文艺复兴1therenaissanceperiod-文档资料
文艺复兴艺术-The Renaissance
文艺复兴前兆1.契马布耶(Cimabue)2.杜奇欧(Duccio di Buoninsegna)﹝1255 ~ 1319﹞3.乔托Giotto di Bondone (1270---?)契马布耶(Cimabue)圣母登宝座图1285-86Crucifix, 1268-71 Tempera on wood, 64,5 x 53 cm西耶那画派(Sienese School )杜奇欧﹝Duccio di Buoninsegna﹞﹝1255 ~ 1319﹞西洋绘画之父─乔托Giotto di Bondone 1270脱离自拜占庭以来平面，无空间表现人物形象抽象化的圣像画法。
有别于传统拜占庭艺术形式化的束缚，乔托将自然主义风格表现人物与背景赋予描绘人物情感，增加画中主题的故事性，并力求画面的立体空间感其贡献对后世影响甚深，故被誉为西洋绘画之父。
其生传说中师承契马布耶。
斯克罗维尼礼拜堂183x198(Kiss of Judas 1304-06) Fresco, 200 x 185 cm文艺复兴(the Renaissance)复兴：古希腊罗马黄金时代的历史光荣获得复兴。
再生：人文主义思想代替长期以来以神为中心。
范围：凡举自然，科学，人文，艺术等。
中世纪神权观念→人文主义─人为万物的尺度。
先兆：中世纪晚期契马布耶(Cimabue)，乔托(Giotto)脱离自拜占庭来形式化的画风与直硬的线条。
全面发展15，16世纪。
主要地区：佛罗伦萨(15)，罗马(16)，威尼斯(16)、北方文艺复兴(15.16)。
代表人物：雕刻：唐纳太罗Donatello 1386-1466建筑：布鲁内列斯基(F.Brunelleschi, 1377-1446)绘画：1.马萨奇欧Masaccio 1401-14282.安基利柯修士Angelico 1387-14553.菲利波‧李比F‧Lippi 1406 ─14694.波拉约洛Pollaiulo 1429─14985.基尔兰达尤Ghirlandaio 1449─14946.波提切利Sandro Botticelli 约1445 ─1510早期文艺复兴风格首先在建筑与雕刻上成形，绘画一直到1420年才正式产生。
The Renaissance 1(文艺复兴时期)1
D. Religious Reformation
In 16th century, Martin Luther, a German theologist, started a Church Reformation which led to the appearance of Protestant. He attacked the corruption of the Roman Catholic, and proposed that the Church should give up the property, the clergies should live a simple life. Martin Luther also put forward that everyone could be priest for himself. This improved the common people’s social position, and emancipated the human beings’ thoughts.
I. What is Renaissance?
1. Definition The Renaissance (14th – mid-17th century), which means rebirth and revival. The renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the
The Renaissance Period
Sonnet # 127 – 152: describe a ‘dark lady’ who is a lover of the author. The lady is very charming but prurient (淫乱 淫乱). 淫乱 The common themes of the sonnets: Friendship and love
约翰. John Milton (约翰. 弥尔 约翰 顿, 1608 – 1674)
Major works: 3 long narrative poems (1) “Paradise Lost ” (失乐园 1667) 失乐园, 失乐园 The theme: the tragedy of the fall of man. 人类 – 即指祖先亚当和夏娃 因为 即指祖先亚当和夏娃, 魔鬼撒旦的引诱, 魔鬼撒旦的引诱 违背了上帝的旨意而沉 沦, 最后失去了天堂乐园
William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616)
Major works: (38 plays in total) The types of plays: A. History plays (e.g. the King Henry series) B. Comedy (e.g. the Merchant of Venice) C. ‘Black comedies’ (悲喜剧 ( e.g. ‘The 悲喜剧) 悲喜剧 tempest’, 暴风雨 暴风雨) D. Tragedy (e.g. Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, Romeo & Juliet)
(2) The tragic History of Doctor Faustus (浮士 浮士 德博士的悲剧, 德博士的悲剧 1589) The theme: 赞扬了人对知识 力量与欢乐的热 赞扬了人对知识, 切, 揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中这些 渴求要付出的代价. 渴求要付出的代价 (3) The Jew of Malta (马耳他岛的犹太人 马耳他岛的犹太人, 马耳他岛的犹太人 1590) The theme: criticises character of the inhumanity and avarice of capitalist 对灭绝 人性的资产者进行了批判 The Jew is the archetype of Shylock in “Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare
英国文学史之文艺复兴简介TheRenaissancePeriod
General Introduction
Renaissance as a period in western civilization may be explained in different ways. But generally speaking, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.
DRAMA Marlowe's career as a dramatist lies between
the years 1587 and 1593. Four great plays: Tamburlaine the Great, an heroic epic in dramatic form divided into two parts of five acts each (1587, printed in 1590); Dr Faustus (1588, entered at Stationers' Hall 1601); The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta (dating perhaps from 1589, acted in 1592, printed in 1633); and Edward the Second (printed 1594).
广义的人文主义 指把人类置于事 物中心的世界观； 狭义的人文主义 指充斥于文艺复 兴时期艺术和哲 学之中的独特思 维习惯。
THOMAS MORE
All the children in the Utopia receive a good education, primarily in the Greco-Roman classics and learning does not cease with maturity, for the goal of education is to develop rational faculties.
Renaissance(文艺复兴)
（文艺复兴）
Background of the Period
1.New Monarchy(新君主制)
the Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453) the War of Roses(1455-1485) Tudor dynasty
2.The Religious Reformation（宗教改革）
The English Renaissance
The English Renaissance: (early16th—early17th ) a cultural&artistic movement. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as
1.Known as”Elizabethan period” ; 2.the most important period in English literaryhistory; 3.witness the flowering of English literature; 4.England became “a nest of singing birds”: Marlowe ,Shakespeare,Ben Jonson and Spenser wrote their best works in this period.
