump地坑,贮水池supercritical超临界superscript上脚标supplement补充support load支承载荷support structure支撑结构surge line波动接管surveillance specimens监督试样surveillance监视,看守,监督,管制survive继续生存susceptible敏感的sustain维持swelling肿胀switch gear开关设备symbolize用符号表示symptom征兆target靶,目标telemeter遥测器tendon筋tension张力terminology专门术语the mean free path平均自由程theoretical density理论密度therapy治疗thermal agitation热骚动,热震动thermal conductivity热导率thermal efficiency热效率thermal engine热机thermal fission factor η热中子裂变因子thermal neutron热中子thermal non-leakage probability热中子不泄漏几率p NLththermal shock热冲击thermal utilization factor热中子利用系数f thermalize使热能化thermally treated alloy 690热处理的690合金thermionic热离子的thermocouple热电偶thermodynamic characteristics热力学性质thermodynamic热力学thermohydraulic热工水力thermonuclear reactor热核反应堆thimble套管thorium carbide ThC2碳化钍thorium dioxide ThO2二氧化钍thorium钍threshold限值throttle节流thrust force冲击力thrust冲入thyroid甲状腺tin锡titanium钛tornadoes飓风torque转矩torsional扭的total liquid inventory总水量toughness韧性toxic有毒的trailing edge后缘transient pressure瞬态压力transient瞬态transition section过渡段transition转变transmitter变送器transmutation转变,转化,嬗变transuranic铀后的transuranium铀后元素trap阱,收集器tremor颤抖trip脱扣,停堆tritium氚triuranium三铀tsunamis海啸tube bundle shroud管束围板tube bundle管束tube plugging margin堵管裕量tube plugging堵管tube sheet管板tube-in-shell管壳式tubular管形的turbine bypass line旁路管道turbine driven feedwater pump汽轮机驱动的给水泵,汽动给水泵turbine generator汽轮机发电机turbine gland steam condenser汽轮机轴封蒸汽冷凝器turbine load汽轮机负载turbine trip汽轮机脱扣turbulence扰动turnkey总承包twist扭转ultimate sink最终热阱unacceptable operation不可接受的运行underneath在下面undue risk非法风险,不适当的风险uniformity and consistency of weldment焊接的均匀性和一致性uniform均匀unionized未电离的unit load机组负荷unplanned transient非计划瞬态unreactive gas不活泼气体unrecovered pressure loss不可恢复的压力损失upper and lower end caps上下端塞upset condition异常条件uranium carbide碳化铀uranium hexafluoride UF6六氟化铀uranium resource铀资源uranium铀vacant空的vacuum tube真空管,电子管vacuum真空valence化合价,价态validation有效,确认,证实valid有效的,正确的variable-speed turbine-driven feed pump变速汽轮机驱动给水泵vendor卖主vent通气孔vicinity附近violate违反viscosity粘性visualize目测,观察volatile挥发性的,挥发物vomit呕吐warp扭曲waste废物water lubricated bearing水润滑轴承watertight密封水的weighting factor权重因子weir溢水口weld deposit堆焊weld heat affect zone material焊接热影响区材料weld metal焊缝金属weld porosity焊接孔隙度weld焊接whip拍打,甩管Wigner energy维格纳能量xenon氙yield strength屈服应力zircaloy锆合金zirconium锆致谢本词汇表由2007年国核技核电理论培训班郑东宏博士总结而成，特此对郑博士付出的努力表示感谢！张乐福2008年8月18日。
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(E)2
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(E)2energy line 能量线energy loss 能量损耗energy metabolism 能量代谢energy migration 能量迂移energy momentum flux 能量动量通量energy momentum tensor 能量动量张量energy of absorption 吸收能energy of attachment 附着能energy of combustion 燃烧能energy of interaction 相互酌能energy of thermal motion 热运动能量energy of turbulence 湍淋energy of vibration 振动能量energy operator 能量算符energy oscillation 能量振荡energy output 能量输出energy principle 能量原理energy relaxation 能量弛豫energy resolution 能量分辨率energy source 能源energy spectrum 能谱energy spectrum equation of turbulence 湍淋谱方程energy storage 蓄能energy surface 能面energy transfer 能量传输energy unit 能单位engine power 发动机功率engine speed 发动机转速engineering fluid mechanics 工程铃力学engineering system of units 工程单位制engineering unit 工程单位engler degree 恶勒度engler viscosimeter 断粘度计enlargement 放大enlargement of pipe 管扩张enlargement scale 放大标度enrichment 浓缩entering 入射enthalpy 焓enthalpy of combustion 燃烧焓enthalpy of mixing 混合焓entrainment 卷入entrance loss 进口损失entrance pressure 进口压力entrance velocity 进口速度entropic efficiency 熵效率entropic wave 熵波entropy 熵entropy balance equation 熵平衡方程entropy elasticity 熵弹性entropy equation 熵方程entropy flow 熵流entropy increase 熵增加entropy inequality 熵不等式entropy layer 熵层entropy of evaporation 汽化熵entropy of formation 形成熵entropy of melting 熔融熵entropy of mixing 混合熵entropy wave 熵波envelope surface 包络面envelope velocity 包络速度environment 环境environment temperature 周围温度environmental aerodynamics 环境空气动力学environmental conditions 环境条件epicenter 震中epicycloidal motion 外摆线运动equal armed lever 等臂杠杆equal energy source 等能源equalization 均衡equalization of concentration 浓度均衡equalization of potential 位势均衡equally distributed 均匀分布的equating 均衡equation of compatibility 协到程equation of continuity 连续性原理equation of equilibrium 平衡方程equation of five moments 五力矩方程equation of heat balance 热平衡方程equation of hydrodynamics 铃动力学方程equation of hydrostatics 铃静力学方程equation of motion 运动方程equation of radiative transfer 辐射传递方程equation of the vibrating string 弦振动方程equations of gravitational field 引力场方程equations of gyroscopic motion 陀螺仪运动方程equatorial moment of inertia 轴惯性矩equiangular 等角的equiangular spiral 等角螺线equidensity 等密度equidimensional 等量纲的equidistribution 等分布equilbrium state 平衡态equilibrant force 补偿力equilibrating force system 平衡力系equilibrium 平衡equilibrium conditions 平衡条件equilibrium constant 平衡常数equilibrium criterion 平衡判据equilibrium diagram 平衡状态图equilibrium flow 平衡流equilibrium form 平衡形式equilibrium gradient 平衡梯度equilibrium momentum 平衡动量equilibrium of couples 力偶平衡equilibrium of forces 力平衡equilibrium partial pressure 平衡分压力equilibrium point 平衡点equilibrium process 平衡过程equilibrium state 平衡态equilibrium structure 平衡结构equilibrium surface 平衡面equilibrium surface tension 平衡表面张力equilibrium system 平衡系equilibrium tide 平衡潮equilibrium time 平衡时间equilibrium value 平衡值equilibrium vapor pressure 平衡蒸气压equipartition law 均分定律equipartition of energy 能量均分equiphase surface 等相面equipollent vectors 等效矢量equipotential line 等位线equipotential surface 等位面equivalence of mass and energy 质能等效equivalence principle 等效原理equivalence relation 等价关系equivalent bonds 等效结合equivalent couple 等值力偶equivalent damping 等价阻尼equivalent diameter 等效直径equivalent force systems 等效力系equivalent load 等效负载equivalent mass 等效质量equivalent permeability 当量渗透性equivalent roughness 等效粗度equivalent stopping power 等效阻止本领equivalent stress 等效应力equivalent system 等效系统equivalent thickness 等效厚度equivalent turbulence 等效湍寥equivalent twisting moment 等量扭矩equivoluminal wave 等容波erection load 装配负载erection stress 架设应力erg 尔格ergodic hypothesis 脯历经假说ergodic property 脯历经性ergodic random process 脯历经随机过程ergodic theorem 脯历经定理ergodic theory 脯历经理论erosion corrosion 侵蚀性腐蚀error function 误差函数error limit 误差限度error of division 分度误差error of graduation 分度误差error of mean square 均方误差error of measurement 测量误差escape velocity 脱离速度escape velocity from galaxy 脱离银河系的速度escape velocity from solar system 脱离太阳系的速度essential boundary condition 本质边界条件estimation 估计etalon 标准euler angle 欧拉角euler d'alembert principle 欧拉达朗伯原理euler dynamical equations 欧拉动力学方程euler equation 欧拉方程euler equation for turbomachine 欧拉涡轮机方程euler equations of hydrokinetics 欧拉铃运动方程euler gas dynamical equations 欧拉气体动力学方程euler lagrange equation 欧拉拉格朗日方程euler number 欧拉数euler static balance equation 欧拉静平衡方程euler stress tensor 欧拉应力张量euler stretching tensor 欧拉伸长张量euler theorem 欧拉定理euler turbine formula 欧拉涡轮机公式euler variable 欧拉变量eulerian coordinates 欧拉坐标eulerian correlation 欧拉相关eulerian derivative 欧拉导数eulerian difference method 欧拉差分法eulerian free period 欧拉自由周期evacuation 抽真空evanescent mode 衰减模式evanescent wave 衰减波evaporation 汽化evaporation coefficient 蒸发系数evaporation heat 蒸发热evaporation loss 蒸发损失evaporative cooling 蒸发冷却evection 出差evection tide 出差潮汐even fracture 平坦断口evolute 渐开线exact solution 精确解exactitude 精确exceptional plane 特战面excess air 过剩空气excess entropy 过剩熵excess head 超压水头excess heat 过剩热excess load 过负荷excess noise factor 过量噪声因数excess pressure of sound 声超压excess velocity 超速excessive pressure 超压exchange 交换exchange coefficient 交换系数exchange collision 交换碰撞exchange deformation 交换形变exchange diffusion 交换扩散exchange energy 交换能exchange energy density 交换能密度exchange force 交换力exchange frequency 交换频率exchange potential 交换势exchange rate 交换速率exchange resonance 交换共振exchange tensor 交换张量excitation 激发excitation energy 激发能量excitation level 激发级excitation of boundary layer 边界层激发excitation spectrum 激发谱excitation state 激发态excitation wave 激发波excited atom 受激原子excited state 激发态exciter 激振器exciting force 激发力executive device 执行机构exhaust nozzle 排气喷嘴exhaust pipe 排气管exhaust port 排出口exhaust pressure 排气压力exhaustion 排气exit 出口exit angle 出口角exit boundary point 出口边界点exit flow 出射流exit loss 出口损失exit momentum 出口动量exit pressure 出口压力exit temperature 出口温度exit track 出口轨道exit turn 出口转弯exit velocity 出口速度exosphere 外大气层exothermic 发热的expand 展开expansibility 膨胀性expansion 膨胀expansion coefficient 膨胀系数expansion crack 膨胀裂缝expansion curve 膨胀曲线expansion mach wave 膨胀马赫波expansion orbit 扩展轨道expansion parameter 展开参数expansion ratio 膨胀比expansion tank 膨胀水箱expansion vessel 膨胀水箱expansion wave 膨胀波expansion work 膨胀功expansive force 膨胀力expectation 期望值expected life 预期寿命expected value 期望值expected wind speed 期望风速experiment 实验experimental aerodynamics 实验空气动力学experimental check 实验检验experimental condition 实验条件experimental data 实验数据experimental error 实验误差experimental facility 实验装置experimental material 检验材料experimental method 实验法experimental point 实验点experimental result 实验结果experimental section 实验段experimental set up 实验装置experimental tests 实验检验experimental value 实验值explosion 爆炸explosion center 爆炸中心explosion chamber 燃烧室explosion equivalent 爆炸当量explosion forming 爆炸成形explosion heat 爆炸热explosion index 爆炸指数explosion limit 爆炸极限explosion line 爆破线explosion pressure 爆发压力explosion product 爆炸产物explosion theory 爆炸理论explosion wave 爆炸波explosion work 爆发功explosive 炸药explosive compaction 爆炸压实explosive force 爆炸力explosive gas 爆炸气explosive material 爆炸材料explosive power 爆炸力explosive reaction 爆炸反应explosive sintering 爆炸烧结explosive theory 爆炸理论explosive welding 爆炸焊接explosive working 爆炸加工explosiveness 爆炸性exponential curve 指数曲线expulsion 排出expulsive force 斥力extended tip 伸展翼梢extensibility 可延展性extension 延伸extension fissure 膨胀裂缝extensional oscillation 纵向振荡extensional vibration 纵向振荡extensional wave 膨胀波extensometer 伸长计exterior 外部exterior ballistics 膛外弹道学exterior pressure 外压力external constraint 外部约束external crack 外表裂纹external damping 外阻尼external effect 外效应external energy 外能external excitation 外加激发external force 外力external gravitational field 外引力场external heat of evaporation 外蒸发热external load 外加载external potential energy 外势能external power 外功率external pressure 外部压力external radiation 外辐射external resistance 外阻力external rotation 外转动external virtual work 外虚功external work 外功extinction 消光extra high pressure 超高压extract 提出物extraction of gas 放气extraction turbine 抽汽式涡轮机extraordinary wave 异常波extrapolation method 外推法extreme 极值extreme fiber stress 最外纤维应力extremity 端extremum 极值extremum conditions 极值条件extrinsic load 外加载extrusion 挤压。
微电子专业英语词汇
AAbrupt junction 突变结Accelerated testing 加速实验Acceptor 受主Acceptor atom 受主原子Accumulation 积累、堆积Accumulating contact 积累接触Accumulation region 积累区Accumulation layer 积累层Active region 有源区Active component 有源元Active device 有源器件Activation 激活Activation energy 激活能Active region 有源（放大）区Admittance 导纳Allowed band 允带Alloy-junction device 合金结器件Aluminum(Aluminium) 铝Aluminum – oxide 铝氧化物Aluminum passivation 铝钝化Ambipolar 双极的Ambient temperature 环境温度Amorphous 无定形的，非晶体的Amplifier 功放扩音器放大器Analogue(Analog) comparator 模拟比较器Angstrom 埃Anneal 退火Anisotropic 各向异性的Anode 阳极Arsenic (AS) 砷Auger 俄歇Auger process 俄歇过程Avalanche 雪崩Avalanche breakdown 雪崩击穿Avalanche excitation 雪崩激发Bbrute-force attack 强力攻击Background carrier 本底载流子Background doping 本底掺杂Backward 反向Backward bias 反向偏置Ballasting resistor 整流电阻Ball bond 球形键合Band 能带Band gap 能带间隙Barrier 势垒Barrier layer 势垒层Barrier width 势垒宽度Base 基极Base contact 基区接触Base stretching 基区扩展效应Base transit time 基区渡越时间Base transport efficiency 基区输运系数Base-width modulation 基区宽度调制Basis vector 基矢Bias 偏置Bilateral switch 双向开关Binary code 二进制代码Binary compound semiconductor二元化合物半导体Bipolar 双极性的Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)双极晶体管Bloch 布洛赫Blocking band 阻挡能带Blocking contact 阻挡接触Body - centered 体心立方Body-centred cubic structure 体立心结构Boltzmann 波尔兹曼Bond 键、键合Bonding electron 价电子Bonding pad 键合点Bootstrap circuit 自举电路Bootstrapped emitter follower 自举射极跟随器Boron 硼Borosilicate glass 硼硅玻璃Boundary condition 边界条件Bound electron 束缚电子Breadboard 模拟板、实验板Break down 击穿Break over 转折Brillouin 布里渊Brillouin zone 布里渊区Built-in 内建的Build-in electric field 内建电场Bulk 体/ 体内Bulk absorption 体吸收Bulk generation 体产生Bulk recombination 体复合Burn - in 老化Burn out 烧毁Buried channel 埋沟Buried diffusion region 隐埋扩散区CCaesar cipher 凯撒加密法capacitance 电容capturecategorize 分类chaining mode 链接模式challenge 质询cipher feedback 加密反馈collision 冲突combine 集成compatibility n.[计]兼容性component 原件confidentiality 保密性constraint 约束corresponding to 相应的Cryptography 密码学Can 外壳Capacitance 电容Capture cross section 俘获截面Capture carrier 俘获载流子Carrier 载流子、载波Carry bit 进位位Carry-in bit 进位输入Carry-out bit 进位输出Cascade 级联Case 管壳Cathode 阴极Center 中心Ceramic 陶瓷（的）Channel 沟道Channel breakdown 沟道击穿Channel current 沟道电流Channel doping 沟道掺杂Channel shortening 沟道缩短Channel width 沟道宽度Characteristic impedance 特征阻抗Charge 电荷、充电Charge-compensation effects 电荷补偿效应Charge conservation 电荷守恒Charge neutrality condition 电中性条件Chargedrive/exchange/sharing/transfer/st1orage 电荷驱动/ 交换/ 共享/ 转移/ 存储Chemmical etching 化学腐蚀法Chemically-Polish 化学抛光Chemmically-Mechanically Polish (CMP) 化学机械抛光Chip 芯片Chip yield 芯片成品率Clamped 箝位Clamping diode 箝位二极管Cleavage plane 解理面Clock rate 时钟频率Clock generator 时钟发生器Clock flip-flop 时钟触发器Close-packed structure 密堆积结构Close-loop gain 闭环增益Collector 集电极Collision 碰撞Compensated OP-AMP 补偿运放Common-base/collector/emitter connection 共基极/ 集电极/ 发射极连接Common-gate/drain/source connection 共栅/ 漏/ 源连接Common-mode gain 共模增益Common-mode input 共模输入Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比Compatibility 兼容性Compensation 补偿Compensated impurities 补偿杂质Compensated semiconductor 补偿半导体Complementary Darlington circuit 互补达林顿电路ComplementaryMetal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor(CMOS)互补金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Complementary error function 余误差函数Compound Semiconductor 化合物半导体Conductance 电导Conduction band (edge) 导带( 底) Conduction level/state 导带态Conductor 导体Conductivity 电导率Configuration 组态Conlomb 库仑Conpled Configuration Devices结构组态Constants 物理常数Constant energy surface 等能面Constant-source diffusion 恒定源扩散Contact 接触Contamination 治污Continuity equation 连续性方程Contact hole 接触孔Contact potential 接触电势Continuity condition 连续性条件Contra doping 反掺杂Controlled 受控的Converter 转换器Conveyer 传输器Copper interconnection system 铜互连系统Couping 耦合Covalent 共阶的Crossover 跨交Critical 临界的Crossunder 穿交Crucible 坩埚Crystaldefect/face/orientation/lattice 晶体缺陷/ 晶面/ 晶向/ 晶格Current density 电流密度Curvature 曲率Cut off 截止Current drift/dirve/sharing 电流漂移/ 驱动/ 共享Current Sense 电流取样Curvature 弯曲Custom integrated circuit 定制集成电路Cylindrical 柱面的Czochralshicrystal 直立单晶Czochralski technique 切克劳斯基技术（Cz 法直拉晶体J ）Ddedicate 专用的，单一的denial of service(DOS)拒绝服务攻击diffusion 扩散digital signature algorithm 数字签名算法dynamic 动态的Dangling bonds 悬挂键Dark current 暗电流Dead time 空载时间Debye length 德拜长度De.broglie 德布洛意Decderate 减速Decibel (dB) 分贝Decode 译码Deep acceptor level 深受主能级Deep donor level 深施主能级Deep impurity level 深度杂质能级Deep trap 深陷阱Defeat 缺陷Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体Degeneracy 简并度Degradation 退化Degree Celsius(centigrade)/Kelvin 摄氏/ 开氏温度Delay 延迟Density 密度Density