the
the Roman Catholic Church Church of England
3.The Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）
the
12th—(1450-mercial Expansion（商业扩张） 5.The War with Spain（英西战争）
The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结
The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.------F. Engles<1> Brief introduction▪Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.▪“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;▪Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.During the period of Renaissance:1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken,2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,3. national languages and cultures took shape,4. art and literature flourishedBrief introduction▪There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied.▪The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation．▪Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe．Examples:①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) createdpaintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．<2>Essence and features▪Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.（另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to:to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe;to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie inthe sphere of cultural life.▪Features: there are two striking features①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.<3>Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.Humanism：The progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;<4>HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things.Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.<5>Features of humanism in RenaissanceEmphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s HamletWhat a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！▪1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;▪2.shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philoso phy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.▪3. Applying Aristotle’s theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society.<6>Influence and English RenaissanceInfluences:1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe.2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular.This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContents●I.TheSixteenthCentury England ●II. Renaissance in England ●III. The main artistic styles●IV. William Shakespeare●V. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enclosure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparati●The background of the humanism in Europe●The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;●The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;●The spirit of nationalism;●The growing of "new science” etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance;2. An age of comparative social contentment;3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm;4. An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.II. Renaissance in England▪The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th centuryThe flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birds”The early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. ▪Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.▪Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama— the real mainstream of the English Renaissanceyears 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturized; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation:Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essays▪travel books:More’s Utopia▪poetry: Edmund Spenser▪drama: “University Wits”, Marlowe, Shakespeare▪essay: Francis BaconForerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism.The Sheph erd’s Calendar 《牧人日历》: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.▪Amoretti《爱情小诗》:a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.▪Epithlamion 《婚后曲》: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene《仙后》:▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 books. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy.Fairy Queen—Queen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole --- England, the evil figures—enemies.Themes of the poem :●nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)●humanism (strong opposition to Roman Catholicism),●Puritanism (moral teaching)Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter 六步格的诗rhyming abab,bcbc,c which is the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.For its rare beauty, this verse form was much used by many later poets, esp. imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.Spenser’s position in English Literature:the publica tion of “The Shepherd’s Calendar” marks the budding of Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The language he used was modern English which has distinguished itself from the Middle English of Chaucer's day. Spenserian stanza: a model of poetic art among the Renaissance English poets.“the poet’s poet”, the first master to make the Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusion and held his position as a model of poetic art. His influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.Life: short but riotous⏹Major works:➢Tamburlaine the Great:《帖木耳》•A drama in a blank verse•About the rise and fall of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror on the 14th century central Asia.•A tragedy about a man who thinks he can but actually can not control his own fate.•By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force, the author voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.•➢The Jew of Malta:《马耳他的犹太人》•A study of the lust for wealth, which centers around Barabas the Jew, an old money lender, whose only philosophy is the art of gaining advantage.•Suggestive of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.•A tragic result: typically greedy of riches and gold, which is another feature shared by those in Renaissance England. •➢The History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》•Refer to compare with Goethe’s Faust•The Faust myth in 16th century Germany: the myth of men seeking great earthly power from demons at the cost of their immortal soul.•The conventional view: Dr. Faustus is a morality play that vindicates humility, faith and obedience to the law of God. •The new view: Dr. Faustus celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness, and also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.⏹Social significance and literary achievement1.showing the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. Its eager curiosity for knowledge, power and gold.The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.The heroes are mainly individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and to themselves.…soul of the Age!The applause! Delight! The wonder of our stage! Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!William Shakespeare1. Brief Introduction2. Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods of his literary career Categories of his drama 3. the artistic features of his plays4. Shakespeare’s place and contribution5. Shakespeare’s sonnetsWhat to be at least known about ShakespeareLife: birthplace, birth date, death date, important time in his life and career●His major works: 37 plays(10histories, 10 comedies, 10 tragedies), 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets.Plays to be read: great comedies & 4 great tragedies●Writing features in each of four periodsI. Brief IntroductionA dramatist “not of an age, but of all time” by Ben Jonhson, not of Engla nd, but of the world.●Not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction●A “poet of reality” for his idea that literature should reflect nature and reality.●37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.II. Shak espeare’s dramaFour Periods of Shakespeare’s Literary careerFour major phrases represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.1. Period of early experiment and apprenticeship (1590-1594)Background:A. it was in the middle of the highly thriving Elizabethan Age.B. The thoughts of humanism and the ideas of man’s emancipation, freedom of love was rapidly spread.C. Shakespeare was a young man full of astonishing versatility and wonderful talent and the great interest in the political questions of his time.Features:A. the writer made experiments in a number of dramatic forms: the historical plays, comedy, the revenge tragedy and the romantic tragedy.B. this period is distinctively marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of witty language or speech, and by the final and frequent use of blank verse. In his hand, blank verse developed into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thoughts and emotions (thus shaking off the rigidity of rimed and mechanic lines) .2. Period of maturity (1595-1600)Features:A. a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays and sonnets.B. a sweet and joyful time when the writer portrays successfully a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life.C. a great shift in characterization. A notable gallery of heroines in the comedies and vivid characters in historical plays is presented: Portia, Posalynd, Voila, Beatrice, Sir John Falstaff.3. Period of gloom and depression (1601-1607)Background:A. the aggravation of the social situation: the rising of peasants, the corruption, the tension between bourgeoisie and the feudal lands.B. the change of mood in the playwright: gloomy and indignantFeatures:A. a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”B. the writer gave a scathing exposition of the somber pictures and scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime.C. a higher level of crafts is reached: more intricate plotting, intense inner conflict, meticulous depiction of human mind.4. Period of calm and reconciliation (1608-1612)Background:A. the fall and collapse of absolute monarchB. the retirement of the playwright back into the tranquil countrysideFeatures:A. some serenity and optimism, instead of the beginning lightness and the middle somber violence reigned.B. romantic dramas and comedies were the main form.C. moral teaching and supernatural forces were relied on to restore the rightful honor and position. These plays all show a falling off from his previous works.Categories of his dramacomedies histories tragedies romances？？Comedy is a light form of drama aiming primarily to amuse and ending happily. It often deals with people in their human state, restrained and ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions.Four Great ComdiesThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightComedies of the First PeriodThe keynote of his comedies:●to portray people just freed from the feudal fetters, sing of youth, love and ideas of happiness.●The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mould their fate according to their own free will. Thus becomethe sons and daughters of Renaissance.●The victory of humanist ideal is inevitable. The general spirit of these plays is optimistic.The Merchant of Venice•The double plot: one is about the Bassanio’s winning of a bride by undergoing a test; the other is about the demanding of a pound of human flesh by Shylock.•The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.•The new one is to regard the play as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Portia: a rich heiress of Belmont in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.●1. Portia is a woman of Renaissance—beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespear’s ideal women.●2. the young heroes in Shakespeare's comedies are always independent in character and take their own path of life.History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy.●His histories include two tetralogies (四部曲)and two other plays. Characterizes two centuries of English history from Richard III to Henry VIII (1377-1547)●There is only one ideal king---Henry V who represents the aspiration for national unity under a powerful and efficient monarchy.The image of Henry V:Henry V is the symbol of Shakespear’s ideal kingship. He represents the upsurging patriotism of the time. In depicting Henry V as a prince and as a man, Shakespeare looks deep into the personality of his hero and shows a profound understanding of the politics and social life of the time.Theme: Shakespeare’s historical plays describe the decaying of the old feudal society an d the rising of the new forces. His historical plays sum up the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. The idea is anti-feudal inIt is concerned with the harshness and injustice of life. They are often serious plays with sad endings.●Often the hero’s tragedy is due to a weakness in his or her character which brings self-destruction. A weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello.●In S hakespeare’s plays, he saw sharp contradictions between his lofty humanistic ideals and the evil social forces. Background for Shakespeare’s tragediesHe began to observe life with penetration, to expose mercilessly the contradiction of the Elizabethan society. The economical and social crisis which began at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth continued right up to the English Revolution.The bourgeoisie intended to break up the yoke of absolute monarchy and struggled for free development.It was in this atmosphere of general unrest that he created his great tragedies.Four Great Tragedies All analyzing the human wickedness.●Hamlet: the hero’s weakness makes him vulnerable in fighting against the outward evil.●Othello shows how an outward evil make s use of the hero’s weakness and causes his fall.●King Lear demonstrates how man’s mistake sets free the evils of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrust.●Macbeth reveals how the outward evil stirs up the wickedness in man and destroys him.Hamlet“Hamlet” is considered the summit of Shakespeare's art.Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the man of Renaissance.Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, over-subtle and fruitless kind, it is the result of his penetrating mind. It expresses, in away, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century.III. the artistic features of his plays1. Characterization: By using comparison and contrasts, he depicts a group of individuals with strong and distinct personalities.The melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius and Iago, the honesty of Othello, ambition of Macbeth and the beauty and wit of Portia.2. Psycho-analytical study: He reveals the intricate inner workings of the character’s minds through the full use of soliloquies(独白).3. Structure:⏹His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven intoan organic whole.⏹the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.5. style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.IV. Shakespeare’s place and contributionOne of the founder of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.Amazing prolificacy. In 22years, nearly 40 plays, no two of which evoke the same feeling or image among the audience, a master of every forms of drama.Skilled in many poetic forms. The songs, sonnets, couplets, esp. at home with blank verse, which became a vehicle of utterance to all the possible sentiments of his characters.A great master of English language. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. He is known to have used 16,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.He was universally regarded are the summit of English Renaissance. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point view, in literary form or in language.SonnetDefinition:▪A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.Origin:▪A form of lyrical poetry was originated in Italy. “sonnet” was derived from Provencal (普罗旺斯语) “Sonet”. It was once a short popular poetry used for singing in the medieval age.▪Italian poet Petrarch was the major representatives of the poets who used this poetic form. He wrote altogether 375 sonnets, dedicated to his lover. That is the Petrarchan sonnet.▪Sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt . It flourished in the 1590s and reach its peak of popularity with the surge of Renaissance in England.Two types of sonnetThe Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet :Petrarchan Sonnet▪The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, Its fourteen lines break into an octave （八行诗）(or octet), which usually rhymes abba,abba, and a sestet （六行诗节）, which may rhyme cdecde or cdcdcd, or any of the multiple variations possible using only two or three rhyme-sounds.▪It usually projects and develops a subject in the octave, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, which means that the sestet must in some way release the tension built up in the octave.▪Example: see Wyatt's "Farewell Love and all thy laws for ever."Farewell, LoveSir Thomas Wyatt (1503~1542)Farwell, Love, and all thy laws forever,Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more;Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavor,In blind error then I did persever,Thy sharp repulse, that prickth aye so sore,Hath taought me to set in trifles no storeAnd’ scape forth since liberty is leverTherefore farewell, go trouble younger hearts, And in me claim no more authorityWith idle youth go use thy property,And therein spend thy many brittle darts,For hitherto though I have lost all my time,Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb.别了，爱，以及你所有的法则，你上饵的钩子不再能把我缠绞，塞内克与柏拉图叫我离开你那套，并尽我才智把完美的财富获得。