of states 态密度Depletion 耗尽Depletion approximation 耗尽近似Depletion contact 耗尽接触Depletion depth 耗尽深度Depletion effect 耗尽效应Depletion layer 耗尽层Depletion MOS 耗尽MOSDepletion region 耗尽区Deposited film 淀积薄膜Deposition process 淀积工艺Design rules 设计规则Die 芯片（复数dice ）Diode 二极管Dielectric 介电的Dielectric isolation 介质隔离Difference-mode input 差模输入Differential amplifier 差分放大器Differential capacitance 微分电容Diffused junction 扩散结Diffusion 扩散2Diffusion coefficient 扩散系数Diffusion constant 扩散常数Diffusivity 扩散率Diffusioncapacitance/barrier/current/furnac e 扩散电容/ 势垒/ 电流/ 炉Digital circuit 数字电路Dipole domain 偶极畴Dipole layer 偶极层Direct-coupling 直接耦合Direct-gap semiconductor 直接带隙半导体Direct transition 直接跃迁Discharge 放电Discrete component 分立元件Dissipation 耗散Distribution 分布Distributed capacitance 分布电容istributed model 分布模型Displacement 位移Dislocation 位错Domain 畴Donor 施主Donor exhaustion 施主耗尽Dopant 掺杂剂Doped semiconductor 掺杂半导体oping concentration 掺杂浓度Double-diffusive MOS(DMOS) 双扩散MOS. Drift 漂移Drift field 漂移电场Drift mobility 迁移率Dry etching 干法腐蚀Dry/wet oxidation 干/ 湿法氧化Dose 剂量Duty cycle 工作周期Dual-in-line package （DIP ）双列直插式封装Dynamics 动态Dynamic characteristics 动态属性Dynamic impedance 动态阻抗Eexpertise 专长extractorEarly effect 厄利效应Early failure 早期失效Effective mass 有效质量Einstein relation(ship) 爱因斯坦关系Electric Erase ProgrammableRead Only Memory(E2PROM)一次性电可擦除只读存储器Electrode 电极Electrominggratim 电迁移Electron affinity 电子亲和势Electronic -grade 电子能Electron-beam photo-resistexposure 光致抗蚀剂的电子束曝光Electron gas 电子气Electron-grade water 电子级纯水Electron trapping center 电子俘获中心Electron V olt (eV) 电子伏Electrostatic 静电的Element 元素/ 元件/ 配件Elemental semiconductor 元素半导体Ellipse 椭圆Ellipsoid 椭球Emitter 发射极Emitter-coupled logic 发射极耦合逻辑Emitter-coupled pair 发射极耦合对Emitter follower 射随器Empty band 空带Emitter crowding effect 发射极集边（拥挤）效应Endurance test =life test 寿命测试Energy state 能态Energy momentum diagram 能量- 动量(E-K) 图Enhancement mode 增强型模式Enhancement MOS 增强性MOS Entefic ( 低) 共溶的Environmental test 环境测试Epitaxial 外延的Epitaxial layer 外延层Epitaxial slice 外延片Expitaxy 外延Equivalent curcuit 等效电路Equilibrium majority /minoritycarriers 平衡多数/ 少数载流子Erasable Programmable ROM(EPROM) 可搽取（编程）存储器Error function complement 余误差函数Etch 刻蚀Etchant 刻蚀剂Etching mask 抗蚀剂掩模Excess carrier 过剩载流子Excitation energy 激发能Excited state 激发态Exciton 激子Extrapolation 外推法Extrinsic 非本征的Extrinsic semiconductor 杂质半导体Ffabrication伪造fleshed outFace - centered 面心立方Fall time 下降时间Fan-in 扇入Fan-out 扇出Fast recovery 快恢复Fast surface states 快界面态Feedback 反馈Fermi level 费米能级Fermi-Dirac Distribution 费米-狄拉克布Femi potential 费米势Fick equation 菲克方程（扩散）Field effect transistor 场效应晶体管Field oxide 场氧化层Filled band 满带Film 薄膜Flash memory 闪烁存储器Flat band 平带Flat pack 扁平封装Flicker noise 闪烁（变）噪声Flip-flop toggle 触发器翻转Floating gate 浮栅Fluoride etch 氟化氢刻蚀Forbidden band 禁带Forward bias 正向偏置Forward blocking /conducting 正向阻断/ 导通Frequency deviation noise 频率3漂移噪声Frequency response 频率响应Function 函数GgridGain 增益Gallium-Arsenide(GaAs) 砷化钾Gamy ray r 射线Gate 门、栅、控制极Gate oxide 栅氧化层Gauss （ian ）高斯Gaussian distribution profile 高斯掺杂分布Generation-recombination 产生- 复合Geometries 几何尺寸Germanium(Ge) 锗Graded 缓变的Graded (gradual) channel 缓变沟道Graded junction 缓变结Grain 晶粒Gradient 梯度Grown junction 生长结Guard ring 保护环Gummel-Poom model 葛谋- 潘模型Gunn - effect 狄氏效应Hhandle 处理hierarchical 层次Hardened device 辐射加固器件Heat of formation 形成热Heat sink 散热器、热沉Heavy/light hole band 重/轻空穴带Heavy saturation 重掺杂Hell - effect 霍尔效应Heterojunction 异质结Heterojunction structure 异质结结构Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor （HBT ）异质结双极型晶体High field property 高场特性High-performance MOS.( H-MOS) 高性能MOS.Hormalized 归一化Horizontal epitaxial reactor 卧式外延反应器Hot carrior 热载流子Hybrid integration 混合集成Iimplementinductance 电感initialization vector IV初始化向量integrity完整性interception 截获interruption中断Image - force 镜象力Impact ionization 碰撞电离Impedance 阻抗Imperfect structure 不完整结构Implantation dose 注入剂量Implanted ion 注入离子Impurity 杂质Impurity scattering 杂志散射Incremental resistance 电阻增量（微分电阻）In-contact mask 接触式掩模Indium tin oxide (ITO) 铟锡氧化物Induced channel 感应沟道Infrared 红外的Injection 注入Input offset voltage 输入失调电压Insulator 绝缘体Insulated Gate FET(IGFET) 绝缘栅FET Integrated injection logic 集成注入逻辑Integration 集成、积分Interconnection 互连Interconnection time delay 互连延时Interdigitated structure 交互式结构Interface 界面Interference 干涉International system of unions 国际单位制Internally scattering 谷间散射Interpolation 内插法Intrinsic 本征的Intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体Inverse operation 反向工作Inversion 反型Inverter 倒相器Ion 离子Ion beam 离子束Ion etching 离子刻蚀Ion implantation 离子注入Ionization 电离Ionization energy 电离能Irradiation 辐照Isolation land 隔离岛Isotropic 各向同性Jjava applet Java小程序Junction FET(JFET) 结型场效应管Junction isolation 结隔离Junction spacing 结间距Junction side-wall 结侧壁Kkey wrapping 密钥包装LLatch up 闭锁Lateral 横向的Lattice 晶格Layout 版图Latticebinding/cell/constant/defect/distortion 晶格结合力/ 晶胞/ 晶格/ 晶格常熟/ 晶格缺陷/ 晶格畸变Leakage current （泄）漏电流Level shifting 电平移动Life time 寿命linearity 线性度Linked bond 共价键Liquid Nitrogen 液氮Liquid －phase epitaxial growthtechnique 液相外延生长技术Lithography 光刻Light Emitting Diode(LED) 发光二极管Load line or Variable 负载线Locating and Wiring 布局布线Longitudinal 纵向的Logic swing 逻辑摆幅Lorentz 洛沦兹Lumped model 集总模型4Mmasquerade伪装message digest 消息摘要modification 修改multidrop 多站, 多支路Majority carrier 多数载流子Mask 掩膜板，光刻板Mask level 掩模序号Mask set 掩模组Mass - action law 质量守恒定律Master-slave D flip-flop 主从D 触发器Matching 匹配Maxwell 麦克斯韦Mean free path 平均自由程Meandered emitter junction 梳状发射极结Mean time before failure (MTBF) 平均工作时间Megeto - resistance 磁阻Mesa 台面MESFET-Metal Semiconductor 金属半导体FET Metallization 金属化Microelectronic technique 微电子技术Microelectronics 微电子学Millen indices 密勒指数Minority carrier 少数载流子Misfit 失配Mismatching 失配Mobile ions 可动离子Mobility 迁移率Module 模块Modulate 调制Molecular crystal 分子晶体Monolithic IC 单片IC MOSFET 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Mos. Transistor(MOST )MOS. 晶体管Multiplication 倍增Modulator 调制Multi-chip IC 多芯片ICMulti-chip module(MCM) 多芯片模块Multiplication coefficient 倍增因子N network level attack网络层攻击non-repudiation 不可抵赖Naked chip 未封装的芯片（裸片）Negative feedback 负反馈Negative resistance 负阻Nesting 套刻Negative-temperature-coefficient负温度系数Noise margin 噪声容限Nonequilibrium 非平衡Nonrolatile 非挥发（易失）性Normally off/on 常闭/ 开Numerical analysis 数值分析Ooptimize 使最优化Occupied band 满带Officienay 功率Offset 偏移、失调On standby 待命状态Ohmic contact 欧姆接触Open circuit 开路Operating point 工作点Operating bias 工作偏置Operational amplifier (OPAMP)运算放大器Optical photon =photon 光子Optical quenching 光猝灭Optical transition 光跃迁Optical-coupled isolator 光耦合隔离器Organic semiconductor 有机半导体Orientation 晶向、定向Outline 外形Out-of-contact mask 非接触式掩模Output characteristic 输出特性Output voltage swing 输出电压摆幅Overcompensation 过补偿Over-current protection 过流保护Over shoot 过冲Over-voltage protection 过压保护Overlap 交迭Overload 过载Oscillator 振荡器Oxide 氧化物Oxidation 氧化Oxide passivation 氧化层钝化Pparallelparasitic 寄生的partition [简明英汉词典]n.分割,划分, 瓜分, 分开, 隔离物vt.区分, 隔开, 分割presentation n.介绍, 陈述, 赠送,表达primitiveprivateprobablyproceedingprofoundpropertypseudocollision伪冲突Package 封装Pad 压焊点Parameter 参数Parasitic effect 寄生效应Parasitic oscillation 寄生振荡Passination 钝化Passive component 无源元件Passive device 无源器件Passive surface 钝化界面Parasitic transistor 寄生晶体管Peak-point voltage 峰点电压Peak voltage 峰值电压Permanent-storage circuit 永久存储电路Period 周期Periodic table 周期表Permeable - base 可渗透基区Phase-lock loop 锁相环Phase drift 相移Phonon spectra 声子谱Photo conduction 光电导Photo diode 光电二极管Photoelectric cell 光电池Photoelectric effect 光电效应Photoenic devices 光子器件Photolithographic process 光刻工艺(photo) resist （光敏）抗腐蚀剂Pin 管脚5Pinch off 夹断Pinning of Fermi level 费米能级的钉扎（效应）Planar process 平面工艺Planar transistor 平面晶体管Plasma 等离子体Plezoelectric effect 压电效应Poisson equation 泊松方程Point contact 点接触Polarity 极性Polycrystal 多晶Polymer semiconductor 聚合物半导体Poly-silicon 多晶硅Potential ( 电) 势Potential barrier 势垒Potential well 势阱Power dissipation 功耗Power transistor 功率晶体管Preamplifier 前置放大器Primary flat 主平面Principal axes 主轴Print-circuit board(PCB) 印制电路板Probability 几率Probe 探针Process 工艺Propagation delay 传输延时Pseudopotential method 膺势发Punch through 穿通Pulse triggering/modulating 脉冲触发/ 调制Pulse Widen Modulator(PWM) 脉冲宽度调制Punchthrough 穿通Push-pull stage 推挽级QQuality factor 品质因子Quantization 量子化Quantum 量子Quantum efficiency 量子效应Quantum mechanics 量子力学Quasi –Fermi －level 准费米能级Quartz 石英Rrelease of message contents发布消息内容register 寄存器registration 注册, 报到, 登记resistance 电阻routingrunning key cipher 运动密钥加密法Radiation conductivity 辐射电导率Radiation damage 辐射损伤Radiation flux density 辐射通量密度Radiation hardening 辐射加固Radiation protection 辐射保护Radiative - recombination 辐照复合Radioactive 放射性Reach through 穿通Reactive sputtering source 反应溅射源Read diode 里德二极管Recombination 复合Recovery diode 恢复二极管Reciprocal lattice 倒核子Recovery time 恢复时间Rectifier 整流器（管）Rectifying contact 整流接触Reference 基准点基准参考点Refractive index 折射率Register 寄存器Registration 对准Regulate 控制调整Relaxation lifetime 驰豫时间Reliability 可*性Resonance 谐振Resistance 电阻Resistor 电阻器Resistivity 电阻率Regulator 稳压管（器）Relaxation 驰豫Resonant frequency 共射频率Response time 响应时间Reverse 反向的Reverse bias 反向偏置Sscratchscratchpad缓存secret 密钥substrate 衬底synchronizesynthesizesymmetric key cryptography 对称密钥加密sophisticate 复杂的suspend 悬挂，延缓Sampling circuit 取样电路Sapphire 蓝宝石（Al2O3 ）Satellite valley 卫星谷Saturated current range 电流饱和区Saturation region 饱和区Saturation 饱和的Scaled down 按比例缩小Scattering 散射Schockley diode 肖克莱二极管Schottky 肖特基Schottky barrier 肖特基势垒Schottky contact 肖特基接触Schrodingen 薛定厄Scribing grid 划片格Secondary flat 次平面Seed crystal 籽晶Segregation 分凝Selectivity 选择性Self aligned 自对准的Self diffusion 自扩散Semiconductor 半导体Semiconductor-controlled rectifier可控硅Sendsitivity 灵敏度Serial 串行/ 串联Series inductance 串联电感Settle time 建立时间Sheet resistance 薄层电阻Shield 屏蔽Short circuit 短路Shot noise 散粒噪声Shunt 分流Sidewall capacitance 边墙电容Signal 信号Silica glass 石英玻璃Silicon 硅Silicon carbide 碳化硅Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 二氧化硅Silicon Nitride(Si3N4) 氮化硅Silicon On Insulator 绝缘硅Siliver whiskers 银须6Simple cubic 简立方Single crystal 单晶Sink 沉Skin effect 趋肤效应Snap time 急变时间Sneak path 潜行通路Sulethreshold 亚阈的Solar battery/cell 太阳能电池Solid circuit 固体电路Solid Solubility 固溶度Sonband 子带Source 源极Source follower 源随器Space charge 空间电荷Specific heat(PT) 热Speed-power product 速度功耗乘积Spherical 球面的Spin 自旋Split 分裂Spontaneous emission 自发发射Spreading resistance 扩展电阻Sputter 溅射Stacking fault 层错Static characteristic 静态特性Stimulated emission 受激发射Stimulated recombination 受激复合Storage time 存储时间Stress 应力Straggle 偏差Sublimation 升华Substrate 衬底Substitutional 替位式的Superlattice 超晶格Supply 电源Surface 表面Surge capacity 浪涌能力Subscript 下标Switching time 开关时间Switch 开关Ttoken 令牌trace 追溯traffic analysis 分析通信量Trojan horse 特洛伊木马Tailing 扩展Terminal 终端Tensor 张量Tensorial 张量的Thermal activation 热激发Thermal conductivity 热导率Thermal equilibrium 热平衡Thermal Oxidation 热氧化Thermal resistance 热阻Thermal sink 热沉Thermal velocity 热运动Thermoelectricpovoer 温差电动势率Thick-film technique 厚膜技术Thin-film hybrid IC 薄膜混合集成电路Thin-Film Transistor(TFT) 薄膜晶体Threshlod 阈值Thyistor 晶闸管Transconductance 跨导Transfer characteristic 转移特性Transfer electron 转移电子Transfer function 传输函数Transient 瞬态的Transistor aging(stress) 晶体管老化Transit time 渡越时间Transition 跃迁Transition-metal silica 过度金属硅化物Transition probability 跃迁几率Transition region 过渡区Transport 输运Transverse 横向的Trap 陷阱Trapping 俘获Trapped charge 陷阱电荷Triangle generator 三角波发生器Triboelectricity 摩擦电Trigger 触发Trim 调配调整Triple diffusion 三重扩散Truth table 真值表Tolerahce 容差Tunnel(ing) 隧道（穿）Tunnel current 隧道电流Turn over 转折Turn - off time 关断时间UUltraviolet 紫外的Unijunction 单结的Unipolar 单极的Unit cell 原（元）胞Unity-gain frequency 单位增益频率Unilateral-switch 单向开关Vvarietyvectorverify 检验victoryverticalvia 通孔virus病毒Vacancy 空位Vacuum 真空Valence(value) band 价带Value band edge 价带顶Valence bond 价键Vapour phase 汽相Varactor 变容管Varistor 变阻器Vibration 振动Voltage 电压WWorm 蠕虫Wafer 晶片Wave equation 波动方程Wave guide 波导Wave number 波数Wave-particle duality 波粒二相性Wear-out 烧毁Wire routing 布线Work function 功函数Worst-case device 最坏情况器件YYield 成品率ZZener breakdown 齐纳击穿Zone melting 区熔法7。
焊接专业英语词汇学习汇总
焊接方面的1. 保护气体shielding gas2。
变形deformation3. 波浪变形buckling distortion4. 补焊repair welding5。
残余应力residual—stress6。
层状撕裂Lamellar Tear7. 插销试验Implant Test8. 常规力学性能convention mechanics performance9. 超声波探伤ultrasonic inspection10. 衬垫焊welding with backing11. 船形焊fillet welding in the flat position 12。
磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection 13。
粗滴过渡globular transfer14。
脆性断裂brittlement fracture15。
淬火vt. quench n. ~ing16. 错边变形dislocating distortion17. 搭接lap welding18。
打底焊backing welding19. 单道焊single—pass welding20. 单面焊welding by one side21. 导电嘴wire guide ;contact tube22。
等离子弧焊plasma welding23。
低合金钢low alloy steel24. 点焊spot welding25. 电弧动特性dynamic characteristic26. 电弧焊electric arc welding27。
电弧静特性static characteristic28。
电极electrode29. 电流current30. 电压voltage31。
电源power supply;power source32. 电阻焊resistance welding33. 调修correct34. 定位焊tack welding35. 短路过渡short circuiting transfer36。
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(S)