文艺复兴(1)
乔瓦尼·美第奇(1360-1428)，奠定了这个家族的财富和政治根基 ，也是美第奇家族第一位赞助艺术的人。
乔凡尼·美第奇主持建造的圣母百花大教堂 乔凡尼 美第奇主持建造的圣母百花大教堂
科西莫·德·美第奇(1389-1464)，在文化艺术领域享有更高的声望 。从1434年到1471年，美第奇家族为慈善事业、公共建筑和捐税 所付出的不下663755块金币，仅科西莫一人负担的就有40多万 。
2.艺术
(1)【 乔托】：第一个平面艺术上表现立体感的画家。 (2)【 达芬奇 】：代表作是【 蒙娜丽莎 】和 【 最后的晚餐 】。 最后的 (3)【 拉斐尔 】：圣母像。 (4)【 米开朗基罗 】：绘画与雕刻表现力与美。
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo 1452~1519
拉斐尔
学者的朋友和保护人——科西莫 美第奇 科西莫·美第奇 学者的朋友和保护人 科西莫
洛伦佐·美第奇(1449年-1492年)是文艺复兴全盛期最著 名的艺术赞助人，史称“豪华者洛伦佐”。
最后的贵族
最后的美第奇贵妇Anna Medici(1667最后的美第奇贵妇Anna Maria Ludovica de' Medici(1667-1743) 科西莫三世的女儿安娜(Anna de‘ Medici)是美第奇家族最后一 科西莫三世的女儿安娜(Anna Maria Ludovica de Medici)是美第奇家族最后一 位贵妇，在整个家族没落时期， 位贵妇，在整个家族没落时期，科西莫三世曾将家族延续的希望寄托在安娜身上 。 科西莫三世统治时期也走到尽头，佛罗伦萨的人口减少了一半， 科西莫三世统治时期也走到尽头，佛罗伦萨的人口减少了一半，奥地利人入侵意 大利，美第奇家族摇摇欲坠。 大利，美第奇家族摇摇欲坠。 她一生所做过最伟大的事就是保管好美第奇家族的艺术藏品， 她一生所做过最伟大的事就是保管好美第奇家族的艺术藏品，她没有经历过呼风 唤雨的岁月，很清楚地知道自己是美第奇家族最后一位成员。 唤雨的岁月，很清楚地知道自己是美第奇家族最后一位成员。 安娜去世前将所有美第奇家族的文化遗产做了妥善安置，包括图书馆、雕像、 安娜去世前将所有美第奇家族的文化遗产做了妥善安置，包括图书馆、雕像、油 画等等，它们不仅仅属于美第奇家族，更是佛罗伦萨和意大利的珍宝， 画等等，它们不仅仅属于美第奇家族，更是佛罗伦萨和意大利的珍宝，没有任何 东西从这片土地上消失。 东西从这片土地上消失。
Renaissance period
Renaissance period (文艺复兴时期)1. Renaissance:①the “rebirth” of literature, art and learning strongly influenced by the rediscovery(重新发现)ofclassical Greek and Latin literature.②it was a European phenomenon. It had its origin(起源)in north Italy in the 14th century. In theRenaissance period, scholars(学者) and educators(教育学家) who called themselves humanists(人文主义者) began to emphasize(强调) the capacities(容量，能力) of the human mind and the achievements of human culture in contrast(对比) to the medieval(中世纪的) emphasis on God and contempt(轻视) for the things of this world.③the Renaissance is commonly(t通常)held to mark the close(终结)of the middle ages and thebeginning of the modern Western world.2. Social background(1) a period of the breaking up of feudal(封建的) relations and the establishing of the foundations ofcapitalism(资本主义制度).(2) at the beginning of the 16th century, absolute monarchy(君主制度) was formed in England. KingHenry viii broke off with the pope(罗马教皇) , proclaimed(正式宣布) himself head of the church of England.(3) Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalism(资本主义制度).3. Literary development①The highest glory of the Renaissance was its drama which could be traced(追溯) back to the middleages.•Mystery plays a medieval(中世纪的)play representing episodes(片段,一集)from the life of Christ(救世主).•Miracle plays a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint(圣徒) or martyr(烈士，殉教者). (中世纪表演<<圣经>>故事的)奇迹剧•Morality plays an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices•“University Wits”—the companies(客人)of theatre were in constant(不断的)need of new plays.They called on men of letters for assistance. There was a group of so called “university wits” (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) who wrote for the stage of the time. They were all of humble birth and struggle for a livelihood(生计) through writing. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen.②several important writers—Thomas More (Utopia); Edmund Spenser (The Fairy Queen);Christopher Marlowe (three plays—Doctor Faustus; Tamburlaine; The Jew of Malta); Francis Bacon ; ShakespeareEdmund Spenser (1552- 1599)•A contemporary(同代人) of Shakespeare yet considered to be the greatest English poet of his age.Spenser is sometimes called the “poet’s poet” because so many later English poets learned from him and imitated(模仿) his example.•The language of his poetry is purposely(故意地) old. As such, it is supposed to remind readers of such earlier works as The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer, whom Spenser greatly admired. •The Shepheardes Calendar•1st Poem to earn him notability•Suggested as an allegory, meant to symbolize the state of humanity at large in a universal sense. •Spenser’s first important work is The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral(田园的) poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year.•It is written in the tradition of Virgil’s(维吉尔) verse(诗歌) dialogues(对话) in a rural(农村的) setting with shepherds(牧羊人) and shepherdesses who adopt(采用) classical, French, or English peasant(农民) names. The poet’s intention is to give different description of the English countryside at each particular time of the year, but the main themes embodied(表现,包含) in the poem are love,poetry, and religion. The Shepherd’s Calendar set the pastoral fashion in English li terature, and inaugurated(开创) the great lyrical poetry of the last two decades of the 16th century.The Faerie Queen•The major contribution to English poetry.•A long allegory(寓言), in epic(叙事诗) form, of Christian virtues(美德), tied into England’s mythology (神话)of King Arthur.•Consisting of 12 books, only managing to complete 6 before his death.•Gloriana, the queen of Fairyland(仙界), represents both glory and Queen Elizabeth I, in whose honor12 knights(骑士), who represented the qualities of the chivalric(骑士精神的)virtues, engage in aseries of adventures.•The figure of Arthur, the perfect knight, also appears.•The six completed books tell the adventures of the knights who represent the qualities of holiness神圣, temperance节制, chastity贞洁, friendship, justice, and courtesy礼貌.Marlowe•Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and pitiless(无情的) Tartar(鞑靼人) conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd(牧羊人) to an overpowering(强大的) king. By depicting(描述) a great hero with high ambition and sheer(十足的) brutal(野蛮的) force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite(无限的) power and authority.•Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations ina hostile moral order.William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1.life－“All the world 'sa stage, And all themen and womenmerely players.”•B orn in Stratford, The 3rd of 8 kids•M arried at age 18 (his wife was 26)•W orked as an actor•B y 1594 at least 6 plays had been published2.his works (in our textbook)•F our great tragedies—King Lear,•O thello, Macbeth, Hamlet.•F our comedies—A Midsummer Night’ Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like it;Twelfth Night 3.The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人)The theme of The Merchant of VeniceThe traditional theme(主题)of the play is to praise(赞美)the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize(使理想化) Portia as a heroine of great beauty and intelligence, wit(风趣) and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable(无法满足的)greed(贪婪)and brutality(野蛮)of the Jew(犹太人). But some modern critics tend to regard the play also as a satire(讽刺) of the Christian prejudice(偏见) against the law, and their hypocrisy(虚伪).4.The soliloquy(独白)“to be or not to be”•-----what is it about?It expresses Hamlet’s indecisiveness(优柔寡断). The melancholy(忧郁的) prince is pondering(深思熟虑) on the question of life and death, thinking that death may be a good means to escape from his world that is full of “slings(吊链)and arrows”, injustice(冤枉), conspiracy(阴谋)…at last, the fear of death and his courage make him rather bear the sufferings in this world. Shakespeare sings high praise of the noble quality of the Prince Hamlet as a humanist(人道主义) thinker(思想家).•Hamlet Hamlet’s mother and father: King Claudius & Polonius Laertes Ophelia•Old Poetic Use sonnet (18)Thou: “you” as subjectThee: “you” as objectThy: “your” followed by a consonantThine: “your” followed by a vowelArt: areEst, st: second person singularHath: hasThis poem might be divided into 3 parts.Characteristics of Shakespeare’ works①Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism(现实主义)in English literature. Many of his playsreflect his sympathy for the poor people and condemns(谴责)the greed, hypocrisy(虚伪)and cruelty(残忍) of the upper class people.②Shakespeare is a humanist. All his works show his firm belief in the nobility of human nature and inthe power of love.③He is good at characterization. True to life.④He is the master of English language. He has a large vocabulary. Language is colourful, vivid(生动的)and musical. Creates a lot of new words and expressions.Francis Bacon•Style—his essays touch many aspects of life,from personal to national affairs(事件). Hewrites about truth, friendship, studies,selfishness, marriage etc.•Many essays are noted for their conciseness(简明), brevity(简洁)and forcefulness(有力). Buthis preference of Latin words and phrasessometimes make his writing difficult to read.。
Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期
• 2). Religious reformation • Henry VIII declared the break with Rome • Catholicism（天主教）was got rid of and Protestantism （新教）became the official national religion.