safe load 安全载荷safe seismic distance 安全震距safe stress 安全应力safety coefficient 安全系数safety element 安全元件safety explosive 安全炸药safety factor 安全因数safety limit 安全限值safety valve 安全阀saffman force 萨夫曼力sag 下弯saha equation 萨哈方程saint venant principle 圣维南原理saltation 跃移saltation velocity 跃移速度sample 试样sampling 采样sampling average 采样平均sampling error 取样误差sand heap analogy 沙堆比拟sand hill analogy 沙堆比拟sand wave 沙波sandwich 层叠物sandwich plate 多层板sandwich type shell 夹层壳satellite 卫星satellite dynamics 卫星动力学saturated air 饱和空气saturated gas 饱和气体saturated porous media 饱和多孔介质saturated steam 饱和蒸汽saturated vapor pressure 饱和蒸汽压saturated vapour 饱和蒸汽saturation 饱和saturation adiabat 饱和绝热线saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation pressure 饱和压力saturation ratio 饱和度saturation state 饱和状态saturation temperature 饱和温度saturation value 饱和值saturation vapour pressure 饱和蒸汽压sawtooth pulse 锯齿形脉冲sawtooth wave 锯齿波sawtooth wave oscillation 锯齿波形振荡scalar 标量scalar coupling 标量耦合scalar field 标量场scalar matrix 标量矩阵scalar potential 标量势scalar product 标积scalar quantity 标量scalar tensor 标量量scale effect 尺度效应scale length 标尺长度scale of hardness 硬度计scale of turbulence 湍陵度scales 天平scaling law 标度律scattered light method 散光法scattered wave 散射波scattering 散射scattering amplitude 散射幅度scattering angle 散射角scattering coefficient 散射系数scattering cross section 散射截面scattering ellipse 散射椭圆scattering error 散射误差scattering in 散射scattering intensity 散射强度scattering length 散射长度scattering resonance 散射共振schlieren method 纹影法schuler period 舒勒周期sclerometric hardness 刮痕硬度scleronomic constraints 与时间无关的约束scleronomous binding 与时间无关的约束scleroscope 回跳硬度计scleroscope hardness 回跳硬度scratch hardness 刮痕硬度scratch hardness test 刮痕硬度试验screw axis 螺旋轴screw dislocation 螺旋位错screw displacement 螺旋位移screw motion 螺线运动screw propeller 螺旋推进器螺旋桨sea wave 海洋波seal force 气封力seaplane 水上飞机season crack 自裂second class constraint 第二类约束second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度second law of dynamics 动力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律second of time 时秒second order elasticity 二阶弹性second order fluid 二阶铃second problem of dynamics 动力学知问题second viscosity coefficient 第二粘度系数secondary collision 二次碰撞secondary compression 二次压缩secondary consolidation 二次固结secondary creep 第二阶段蠕变secondary explosion 二次爆炸secondary flow 次级流secondary load 二次负载secondary moment 副力矩secondary motion 次级运动secondary principal stress 次枝力secondary resonance 次级共振secondary simulation error 二次模拟误差secondary stress 次应力secondary structure 次级结构secondary undulation 次波动secondary wave 次级波seconds pendulum 秒摆section 截面section modulus 截面模数section wave 截面波sectional area 截面积sectional drawing 切面图sectorial area 扇形面积sectorial moment of inertia 扇形惯性矩secular determinant 久期行列式secular equation 久期方程sediment runoff 泥沙运载量sedimentation 沉降sedimentation analysis 沉积分析sedimentation balance 沉积天平sedimentation flow 沉积流sedimentation velocity 沉降速度seepage 渗透seepage flow 渗流seepage pressure 渗透压力segment of a circle 弓形segmentation 分割segregation 偏析seiche 湖面波动seism 地震seismic coefficient 地震系数seismic conductivity 地震波传导性seismic effect 地震效应seismic focus 震源seismic force 地震力seismic load 地震荷载seismic pendulum 地震摆seismic pickup 地震拾波器seismic prospecting 震波勘探seismic region 地震区seismic response 地震响应seismic sea wave 地震海啸seismic spectrum 地震波谱seismic surges 地震海啸seismic system 地震系统seismic wave 地震波seismicity 地震活动度seismogram 地震记录图seismograph 地震仪selection 选择self acting control 直接控制self adjusting 自动蝶的self aligning 自的的self alignment 自行的self balancing 自动平衡的self balancing device 自平衡装置self centering 自动定心的self contraction 自收缩self correlation function 自相关函数self damping 自衰减self diffusion 自扩散self diffusion coefficient 自扩散系数self diffusion current 自扩散流self diffusion velocity 自扩散速度self energy 自能self excitation 自激self excited vibration 自激振动self heating 自热self ignition 自点火self inductance 自感self locking 自锁self lubrication 自动润滑self oscillation 自振荡self power 固有功率self radiation 自辐射self regulation 自第self rotation 本正转self scattering 自散射self similar flow 自相似流self similarity 自相似self simulation 自模拟self stress 自具应力self thermal diffusion 自热扩散selsyn 自动同步机semi analytical method 半解析法semi axis 半轴semi circle 半圆semi circular 半圆的semi classical method 半经典的方法semi elliptic spring 半椭圆形弹簧semi infinite body 半无限体semi inverse method 半逆法semi liquid state 半液态semi major axis 长半径semi permeable 半渗透的semi turbulent 半湍聊semiconductor strain gage 半导体应变仪sense of rotation 转动方向sensitivity 灵敏度sensitivity constant 灵敏度常数sensitivity to deformation speed 变形速度灵敏度sensitization 敏化sensor 传感器separated boundary layer 分离边界层separated flow 分离流separation factor 分离因子separation method 分离法separation of variables 变数分离separation point 分离点sequence 序列series 系列serviceability 适用性servo system 伺服系统set noise 机齐声set up 胆setback 后退setting 安装setting frequency 导频率settled creep 似粘性蠕变settlement 沉积settling velocity 沉降速度sextant 六分仪shading 阴影法shadow 阴影shadow factor 阴影因数shadow method 阴影法shadow zone 阴影区shadowgraph 影象图shadowgraph method 描影法shafranov kruskal criterion 沙弗拉诺夫克鲁斯卡尔判据shaft 轴shaft axis 轴心线shaft friction 表面摩擦shaft horsepower 轴马力shaft journal 轴颈shake down 振动硬化shake off effect 振动效应shaking 摇荡shaking conveyer 振动输送机shaking out 振摇萃取shaking screen 摇动筛shaking table 振动台shallow notch 浅切口shallow shell 扁壳shallow water 浅水区shallow water theory 浅水理论shallow water wave 浅水波shape anisotropy 形状蛤异性shape elasticity 形状弹性shape factor 形状因子；形状因数shape parameter of boundary layer 边界层的形状参数shape relaxation 形状弛豫shaping 成形shapiro step 夏皮罗级shattering 破碎shear 剪切shear center 剪心shear crack 剪切裂隙shear deformation 剪切应变shear difference method 剪应力差法shear elasticity 切变弹性shear failure 剪切破坏shear fracture 剪切破坏shear grade 剪切梯度shear lag 剪切滞后shear line 剪切线shear mode 剪切振模shear modulus 剪切模量shear plane 剪切面shear plane method 剪切面法shear resistance 剪切阻力shear strain 剪切应变shear strain energy 剪应变能shear strength 抗剪强度shear stress 剪应力shear stress line 剪应力线shear stress tensor 剪切应力量shear surface 切变面shear test 剪切试验shear transfer 剪切传递shear turbulence 剪湍寥shear vibration 剪切振动shear viscosity 切变粘度shear wave 等容波sheared edge 剪切边缘shearing area 剪切面积shearing center 剪心shearing coefficient 切变系数shearing curve 剪切曲线shearing elasticity modulus 切变模数shearing error 剪切误差shearing field rheometer 剪切场龄计shearing flow 剪流shearing force 剪力shearing force diagram 剪力图shearing impact 剪切冲击shearing instability 剪切失稳shearing load 剪切载荷shearing method 剪切法shearing moment 剪切力矩shearing rigidity 抗剪刚度shearing stress 剪应力shearing velocity 剪切速度sheet 薄板sheet bar 薄板畔sheet thickness 薄板厚度shell 壳shell of many layers 夹层壳shell of revolution 旋转壳shell theory 壳理论shielding 屏蔽shift 位移shift angle 位差角shift diagram 位移图shift factor 位移因子shift matrix 位移矩阵shift structure 错列结构shift surface 位移面ship 船ship hull 船体ship oscillation 船舶振荡ship resistance 船舶阻力ship wave 船行波shoal water 浅水区shock 冲击撞击shock absorber 缓冲器缓冲装置shock absorption 冲稽收shock adiabat 冲圾热线shock angle 撞磺shock coefficient 撞坏数shock condition 冲货件shock diffuser 激波扩散器shock eliminator 缓冲器减震器shock equation 激波方程shock excitation 撞护发shock expansion 冲还开shock free 无冲荒shock front 激波前沿shock front thickness 激波前沿厚度shock isolation 冲霍离shock isolator 冲霍离器shock layer 激波层shock limitation 激波限制shock line 激波线shock load 冲簧重shock mach number 激波马赫数shock momentum 撞化量shock motion 冲凰动shock normal 冲花线shock polar 激波极线shock polaric diagram 激波极线图shock potential 冲黄shock pressure 冲还力shock proof 抗震的shock propagation 激波传播shock pulse 冲祸冲shock relaxation 激波弛豫shock resistance 冲昏力shock response 冲混应shock response spectrum 冲混应谱shock stall 激波失速shock strength 冲豢度shock stress 冲沪力shock test 冲辉验shock transfer 冲猾递shock tube 激波管shock wave 激波shock wave curvature 激波波前曲率shock wave drag 激波阻力shock wave heating 冲花加热shock wave relation 冲花关系式shockley barrier layer 肖克利势垒层shockley partial dislocation 肖克利型定域位错shoot 急流shooting flow 快速射流急流shore hardness 肖氏硬度shore scleroscope test 肖氏硬度试验short crested wave 短峰波short distance scattering 近距散射short fiber 短纤维short period perturbation 短周期扰动short range force 短程力short term strength 短期强度short time creep strength 短时蠕变强度short time test 快速试验short wave 短波short wave radiation 短波辐射shortness 脆性shot firing 点火shot peening 喷丸硬化shot point 爆破点shrinkage 收缩shrinkage allowance 收缩容许量shrinkage crack 收缩裂缝shrinkage factor 收缩因数shrinkage porosity 收缩孔隙度shrinkage pressure 收缩压强shrinkage stress 收缩应力shut down 停止shutoff 停止side displacement 侧面位移side drag 侧面阻力side overflow 横向溢流side pressure 侧压力side wave 边频波sideslip 侧滑sidewall 侧壁sidewind 侧风sieve mesh 筛孔sieve plate 筛板sign 记号signal 信号silencer 消声器silo 导弹地下仓库similar 相似的similar test 相似检验similarity 相似similarity criterion 相似准则similarity law 相似性定律similarity parameter 相似参数similarity principle 相似性原理similarity rule 相似规则similarity theorem 相似性定律similarity theory 相似理论similarity transformation 相似变换similitude 相似simple 单纯的simple beam 简支梁simple bending 单纯弯曲simple closed curve 简单闭曲线simple elastoplastic problem 简单弹塑性问题simple equivalent pendulum 单摆simple harmonic motion 简谐振动simple harmonic oscillation 简谐振动simple harmonic oscillator 简谐振子simple harmonic wave 简谐波simple hinge 单铰链simple loading 简单加载simple loading theorem 简单加载定理simple material 简单物质simple oscillation 简单振荡simple pendulum 单摆simple refraction 单折射simple shear 简单剪切simple shearing strain 简切应变simple shearing stress 简单切应力simple solid material 简单固体材料simple supported edge 简支边simple system 单一系统simple tension 简单拉伸simple torsion 简单扭转simple truss 简单桁架simple vibration 简单振荡simple wave flow 简单波流simplex interpolation 简单插simply periodic function 简单周期函数simply supported beam 简单支撑梁simpson's rule 辛普森法则simulated process parameter 模拟过程参数simulated system parameter 模拟系参数simulation 模拟simulation error 模拟误差simulator 模拟装置simultaneity 同时性simultaneous 同时的simultaneous blasting 齐发爆破simultaneous earthquake 同时地震sine 正弦sine wave 正弦波singing 振鸣single crystal 单晶single dislocation 单一位错single force 集中力single phase 单相的single refraction 单折射single rotor 单转子single scattering 单散射single stage compression 单级压缩single stage compressor 单级压缩机single stage pump 单级泵single valuedness 单值性single wave 孤立波singular function 奇异函数singular integral 奇异积分singular perturbation method 奇异微扰法singular point 奇点singular solution 奇异解singular surface 奇异曲面singularity 奇异性sink 汇sink flow 汇流sinking speed 降落速度sinking velocity 沉降速度sintering point 软化点sinusoidal curve 正弦曲线sinusoidal law 正弦定律sinusoidal quantity 正弦量sinusoidal spiral 正弦螺线sinusoidal wave 正弦波siphon 虹吸管site 场地size 尺寸size distribution 粒度分布size reduction 破碎skeletal structure 骨架结构skeletal vibration 骨架振动skeleton 骨架skeleton diagram 方框图skeleton line 骨架线skew 倾斜的skew anisotropy 斜蛤异性skew bridge 斜桥skew distribution 非对称性分布skew lines 斜直线skew symmetry 斜对称skin 囚skin depth 囚深度skin friction 表面摩擦skin friction resistance 表面摩擦阻力skin friction stress 表面摩擦应力skin resistance 表面阻力skip phenomenon 跳跃现象skipped distance 跳跃距离slab 平板slant distance 斜距slat 前缘缝翼sleeve 轴套slender body 细长体slender profile 细长翼slender rod 细杆slender wing 小展弦比机翼slenderness 细长比slenderness ratio 细长比slide 滑动slide valve air pump 滑阀空气泵slider 滑板sliding bearing 滑动轴承sliding contact 滑动接触sliding friction 滑动摩擦sliding friction torque 滑动摩擦力矩sliding mode crack 滑移型裂纹sliding motion 滑动sliding pressure 滑动压sliding resistance 滑动阻力sliding surface 滑动面sliding vector 滑移矢量sliding weight 滑锤slight earthquake 轻微地震slip band 滑移带slip coefficient 滑恋数slip direction 滑移方向slip flow 滑流slip frequency 差频slip line 滑动线slip moment 滑动力矩slip plane 滑移面slip ratio 滑动比slip ring 滑环slip speed 转差速率slip stream 滑流slip surface 滑动面slip system 滑移系slip vector 滑移矢量slip velocity 滑临度slip zone 滑移区slippage tensor 滑僚量slipping 滑动slipstream effect 滑璃应slit 缝隙slope 倾斜slope current 倾斜流坡度流slope deflection 斜挠度slope deflection method 角变位移法slope distance 斜距slope failure 边坡破坏slope of surface 水面坡度slope resistance 坡度阻力slot 缝slow 慢的slow boundary layer 慢边界层slow flow 缓流slow motion 慢速移动slow release 慢释放slowing down 减速slowly varying component 慢变分量slug flow 慢流slurry pump 泥浆泵small amplitude oscillation 小振幅振荡small angle collision 小角碰撞small calorie 克卡small deformation 小变形small hardness 微硬度small oscillation 小振荡small scale turbulence 小尺度湍流smoke gas 烟气smoke wind tunnel 烟风洞smooth flow 平滑怜smooth pipe 光滑管道smooth surface 光滑面smooth tube 光滑管道smoothed curve 光滑曲线smoothing 平滑化smoothness 平滑度smoothness properties 平滑特性snaking 蛇行snow load 雪载soaking 浸渍soap film analogy 肥皂膜比拟soaring 滑翔soft shell 软壳softening 软化softening point 软化点soil characteristic 土的特性soil dynamics 土动力学soil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil humidity 土壤水分soil mechanics 土力学soil moisture 土壤水分soil pressure 土压soil suction force 土壤抽吸力soil temperature 土壤温度solar tidal wave 太阳潮汐波solar wind 太阳风solid 固体solid angle 立体角solid body 固体solid friction 固体摩擦solid gas interface 固气界面solid liquid interface 固液界面solid mechanics 固体力学solid of revolution 旋转体solid of rotation 旋转体solid phase 固相solid physical mechanics 固体物理力学solid plastic 固塑性的solid propellant rocket 固体燃料火箭solid solid interface 固固界面solid state 固态solidification 凝固solidification heat 凝固热solidification point 凝固点solidification shrinkage 凝固收缩solidity 固态solifluction 泥流solitary wave 孤立波solute boundary layer 溶质边界层solution 解sonic bang 声击sonic barrier 声障sound absorption 声吸收sound damping coefficient 声阻尼系数sound energy 声能sound insulating material 隔声材料sound oscillation 声振荡sound pressure 声压sound pressure level 声压级sound proof 隔音的sound velocity 声速sound wave 声波source 源source flow 源流source function 源函数source of seismic wave 地震波源space centrode 固定瞬心轨迹space cone 定瞬轴锥面space coordinates 空间坐标space craft 宇宙飞船space curve 空间曲线space distribution 空间分布space flight 宇宙飞行space framework 立体构架space inversion 空间反演space lattice structure 空间晶格结构space motion 空间运动space perception 空间感受space potential 空间势space problem 空间问题space reflection 空间反演space system 空间系space tensor 空间量space time coordinates 时空坐标系space time correlation 时空关联space time curve 时空曲线space time law 路径时间定律space time structure 时空结构space truss 空间桁架space vehicle 宇宙飞船space velocity 空间速度space wave 空间波spacecraft 宇宙飞船spacing wave 间隔波spallation 破碎spallation cross section 散裂截面span 跨距span length 跨长spar 翼梁spare 备件spark hardening 放电硬化spatial expansion 空间膨spatial kinematic chain 空间运动链spatial shear wave 空间切变波special perturbation 特殊微扰special relativity theory 狭义相对论specific action potential 比酌势specific deformation energy 比形变能specific destruction work 比破坏功specific discharge 通量密度specific elongation 延伸率specific entropy 比熵specific flow 比量specific flow rate 比潦specific force 比力specific free energy 比自由能specific gravity 比重specific head 比压头specific heat 比热specific heat at constant pressure 恒压比热specific heat at constant volume 恒容比热specific impulse 比推力specific internal energy 比能specific kinetic energy 比动能specific mass 比质量specific plastic 比塑性specific potential 比势specific power 比功率specific pressure 比压specific resistance 比阻力specific speed 比速率specific stiffness 比刚度specific strain energy 比应变能specific strength 比强度specific stress 比应力specific surface 比表面specific surface energy 比表面能specific thrust 比推力specific unbalance 比不平衡specific viscosity 比粘度specific volume 比容specific volumetric dilatation 体积膨胀率specific weight of engine 每马力重量specific wind pressure 比风压specimen 试样speckle 散斑speckle holography 散斑全息照相术speckle interferometry 散斑干涉法spectral condition 谱条件spectral curve 谱曲线spectral density 谱密度spectral displacement 谱位移spectral distribution 谱分布spectral frequency 谱频率spectral function 谱函数spectral line 谱线spectral method 谱方法spectral position 谱位置spectral shift 谱位移spectral theory 谱理论spectrum 谱spectrum matrix 谱矩阵spectrum tensor 谱量speed 速率speed change 变速speed control 速率第speed error 速率误差speed governor 蒂机speed indicator 速度计speed limiting device 限速器speed of autorotation 自转速度speed of heat propagation 热传播速率speed of light 光速speed of perception 感觉速率speed of response 响应速度speed of sound 声速speed per hour 时速speed range 变速围speed reduction 减速speed regulation 速度第speed regulator 蒂机speedometer 转速表sphere 球sphere of reflection 反射球sphere shaped 球形的spherical angle 球面角spherical bearing 球面支承spherical coordinates 球面坐标spherical function 球面函数spherical joint 球形接头spherical motion 球面运动spherical pendulum 球摆spherical shell 球壳spherical shock wave 球面激波spherical space 对映空间spherical strain tensor 球面应变量spherical stress tensor 球面应力量spherical surface 球面spherical tensor 球面量spherical top 球形陀螺spherical wave 球面波spheroidal wave function 球波函数spillway 溢淋spillway dam 溢劣spin angle 自旋角spin angular momentum 自旋角动量spin axis 自旋轴spin coordinate 自旋坐标spin eigenfunction 自旋本寨数spin eigenstate 自旋本宅spin interaction 自旋相互酌spin orbit potential 自旋轨道势spin relaxation 自旋弛豫spin resonance 自旋共振spin resonance frequency 自旋共振频率spin slip spectrum 自旋反转谱spin tensor 自旋量spin tensor operator 自旋量算符spin wave 自旋波spin wave theory 自旋波理论spindle 轴spinning 尾旋spinning detonation 旋焰爆炸spinning obstacle 旋转障碍spinning top 旋转陀螺spinning wind tunnel 螺旋风洞spinor field 旋量场spinor gravitation 旋量引力spinor wave 旋量波spinor wave equation 旋量波方程spinor wave function 旋量波函数spiral 螺线spiral dislocation 螺旋形位错spiral fiber structure 螺旋形纤维结构spiral flow 螺旋流spiral of archimedes 阿基米德螺线spiral orbit 螺线轨道spiral propeller 螺旋推进器spiral spring 螺旋形弹簧spiral trajectory 螺线轨道spiral vortex 螺旋形涡流spiral vortex model 螺旋涡模型spire 尖塔spirit level 水准器split hopkinson bar 分离式霍普金森杆split pattern 分离模式splitting 分裂spoiler 绕菱sponge 海绵spongy 海绵状的spontaneous combustion 自燃spontaneous crack propagation 自发裂缝传播spontaneous emission 自发发射spout 瘤口spouted bed 喷出床spouting spring 喷泉spray 喷雾spray pump 喷淋泵spray resistance 喷雾阻力spraying effect 雾化效应spraying nozzle 喷雾嘴spring 弹簧spring back 弹性回复spring balance 弹簧秤spring buffer 弹簧绶冲器spring constant 弹簧常数spring dynamometer 弹簧秤spring force 弹簧弹力spring hammer 弹簧锤spring manometer 弹簧式压力计spring model 弹簧模型spring oscillator 弹簧振子spring pressure 弹簧压力spring pressure gage 弹簧式压力计spring ring 弹簧圈spring scales 弹簧秤spring tension 弹簧力spurious frequency 寄生频率spurious oscillation 寄生振荡spurious scattering 虚散射squagging 自锁square measure 面积单位square wave 方形波square wave oscillation 矩形波振荡square wave pulse 矩形脉冲squashing 压碎squeezing 压榨stability 稳定性stability condition 稳定性条件stability constant 稳定性常数stability curve 稳定性曲线stability layer 稳定层stability limit 稳定性极限stability line 稳定性曲线stability of equilibrium 平衡稳定性stability of motions 运动稳定性stability of parallel flow 平行寥定性stability of stratified flow 分层寥定性stability of structures 结构稳定性stability of vibration 振动稳定性stability tensor 稳定性量stability theorem 稳定性定理stabilization 稳定化stabilized equilibrium 稳定平衡stabilizer 稳定器stabilizing force 稳定力stabilizing gyroscope 稳定陀螺stable axis 稳定轴stable equilibrium 稳定平衡stable equilibrium position 稳定平衡位置stable motion 稳定运动stable orbit 稳定轨道stable state 稳定状态stable system 稳定系stable wave 稳定波stage 阶段stage discharge curve 水位量曲线stage efficiency 分级效率staged rocket 多级火箭staggered arrangement 交错配置staggered riveting 交错铆接staggering 摇摆stagnant water 静水stagnation 停滞stagnation curve 静水曲线stagnation density 滞止密度stagnation point 驻点stagnation point flow 驻点流stagnation pressure 驻点压力stagnation temperature 滞止温度stake 杆stalled airfoil 失速机翼stalled condition 失速条件stalled flow 失速流stalled wing 失速机翼stalling 失速stalling angle 失速迎角stalling characteristics 失速特性stalling flight 失速飞行stalling point 失速点stalling speed 失速速率stand by power 备用功率standard atmosphere 标准大气standard condition 标准条件standard density 标准密度standard deviation 标准偏差standard equation 正规方程standard frequency 标准频率standard frequency spectrum 标准频谱standard isobaric surfaces 标准等压面standard linear solid 标准线形固体standard load 正常负载standard measure 标准衡器standard orifice plate 标准孔板standard pressure 标准压力standard resistance 标准阻力standard solid 标准固体standard state 标准状态standard test specimen 标准试样standard water column 标准水柱standard wave 标准波standard wind 标准风standing wave 驻波star connection y 形接法starboard 右舷starling hypothesis 斯塔林假说start up time 起动时间starting air 起动空气starting lever 起动杆starting of oscillations 振荡起动starting oscillation 起动振动starting period 起动时间starting power 起动功率starting pulse 起动脉冲starting resistance 起动阻力starting torque 起动转矩state continuity 状态连续性state curve 状态曲线state equation 物态方程state feedback control 状态反馈控制state function 态函数state of aggregation 聚集状态state of energy 能量状态state of plane stress 平面应力状态state of rest 静态state of strain 应变状态state of stress 应力状态state of suspension 悬浮状态state parameter 状态参数state space 状态空间state vector 态矢量static 静的static accuracy 静态准确度static balance 静态平衡static balancing 静力平衡static balancing machine 静平衡试验机static constraint reaction 静反力static deflection 静载挠度static elasticity 静弹性static equilibrium 静态平衡static fatigue 静疲劳static field 静场static force 静力static fracture 静态破裂static friction 静摩擦static head 静压头static hysteresis curve 静态滞后曲线static imbalance 静力不平衡static indeterminateness 超静定性static instability 静力不稳定性static lift 静升力static load 静负载static magnetic field 静磁场static modulus of elasticity 静弹性模量static moment 静力矩static moment of the surface 静力表面矩static pressure 静压static pressure tube 静压管static reaction 静反酌static rolling friction 静滚动摩擦static slip 静滑移static stability 静力稳定性static strength 静力强度static stress 静应力static surface tension 静表面力static temperature 静温static test 静力试验static unbalance 静力不平衡statical condition 静力条件statically defined 静定的statically determinate 静定的statically determinate beam 静定梁statically determinate reaction 静定反力statically determinate structure 静定结构statically determinate system 静定系statically indeterminate beam 静不定梁statically indeterminate structure 静不定结构statically indeterminate system 静不定系statics 静力学stationary axle 固定轴stationary blade 固定叶片stationary creep 定常蠕变stationary distribution 定常分布stationary equilibrium 定常平衡stationary field 恒定场stationary flow 定常流stationary motion 定常运动stationary orbit 静止轨道stationary point 平稳点stationary potential 稳定势stationary random process 平稳随机过程stationary satellite 静止卫星stationary state 平稳态stationary vibration 平稳振动stationary vortex 定常涡旋stationary wave 驻波statistic test 统计检验statistical accuracy 统计精度statistical analysis 统计分析statistical fluctuation 统计涨落statistical mechanics 统计力学statistical noise 统计噪声statistical theory of turbulence 湍脸计理论statistical thermodynamics 统计热力学statistical weight 统计重量statistics 统计学staude cone 斯德锥面steady detonation 定常爆轰steady flow 定常流steady free surface flow 定常无压流steady gas flow 定常气流steady load 不变负荷steady motion 定常运动steady potential 稳定势steady precession 稳定旋进steady rest 稳定架steady state 平稳态steady state creep 定常蠕变steady state magnetic field 稳定磁场steady state oscillation 稳态振荡steady vorticity 定常涡流steam 蒸汽steam bleeding 抽汽steam drive 蒸汽传动steam ejector 蒸汽喷射器steam extraction 抽汽steam hammer 蒸汽锤steam injector 蒸汽喷射器steam jet 蒸汽喷流steam meter 蒸汽量计steam nozzle 蒸汽喷嘴steam power 汽力steam pressure 蒸汽压steep throw 陡抛steepness of wave edge 波前陡度steering angle 转向角steering column 转向柱steiner theorem 平行轴定理stellar dynamics 恒星动力学stellar energy 恒星能量stellar guidance 天文导航stellar structure 恒星结构step disturbance 阶跃扰动step rocket 多级火箭step velocity 阶跃速度stepped shaft 梯级式轴stepwise loading 逐步加载stereographic net 伍尔夫经纬圈stereographic projection 球面投影stereophotogrammetry 立体照相测量术steric acceleration 空间加速度stiff chain 刚链stiff joint 刚节点stiffener 加劲材stiffening 加劲stiffening plate 加强板stiffening rib 加强肋stiffening ring 加强环stiffness 刚度stiffness coefficient 刚度系数stiffness matrix 刚度矩阵stiffness method 刚度法stiffness modulus 劲度模量stiffness reactance 劲度力抗stiffness rotor 刚性转子stiffness term 刚度项stochastic acceleration 随机加速度stochastic force 随机力stochastic hydraulics 随机水力学stochastic process 随机过程stochastic similarity 随机相似stochastic simulation 随机模拟stockmayer potential 史托克梅耶势stokes approximation 斯托克斯近似stokes flow 斯托克斯怜stokes fluid 斯托克斯铃stokes law 斯托克斯定律stokes stream function 斯托克斯怜数stokes theorem 斯托克斯定理stokes wave 斯托克斯波stoma 小孔stone stream 岩石流stop 停止stopping distance 停止距离storage 存储storage modulus 存储模量stored energy 储能stored energy function 储能函数storm surge 风暴潮storm wave 风暴波straight angle 平角straight line motion 直线运动straight line plot of the bending stress 弯曲应力直线图straight line wedge 直线楔straightening 矫正straightness 平直度strain 应变strain ageing 应变时效strain amplitude 应变幅度strain anisotropy 应变蛤异性strain anneal method 应变退火法strain component 应变分量strain crack 应变裂缝strain deviator 形变偏量strain ellipsoid 应变椭球strain energy 应变能strain energy density 应变能密度strain energy function 应变能函数strain energy method 应变能法strain energy theory 应变能理论strain fatigue 应变疲劳strain field 应变场strain free lattice 无应变点阵strain gage 应变计strain gradient 应变梯度strain hardening 应变硬化strain hardening capacity 应变硬化能力strain hardening coefficient 应变硬化系数strain hardening curve 应变硬化曲线strain hardening index 应变硬化指数strain history 应变历程strain intensity 应变强度strain invariant 应变不变量strain matrix 应变矩阵strain measure 应变量度strain measurement 应变测定strain potential 应变势strain rate 应变率strain rate effect 应变率效应strain rate history 应变率历程strain relaxation 应变弛豫strain space 应变空间strain tensor 应变量strain theory 应变理论。
强制性诱导运动在偏瘫型脑瘫患儿作业治疗中的应用
治 疗 阶段 为其 选 择 不 同 的作业 活 动 ，及 时评 估 患肢 功 能 ，调 整 作业 治 疗 方案 ，与家 长 有效 沟 通 ，将 锻炼 方 法 及 注意 事项 告 知 家长 ，每次 来 院治 疗 时 ，作 业治 疗 师 要询 问前一 天 患儿 家 庭 锻炼 情 况 ，并 做记 录 。患 儿 每 日戴 手 套 ４～６ ｈ，每周 ６ ｄ。两 组 患儿 均 由治疗 师 一 对 一治 疗 ，每次 ４０ｍｉｎ，每 日 １次 ，疗 程为 ６个月 。 １．３评 价 方 法 应 用 上 海 复旦 大学 附属 儿 科 医 院康 复 中心 制 定 的 脑 瘫 儿 童 精 细 运 动 功 能 评 估 量 表 （Ｆｉｎｅ Ｍｏｔｏｒ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ Ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ，ＦＭＦＭ）评 定 疗 效 ，治疗 前 和 治疗 ６／／！月后各 １次 。 １．４统计 学 分 析 采 用 ＳＰＳＳ １７．０软 件对 数 据 资料 进行 分 析 ，采 用 ｆ检 验 。 ２结 果
１７（１２）：１１６５—１１６６．
强 制 性 诱 导 运 动 疗 法 （ｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔ ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄ ｍｏｖｅ． ｍｅｎｔ ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ，ＣＩＭＴ）是 近 年来 兴起 的 一种 针 对 脑 损 伤 后 上 肢 功 能 障 碍 的 康 复治 疗 技 术 。 目前 ，ＣＩＭＴ已被 广 泛 应 用 于慢 性 脑 卒 中患 者 上 肢 功 能 障 碍 的康 复 治 疗 ，有 研 究 表 明 ＣＩＭＴ可 能 对 偏 瘫 患儿 有 效Ⅲ。近 年 来 有 部分 脑瘫 儿 童 康复 工 作者 也逐 渐 将此 技术 应 用 到 偏 瘫 型 脑 瘫 患儿 的上 肢 治疗 中 ，但关 于 ＣＩＭＴ技 术 在 脑 瘫 患儿 中的具 体 应用 仍 缺乏 一套 系 统化 的程序 。本 院脑瘫 儿 童康 复 中心作 业疗 法 室 自２００９年 以来 ，尝 试 将 ＣＩＭＴ技 术 应 用 在偏 瘫 型 脑瘫 儿 童 上 肢 的作 业 治疗 中 ，现报 道如 下 。 １资料 与 方 法 １．１一 般 资 料 选 取 ２００９年 ４月～２０１０年 １２月 在 本 院 康 复 中 心作 业疗 法 室进 行 作业 治疗 的偏瘫 型 脑瘫 患 儿 ３０例 ，诊 断 均 符 合 ２００７年 中 国康 复 医学会 儿 童 康 复 专 业 委员 会 、中 国残疾 人 康 复协会 小 儿脑 瘫 康 复专 业 委 员 会 通 过 的 小儿 脑 性 瘫 痪 的 分 型 和诊 断 条 件 。纳 入标 准 ：①诊 断 符合 痉 挛 性脑 瘫 ；② 两侧 肢体 粗 大 和
力学_专业英语词汇
附录：常用专业词汇和用语汇总表Aabsolute temperatureabutment [ə'bʌtmənt] acceleration [æk,selə'reɪʃə n] accelerometer [æk,selə'rɔmit ə] action-at-a-distanceactive gageacoustic emitteracute angleadaptivity [ədæp'tivəti] aerospace engineering aggregate ['æɡriɡit] algebraic equationAlmansi strainallowable stressalternator ['ɔ:lt əneitə] amorphous [ə'mɔ:fəs] amphiphileamphiphileamplitude ['æmplitju:d] amplification factoramplitude stressamplitude of vibrationanelastic [ˌænilˈæsti] aneurysm ['ænjuriz əm] anisotropic [æn,ais ə'trɔpik]绝对温度n. 桥墩；桥基；桥台n. 加速度n. 加速度计远距离作用工作片声发射器锐角n. 适应性航空工程n. 偏析，聚合体代数方程阿曼西应变许用应力n. 交流发电机adj. 无定性的；非晶形的，无一定方向的n. 两亲物；两亲性分子n. 两亲物n. 幅值放大因子，放大倍数幅值应力振动幅值；振幅adj. 滞弹性的n. 动脉瘤n. 各项异性的anisotropy [ænai's ɔtrəpi] apparatus [,æp ə'reitəs] apparent stressappearance [ə'pirəns]n. aqueous ['e ikwi əs]arch [ɑ:tʃ]arm [ɑ:m]artificial heart v alveassembly [ə'sembli]Atomic Force Microscope autocatalytic [,ɔ:təukætə'litik] austenite ['ɔ:stə,nait] austenite crystalaustenitic transformation average stressaxil forceBback differencebacking ['bækiŋ]bar [bɑ:]basalt [bə'sɔ:lt]basis functionBauschinger effectbeam [bi:m]bedding planebenchmark testbend [bɛnd]n. 各项异性n. 仪器；装置表观应力出现，显露，外观adj. 水的；水成的n. 拱n. 臂人工心脏瓣膜n. 组集，集合原子力显微镜adj. 自动催化的n. 奥氏体奥氏体晶粒奥氏体转变平均应力轴向力向后差分n. 衬底；基底n. 杆；条；横木；栅n. 玄武岩基函数包辛格效应n. 梁，桁，横梁层理面基准测试vt.&vi . 弯曲，折弯bending moment 弯矩bending stress 弯曲应力biaxial strain 双轴应变biaxial stress 双轴应力biharmonic [baihɑ:'mɔnik]adj. 双调和的bionanomaterial n. 生物纳米材料block copolymer 嵌段共聚物bobbin ['bɔbin]n. 线轴body force 体力bolt [bəult]n. 螺栓bomb blast 炸弹爆炸borehole ['bɔ:,houl]n. 钻孔boron ['bɔ:rɔn]n. 硼boundary condition 边界条件boundary integral 边界积分brake drum 制动鼓；鼓式制动器brass [br ɑ:s]brittle fracturebrittle fracture mechanics buckle ['bʌkl]bushing ['buʃiŋ]Ccalcite ['kælsait] calibration [,kæli'brei ʃən] calibration constant cantilever ['kæntili:v ə] carbon steelCartesian coordinate n. 黄铜，黄铜色脆性断裂脆性断裂力学vi. 屈曲n. 绝缘套，轴衬n. 方解石n. 标定标定常数n. 悬臂；支架碳钢笛卡儿坐标cast iron 铸铁catastrophically [,kæt 'strɔfikli]adv. 灾难性地cavitation [,kævi'tei ʃ n] cellular patterncentered difference central crackcentripetal acceleration centroidal axischaotic [kei' ɔtik]chord [kɔ:d]civil engineering cleavage ['kli:vid ʒ]clay soil s ettleclosed formcluster ['klʌst ]civil engineeringcoarse-graincollapse [k 'læps] collinear [kɔ'linj ] collision [k 'liʒ n] colloid ['kɔlɔid]column ['kɔl m] columnar jointing combustion [k m'bʌstʃ n] complex frequency response compliance [k m'plai ns] composite material n. 气穴；成洞空泡中心差分中心裂纹向心加速度形心轴，质心轴adj. 混乱的；混沌的n. 弦；弦杆土木工程n. 分裂；裂隙粘土土层沉降闭型n. 群；群集土木工程粗粒的；大粒度的vi. 破坏，塌陷adj. 同线的；共轴的n. 相撞，碰撞n. 胶体adj. 胶状的n. 柱体，圆柱柱状节理n. 燃烧，氧化复频响应n. 柔度复合材料compressibility compressive stress computational mechanics concomitant [k n'kɔmit nt] concrete ['kɔnkri:t] conservation of momentum consistency [k n's ist nsi] constraint [k n'streint] contaminant [k n'tæm n nt] continuum mechanics contractile [k n'træktail] contracted notation contour ['kɔntu ] convection-diffusion convective velocity convergence [k n'v :dʒ ns] convergence ratecoolant ['k u:l nt]Coriolis acceleration corrosion [k 'r uʒ n] corrosion resistancecouple-stresscouple ['kʌpl]curvature ['k :v tʃ ] corrugate ['kɔrugeit] complex truss compound truss可压缩性压应力计算力学adj. 伴随的；共存的n. 混凝土，凝结物动量守恒n. 收敛性n. 约束n. 杂质；污染物连续介质力学adj. 可压缩的缩约记号n. 轮廓，等高线对流扩散对流速度n. 收敛收敛速度n. 冷冻剂科氏加速度n. 腐蚀，侵入耐蚀性；抗腐蚀性偶应力n. 力偶vt. 偶合n. 弯曲；曲率vt.&vi. 起皱纹复式桁架复氏桁架criterion [krai't i ri n] coplanar [k u'plein ] concurrent [k n'kʌr nt] configuration [k n,figju'rei ʃ n] critical form complementary function critical dampingconjugate ['kɔndʒ ,geɪt] constituent [k n's titju nt] constitutive theory constitutive equation constantan ['kɔnst ntæn] contrived variational principle corrosion fatiguecounter stresscrack [kræk]crack frontcrack initiationcrack nucleationcrack propagationcrack tipcreep [kri:p]creep fatiguecreep fracturecross-bracingcross jointn. 标准；准则adj. 共平面的adj. 同时发生的n. 构型，结构，形态危形余函数临界阻尼adj. 共轭的adj. 本质的，本构的本构理论本构方程n. 一种铜与镍的合金约束变分原理腐蚀疲劳对应力；相反应力vt.&vi 裂开，爆裂，断裂n. 裂纹裂纹前沿裂纹起始；起裂裂纹成核裂纹扩展裂尖vi. 蠕变n. 蠕变蠕变疲劳蠕变断裂交叉撑条横节理cross sectioncritical statecritical loadcrook [kruk] crookedness ['krukidnis] crush [krʌʃ]crystal latticecull [kʌl]culminate ['kʌlmineit] cycle numbercyclic loadingcyclic stresscylinder headDdamage ['dæmid ʒ] damping ['dæmpiŋ] damping factordashe linedead weightdealloying [,di: 'lɔiiŋ] decameter ['d ek ,mi:t ] defect [di'f ekt]deflect [di'f lekt]deflection [di'flek ʃ n] deform [di'fɔ:m] deformation [,di:f ɔ:'mei ʃ n] degree of freedom横截面临界状态临界载荷vi. 弯曲，成钩状n. 弯曲；扭曲vt.&vi 压碎；折皱晶格vt. 剔除n. 剔除vi. 达到顶点循环次数循环载荷循环应力汽缸盖n. 损伤vt 损坏adj. 阻尼阻尼系数虚线静止重量；自重；净重n. 脱合金成分腐蚀n. 十米n. 缺陷vt.&vi. 偏斜，转向n. 挠曲，挠度，偏斜vt.&vi. 变形n. 变形自由度degree of redundancy denominator [dɪ'nɔm ,neɪt ] density functional theory (DFT) derivative [di'r iv tiv] determinate [di't :minit] determinate structuredeviatoric planedeviatoric stressdie [dai]die-cast housingdifferential equation differentiation [,dif ,renʃi'eiʃ n] differential operatordiffusion coefficientdigital image correlation dimensionless [d 'menʃ nl s] dip [dip]dip coatingDirac delta functiondirection cosineDirichlet conditiondiscipline ['d isiplin, 'dis plin] discretedislocation [,disl 'keiʃ n] displacement [dis'pleism nt] displacement function dissipation principle冗余度n. 分母密度泛函理论n. 导数adj. 确定的，静定的静定结构偏平面偏应力n. 冲模, 钢模压铸壳微分方程n. 微分微分算符扩散系数数字图像相关adj. 无量纲n. 浸泡；浸；下沉；倾斜vt.&vi. 浸泡；浸；下沉；倾斜浸涂狄拉克δ 函数方向余弦狄利克来条件n. 学科离散的n. 位错n. 位移位移函数耗散定理divergence [dai'v :dʒ ns] dolerite ['dɔl rait] dolomite ['dɔl mait]drag [dræg]droplet ['drɔplit]ductile ['dʌktail]ductility [dʌk't iliti] Duhamel's integraldummy resistorduty c ycledyke [daik]dynamics [dai'næmiks] dynamic crack g rowthEearth-moving eccentricity [,eksen'trisiti] elastic [i'læstik] elastic limitelastic-perfectly plasticelastic-plasticelastic waveelasticity [,elæs'tis ti] elasticity matrixelastomer [i'læst m ] elastoplastic [i'læst plæstik] elasto-viscoplasticelectrical resistance strain gage element ['elim nt] n. 散度，分歧，分离n. 辉绿岩，粗粒玄武岩n. 白云石，石灰石n. 阻力n. 小滴；微滴adj. 韧性的，柔软的n. 韧性杜哈美积分假电阻；仿真电阻负载循环；工作周期n. 沟；渠；堤坝n. 动力学；力学；动态动态裂纹扩展运土的n. 离心；偏心率adj. 弹性的弹性极限理想弹塑性弹塑性的弹性波n. 弹性弹性矩阵n. 弹性体n. 弹塑性弹粘塑性的电阻应变计n. 构件，要素，成分elongate ['i:l ɔŋgeit]vt. & vi. 拉长;伸长;延长elongation [,i:l ɔŋ'geiʃən] n.伸长，延长embossing [im'b ɔ:s]vt. 压纹；模压加工emulsion [i'mʌlʃən]n.