The Bourgeoisie
• The word "bourgeoisie" originally meant "town dwellers", especially those who lived by trading. By nature, the feudal order was agrarian. At the time of the Renaissance, the bourgeoisie appeared as a new class of society, and the conflicts between the newly arising bourgeoisie and feudalism and the Church became the main social contradiction of the time. Humanism was the very weapon for the bourgeoisie to use in its fight against feudalism restrictions and the dominating influence of the church, which had ruled men’s minds for centuries.
General introduction
• The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. It began in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. Its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.
Renaissance Period
Important Literary TermsRenaissance（文艺复兴）:In the Renaissance Period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance.English Renaissance is divided into three periods:①the 1st period is called the beginning of the Renaissance from 1516 to 1578. ②The 2nd period from 1578 to 1625 is known as the flowering period. ③The 3rd period between 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue.Humanism（人文主义）：Broadly, this term suggests any attitude that tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements –or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively –in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.Spenerian Stanza (斯宾塞诗体): Spencer invented a new verse form. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line.Euphuism (夸饰文体): This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.1.The publication of Philip Sidney’s ______ made sonnet sequence a popular literay form inEngland.A. ArcadiaB. Astrophel and StellaC. Defense of PoetryD. Utopia2. The nine-line verse stanza was originated from ______.A. Edmund SpenserB. Philip SidneyC. Thomas MoreD. William Shakespeare3. Here is a sentence from an essay, “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”. The essay must be ______.A Of studies by Francis BaconB. The Advancement of Learning by Francis BaconC. Novum Organum by Francis BaconD. Essays by Francis Bacon4. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is ______.A. lyric poemB. ironic poemC. narrative poemD. allegorical poem5. All of the following are the most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England EXCEPT ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Ben JonsonC. Christopher Marlowe D Francis Bacon6. The English Renaissance period was an age of ______.A. poetry and dramaB. drama and novelC. novel and poetryD. romance and poetry7. In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ______.A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise went bankruptC. Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD. his ships had all been lost8. Which of the following is not among Shakespeare’s four great tragedies?A. HamletB. Romeo and JulietC. MacbethD. King Lear9. ______ is the first important English essayist and the founder of modern science in England.A. Francis BaconB. Edmund SpenserC. William CarxtonD. Sidney10. What flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?A. NovelB.Drama C Essay D. Poetry11. ______ exposes the corruption of vicious ambition.A. OthelloB. King LearC. HamletD. Macbeth12. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in ______ in 1516.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. LatinD. Italian13. William Shakespeare is one of the giants of ______.A. RomanticismB. critical realismC. AestheticismD. the Renaissance14. Raradise Lost is the masterpiece of ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Robert BurnsC. John MiltonD. William Blake15. How many lines does a sonnet have?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. They vary16. Which of the following plays written by Shakespeare is history play?A. Juliet CaesarB. The Merry Wives of WindsorC. Henry ⅣD. King Lear17 Which is Christopher Marlowe’s first famous play?A. TamburlaineB. EdwardⅡC. The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusD. The Jew of Malta18. Which of the following is not the work of Sir Philip Sidney?A. Astrophel and StellaB. Defense of PoetryC. ArcadiaD. Samson Agonists19. Spenserian stanza is a ______.A. 14 Line stanzaB. 8 line stanzaC. 9 line stanzaD. 12 line stanza20. Which of the following is NOT the feature of Metaphysical poems?A. They use conceits to express ideas in sharp and harsh manner.B. They reject the romantic exaggeration of Elizabethan love poetry.C. Their metaphors are commonly used in daily life.D. The form of them is often an argument with the poet’s lover, God or himself.21. “To be or not to be” has become a universal question puzzling every intellectual mind. This isa quotation from ______.A. King LearB. HamletC. Romeo and JulietD. Othello22. The first official version of bible known as the Great Bible, was revised in ______.A. 16th centuryB. 17th centuryC. 18th centuryD. 19th century。
文艺复兴材料Renaissance
The Renaissance English Literature（ca.1485-1603）学习目标：1了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；2.文艺复兴时期英国文学的总体特征，诗歌、戏剧及散文的发展状况；3掌握这一时期诗歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。
4.培根散文特点。
5.莎士比亚的主要作品及创作特点，《哈姆雷特》、《威尼斯商人》及十四行诗分析；I. Historical backgroundIn 1485，the Wars of the Roses(1455-1485) came to an end，and following the invention of printing and Tudor dynasty which was established by Henry VII in 1485. Henry VIII，whose needs for the annulment of his first marriage in order to father a son and heir, ended the rule of the Catholic Church in England, closed (and largely destroyed) the monasteries --- which had for centuries been the depositors of learning, history, and culture --- and established himself as both the head of Church and the head of state.Protestantism became the official national religion.The Enclosure movement compelled peasants to become the hired laborers for the merchants.The commercial expansion and the rise of bourgeoisie.The war with Spain: in 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated. England had sovereignty over the seas. London developed in size and importance as the nation’s capital，and from the foundation of the first public theatre in London，the stage became the forum of debate，spectacle，and entertainment. Hand in hand with the growth in theatrical expression went the growth of Modern English as a national language.Ⅱ. Introduction to RenaissanceRenaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities.Two features of renaissance:1.It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned toadmire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form.2.It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Humanists emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life and believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason. They alsoexpressed their rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and ecclesiastical domination.III. English Literature in the Renaissance PeriodEnglish literature in the Renaissance Period is usually regarded as the highlight in this history of English literature. In Elizabethan Period, English literature developed with a great speed and made a magnificent achievement, especially the drama. Thus appeared a group of excellent dramatists. They are John Lyly, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.Next to the drama is the Lyrical Poetry. In that period, writing poetry became a fashion. England then became " a nest of singing birds". The famous poets of that period were Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser.There were not so many prose writers. In the beginning period, the great humanist, Thomas More, wrote his famous prose work "Utopia", which may be thought of as the first literary masterpiece of the English Renaissance. In Elizabethan Period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists in English literature.3.1 Poetry in the Renaissance Period1). Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542)He is the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.2). Philip Sidney (1554-86)Astrophel and Stella3). Edmund Spenser (1552 -1599)Spenser is often referred to as "the poets' poet".Spenser’s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece The Faerie Queene.In 1579, he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.Writing Features of “ The Faerie Queene”a. The long poem is written in the form of allegory. It has sweet melody and its lines are very musical.b. Spenser invented a new verse form for this poem. The verse form has been called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbcc.3.2 Proses in the Renaissance Period1). Thomas More (1477-1535)Thomas More's UtopiaUtopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor. The name "Utopia" comes from two Greek words meaning "no place". The whole work is divided into two books. Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England. The author severely criticizes English society and exposes social evils. BookⅡoffers us a good picture of an ideal society called Utopia in some unknown ocean. In this societyproperty is held in common and there is no poverty.2). John Lyly (1553-1606)A) EuphuesLyly was one of "the university wits". He wrote poetry, court comedies and prose romances. As a prose writer, he was famous for his prose romance Euphues.The work Euphues contains two parts. The first is entitled "Euphues or the Anatomy of Wit"; the second part is called "Euphues and His England", a satire on England.B) Writing Style of EuphuesEuphues was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism". This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences and words alliterating, riming or identical. The second element is that Lyly decorated his prose with odd similes and comparisons, which were usually drawn from natural history, history and geography.3). Francis Bacon (1561-1626)A) IntroductionFrancis Bacon was the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science. Bacon's mind was universal in its comprehensiveness; there was nothing in the world of which he could not write. Alexander Pope called him, “the wisest, brightest, and the meanest of mankind”. During the course of his lifetime he distinguished himself as a scholar in several fields and as a scientist, writer, and philosopher. His practical experience of the world also made him a great lawyer and a considerable statesman.B) Bacon's WorksBacon's works may be divided into three groups: the philosophical works; the literary works and the professional works.Advancement of Learning《治学之道》and New Instrument《新工具》were his philosophical works. Bacon's literary works are his essays. The final edition of the Essays 《论说文集》published in 1625 contained 58 pieces. These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. Among these essays, the famous pieces are Of Studies, Of Travel and Of Wisdom. C) Writing Style of Bacon's EssaysBacon's essays are noted for heir clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon's chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally Speaking, Bacon's literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.3.3 English Drama in the Renaissance Period1). Shakespeare's PredecessorsA) Lyly, Peele, Kyd, and MarloweAfter 1588, the flourishing period of English drama arrived. The summit was Shakespeare's works. Before Shakespeare, a group of university graduates known as "University Wits" wrote excellent plays. They were John Lyly, Robert Greene, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe, and Thomas Kyd.B) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the "University Wits".Marlowe's best plays include Tamburlaine the Great, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is symbolic of a humanist in the age of Renaissance.C) Marlowe's Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. His blank verse is a living thing; it is vigorous, fluid and precise. It translates thoughts and emotions into rhythmical speech with happy exactness, thus interpreting the restlessly moving and questing spirit of the Renaissance. Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse. His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist – Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.2). Shakespeare’s contemporary and successorBen Jonson(1572-1637) was a forerunner of classicism in English literature and the Poet Laureate of James I. he is chiefly remembered for his comedies V olpone, or the Fox,The Alchemist.William Shakespeare (1564-1616)I LifeFrom three sources, we know Shakespeare's life: the church and legal records, the folk traditions, and the comments of his contemporaries.Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire( 沃里克郡艾汶河畔的斯特拉福镇).He got education in a local grammar school for a few years. There he picked up the “small Latin and less Greek".When Shakespeare was about fourteen years old, he left school and became a country schoolmaster to help support his family.In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway who was eight years older than her husband.A few years later, Shakespeare went to London, where he first did some odd jobs. It was said that he kept horses for the audience outside the play houses. Then by 1592, he became an actor and a writer.In 1593-1594, Shakespeare published his two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece.In 1612 he retired from the stage and returned to his hometown, where he bought a considerable estate and lived until his death on April 23, 1616, which was his 52nd birthday.II Literary careerDuring the twenty-two years of his literary career, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and two long poems. Shakespeare’s literary career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.1.The first period (1590-1594)It is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. His work in this period relies not so much on character as on fine or witty speech and situation and bears the mark of youth, but of youth with astonishing versatility and wonderful talent. The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment. In historical plays, the dramatist tried to handle political themes and give historical lessons. Besides, Shakespeare’s early plays show an extraordinary facility in expression and a felicity in the choice of phrases and epithets. And blank verse developed by him into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thought and emotion freely.1)historical play:1590，Henry VI, part 2《亨利六世，中》1590，Henry VI, part 3《亨利六世，下》1591，Henry VI, part 1《亨利六世，上》1592，Richard III 《查理三世》2）comedy:1592，The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》1593，Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》1594，Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》1594，Love's Labour’s Lost《爱的徒劳》3)tragedy:1593，Titus Andronicus《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》1594，Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》4)narrative poems:1593，Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》1594，The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》2.The second period (1595-1600)It is a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. The dramatist made an advance in every way and the general spirit is optimism. In the historical plays of this period, different phrases of English life are shown before us. There is a great lift in characterization(人物创造)and sources the dramatist employed in this period are many and diversified. As a whole, this period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.1) Six Comedies:1595，A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》1596，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》1598，The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》1598，Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》1599，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》1600，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》2) Five historical plays:1595，Richard II《查理二世》1596King John《约翰王》1597，Henry IV, part 1《亨利四世，上》1597，Henry IV, part 2 《亨利四世，下》1598，Henry V《亨利五世》3) A Roman tragedy:1599，Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》Some Sonnets3.The third period (1601-1607)It is a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. In the plays of this period, the tragic note is aggravated. The sunshine and laughter of the second period has turned into clouds and storms. Even the comedies written in this period are known as “dark”because they give somber pictures of the world. The cause of such a change should be sought from Shakespeare’s change of moods as influenced by the social upheavals at the turn of the century. There were plots and rising against Elizabeth. In 1604, the Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare’s patron, was arrested by James I.1) Five tragedies:1601，Hamlet《哈姆莱特》1604，Othello《奥赛罗》1605，King Lear《李尔王》1605，Macbeth《麦克白》1607，Timon of Athens《雅典的泰门》2) Three comedies:1602，Troilus and Cressida《特洛勒斯与克里西达》1603，All's Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》1604，Measure for Measure《一报还一报》3) Two Roman tragedies:1606，Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克丽奥佩特拉》1607，Coriolanus《克利奥兰纳斯》4.The fourth period (1608-1612)It is the period of romantic drama. With this period we turn from the storm, the gloom, and the whirlwind of the third period to “a great peacefulness of light”, and a harmony of earth and heaven.1) Four romantic comedies:1608，Pericles, Prince of Tyre《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》1609，Cymbeline《辛伯林》1610，Winter's Tale 《冬天的故事》1611，The Tempest《暴风雨》2) A historical play:1612，Henry VIII《亨利八世》III His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream，The Merchant of Venice，As You Like It，Twelfth Night are Shakespeare’s great comedies.In these plays he portrayed the young people who had just freed themselves from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of the Renaissance. They trust not in God orKing but in themselves.Shakespeare put women characters at a prominent place in his comedies. He showed great respect for the dignity, honesty, wit, courage, determination and resourcefulness of women. The young heroines in Shakespeare's comedies are independent in character and very frank. They are no longer controlled by their parents or husbands. They are of a new type. They are witty, bold, loving, laughing and faithful. They are happy and make others happy. They carry their destinies in their own hands. Shakespeare's comedies are imbued with bourgeois