乳胶液；感光乳剂encapsulation [in,kæpsju'lei ʃən]n.包装；封装energy release rate 能量释放率engine block 发动机缸体engineering shear strainepoxy [ep'ɔksi]n.工程剪应变环氧树脂equation of continuity 连续性方程equation of stateequilibrium [,i:kwi'libri əm]n.状态方程平衡，均衡equilibrium equation 平衡方程equivalent nodal force 等效节点力error estimationesthetics [es'θetiks]n.误差估计美学etch [etʃ]vt.蚀刻ethanol ['eθə.nɔl, 'eθə.nəul]n.乙醇Euler-Lagrange equationexcavation [,eksk ə'veiʃən]n.欧拉－拉格朗日方程挖掘；发掘excitation [ek's ait ətiv]n.激励exigency [ek's id ʒənsi]n.紧急experimental stress analysis 实验应力分析explicit algorithmextensometer [,eksten's ɔmitə]n.显式算法伸长计；引伸计external force 外力externally statically determinate 外部静定extreme position 极端位置Ffailure ['feilj ]fallacious [f 'leiʃ s] fashion ['fæʃn]fatigue [f 'ti:g]fatigue curvefatigue failurefault [fɔ:lt]felt padferroelectric [,fer ui'lektrik] fiber reinforced composite fibrous ['f aibr s]finite elementfinite difference methodfixed-endflange [flænd ʒ]flexible ['fleks bl] adj. flexure ['flek ʃ]flow [fl u]fluidics ['f lu:idiks]fluid couplingfluid mechanicsflux [fl ʌks]foil strain gaugefolded plateforce [fɔ:s]n. 破坏，失效adj. 谬误的；不合理的vt. 制造，使成形n. 时尚n. 疲劳vi.&vt. （使）疲劳疲劳曲线疲劳破坏n. 断层毛毡坐垫adj. 铁电的纤维增强复合材料adj. 纤维的有限单元有限差分法固定端n. 凸缘；边缘；轮缘柔度的，可弯曲的，柔韧的n. 弯曲，曲率，挠度vi. 流动n. 应用流体学；射流技术液力联轴节流体力学n. 流量；熔化箔氏应变计褶皱板n. 力; 力量forced vibration formula ['fɔ:mjulə] formulate ['fɔ:mjuleit] forward difference fracture ['frækt ʃə]fracture mechanics fracture toughness frame [freim]free-cutting alloyfree vibration frequency of v ibration friction forcefringe [frind ʒ] fragment ['frægm ənt] functional ['fʌŋkʃənəl]Ggage factorgas turbine engine geology [dʒi'ɔlədʒi] gigahertz [ˈɡiɡəhə:ts] gradient ['g reidi ənt] grain [grein] granite ['grænit] graphite ['græfait] grid [grid]Griffith‘s problem gusset ['gʌsit]强迫振动n. 公式vt. 公式化，用公式描述向前差分n. 断裂vi.&vt. （使）断裂断裂力学断裂韧性n. 框架易切削合金自由振动振动频率摩擦力n. 条纹n. 碎片；破碎n. 泛函应变灵敏度系数汽轮机n. 地质学，地质情况n. 十亿赫兹, 千兆赫n. 梯度，倾斜度n. 晶粒n. 花岗岩，花岗石n. 石墨n. 格子Griffith 问题n. 角板；三角形衬料gust [gʌst]n. 阵风Hhanger ['hæŋə ] n. 挂钩, 悬挂物hardening characteristichardening rulehardness ['hɑ:dnis]harmonic [hɑ:'mɔnik]harmonic forceharmonic motionharness ['hɑ:nis]headway ['h edwei]heat conduction equation heterodyning ['h et ərəu,dainiŋ] heterogeneity [,hetərodʒi'ni:iti] heterostructure [het ərəu'strʌktʃə(r)] heuristic [hju ə'r istik]hierarchical [,haiə'rɑ:kikl] hierarchicalorganizationhigh-cycle fatiguehigh-frequency componenthigh-strengthholder ['həuldə]holography [həu'lɔgrəfi]holy grailhomogeneous [,homə'dʒinɪəs]homogeneous equationHooke's law硬化特性强化准则，强化定律n. 硬度，硬性adj. 简谐的谐力简谐振动n. 马具；管理；控制n. 前进；航行速度热传导方程n. 外差作用n. 非均匀性n. 异质结构adj. 启发式的；探索的adj. 按等级划分的分层结构高周疲劳高频分量高强度n. 固定器；支架n. 全息照相技术圣杯；圣盘adj. 同质的, 均匀的, 齐次的n. 谐波其次方程胡克定律hostile environment hydrodynamics ['haidr udai'næmiks] hydrostatic pressurehysteresis [,hist 'ri:sis] hysteresis loopIideal gasidentity matrixigneous ['i gni s]imaginary partimaging methodimplicit algorithmimpregnate [im'p regneit]impress [im'p res]impulse-response function inasmuch [in z'mʌtʃ] incompressible fluid indeterminate [,indi't :minit] indeterminate structure indiscriminately [indi's kriminitli] inertia [in' :ʃi , in' :ʃ ] infinitesimal [,infini'tesim l] initial displacementinitial residual stressinitial velocityinitial yield surfaceinorganic ['in ɔ:'gænik]恶劣环境n. 水动力学静水压力n. 滞后（现象），滞后作用迟滞环；滞后回线理想气体单位矩阵adj. 火成的；火的虚部成像法隐式算法vt. 注入,使充满；adj. 充满的n. 印象；特征；传送vi. 印象；传送脉冲响应函数adv. 由于；因为不可压缩流体adj. 不确定的, 超静定的超静定结构adv. 无差别；任意地n. 惯性adj. 无限小的初始位移初始残余应力初始速度初始屈服面adj. 无机的；非自然生长的in-planeI-shaped steelinstability [,inst 'b iliti]insulating backingintegral ['i ntigr l]integral equationintegration [,inti'grei ʃ n] interferometry [,ɪnt f 'rɔmɪt ] interior cycleinternal forceinternal variableinternally statically indeterminaten interpolation function interdisciplinary [,int :'d isiplin ri] invariant [in'v ɛ ri nt] irreducible formulation面内工字钢n. 不稳定绝缘基n. 积分；整数积分方程n. 积分n. 干涉测量法内循环内力内变量内部静定插值函数adj. 学科间的；学科交叉的n. 不变量; adj. 无变化的，不变的不可约型公式isothermal ['aisu'θ:m l] adj. 等温的n. 等温线isotropic [,ais 'trɔpik] isotropic hardening isotropy [ai'sɔtr pi] iterative ['it r tiv]Jjaw [dʒɔː]jelly ['dʒeli]J integraljoint [dʒɔint]adj. 各向同性的各项同性强化n. 各向同性adj. 迭代的n. 虎钳n. 胶状物J 积分n. 节理Kkinematic hardening kinematics [,kin ə'mætiks] kinetic energykinetic frictionLLagrangian [lə'grɑ:ndʒiən] Lagrange methodLagrange multiplierLame constantslamina ['læm ənə]laminar ['læmin ə] laminate ['læmineit] lamination [,læmi'nei ʃən] landslide ['lændslaid] Laplace operatorlarge-scale parallel computing lateral forcelattice ['lætis]layer ['lei ə]least energy dissipation principle lifetime ['l aiftaim]linear elastic fracture m echanics linear interpolation linearized theorylipid ['l ipid]liquid crystallithological [li'θɔ lədʒikəl ]运动强化n. 运动学；动力学动能动摩擦adj. 拉格朗日的拉格朗日方法拉格朗日乘子拉梅常数n. 薄板；薄片adj. 层流n. 薄板；层压板；层板n. 制成薄板；薄板；层状体n. 滑坡拉普拉斯算符大规模并行计算横向力n. 格子；点阵n. 层最小能量耗散原理n. 寿命线性弹性断裂力学线性插值线性化理论n. 脂质；油脂液晶adj. 岩性的，岩石的Lode parameter longevity [l ɔn'dʒeviti]Lode 参数n. 长寿；寿命longitudinal ['lɔndʒi'tju:dinəl]adj. 纵向的，经度的longitudinal shear (or antiplane) mode of cracking 裂纹纵向剪切（反对称）模式longitudinal strainlow-carbon steellow-cycle fatiguelowly ['ləuli]Mmachinability [məʃi:nə'b iliti] macro-mechanics macroscopic crackmagnetic dotmagnesium ['mæg'ni: ʃiəm] mandrel ['mændr əl] martensite ['mɑ:tən,zait] martensitic transformation masonry ['meisnri]mass-spring-damper system material derivative mathematical statementmatrix ['m eitriks]matrices [ 复数] ['m eitrisi:z] mean free pathmeasurable ['me ʒərəbəl] mechanics [mi'kæniks] mechanics of fluids纵向应变低碳钢低周疲劳adj. 贫贱的；地位低下的n. 可切削性；机械加工性宏观力学宏观裂纹磁点n. 镁n. 心轴；拉延n. 马氏体马氏体转变n. 石造建筑；石造工程质量－弹簧－阻尼系统物质导数数学表达式，数学描述n. 矩阵;基体（材料）平均自由程adj. 可测量的n. 力学流体力学mechanistic [,mek ə'nistik] member ['memb ə] meso-mechanics mesostructure adj. 机械学的；机械的n. 构件细观力学n. 细观结构；中构造metallurgical [,met ə'lə:dʒikl] metal formingmetamorphic [,met ə'mɔ:fik] method of weigted residual micelle [mai'sel] microcavitation adj. 冶金的金属成型adj. 变性的；变质的加权残值法n. 微团；胶束n. 微空隙microcrack ['maikr əukræk, 'maikr əu.kræk] n. 微裂纹micro-electro-mechanical micro-mechanics microscopic ['maikr ə'skɔpik] microvoid [,maikr əu'vɔid] military engineeringmining ['m ainiŋ]mis-foldingmixed formulation微机电的微观力学adj. 显微的，微观的n. 微孔军事工程学n. 采矿；矿业错折叠混合型公式mnemonic [ni:'m ɔnik]adj. 记忆的n. 记忆方法modal analysismodality [məu'dæliti] modulus ['mɔdjuləs]；moduli [ 复数] ['mɔdʒə,lai] modulus of elasticity modulus of volume expansion Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion模态分析n. 样式；形式；形态n. 模量，系数弹性模量体积膨胀模量摩尔－哥伦布破坏准则moire [mwɑ:]moire i nterferometry molecular dynamics (MD) moment of inertia momentum [məu'ment əm] monolithic [,mɔnə'liθik] monotonic [mɔnəu'tɔnik] Monte Carlo (MC)mount [maunt]mud [mʌd]Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) multiphase flowmultiplier ['mʌltəplai ə] multi-scalemyriad ['miri əd]Nnanocomposite nanofabrication nanoholenano-mechanics nanoscale nanostructurenanowirenatural frequencynatural variational principle Navier‘s equation necessaryconditionn. 云纹云纹干涉法分子动力学惯性矩n. 动量，冲量adj. 独石的；单体的；整体的adj. 单调的；单斜晶体的蒙特卡罗vt. 安装n. 泥；泥浆多体动力学多相流n. 乘数多尺度n. 无数；极大数量adj. 无数的；极大数量的n. 纳米复合材料n. 纳米加工n. 纳米空洞纳米力学n. 纳米尺度n. 纳米结构n. 纳米线固有频率自然变分原理纳维方程必要条件necking zoneNeumann conditionneutral axisNewtonian fluidNewton's first lawNewton's second lawnitrocellulose ['n aitr u'seljul us]nodal displacement nondimensional ['nɔndi'men ʃ n l]nonhomogeneous ['nɔnhɔm 'dʒi:nj s] nonlinearity [,nɔnlini'æriti]normal forcenotwithstand [,nɔtwiθ'stændiŋ] numerator ['nu:m ,reɪt , 'nju:-]non-cyclic load nonhomogeneous ['nɔnhɔm 'dʒi:nj s] nonstationary ['nɔn'stei ʃ n ri] nondestructive evaluation nonviscousnon-Newtonian fluidOobjective functionoblique [ b'l i:k]offshore structureoff-latticeoff-roadopening mode of cracking紧缩区域纽曼条件中性轴牛顿流体牛顿第一定律牛顿第二定律n. 硝化纤维素节点位移n. 无量纲adj. 无量纲（的）adj. 非均质的；非齐次的；多相的n. 非线性法向力prep.尽管；虽然n. 分子非循环载荷adj. 非均匀的adj. 不稳定的；非定常的无损评价adj. 非粘性，无粘性非牛顿流体目标函数adj. 斜的；倾斜离岸结构非格子越野的裂纹张开模式operator ['ɔp ,reit ] optimization [,ɔptimai'zei ʃ n] optimize ['ɔptimaiz] optimum ['ɔptim m] ordinary integralordinary di fferential equation organic [ɔ:'gænik] orthotropic [, ɔ:θ 'trɔpik] oscillation [, ɔsi'lei ʃ n] ostensibly [ɔs'tens bli]out-of-planeout-of-planeoutperform [,autp 'fɔ:m] overstress [' uv 'stres, . uv 's tres] oxidize ['ɔksi,daiz]Pparadigm ['pær daim]partial differential equation particular integralparticulate [p 't ikjulit] particulate-reinforcedcomposite pendulum ['pendjul m] period of vibration permanent deformation perseverance [,p :si'vi r ns] phase [feiz]phase anglen. 算符n. 优化vt.&vi. 优化adj. 最优的寻常积分常微分方程adj. 有机的；有机物质adj. 正交的n. 振荡adv. 表面上地；外表上地n. 面外面外vt. 优于；超额完成n. 过应力vt.& vi. （使）氧化n. 范例偏微分方程特积分；特解adj. 微粒的颗粒增强复合材料n. 单摆，摆锤振动周期永久变形n. 不屈不挠；毅力n. 相相位角phenolics [fi'n ɔliks] photoelastic [fəutəui'læstik] photoelastic coating photoelastic stress analysis piezoelectric [pai,i:z əui'lektrik] pile [pail]pinned endpin jointpiston ['p ist ən]pitch [pit ʃ]pixelateplane-strainplane stressplastic ['plæstik]plastic flowplastic waveplasticity [plæs'tisiti] ploughman ['plaum ən] pneumatic [nju:'mætik] Poisson effectPoisson‘s ratiopolar coordinatepolarize ['pəulə,raiz] polycrysta l ine [pɔli'krist əlain] polymer ['pɔlimə]post [pəust]posteriori error estimation potential energyn. 酚醛树脂adj. 光弹性的光弹性涂层光弹性应力分析adj. 压电的n. 柱，桩，堆销轴支承铰接；关节接头n. 活塞n. 沥青vt. 使...像素化；将...分解成像素平面应变平面应力adj. 塑性的塑性流动塑性波n. 塑性n. 庄稼汉adj. 气动的；充气的伯松效应泊松比极坐标vi.&vt. （使）极化n. 多晶体n. 聚合物n. 柱后验误差估计势能predate [pri:'d eit] vt. 在日期上早于prestrain [pri:'strein] n. 预应变primary structure 主要结构primary unknowns 主要未知量principal material axis 材料主轴principal stress 主应力printed circuit technique 印刷电路技术product乘积proliferation [pr ,lif 'reiʃn] n. 增殖；扩散proportional limit 比例极限protein folding 蛋白质折叠pseudo-stochastic 伪随机的pulsating load 脉动载荷pulse excitation 脉冲激励pump [pʌmp]n. 泵punch [pʌntʃ]vt. 钻孔pure shear 纯剪切Qquadratic [kw 'drætik] adj. 二次的quadratic functional 二次泛函quantum mechanics 量子力学quasi-static 准静态，拟静态Rrate-dependednt 率相关的rateofdilation 膨胀率Rayleigh wave 瑞利波reaction [ri'æk ʃn] n. 支反力reactor pipingred blood cellredundant constraintreference axisreinforced concretereliability [ri,lai ə'biliti]reloading [ri:'l əudiŋ]rendition [ren'di ʃə n]repertoire ['repətwɑ:] Representative Volume Element (RVE) reservoir ['rezəvwɑ:]residual thermal stressresinous ['r ezin əs]resin-coatedresonance ['rezənənt]response [ri'sp ɔns]resultant [ri'z ʌltənt]resultant momentumretool [ri:'t u:l]reversible [ri'və:səbl]rib [rib]rigid-bodyrigid framerigidity [ri'd ʒiditi]rise timerivet ['rivit]rock foundationrock mechanics反应堆管道红血球多余约束参考坐标系增强混泥土，钢筋混凝土n. 可靠性，可靠度vt.&vi. 重复加载n. 解释；演奏；投降n. 全部节目；全部技能代表性体积单元n. 蓄水库残余热应力adj. 树脂的adj. 树脂涂层的adj. 共振n. 响应，反应，回答adj. 合成的，组合的合力矩vi.&vt. 重组；重新装备adj. 可逆的n. 肋刚体刚架n. 刚度，刚性上升时间n. 铆钉；铆接岩石基岩石力学rosette [r u'z et]rotate [r u't eit]rotation [r u'teiʃ n]round-off errorrubric ['ru:brik]Ssag [sæg]saturated soilscalar ['s keil ]Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) scanning modeScanning Tunneling Microscope second order derivativescouring ['s kau riŋ]seed [si:d]sedimentary [,sedi'ment ri] seismic waveseismological [,saizm 'lɔdʒikl] seismology [saiz'mɔl dʒi]sequel ['s i:kw l]sewage ['s ju:id ʒ]shadow moireshape functionshape m emory alloy ( SM A) shape memory effect ( SM E) shape optimizationshearing strain n. 玫瑰花形物vi. 转动，旋转n. 转动，旋转舍入误差n. 类；标题；红色的n. 弧垂，垂度饱和土n. 数量；标量扫描电子显微镜扫描方式扫描隧道电子显微镜二阶导数n. 擦洗；冲刷vt. 崔云化雨adj. 沉积的；沉淀性的；沉淀作用造成的地震波adj. 地震学上的n. 地震学n. 结局；后果n. 污水，污秽物影栅云纹形状函数形状记忆合金形状记忆效应形状优化剪切应变shearing stress 剪切应力shock spectrum 冲击谱shock wave 冲击波；激波shrinkage 收缩；减少；损耗silicone gel 硅凝胶silly putty 弹性橡胶泥SImetricsystem 国际单位制simply supported beam 简支梁simple truss 简支桁架simultaneous [,saim l't einj s] adj. 同时发生的；同步的simultaneous equation 联立方程single-DOF 单自由度singularity [,siŋgju'læriti] n. 奇异性sintering ['sint ri vi. 烧结ŋ]sinusoidal function 正弦函数siting ['s aitiŋ]n.建设地点sizing optimization 尺寸优化slab [slæb] n.平板；厚板slenderness ['s lend nis] n.细长；细长度sliding ['slaidiŋ]n.滑移slip [slip] n.滑移slip plane 滑移面soil foundation 土基础soil mechanics 土力学solder ['sɔld ] n.焊接剂；接合剂solid mechanics 固体力学specified displacement 给定位移specified surface traction 给定面力speckle interferometry spring constantspring-supportedstability [st ə'b iliti] stainless steelstatical indeterminancy static equilibriumstatic fatiguestatic frictionstatics ['stætiks] stationarity [stei ʃə'næriti] stationary ['steiʃənəri] steady-statesteel-framedstep excitation散斑干涉法弹簧常数弹簧支撑n. 稳定，稳定性不锈钢静不定静力平衡静态疲劳静摩擦n. 静力学n. 稳定性；稳态adj. 稳定的；不动的稳态钢架阶跃激励stereological [sti əri'ɔlədʒi, ster ə'ɔlədʒi]adj. 体视学；立体测量学stereoscopic [,steri əs'kɔpik] stiffen ['s tifn]stiffness ['s tifnis]stocky ['stɔki]strain [stren]strain energystrain gagestrain-induced quantum dot strain rateadj. 有立体感的vt.&vi. 刚化；使坚硬n. 刚度adj. 矮壮的；结实的n. 应变应变能应变计应变诱发量子点应变率strength [streŋθ]n. 强度strength-to-weight ratio 比强度stress [str ɛs]n. 应力stress concentratorstress concentrationstress c orrosion crackingstress distributionstress gradientstress-induced martensite (SIM) stress intensity factorstress-matrixstress ratiostress-strain diagramstress tensorstress wavestretch [stret ʃ]strike [straik]structural optimization structural steelsub-disciplinesubdomainsubmicron ['sʌb'maikrɔn]substrate ['sʌbstreit] sufficient conditionsuper-hydrophobic superelasticity应力集中点应力集中应力腐蚀起裂应力分布应力梯度应力诱发马氏体应力强度因子应力矩阵应力比应力应变图应力张量应力波vt. & vi. 伸展，拉紧，.延伸vi. 走向结构优化结构钢分支学科n. 子域n. 亚微细米；亚微细粒adj. 表面活性剂的n. 基片；基底充分条件超蔬水n. 超弹性superposition [ˌsju:p p support [s 'pɔ:t] surface force ˈsurface traction ziʃ n] n. 叠加，重叠，叠合n. 支撑表面力表面力surfactant [s :'fækt nt] symmetric [si'm etrik]Ttangent matrixTaylor series expansionT-beamtectonophysics [,tekt n u'f iziks] tensile stresstensile strengthtensile-testing machinetensile test specimentension ['tenʃ n]tensor ['t ens ]tensor-transformation theoretical and applied mechanics thermal camerathermal expansion coefficient thermal stressthermo-fatigue n. 表面活性剂adj. 对称的切线矩阵泰勒级数展开T 型梁n. 构造物理学, 地壳构造物理学拉应力拉伸强度拉伸试验机拉伸试样n. 张量，张力，拉力n. 张量张量转换理论与应用力学热感照相机热膨胀系数热应力热疲劳thermography [θ :'mɔgr fi] n. 温度记录法；热熔印刷thermomechanics [θ :m umi'kæniks] thermosetting resin n. 热力学热固性树脂thrust [θrʌ st] vt.&vi. 抛掷tillage ['tilid ʒ] time derivative time lag n. 耕种，耕作时间导数时间滞后titanium [tai't eini m] n. 钛tolerating straintomographic [təu'mɔgrəfi] topography [tə'pɔgrəfi]topology optimizationtrade-offtransducer [træns'dju:s ə]transient termtransport equationTransmission Electron Microscope (TEM) transverse shear mode of cracking transversely isotropicTresca yield criteriontrial and errortrial functiontriaxiality [traiæksi'æliti]triclinic [trai'k linik]true stresstruncation errortruss [trʌs]turbulent flowtunable ['tju:n əbl]turbulent ['tə:bjul ənt]twinned boundarytwo-span beamUubiquitous [ju:'bikwit əs]ultimate tensile strengthultrasonics [,ʌltrə'sɔniks]容许应变n. X 线断层摄影术；X 线体层照相术n. 地质，地形学拓扑优化n. 权衡；取舍n. 传感器暂时项；衰减项输运方程；迁移方程透射电子显微镜裂纹横向剪切模式横观各向同性特雷斯加屈服准则试错试函数n. 三轴；三维adj. 三斜晶系的真实应力截断误差n. 桁架湍流流动adj. 可调谐的adj. 湍流的孪生边界双跨梁adj. 到处存在的最大拉伸强度n. 超声波, 超声学unbalance ['ʌn'bæl ns] unconditionally stable undamped [ʌn'dæmpt] uniaxial strainuniaxial stressuniaxial tensionunit impulseunload ['ʌn'l ud]upwind schemeVvacuum deposition technique variable ['vɛ ri bl]variational principlevector ['vekt ]vibration [vai'b rei ʃ n] vibratory ['vaibr t ri] Vierendeel trussvirtual designvisco-elasticviscoelastic wave viscoelasticity ['visk uilæs'tisiti] visco-plasticviscoplastic potentialviscosity [vis'k ɔsiti] viscosity coefficientviscous ['visk s]viscous dampingn. 不平衡无条件稳定的adj. 无阻尼的单轴应变单轴应力单轴拉伸单位脉冲vt.&vt. 卸载迎风格式真空淀积技术n. 变量adj. 可变的变分原理n. 矢量；向量n. 振动，震动adj. 振动的空腹桁架；弗伦第尔桁架虚拟设计粘弹性的粘弹性波n. 粘弹性粘塑性的粘塑性势n. 粘性粘性系数adj. 粘性的粘性阻尼。
婴幼儿偏瘫型脑瘫患儿上肢作业治疗临床疗效分析
［中 图分 类 号 ］ Ｒ７４２．３ ［文 献 标 识 码］ Ａ ［文 章 编 号 ］ １００６—９７７１（２０１０）１ｌ １０７０ ０２ ［本 文 著 录 格 式 ］ 左 月 仙 ，李 爱 霞 ，马 贵 林 ．婴 幼 儿 偏 瘫 型 脑 瘫 患 儿 上 肢 作 业 治 疗 临 床 疗 效 分 析 ＥＪ］．中 国 康 复 理 论 与 实 践 ，
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ Ｔｏ ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ ｏｆｔ ｕｐｐｅｒ ｌｉｍｂ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｈｅｒｎｉｐｌｅｇｉｃ ｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌ ｐａｒａｌｙｓｉｓ． Ｍ ｅｔｈｏｄｓ ３８ ｃａｓｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｈｅｍ ｉｐｌｅｇｉｃ ｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌ ｓｐａｓｔｉｃ ｐａｒａｌｙｓｉｓ ｗ ｈｏ ｗｅｒｅ ６——３６ ｍ ｏｎｔｈｓ ｏｌｄ ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ ｕｐｐｅｒ ｌｉｍ ｂ ｏｃ— ｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ． Ｔｈｅ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｎ ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｌｉｍ ｂ ｗ ｅｒｅ ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ Ｔｈｅ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｌｉｍ ｂ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｈａｎｄｓ ｉｍ ｐｒｏｖｅｄ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｒｅａｔｍ ｅｎｔ（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）． Ｔ ｈｅ ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｃｕｒｅ ｗ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｍ ｏｓｔ ｉｎ ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｇｅｄ ＜ １２ ｍ ｏｎｔｈ， ｔｈｅ ｌｅａｓｔ ｉｎ ２４～ ３６ ｍｏｎｔｈ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ａｎｄ ｉｔ ｗａｓ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ａｍ ｏｎｇ ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ ａｇｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ（Ｐ ％ ０．０５）．Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ Ｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ ｃａｎ ｉｍ ｐｒｏｖｅ ｔｈｅ ｕｐｐｅｒ ｌｉｍ ｂ ｆｕｎｃ— ｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ｗ ｉｔｈ ｈｅｍ ｉｐｌｅｇｉｃ ｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌ ｐａｒａｌｙｓｉｓ，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ ｔｈａｎ １ ｙｅａｒ ａｇｅ．
疲劳、断裂相关试验标准汇总
疲劳、断裂相关试验标准汇总疲劳、断裂相关试验标准总结1.金属材料疲劳、断裂试验标准方法1.1ASTM 相关标准ASTM E739 线性或线性化应力-寿命（S-N）和应变-寿命（e-N）ASTM E647 疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法ASTM E468 Standard Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic MaterialsASTM E466 金属材料力控制恒幅轴向疲劳试验方法ASTM E399 Standard Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic MaterialASTM E561 Standard Test Method for K-R Curve DeterminationASTM E740 Standard Practice for Fracture Testing with Surface-Crack Tension SpecimensASTM E1152 Standard Test Method for determining J-R CurvesASTM E1820 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness ASTM E606/E606M Standard Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing ASTM E1942 Standard Guide for Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used inCyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics TestingASTM E2472 Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to StableCrack Extension under Low-Constraint Conditions ASTM B646 Standard Practice for Fracture Toughness Testing of AluminumAlloysASTM E2818 Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic FractureToughness of Welds1.2GB相关标准GB/T 3075 金属轴向疲劳试验方法GB/T 6398 金属材料裂纹扩展试验方法GB/T 4337 金属旋转弯曲疲劳试验方法GB/T 7733 金属旋转弯曲腐蚀疲劳试验方法GB/T 12443 金属扭应力疲劳试验方法GB/T 7732 金属材料表面裂纹拉伸试样断裂韧度试验方法GB/T 21143 金属材料准静态断裂韧度的统一试验方法GB/T 24176 金属材料疲劳试验数据统计方案与分析方法GB/T 2107 金属高温旋转弯曲疲劳试验方法GB/T15248 金属材料轴向等幅低循环疲劳试验方法GB/T10622 金属材料滚动接触疲劳试验方GB/T 4161 金属材料平面应变断裂韧度试验方法GB/T 2038 金属材料延性断裂韧度试验方法GB/T 26077 金属材料疲劳试验轴向应变控制方法GB/T 26076 金属薄板（带）轴向力控制疲劳试验方法GB/T 27595 胶粘剂结构胶粘剂拉伸剪切疲劳性能的试验方法GB/T 12443 金属材料扭应力疲劳试验方法GB/T 13682 螺纹紧固件轴向疲劳试验方法GB/T 30064金属材料钢构件断裂评估中裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)断裂韧度的拘束损失修正方法GB/T 24522金属材料低拘束试样测定稳定裂纹扩展阻力的试验方法GB/T 28896 金属材料焊接接头准静态断裂韧度测定的试验方法GB/T 27551 金属材料焊缝破坏性试验断裂试验1.3HB相关标准HB 5142 金属材料平面应变断裂韧度试验方法HB 5152 金属室温旋转弯曲疲劳试验方法HB 5153 金属高温旋转弯曲疲劳试验方法HB 5217 金属低周热疲劳试验方法HB 5277 发动机叶平及材料振动疲劳试验方法HB 5287 金属材料轴向加载疲劳试验方法HB 5279 金属板材表面裂纹断裂韧性试验方法HB 5487 铝合金断裂韧度试验方法HB 6626 金属材料在含水介质中疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法HB 7572 金属材料（人字形缺口）平面应变断裂韧度试验方法HB 7680 金属材料高温疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法HB 7705 金属材料疲劳小裂纹扩展速率试验方法HB 6442 飞机液压导管及连接件弯曲疲劳试验HB 7680 高温疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法HB 5261 金属板材K-R曲线试验方法HB 6660 金属板材热疲劳试验方法HB 7110 金属材料细节疲劳额定强度截止值（DFRcutoff）试验方法HB/Z 112 材料疲劳试验统计分析方法HB 20041 航空发动机轴类部件疲劳试验方法1.4GJB相关标准GJB 2030 高温下金属材料断裂韧度试验方法GJB 1997 金属材料轴向腐蚀疲劳试验方法GJB 715.30A 紧固件试验方法-拉伸疲劳GJB 715.30 紧固件试验方法-抗拉疲劳GJB 715.9 紧固件试验方法-抗剪接头疲劳2.复合材料疲劳、断裂试验标准方法2.1ASTM相关标准ASTM D5528 Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer MatrixCompositesASTM D3479/D3479M Standard Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue ofPolymer Matrix Composite MaterialsASTM D7774 Standard Test Method for Flexural Fatigue Properties of Plastics ASTM D7791 Standard Test Method for Uniaxial Fatigue Properties of Plastics ASTM D4482 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property-Extension CyclingFatigueASTM D7615/D7615M Standard Practice for Open-Hole Fatigue Response ofPolymer Matrix Composite LaminatesASTM D3166 Standard Test Method for Fatigue Properties of Adhesives inShear by Tension Loading (Metal/Metal)ASTM D6115 Standard Test Method for Mode I Fatigue Delamination GrowthOnset of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced PolymerMatrix CompositesASTM E1049 Standard Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis2.2GB相关标准GB/T 16779 纤维增强塑料层合板拉-拉疲劳性能试验方法GB/T 28891-2012 纤维增强塑料复合材料单向增强材料Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性的测定2.3HB相关标准HB 7624 碳纤维复合材料层合板弯曲疲劳试验方法HB 5268 有机玻璃板材断裂韧度试验方法HB 7402 碳纤维复合材料层合板I型层间断裂韧性试验方法HB 7403 碳纤维复合材料层合板II型层间断裂韧性试验方法HB 7718.1 碳纤维复合材料层合板湿热环境下层间断裂韧性试验方法第1部分：I型层间断裂韧性试验方法HB 7718.2碳纤维复合材料层合板湿热环境下层间断裂韧性试验方法第2部分：II型层间断裂韧性试验方法2.4GJB相关标准GJB 586 纤维增强塑料层板拉伸层间断裂韧性试验方法GJB 2637 碳纤维树脂基复合材料层合板疲劳试验方法GJB 2033 航空有机玻璃拉伸疲劳试验方法。
Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis of Fiber
number of microscopic changes during fatigue loading, fatigue crack growth can be considered the damage most responsible for fatigue life of FRCs and, therefore, must be focused on. FRCs fail in fatigue when a fracture propagates unstably subsequent to stable crack growth under fatigue loading.4*5 Thus, fatigue life of FRCs is controlled by fatigue crack growth behavior. Fatigue crack growth in FRCs is affected by three main factors: matrix fatigue crack growth law specific to a matrix, crack bridging by fibers, and fatigue damage in the fiber-matrix interface and/or bridging fibers. These three factors are discussed in the following sections. First, matrix fatigue crack growth is quantified with the Paris law, which relates the crack growth rate to the intensity factor amplitude. crack-tip-stress Second, a cyclic constitutive law between the crack bridging stress amplitude and the crack opening displacement amplitude due to fibers and aggregates is described. With the cyclic constitutive law, the crack-tip-stress intensity factor amplitude, which is reduced by crack bridging, can be evaluated. Finally, the interfacial frictional bond degradation under cyclic sliding is quantified assuming that the bond degradation is governed by the accumulated crack opening displacement change. Fatigue damage on matrix: fatigue crack growth Fatigue crack growth has been observed to obey a Paris law type equation for metals, ceramics, and concrete.6-‘9 The Paris law gives the relation between the crack growth rate and the intensity factor amplitude, crack-tip-stress namely
局部解情况下的裂纹尖端单元划分
局部解情况下的裂纹尖端单元划分［摘要］在弹塑性情况下，通过比较在无限大板情况下，裂纹尖端的单元采用无钝化的奇异单元和有钝化的非奇异单元有限元计算结果同Prandtl场的解析解进行对照，结果表明采用有钝化的非奇异单元在裂纹尖端区域的计算结果是正确的。
［关键词］断裂力学；有限元法；单元剖分在弹塑性情况下，含裂纹的无限大板，在两端载荷的作用下，在裂纹尖端附近范围内，材料会发生强烈的非线性变形，这一非线性的塑性区内随着，应力场的奇异性凸显。
在有限元中，为了计算时裂纹尖端的塑性区的应力场，就需要对裂纹尖端进行单独的单元划分。
由于裂纹尖端的奇异性，因此对裂纹尖端的小范围区域内单元的划分有很高的要求，不同的划分形式使得有限元计算结果有着显著的差异。
一、裂纹尖端局部解析解假设理想塑性材料，并且不可压缩，对于平面应变问题，有：则可以采用塑性力学中平面滑移线理论。
含裂纹平面应变问题的滑移线（图1）各分区的应力解为：A区：A区的裂纹表面为自由，故为均匀应力区。
B区：该区有直线边为X轴，其上故也为均匀应力区。
C区（扇形区）：这个由A，B，C三个区域构成的场，称为Prandtl场。
其应力应变场如图2所示二、有限元计算模型和单元总体划分对一近似无限大板的裂纹尖端进行有限元程序的计算，对该无限大板采用下图形式进行划分。
计算模型参数如下：长L=150宽W=50裂纹长度b=25非裂纹长度a=25屈服极限杨氏模量E=222.5GPa波松比V=0.3由于裂纹尖端应力场的计算需要较高的网格精度，所以把整个模型分为两组单元，第一组为围绕裂纹尖端的第一圈单元，其余为第二组单元。
第一组单元半径三、裂纹尖端不同单元划分形式的比较由于裂纹尖端对单元的划分具有极高的敏感度，采用不同的单元划分形式会对计算结果有不同的影响，甚至左右计算结果的正确性，所以，采用一种合适的单元划分形式会使有限元计算结果和真实的解析解十分吻合。
现对无限大板采用不同的划分形式进行比较1．裂纹尖端不考虑钝化。
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译（I）2
initial phase 初始相位 initial position 初始位置 initial pressure 初压⼒ initial speed 初速度 initial state 初态 initial state quantity 初态量 initial strain 初应变 initial stress 初应⼒ initial stress matrix 起始应⼒矩阵 initial tension 初张⼒ initial thrust 起始推⼒ initial torque 起动转矩 initial unbalance 初始不平衡 initial value 初值 initial velocity 初速度 initial vortex 初始涡旋 initial wave 初⽣波 initiation of fracture 断裂的引发 injection 注⼊ injection molding 注模 injection pressure 喷射压⼒ injury 损伤 inlet angle 进⼝⾓ inlet edge 前缘 inlet pressure 进⽓压⼒ inlet temperature ⼊⼝温度 inlet velocity 进⼝速度 inner energy 内能 inner friction 内摩擦 inner gimbal 内框架 inner orbit 内轨道 inner potential 内势 inner stress 内部应⼒ inplane shear ⾯内剪切 input 输⼊ input power 输⼊ input resistance 输⼊阻抗 instability 不稳定性 instability constant 不稳定常数 instability criterion 不稳定性判据 instability stress 不稳定应⼒ instable equlibrium 不稳定平衡 instable motion 不稳定运动 installation 装置 instantaneous 瞬时的 instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度 instantaneous angular velocity 瞬时⾓速度 instantaneous angular velocity vector 瞬时⾓速度⽮ instantaneous axis 瞬轴 instantaneous axis of rotation 转动瞬轴 instantaneous breakdown 瞬时破裂 instantaneous center 瞬时中⼼ instantaneous center of accelerations 瞬时加速中⼼ instantaneous center of rotation 瞬时转动中⼼ instantaneous center of velocities 瞬时速度中⼼ instantaneous flow 瞬时量 instantaneous force 瞬时⼒ instantaneous frequency 瞬时频率 instantaneous load 瞬时装载 instantaneous motion 瞬时运动 instantaneous orbit 瞬时轨道 instantaneous orbital plane 瞬时轨道⾯ instantaneous perturbation 瞬时扰动 instantaneous power 瞬时功率 instantaneous rotation 瞬时转动 instantaneous space 瞬时空间 instantaneous strain 瞬时应变 instantaneous system of coordinates 瞬时坐标系 instantaneous value 瞬时值 instantaneous variable structure 瞬时可变结构 instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度 instrumental error 仪企差 insulant 绝缘材料 insulation 防振 insulator 绝缘体 intake pressure 进⽓压⼒ intake valve 进给阀 integrability condition 可积条件 integral of motion 运动积分 integral principle 积分原理 integral theorem of fourier 傅⾥叶积分公式 integrated flux 积分通量 integrated intensity 累积强度 integrating gyroscope 积分陀螺仪 integration method of velocity measurement 速度测量的积分法 intense explosion 强爆炸 intensification 加强 intensity 强度 intensity of continuous load 持续负载强度 intensity of distributed load 负载强度 intensity of emission 发射强度 intensity of load 负载强度 intensity wave 强度波 interacting field 相互酌场 interaction 相互酌 interaction cross section 相互酌截⾯ interaction force 相互酌⼒ interaction law 相互酌定律 interaction potential 相互酌势 interaction space 相互酌空间 interaction strength 相互酌强度 interatomic force 原⼦间⼒ interception 截击 interchange 交换 interchange coefficient 交换系数 interchange deformation 互换型变形 interchange diffusion 交换扩散 interchange instability 交换不稳定性 intercrystalline boundary 晶粒间边界 intercrystalline brittleness 晶间脆性 interdiffusion 相互扩散 interface 界⾯ interface layer 界⾯层 interface normal 界⾯法线 interface reaction 界⾯反应 interface region 边界层区域 interface wave 界⾯波 interfacial diffusion 界⾯扩散 interfacial disturbance 界⾯扰动 interfacial mass transfer 界⾯传质 interfacial tension 界⾯张⼒ interfacial viscosity 界⾯粘性 interference ⼲涉 interference fringe ⼲涉条纹 interference phenomenon ⼲涉现象 interference ring ⼲涉环 interference vortex ⼲涉涡 interfering energy ⼲扰能量 interferometer ⼲涉仪 interferometry ⼲涉法 intergranular crack 晶间裂纹 interior boundary value problem 内边值问题 interior force 内⼒ interlacement 交错 interlacing 交错 interlock 联销 intermediary orbit 中间轨道 intermediate axis 中间轴 intermediate coupling 中间耦合 intermediate layer 中间层 intermediate pressure 中间压⼒ intermediate wave 中间波 intermittent motion 间歇运动 intermittent wind tunnel 间歇式风洞 intermolecular bond 分⼦间键 intermolecular force 分⼦间⼒ intermolecular potential 分⼦间势 intermolecular tension 分⼦间张⼒ internal aerodynamics 内琳⽓动⼒学 internal combustion engine 内燃机 internal constraint 内部约束 internal crack 内部裂缝 internal diameter 内径 internal disturbance 内部⼲扰 internal effect 内效应 internal efficiency 内部效率 internal energy 内能 internal field 内场 internal flow 内流 internal force 内⼒ internal friction 内摩擦 internal friction factor 内擦系数 internal friction of rotor 转⼦内摩擦 internal magnetic field 内磁场 internal potential energy 内势能 internal pressure 内压⼒ internal resistance 内阻⼒ internal rotation 内旋转 internal rupture 内破裂 internal stress 内部应⼒ internal structure 内部结构 internal surface 内表⾯ internal variable 内变量 internal wave 内波 internal work 内功 international standard atmosphere 国际标准⼤⽓ interphase 界⾯ interpolating function 内插函数 interpolation 内插法 interrupted wave 斩波 intersection 交叉 intersection line 交叉线 intersection point 交叉点 interstitial fluid 间隙液体 interstitial pressure 渗压⽑细⽔压 interstitial water 间隙⽔ interval 区间 intihyperbolic cosine 反双曲余弦 intraatomic force 原⼦内⼒ intramolecular force 分⼦内⼒ intrinsic 内倌 intrinsic coordinates 内蕴坐标 intrinsic defect 固有缺陷 intrinsic displacement 内位移 intrinsic energy 内能 intrinsic equation 内蕴⽅程 intrinsic magnetic moment 内倥矩 intrinsic property 固有性质 intrinsic variable 固有变量 intrinsic viscosity 固有粘度 invariable 不变的 invariable plane 不变平⾯ invariable system 不变系 invariance 不变性 invariant 不变量 invariant function 不变函数 invariant plane 不变平⾯ invariant system 不变系 invariant theory 不变量理论 inverse ballistic problem 反弹道问题 inverse calculation 回代 inverse collision 逆碰撞 inverse hyperbolic cosine 反双曲余弦 inverse laplace transformation 拉普拉斯逆变换 inverse method 逆解法 inverse problem 逆问题 inverse transformation 逆变换 inversion 反演 inversion formula 反演公式 inverted arch 仰拱 inverter 逆变器变换器 inviscid fluid ⾮粘性铃 ion bombardment 离⼦轰击 ion cyclotron frequency 离⼦回旋频率 ion cyclotron heating 离⼦回旋加热 ion cyclotron resonance 离⼦回旋共振 ion diffusion 离⼦扩散 ion electron emission 离⼦电⼦发射 ion exchange bed 离⼦交换层 ion exchange membrane 离⼦交换膜 ion flux 离⼦流 ion heating 离⼦加热 ion impact 离⼦碰撞 ion orbit 离⼦轨道 ion path 离⼦轨道 ion plasma frequency 离⼦等离⼦体频率 ion slip 离⼦滑移 ion sound speed 