ideas and show progressive significance.IV His great TragediesHamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth are Shakespeare's great tragedies. They are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. All of these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the tune, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society.V Historical PlaysShakespeare's historical plays are political plays. The principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one sovereign.Shakespeare's historical plays reflect the historical events of two centuries from RichardⅡto Henry VIII. They show the horrors of civil war, the necessity for national unity, the responsibilities of efficient ruler, and the importance of legitimate succession to the throne.In Shakespeare’s historical plays there is only one ideal king Henry V, though his real prototype differs little from the other kings. Among Shakespeare's 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays. Henry V is the continuation of Henry IV. The two plays deal with the events of the 15th century and give the picture of a troubled reign.VI Shakespeare's Poetical WorksVenus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece are two long narrative poems written by Shakespeare:Venus and Adonis is a poem in 6-line stanzas. It tells us that Venus woos the youth Adonis, but she c an’t get his love. Finally Venus finds the young man killed by a boar.The Rape of Lucrece is a poem in 7-line stanzas. It tells us a sad story about a lady called Lucrece, who has been outraged by a lustful prince, and then she kills herself because of shame.The bulk of Shakespeare's sonnets were written between 1593 and 1598. Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. His 154 sonnets seem to fall into two series: one series are addressed to W. H, evidently a patron, and the other addressed to "dark lady" who played the poet false. For depth of sentiment, for mastery of diction, for perfection of finish, they are among the most excellent of Elizabethan poetry.VII Features of Shakespeare's Dramatic Works1. Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in the world literature. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit.2. Shakespeare borrowed his plots from old stories of Greek and Roman, Italian and English3. Shakespeare’s dramatic works are very elastic. The action develops freely, without being hindered by the classical rules of three unities (i.e. unities of time, place, and action)4. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the Song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.5. Shakespeare was a great master of English language. In his drama, he used about 16,000 words. Many of his new coinages and turns of expression have become everyday usage in English life.Knowledge of poetryI. Rhythm(韵律)1.syllable: a word or part of a word which contains one vowel sound(元音).2. Stress: a word or part of a word which should be pronounced with more force.3. Rhythm:In English, words of two syllables always contain one that is stressed syllable and one that is unstressed; longer words contain one stressed syllable and two or more unstressed syllables. Unstressed syllables are marked with a curve “︶” and stressed, with a dash “—”.e.g. above suffer around standingterrible disaster political processionIn a line of poetry, when the stressed and unstressed syllables of all the words are arranged in a definite order, the line will rise and fall in a musical way. And this musical flow, or the rise and fall of language in poetry, is called “rhythm”.e.g. My heart is like a singing bird.II. foot(音步)● 1. definition: foot is the unit of rhythm and contains two or three syllables, one of whichis stressed.● 2. 4 kinds of foot:● A. iambus(︶—): consists of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable.e.g. Appear, besides , attack , supply.● B. Trochee(—︶): consists of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.e.g. holy, upper, failing● C. anapaest(︶︶—):consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressedsyllable.e.g. reappear, indistinct, incomplete, on the hill● D. dactyl(—︶︶): consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.e.g. messenger, merrily , property , accidentIII. meter(格律)● 1. The meter of a line of poetry is determined by the kind of foot used and by the numberof feet in a line. The longest poetical line contains 8 feet.●Monometer单音步诗行, dimeter二音步诗行, trimeter三音步诗行, tetrameter四音步诗行, pentameter五音步诗行, hexameter六音步诗行, heptameter七音步诗行, octameter 八音步诗行（八步格）.● A line of five iambic feet is an iambic pentameter line.● A line of six dactylic feet is a dactylic hexameter line.●e.g. but every eye was fixed on her alone.On her white breast a sparkling cross she woreIV.Rime●Rime is a repetition of the same sound at the end of two or more lines.● E.g. day, may; wore, adore.V.stanza1. A stanza is a group of two or more consecutive lines bound together by end rime.2. Usually, we use letters to represent the rime scheme（押韵方式).● A. couplet: aa bb cc…..● B. terza rima（三行换韵）：aba bcb cdc ded…..● C. Quatrain(四行诗体): there are 4 rime schemes1)abcdThen come home, my children, the sun in gone downAnd the dews of night arise.Come, come, leave off play, and let us awayTill the morning appear in the skies.2) aabaA book of Verses underneath the BoughA Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--- and ThouBeside me singing in the wilderness----Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!3) abab4)abba● D.quintette: ababb● E .sextette: ababcc● F.septette: ababbcc●G.octave: abababcc●H. nonette: ababbcbccHeroic Couplet(英雄双韵体）● 1. They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consistingof five iambic feet rime together in pairs.● 2. The rime scheme :aa bb cc …..poem→stanza→line→foot→syllable。
The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期
文艺复兴时期: 14th –mid 17th c. started in ItalyA series of historical events:1.rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek cultures2.new discoveries in geography & astrology (占星学)3.the religious reformation4.the Enclosure Movement & economic expansion5. a centralized monarchy and War with SpainProfessional writers emerged, who wrote for theaters and publishers breaking away from the patron system.The Renaissance—rebirth or revival- the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present lifeBest representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William ShakespeareThe Elizabethan drama: the real mainstream of English RenaissanceMost famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson1552?-99- the poets’ poetThe Shepheardes’ Calender《牧人日历》a pastoral poem in 12 parts, gives different descriptions of the English countryside.The Faerie Queen《仙后》an epic poem of 12 parts, but unfinished, is dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I. (chivalric romance + Biblical allegory)Heroes and heroines: Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloriana – the Fairy QueenMarlowe’s achievement s:1) It is Marlowe who brought vitality (活力) and grandeur (伟大) into the blank verse (无韵诗歌) with his ―mighty lines,‖ which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.3) Masterpiece: The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness– playwright & poet1.History plays: Henry VI, Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, King John…edies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, TwelfthNight …3. Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet romantic tragedy. To praise the faithfulness of love and defiance of feudal discord.1). Four tragedies -Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth2). Tragicomedies/romances:The Tempest 《暴风雨》READING:1. Sonnet 18A nice summer’s day is usually transient(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2. Sonnet 29He complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and becomes happier upon the thought of the one he loves.3. Excerpt from HamletHamlet is pondering over the question of life and death. He, world weary, wants to commit suicide and he also wants to fight or take a revenge, not only for his father, but also for all the people suffering from social injustice. But he thinks too much that he fails to act successfully.Hamlet is melancholy and sensitive, a Renaissance idealist, free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven. The world for him is ―this goodly frame the earth, this most excellent canopy the air, the brave o’erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire.‖Like other humanists, he cherishes a profound reverence for man, and a firm belief in man’s power and destiny: ―What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god!‖ Such a delight in nature and man is characteristic of the humanists of the Renaissance.1572-1637 a poet, critic and playwrightAs a playwright he adhered to the classic rules of tragic art, taking a firm stand for the ―three unities‖—unity of action, place and time. As a critic he is a forerunner of classicism (古典主义) in the 18th century English literature.1561-1626–philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern science《论文集》is the first example of that genre in English literature. Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法(i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general) in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法(i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING: Of Studies 《论读书》Of Studies uses and benefits of study—―reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.‖。