离⼦声速 ion sound velocity 离⼦声速 ion trajectory 离⼦轨道 ionic deformation 离⼦形变 ionic equilibrium 离⼦平衡 ionic friction 离⼦摩擦 ionic liquid 离⼦液体 ionic plasma 电离等离⼦体 ionic solid 离⼦固体 ionization 电离 ionization balance 电离平衡 ionization energy 电离能 ionization equilibrium 电离平衡 ionization frequency 电离频率 ionization pressure 电离压⼒ ionization state 电离状态 ionized gas 电离⽓体 ionizing capacity 电离本领 ionizing collision 电离碰撞 ionizing power 电离本领 ionizing shock 电离碰撞 ionosphere 电离层 ionospheric wave 电离层波 irregularity of flow 怜⾮正规性 irreversibility 不可逆性 irreversible 不可逆的 irreversible process 不可逆过程 irreversible reaction 不可逆反应 irreversible thermodynamics 不可逆过程热⼒学 irrotational field ⽆旋场 irrotational flow ⽆旋流 irrotational motion ⽆旋运动 irrotational vector ⽆旋⽮ irrotationality ⽆旋涡性 irwin orowan theory 欧⽂奥罗万理论 isallobaric wind 等变压风 isanemone 等风速线 isenthalpic change 等焓变化 isentrope 等熵线 isentropic change 等熵变化 isentropic flow 等熵怜 isentropic process 等熵过程 isentropic surface 等熵⾯ isentropy 等熵 isoallobaric wind 等变压风 isobar 等压线 isobaric 等压的 isobaric change 等压变化 isobaric compressibility 等压压缩性 isobaric expansion 等压膨胀 isobaric expansion coefficient 等压膨胀系数 isobaric heat capacity 等压热容 isobaric process 等压过程 isobaric surface 等压⾯ isobath 等深线 isochore 等容线 isochoric change 等容变化 isochromatic curve 等⾊线 isochromatic line 等⾊线 isoclinic line 等斜线 isoclinic method 等倾法 isocurlus 等旋涡强度线 isodensitometer 等密度计 isodynam 等磁⼒线 isodynamic change 等⼒变化 isodyne 等⼒线 isoenergetic surface 等能量⾯ isoflux 等通量 isogels 等凝胶 isohypse line 等⾼线 isokatabase 等降压线 isolated system 孤⽴系 isolated vortex 孤⽴涡 isomorphic mapping 同构映射 isomorphism 同构 isopach 等厚线 isopachyte 等厚线 isoparametric element 等参数元 isoperimetric problem 等周问题 isophase 等相 isophase surface 等相⾯ isopiestic 等压的 isopiestic process 等压过程 isopiestic specific heat 恒压⽐热 isopotential curve 等势线 isopotential line 等势线 isopotential surface 等势⾯ isorotation theorem 等旋定理 isostasy 地壳均衡 isostatic surface 均衡⾯ isotac 同时解冻线 isotach 等速线 isothermal annealing 等温退⽕ isothermal change 等温变化 isothermal compression 等温压缩 isothermal deformation 等温形变 isothermal elastic potential 等温弹性势 isothermal equilibrium 等温平衡 isothermal expansion 等温膨胀 isothermal flow 等温怜 isothermal line 等温线 isothermal modulus of elasticity 等温弹性模量 isothermal process 等温过程 isothermal speed of sound 等温声速 isothermal surface 等温⾯ isotropic body 蛤同性体 isotropic curve 蛤同性线 isotropic elasticity 蛤同性弹性 isotropic material 蛤同性材料 isotropic medium 蛤同性介质 isotropic plane 蛤同性⾯ isotropic stress 蛤同性应⼒ isotropic turbulence 蛤同性湍流 isotropic vector 蛤同性⽮量 isotropism 蛤同性 isotropy 蛤同性 isovector 等⽮量 isovector resonance 等⽮量共振 isovelocity 等速线 iteration 迭代 iterative method 迭代法 ixodynamics 粘滞动⼒学。
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Effect of constraint induced by crack depth on creep crack-tip stress field in CT specimensG.Z.Wang *,X.L.Liu,F.Z.Xuan,S.T.TuMOE Key Laboratory of Safety Science of Pressurized System,School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 23June 2009Received in revised form 16August 2009Available online 15September 2009Keywords:Constraint CreepStress field CrackCT specimena b s t r a c tIn this paper,the effect of constraint induced by the crack depth on creep crack-tip stress field in compact tension (CT)specimens is examined by finite element analysis,and the effect of creep deformation and damage on the Hutchinson–Rice–Rosengren (HRR)singularity stress field are discussed.The results show the constraint induced by crack depth causes the difference in crack-tip opening stress distributions between the specimens with different crack depth at the same C *.The maximum opening stress appears at a distance from crack tips,and the stress singularity near the crack tips does not exist due to the crack-tip blunting caused by the large creep deformation in the vicinity of the crack tips.The actual stress calculated by the finite element method (FEM)in front of crack tip is significantly lower than that predicted by the HRR field.Based on the reference stress field in the deep crack CT specimen with high constraint,a new constraint parameter R is defined and the constraint effect in the shallow crack spec-imen is examined at different distances ahead of the crack tip from transient to steady-state creep con-ditions.During the early stages of creep constraint increases with time,and then approaches a steady state value as time increases.With increasing the distance from crack tips and applied load,the negative R increases and the constraint decreases.Ó2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionFracture mechanics is based on two fundamental concepts:the crack-tip singularity dominates over microstructurally significant small size scales and the stress intensity factor,K 1,or the contour integral,J ,uniquely characterize the amplitude of the near-tip stress fields.However,for large-scale yielding in finite bodies,the relationship between the scaling parameter K 1or J and the near-tip fields loses the one-to-one correspondence (Shih and German,1981;A1-Ani and Hancock,1991).This loss of uniqueness,often termed loss of constraint,produces the increase in fracture toughness observed for tension geometries and for shallow crack bend specimens (Dodds et al.,1993).The mismatch of constraint conditions at the crack tip apparently influences the correlation of fracture toughness data between specimens with different geometries and the transferability of laboratory toughness test results to the actual defective structures.This constraint effect usu-ally is caused by crack size,specimen or structure geometry and loading mode.The quantification of the constraint has been widely investigated within elastic–plastic fracture mechanics frame,and led to the development of J ÀQ two parameter fracture mechanics (O’Dowd and Shih,1991;Shih et al.,1993).The J sets the size scaleover which high stress and strain develop,and the Q characterizes the level of the stress triaxiality and is a quantitative measure of the crack-tip constraint.Under creep conditions,some experimental and theoretical evidences have shown that constraint can also affect creep crack growth rate (Budden and Dean,2007).For a given value of the crack driving force parameter C *,the models of creep crack growth predict that crack growth rates in plane strain are significantly greater than those in plane stress (Nikbin et al.,1986;Webster and Ainsworth,1994;Nikbin,2004).For the same value of C *,the creep crack growth rates measured in the centre-cracked ten-sion (CCT)specimen are lower than those obtained from deep crack compact tension (CT)specimens for the austenitic stainless steels (Bettinson et al.,2000,2002;Ozmat et al.,1991)and ferritic steels (Takahashi et al.,2005).The deep crack CT specimen data using standard test procedures (ASTM E 1457-01,2001)are con-ventionally used in creep crack growth assessments (R5,2003)and the use of such bounding data in plant assessments is clearly conservative.Therefore,there is a strong incentive to reduce excess conservatism in order to provide more realistic estimate of remain-ing life (Budden and Dean,2007).For this purpose,the experimen-tal and numerical investigations are required to characterize the constraint quantitatively.In the case of steady-state creep,power law creep is analogous to power law plasticity,and the C *param-eter is analogous to the J integral.Following the J –Q two-parameter0020-7683/$-see front matter Ó2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.09.015*Corresponding author.Tel.:+8602164252681.E-mail addresses:gzwang@ ,wanggz1965@ (G.Z.Wang).International Journal of Solids and Structures 47(2010)51–57Contents lists available at ScienceDirectInternational Journal of Solids and Structuresjournal homepage:www.else v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /i j s o l s trfield under the elastic–plastic condition,the creep crack-tip stress and strain ratefields are usually described by the CÃÀQ two-parameter and the Q was used to quantify the constraint(Budden and Ainsworth,1999;Bettinson et al.,2001).Budden and Ains-worth(Budden and Ainsworth,1999)examined the effect of in-plane constraint on creep crack growth using the Q parameter and predicted the variation of the crack growth rate with the Q. Combined the CÃÀQ two-parameter concept with the NSW model, Nikbin(Nikbin,2004)investigated the effect of the constraint on the creep crack growth rate.Based on the HRR reference stress field,CÃÀQ two-parameter concept andfinite element analysis, Bettinson et al.(2001)examined the effect of the specimen type and load level on the Q from short to long term creep conditions for elastic-creep materials.However,the effect of the constraint on the high temperature crack-tip stress distributions and the ef-fect of the creep deformation and damage on the Hutchinson–Rice–Rosengren(HRR)stress singularity could not be completely understood.In this paper,the crack-tip stress distribution and the C*in the CT specimens with two crack depths are calculated by thefinite element method(FEM),and the effect of constraint induced by the crack depth on creep crack-tip stressfield and the effect of creep deformation and damage on the HRR stress singularity are discussed.2.Finite element modelThe CT specimens with width W=25mm and thickness B=12.5mm are used(Xuan et al.,2005).To compare the effect of crack depth on creep crack-tip stressfield,two crack depths of a/W=0.2and0.5are chosen.The CT specimen with a/W=0.2is denoted as shallow crack(SC)specimen,and that with a/W=0.5 deep crack(DC)specimen.Only half of the CT geometry is modeled due to symmetry.The typicalfinite element(FE)meshes for the DCspecimen are illustrated in Fig.1(a),and the local mesh distribu-tion around the crack tip is shown in Fig.1(b).The symmetry boundary condition is applied on the un-cracked ligament,and the crack tip is initially sharp(Fig.1).The load is applied to the load hole as a distributed load.The typical model in Fig.1contains6427 four-node linear plan strain elements(CPE4H)and6632nodes.The analyses have been carried out using ABAQUS code(ABAQUS v6.7, 2007)with large deformation.An elastic power law creep material model is used,and the creep strain rate_e is given by:_e¼A r n¼_e0ðr=r0Þnð1ÞThe creep material parameters of the2.25Cr1Mo steel at565°C are used(Xuan et al.,2005).The values of n and A are9.732and 1.733Â10À26MPaÀn hÀ1,respectively.The normalising stress r0is taken as330MPa,and the corresponding_e0¼0:0561hÀ1.The Young’s Modulus E of the steel at565°C is154GPa,and the Pois-son’s ratio m is taken to be0.3.Six different constant load magni-tudes were applied to each of the SC and DC specimens:P=813, 1626,2439,3252,4065and4878N.An additional load level of 2665N for the DC specimen was applied for determining the same C*as the SC specimen at4878N.The contour integral C(t)and CÃwere evaluated by using the in-built ABAQUS routines.Six contours were set around the crack tips,and the results were contour inde-pendent.Prior to the attainment of widespread creep conditions, the crack tip stress and strain ratefields are usually characterized by the C(t)integral around crack tips.For times in excess of the redistribution time t red,the C(t)approaches the C*integral which characterizes the crack tip stress and strain ratefields at the stea-dy-state creep(as described by Eq.(2)in Section3.2).The redistri-bution time t red was determined as the beginning time at which the C(t)does not change with time.The opening stresses r22ahead of the cracks are calculated and normalized by the stress r0.3.Finite element results and discussions3.1.Crack-tip stress distributionsThe distributions of the opening stresses r22ahead of the crack tips at the six load levels for a typical creep time t=20,000h in the SC and DC specimens are shown in Fig.2.The r22is normalized by the stress r0,and r is the distance from the crack tips.The use of absolute length r allows the direct measurement for high stress zone size which is relative to creep damage zone.It can be seen from Fig.2that the peak stresses appear at a distance from crack tips,and with increasing the load level,the stress r22increases. At the same load P the stresses in the DC specimen are higher than that in SC specimen.The stress distributions at other creep times are similar to Fig.2.The change of the stress r22with absolute time t at a typical load P=4065N in the SC and DC specimens are shown in Fig.3.With increasing the creep time t,the stress redistribution occurs.The peak stresses in front of the crack tips gradually de-crease,and the positions of peak stress for the DC specimen (Fig.3(b)gradually move away from crack tips.The peak stresses and the areas covered by high stress ahead of crack tips in the DC specimen are larger than those in the SC specimen at the same applied load and creep absolute time t.The stress distributions at other loads are similar to Fig.3.Fig.4shows variation of the maximum opening stress r22max ahead of crack tips with C*or C(t)at two typical creep times of 10,000h and50,000h.For the cracked specimens under creepcon-Fig.1.Finite element mesh of the DC specimen:(a)meshes in whole model and(b) local meshes around the crack tip.52G.Z.Wang et al./International Journal of Solids and Structures47(2010)51–57dition,prior to the attainment of widespread creep conditions,the crack tip stress and strain ratefields are usually characterized by the C(t)integral around crack tips.For times in excess of the redis-tribution time t red,the C(t)approaches the C*integral which char-acterizes the crack tip stress and strain ratefields at the steady-state creep.The redistribution time t red is defined as the beginningG.Z.Wang et al./International Journal of Solids and Structures47(2010)51–5753time at which the C(t)does not change with time.The t red usuallydecreases with increasing C*.The arrows in Fig.4indicate the C*values corresponding to the stress redistribution timet red¼10;000h and50,000h.For the lower loads(and hence C*) than those marked by the arrows,the stressfield is controlled byC(t)at the same times of10,000h(Fig.4(a))and50,000h(Fig.4(b)),and for the higher loads(and hence C*)than thosemarked by the arrows,the stressfield is controlled by C*at thesame times.The maximum opening stress r22max approximately lineally increases with C*on the log–log scale for higher C*range.The r22max of the two specimens is close at the same C*or C(t).The r22maxat50,000h is slightly lower than that at10,000h at thesame value of C*or C(t).3.2.Effect of constraint induced by crack depth on creep crack-tipstressfieldUnder elastic–plastic condition,the stressfield in the regionaround the crack tip usually is dominated by the single parameterJ integral.This is usually limited to so-called high constraint crackgeometries.In low constraint geometries the crack-tip stressfieldis lower than the high constraint J dominance state.Therefore,the J–Q two-parameter theory was developed,and the near-tipstressfield was expressed by the two-term expansion.Thefirstterm J was given by the HRR singularity,and sets the size scale overwhich high stress and strain develop,and the second term Q char-acterizes the stress triaxiality.So the stressfields and failure aredetermined by the two parameters of the J and Q(O’Dowd andShih,1991;Shih et al.,1993).The Q is a quantitative measure ofthe crack-tip constraint caused by geometries and loading modes.In the case of steady-state creep,power law creep is analogous topower law plasticity,and the C*parameter is analogous to the Jintegral.Following the J–Q two-parameterfield under the elas-tic–plastic condition,the creep crack-tip stress and strain ratefields are usually described by the CÃÀQ two-parameter as follows (Budden and Ainsworth,1999;Bettinson et al.,2001):r ij =r0¼CÃ_e0r0I n r1=ðnþ1Þ~r ijðh;nÞþQ d ijð2Þwhere r and h is distance and angle from the crack tip,respectively,In is a parameter which depends on the creep exponent,n,and in-plane stress state,~r ijðh;nÞare dimensionless functions of n,h and in-plane stress state and d ij is the Kronecker delta.In the study ofthe crack-tip constraint effect,the HRR stressfield is generally con-sidered as the referencefield.The Q quantifies the deviation of thestress from the HRRfield,and can be obtained by FEM calculation.In present work,in order to study the effect of constraint in-duced by crack depth on creep crack-tip stressfield,a comparisonof the stress distribution between the HRR and FEM results for theSC and DC specimens is made in Fig.5.Fig.5is the results understeady-state creep condition for two C*values of 1.28Â10À5MPamm/h(the corresponding load level is2665N for theDC specimen,and that is4878N for the SC specimen)and4.37Â10À6MPamm/h(the corresponding load level is2439Nfor the DC specimen,and that is4065N for the SC specimen).Itcan be seen that within the region of about0.3mm near the cracktip the HRR stress distribution is very different from the FEM re-sults.The FEM results show that the stress singularity near thecrack tips does not exist.The reason for this is that under creepdeformation,crack initiation and growth conditions,crack tipdeformation usually becomes very large so that the small deforma-tion condition could not be satisfied.The actual stress calculated bythe FEM in front of crack tip is significantly lower than thatpredicted by the HRRfield.Fig.5also shows that in the region of0.3–0.8mm away from the crack tip,the stress in the DC specimenwith high constraint is close to the HRR stress and outside the re-gion it is lower than the HRR stress.At the same C*value the open-ing stress r22ahead of the crack tips in the DC specimen are higher than that in the SC specimen,but the peak stresses of the two spec-imens are close.The constraint induced by crack depth causes the difference incrack-tip opening stress distributions between the DC and SC spec-imens at the same C*.The DC specimen with high constraint hashigh crack-tip stress.The opening stress difference between thetwo specimens will cause the difference in the opening strain,asshown in Fig.6.The DC specimen with high constraint has highcrack-tip creep strain.Because of the higher creep stress and strainahead of the crack tip in the DC specimen,from the NSW model(Nikbin,2004)it can be deduced that the creep crack growth ratein the DC specimen will be higher than that in the SC specimen.The actual and accurate local stress and strain quantities for deter-mining the creep crack growth need to be further investigated.Thedeep crack CT specimen(DC)in plane strain are usually used tomeasure the creep fracture toughness and creep crack growth rateof materials(ASTM E1457-01,2001),and the data obtained areconventionally used in creep fracture assessments for the defectivecomponent with various crack sizes under tensile loading.The useof such bounding data in plant assessments is clearly conservative.Therefore,there is a strong incentive to reduce excess conserva-54G.Z.Wang et al./International Journal of Solids and Structures47(2010)51–57tism in order to provide more realistic estimate of remaining life (Budden and Dean,2007).For this purpose,the experimental and numerical investigations are required to characterize the con-straint parameter quantitatively.3.3.Characterization of the constraint parameter under creep conditionsIn the elastic–plastic fracture mechanics,for studying the crack-tip constraint the HRR singularity stressfield or the small scale yielding solution is generally used as referencefield(Dodds et al., 1993),and the constraint parameter Q is defined as:Q¼r22Àðr22ÞHRRr0;at h¼0;r¼2J=r0ð3Þwhere r0is the material’s tensile yield stress.The theory and appli-cation of the J–Q two parameters and the factors influencing the Q have been widely investigated within the elastic-plastic fracturemechanics frames(Dodds et al.,1993;O’Dowd and Shih,1991;Shih et al.,1993).However,the studies for C*–Q two-parameter charac-terization of crack tipfields under creep conditions are very limited. In Bettinson et al.’s work(Bettinson et al.,2001),the Q values under transient and steady-state creep conditions were examined by the finite element analysis for the CT and centre cracked panel(CCP) specimens.The creep HRRfield was used as the referencefield, and the definition of the Q is similar to Eq.(3).But in present study, the FEM results in Fig.5show that the HRR stress singularity near the crack tips does not exist under creep conditions.This comes from the crack-tip blunting caused by the large creep deformation in the vicinity of the crack tips.This kind of crack-tip deformation, blunting and damage has been observed in a lot of experimental work of creep crack-tip deformation(Kang et al.,1992;Liu et al., 1998)and creep crack growth(Dean and Gladwin,2007;Zhu et al.,1990;Tabuchi et al.,2004),typically as shown in Fig.7(Tab-uchi et al.,2004)which shows that the crack tip has been blunted to a width of about0.1mm and a creep void damage zone with a size of about0.8mm appears in front of the blunted crack tip.The blunted crack tip and the creep void damage zone marked by a cir-cle in Fig.7will cause low near crack-tip stresses.But the effect of the void damage on the crack-tip stressfield cannot be analyzed by the continuum mechanics FEM,and the damage mechanics is re-quired.Because the HRR singularityfield cannot describe the stress distribution near crack tips under creep conditions,and also it is limited to power law creep materials and in-plane stress state. The Q parameter based on the HRR referencefield may not accu-rately characterize constraint effect induced by specimen or compo-nent geometry,crack size and loading mode on the crack-tip stress fields for broader range of materials and stress state.Therefore,new constraint parameters need to be defined under creep conditions.Because the deep crack CT specimens with high constraint in plane strain state are usually used to measure the creep fracture toughness and creep crack growth rate of materials,the crack-tip stressfield calculated by the FEM in this specimen could be consid-ered as the referencefield for the definition of the constraint parameter.In present work,if the stressfield in the DC specimen with high constraint is used as referencefield,a new constraint parameter R could be defined as:R¼ðr22ÞSCÀðr22ÞDCr0ð4ÞThe R represents stressfield difference D r¼ðr22ÞSCÀðr22ÞDC be-tween the shallow crack CT specimen(SC)and the deep crack CT specimen(DC)at the same C*value,and effect of the constraint in-duced by the crack depth on stress distribution can be analyzed by the constraint parameter R.Fig.8shows the R distribution ahead of crack tips for the two C*values at steady-state creep.The increase in the negative R(R<0becomes more negative)means the decrease of the pared with the DC specimen with high con-straint,the SC specimen has low constraint(negative R values).In a region of about0.15–0.5mm from crack tip,there is higher con-straint and the R has weak dependence on the distance r.Inthe Fig.7.The creep void damage zone in front of a blunted crack tip(Tabuchi et al., 2004).G.Z.Wang et al./International Journal of Solids and Structures47(2010)51–5755range of r=0.5–1.2mm the constraint decreases with r,and in the range of r>1.2mm the low constraint values almost do not change with r.In the range of about0.8mm from the crack tip,the R is al-most the same for the two C*level,and in the range of r>0.8mm the higher C*causes the decrease of the constraint(more negative R).Fig.7shows that there is a creep void damage zone in front of the blunted crack tips.The size of the damage zone is in a range of about0.2–0.8mm(Dean and Gladwin,2007;Zhu et al.,1990; Tabuchi et al.,2004),depending on different materials and stress states.The constraint parameters in the damage zone and at the boundary near the damage zone are very important to determine the creep damage and fracture process,and should be evaluated.Fig.9is a schematics for the stress distributions and creep dam-age zones in front of a blunted crack tip for the two specimens at the same C*value,and the HRR stressfield is also depicted in the figure.The higher crack-tip stress distribution in the DC specimen will cause higher creep strain rate and creep strain(Fig.6),thus a larger creep void damage zone with size r d will be formed in front of the blunted crack tip.The highest HRR stressfield will cause the largest damage zone with size r HRR,and the lowest stressfield in the SC specimen will induce the smallest damage zone with size r s.It can be deduced that the creep crack growth rate in the DC specimen will be higher than that in the SC specimen.The models based on the HRR stressfield will predict the fastest creep crack growth rate.In order to examine the effect of the constraint on stressfield in the SC specimen based on the referencefield in the DC specimen,different distances in the damage zone and at the boundary near the damage zone should be evaluated.Three differ-ent distances of r=0.2mm,0.6mm and1mm from crack tips are choose.Fig.10shows variation of the constraint parameter R with time t=t red from short to long term creep at the two C*values for the three different distances.For the two distances of0.2mm and0.6mm,during the early stages of creepð0<t=t red<0:2ÞR (constraint)increases with time,and then approaches the steady state values as t=t red increases.With increasing the distance from crack tip,the negative R increases and the constraint decreases. At higher C*value and larger distances from crack tip it has lower constraint.Fig.11shows variation of the constraint parameter R with load P at two different times.In general,with increasing load P the negative R increases and the constraint decreases.Fig.11also shows that at higher load levels,with increasing the distance from crack tip the constraint decreases.Further studies are required to quantify constraint for the specimens or components with differ-ent geometries and load modes.4.Summary(1)The constraint induced by crack depth causes the differencein crack-tip opening stress r22distributions between the DC and SC specimens at the same C*.The DC specimen with high constraint has higher crack-tip stress distribution.The56G.Z.Wang et al./International Journal of Solids and Structures47(2010)51–57maximum opening stress r22max appears at a distance from crack tips,and the r22max of the two specimens are close at the same C*.(2)The FEM results show that the stress singularity near thecrack tips does not exist due to the crack-tip blunting caused by the large creep deformation in the vicinity of the crack tips.The actual stress calculated by the FEM in front of crack tip is significantly lower than that predicted by the HRR field.Therefore,HRRfield is not suitable to be as a reference field for defining the constraint parameter under creep condition.(3)Based on the reference stressfield in the deep crack CT spec-imen(DC)with high constraint,a new constraint parameter R is defined and the constraint effect in the SC specimen is examined at different distances ahead of the crack tip from transient to steady-state creep conditions.During the early stages of creepð0<t=t red<0:2Þconstraint increases with time,and then approaches a steady state value as t increases.With increasing the distance from crack tips and applied load,the negative R increases and the constraint decreases.AcknowledgmentsThis work wasfinancially supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50835003),the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2009AA04Z409),and the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Edu-cation of China(200802510003).ReferencesA1-Ani,A.M.,Hancock,J.W.,1991.J–Dominance of short cracks in tension and bending.Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids39,23–43.ABAQUS v6.7,2007.Hibbitt,Karlsson and Sorensen Inc.ASTM E1457-012001.Standard Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack Growth Rates in Metals,ASTM Standards03.01.Bettinson, A.,Nikbin,K.,O’Dowd,N.P.,Webster,G.A.,2000.The influence of constraint on the creep crack growth in316H stainless steel.In:Proc.5th Int.Conf.Structural Integrity Assessment.Cambridge,UK.Bettinson, A.D.,O’Dowd,N.P.,Nikbin,K.M.,Webster,G.A.,2002.Experimental investigation of constraint effects on creep crack growth.ASME PVP434,143–150.Bettinson, A.D.,O’Dowd,N.P.,Nikbin,K.,Webster,G.A.,2001.Two parameter characterisation of crack tipfields under creep conditions.In:Murkami,S., Ohno,N.(Eds.),IUTAM Symposium on Creep in Structures.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Netherlands,pp.95–104.Budden,P.J.,Ainsworth,R.A.,1999.The effect of constraint on creep fracture assessments.Interantional Journal of Fracture97,237–247.Budden,P.J.,Dean,D.W.,2007.Constraint effects on creep crack growth.In:Proc.Eighth Int.Conf.Creep and Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures,July22–26,San Antonio,Texas(article number:CREEP2007-26104).Dean,D.W.,Gladwin,D.N.,2007.Creep crack growth behavior of type316H steels and proposed modifications to standard testing and analysis methods.International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping84,378–395.Dodds,R.H.,Shih,J.C.F.,Anderson,T.L.,1993.Continuum and micromechanics treatment of constraint in fracture.International Journal of Fracture64,101–133.Kang,B.S.J.,Zhuang,Y.N.,Liu,Q.K.,1992.Experimental investigation of creep-crack-tip deformation using Moire interferometry.Experimental Mechanic,309–315. 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