英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。
它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。
在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。
到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。
第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。
英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。
文艺复兴英文资料
1RenaissanceThe Renaissance (UK/rɨˈneɪsəns/, US/ˈrɛnɨsɑːns/)[1] is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.The Renaissance's intellectual basis was humanism, derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said, that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the inventionof metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development oflinear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions ofsuch polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".[2][3]There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14thcentury.[4] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family,the Medici;[5][6] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[7][8][9] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan andfinally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term andas a historical delineation.[10] The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.[11]Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimismand nostalgia for classical antiquity,[12] while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras[13] which are linked, as Panofsky himself observed, "by a thousand ties".[14]The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.[16]2RepresentativesAlfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlockingthree-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language".[2] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journeythrough Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso)Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the CorporazionidelleArti e deiMestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by VierideiCerchi—and the Black Guelphs (GuelfiNeri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother ofKing Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.2. Leonardo da Vinci。
1Renaissance 文艺复兴 到老莎就木有了
Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines， with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter， rhyming ababbcbcc.
5. The Renaissance hero：
A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition， facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays， who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will， he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power， knowledge， and glory， the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit.
The Renaissance Period
The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期1.The English RenaissanceThe Renaissance, which is originated in Italy, was a European phenomenon. It encouraged the reformation of the Church.English literature developed with a great seed in Elizabethan period. The most distinctive achievement is the drama. The lyrical poetry also developed and was remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling. England became “a nest of singing birds”. In the same period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.2.Literary TermsRenaissance文艺复兴In the Renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance. Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体每个诗节由九行组成，前八行为五步抑扬格，第九行为六步抑扬格。
文艺复兴1therenaissanceperiod知识讲解
1. Jonh Wycliffe (1320-1384)---the Morning Star of the Reformation
2. Man stands directly under God and needs no mediation from church and priest.
2. The keen interest in activities of humanity---
admire human beauty and human achievement
• Humanism ( the key-note of the Renaissance)
• According to humanist: both man and the world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.
2. The Reformation
Henry VIII (1509-1547) declared him to be the “supreme Head of the English Church and Clergy , confiscated the property of the Church, thus enriching the new bourgeoisie nobility.
1. The New Monarchy
文艺复兴和启蒙运动的中英文介绍
文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。
The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。
To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。
文艺复兴英文介绍
文艺复兴英文介绍The Renaissance, a period in European history that spanned from the 14th to the 17th century, is oftenreferred to as the "rebirth" of art, culture, and learning. It was a time of great intellectual and artistic achievement, marked by a renewed interest in classical antiquity and a shift towards humanism. The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in literature, philosophy, science, and the arts, with scholars and artists looking back to the works of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration.One of the defining characteristics of the Renaissance was the emergence of a new artistic style known as "Renaissance art." This style was characterized by a focus on realism, perspective, and human anatomy, as well as a greater emphasis on individualism and the portrayal of the human experience. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are among the most famous figures of the Renaissance, known for their groundbreaking work in painting, sculpture, and architecture.In addition to the arts, the Renaissance also saw significant advancements in science and technology. The period witnessed the development of new scientific theories, such as those of Copernicus and Galileo, which challenged long-held beliefs about the universe and the natural world. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenbergin the mid-15th century also played a crucial role in spreading knowledge and ideas throughout Europe, leading to an increase in literacy and the dissemination of new scientific and philosophical thought.The Renaissance was not just a period of artistic and intellectual achievement; it was also a time of political and social change. The rise of powerful city-states in Italy, such as Florence and Venice, led to a flourishing of trade and commerce, as well as the patronage of the arts by wealthy merchants and rulers. The printing press alsoplayed a role in the spread of new ideas and the rise of a more educated middle class, who began to questiontraditional authority and challenge established norms.Overall, the Renaissance was a transformative period in European history, characterized by a renewed interest in learning, a flourishing of the arts, and significant advancements in science and technology. It laid the foundation for the modern world, shaping the development of Western culture and thought in profound ways. The legacy of the Renaissance continues to influence our understanding of art, science, and society to this day, making it a pivotal moment in human history.。
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• B． Base：It was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.
II. Background: the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism 1. The New Monarchy 2. Henry VII (1485-1509) founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie composed by merchants and handicraftsmen. The Wars of Roses(1455-1485) : Richard II the last king by direct succession, died without heirs. The House of Lancaster—The red rose, the House of York, the white rose. When Richard died, his throne is lost to Henry IV by usurpation, the first king of Lancaster. Henry the VII inherited down from the House of Lancaster, but later on he married Elizabeth of York house, hence the Tudor dynasty, which reconcile the two sides by marrying.
The Protestant reformation:
1. Jonh Wycliffe (1320-1384)---the Morning Star of the Reformation
2. Man stands directly under God and needs no mediation from church and priest.
III. The Renaissance and Humanism Two features of the intellectual movement 1.A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature---admire the Greek and Latin works 2. The keen interest in activities of humanity--admire human beauty and human achievement
3.hed its summit during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. (from 1558 to1603).
2. The Reformation Henry VIII (1509-1547) declared him to be the “supreme Head of the English Church and Clergy , confiscated the property of the Church, thus enriching the new bourgeoisie nobility.
3. The Rise of Bourgeoisie 1) The enclosure movement
2) The Commercial expansion---Queen Elizabeth encouraged exploration and travel 3) The war with Spain (1588)---a victory of England over Spain is also the triumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism
The Renaissance Period (1485-1660)
I Brief Introduction 1. The Renaissance (French for "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe . its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.
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• 2． Theoretical base：the rising of humanism
• A． Core：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors.