中央财经大学2013年博士研究生入学考试

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中央财经大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试分专业复试总分分数线.xls

2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试考生进入复试的初试成绩基本要求（专业学位）
门类（代码）金融、应用统计、税务、国际商务、保险、资产评估法律（非法学）[035101]、法律（法学）[035102] 审计[025700]、工商管理[125100]、公共管理[125200]、会计[125300] 总分线 340 315 155 单科＝100分 49 42 41 单科>100分 74 63 82
中央财经大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试分专业复试总分分数线
院系代码 001 院系名称财政学院专业代码 020203 025600 020204 0202Z6 0202Z7 0202Z8 025100 025100 025700 025700 120201 125300 125300 0202J2 120202 120203 120204 1202Z1 1202Z2 020101 020102 020103 020104 020105 020106 020201 020202 020205 020207 020205 1201Z1 1202Z3 030103 030104 030105 030106 030107 030109 0301Z1 035101 035102 010104 0202Z3 050101 050103 050105 0202Z2 120100 1201Z2 1201Z3 专业名称财政学资产评估金融学 ★证券投资 ★国际金融学 ★金融工程金融金融审计审计会计学会计会计 ★跨国公司管理企业管理旅游管理技术经济及管理 ★人力资源管理 ★物流管理政治经济学经济思想史经济史西方经济学世界经济人口、资源与环境经济学国民经济学区域经济学产业经济学劳动经济学产业经济学 ★管理信息系统 ★电子商务宪法学与行政法学刑法学民商法学诉讼法学经济法学国际法学 ★金融服务法法律（非法学）法律（法学）逻辑学 ★传媒经济学文艺学汉语言文字学中国古代文学 ★投资学管理科学与工程 ★房地产经济与管理 ★工程与项目管理生源类型复试线 366 348 380 363 361 360 应届 342 往届 340 应届 204 往届 164 386 应届 219 往届 193 340 371 345 346 355 345 366 348 355 366 360 353 350 367 381 366 352 345 345 315 333 336 319 349 315 339 318 321 280 354 350 350 350 374 345 345 345 学科门类经济学专业学位经济学经济学经济学经济学专业学位专业学位专业学位专业学位管理学专业学位专业学位经济学管理学管理学管理学管理学管理学经济学经济学经济学经济学经济学经济学经济学经济学经济学经济学经济学管理学管理学法学法学法学法学法学法学法学专业学位专业学位哲学经济学文学文学文学经济学管理学管理学管理学

中央财经大学博士研究生入学考试试题(经济学)

中央财经大学博士研究生入学考试试题(经济学)微观经济学和宏观经济学宏观部分（50分）1、什么叫通货膨胀，度量通货膨胀的指标有那些？什么叫通货膨胀税，如何计算？什么叫动态不一致性，如何解决动态不一致性问题？（6分）2、叙述并证明Baumol －Tobin 货币交易需求模型。

（8分）3、已知消费函数)(8.0T Y C -=，??=I ，10=G ，?=T ；货币余额50=M ，货币需求P M D (??)=。

（13分）（1）推导出IS 、LM 曲线（假定P ＝2）。

（2）均衡的利率水平和产出是多少？（3）推导出AD 曲线。

（4）假设政府支出增加到12=G ，计算在极端凯恩斯情形（P ＝2）和古典情形下（Y ＝60），对经济的影响。

4、在Solow 增长模型中，假设生产函数αα-=1)(AL K Y ，K 、L 、s 、d 、n 、g分别表示资本、劳动、储蓄率、折旧率、劳动增长率和技术进步率，α表示资本的产出份额。

（14分）（1）证明此经济存在稳态。

计算稳态时劳均资本L K k /=，判断s k∂∂的符号。

（2）如果生产函数是新古典生产函数),(AL K F Y =。

证明稳态仍然存在，并判断s k ∂∂的符号。

5、假定一个经济按固定汇率购买其净出口，净出口增加是外生的。

（1）用IS －LM 框架分析净出口增加对经济的影响。

（2）用AS —AD 框架分析净出口增加对经济的影响。

（3）这两个分析框架得出的结论有什么不同。

微观部分（50分）1、判断并说明。

（1）病人了解了医生和医院的相关信息后，例如医生从业经历，病人的消费者剩余会增加。

（3分）（2）一市场上有5个消费者。

前2个消费者面临的反需求曲线为Q P -=20，后3个消费者面临的需求曲线Q P 216-=。

如果该市场的垄断厂商实行二级价格歧视，则消费者不能获得任何消费之剩余。

（4分）（3）政府对汽油购买征收从量税，税率为没单位t 元，然后将收到的税收返还给消费者，返还比例为每单位t 元。

会计学博士生学科综合考试通知2013

会计学博士生学科综合考试通知根据《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》，学科综合考试一般安排在博士生入学后第三学期初至期中之间进行。

具体时间由学校统一安排。

学院负责组织实施。

根据学校规定，学科综合考试采用笔试和面试相结合的方式进行。

笔试和面试均要达到合格（70分及以上）方可通过学科综合考试。

笔试或面试不合格者（以及因出国等特殊原因推迟考试者），顺延至第四学期博士学位论文开题前进行补考。

笔试内容包含：（1）主文献库及其他前沿文献（其中考虑包含专业基础课和专业课）；（2）专业研究技能（STATA统计软件在会计研究中的应用）。

面试主要考核博士生独立从事科研工作的能力和科研素质，具体方面参见培养方案。

请博士生认真准备。

会计学院2013年6月17日附：主文献库及其他前沿文献的重点范围财务会计领域[1]Demerjian, P., B. Lev, M. Lewis, and S. McVay. 2013. Managerial Ability andEarnings Quality. The Accounting Review 88 (2): 463-498.[2]Dhaliwal D S, Radhakrishnan S, Tsang A, et al. 2012. Nonfinancial disclosureand analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate socialresponsibility disclosure. The Accounting Review 87(3): 723-759.[3]Dichev, I., and V. Tang. 2009. Earnings Volatility and Earnings Predictability.Journal of Accounting and Economics 47: 160-181.[4]Fan, J., T. J. Wong, and T. Zhang. 2007. Politically connected CEOs, corporategovernance, and Post-IPO performance of China’s newly partially privatized firms. Journal of Financial and Economics 84: 330-357.[5]Kim, Y., M. Park, and B. Wier, 2012. Is Earnings Quality Associated withCorporate Social Responsibility? The Accounting Review 87 (3): 761–796. [6]Kothari, S., Leone, A., Wasley, C., 2005. Performance matched discretionaryaccrual measures. Journal of Accounting and Economics 39, 163-197.[7]Matsumoto D A. 2002. Management's incentives to avoid negative earningssurprises. The Accounting Review 77(3): 483-514.[8]Ogneva M. 2012. Accrual quality, realized returns, and expected returns: Theimportance of controlling for cash flow shocks. The Accounting Review 87(4): 1415-1444.[9]Watts, R. 2003. Conservatism in accounting, Part I: Explanations andimplications. Accounting Horizons 17 (3): 207–221.[10]Watts, R. 2003. Conservatism in accounting, Part II: Evidence and researchopportunities. Accounting Horizons 17 (3): 287–301.财务管理领域[11]Jensen, M. and W. Meckling, 1976, Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour,Agency Costs, and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial Economics 3,305-360.[12]Myers, S.C. 1977, Determinants of Corporate Borrowing, Journal of FinancialEconomics 5, 147-176.[13]Benveniste, L. M. and Spindt, P. A., 1989, How Investment Bankers Determinethe Offer Price and Allocation of New Issues, Journal of Financial Economics 24, 343-361.[14]Lang, Larry H. P., René M. Stulz, and Ralph A. Walkling, 1991, A Test of theFree Cash Flow Hypothesis: The Case of Bidder Returns, Journal of Financial Economics 29, 315-335.[15]Roll, Richard, 1986, The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers, TheJournal of Business 59, 197-216.[16]Myers, S. C. 2003. Financing of Corporations. In G. Constantinides, M. Harris,& R. Stulz (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance - Corporate Finance.(Amsterdam North-Holland)[17]Kalay, Avner, and Michael Lemmon, 2008, Payout policy, in Bjorn E. Eckbo,Handbook of Corporate. Finance - Empirical Corporate Finance. (ElsevierNorth-Holland)[18]Ljungqvist, Alexander, 2008, IPO Underpricing, in Bjorn E. Eckbo, Handbookof Corporate. Finance - Empirical Corporate Finance. (Elsevier North-Holland) [19]Brennan, Michael J, 2003, Corporate Investment Policy, Handbook of theEconomics of Finance - Corporate Finance. (Amsterdam North-Holland) [20]Becht, Marco, Patrick Bolton and Ailsa Röell, 2002. Corporate governanceand control, ECGI - Finance Working Paper No. 02/2002.管理会计领域[21]Young, S. M. 1985. Participative Budgeting: the Effects of Risk Aversion andAsymmetric Information on Budgetary Slack. Journal of Accounting Research 23(2):829-842.[22]Birnberg, J. G., M. D. Shields, and S. M. Young. 1990. The Case for MultipleMethods in Empirical Management Accounting Research, with an Illustration from Budget Setting. Journal of Management Accounting Research 2(1):33-66.[23]Ittner, C. D., and D. F. Larcker. 1998. Are Nonfinancial Measures LeadingIndicators of Financial Performance. Journal of Accounting Research 36:1-35.[24]Banker, R. D., G. Potter, and D. Srinivasan. 2000. An Empirical Investigation ofan Incentive Plan That Includes Nonfinancial Performance Measures. TheAccounting Review 75(1):65-92.[25]Lipe, M. G., and S. E. Salterio. 2000. The Balanced Scorecard: JudgmentalEffects of Common and Unique Performance Measures. The AccountingReview 75(3):283-298.[26]Sprinkle, G. B. 2000. The Effects of Incentive Contracts on Learning andPerformance. The Accounting Review 75(3):299-326.[27]Sprinkle, G. B.. 2003. Perspectives on Experimental Research in ManagerialAccounting. Accounting, Organizations and Society 28(2-3):287-318.[28]Gibbs, M., K. A. Merchant, W. A. Van der Stede, and M. E. Vargus. 2004.Determinants and Effects of Subjectivity in Incentives. The Accounting Review 79(2):409-436.[29]Dechow, N., and Mouritsen, J.,2005. Enterprise resource planning systems,management control and the quest for integration. Accounting, Organization and Society 30: 691-733.[30]Bisbe, J., Batista-Foguet, J.M., and Chenhall, R., 2007. Defining managementaccounting constructs: A methodological note on the risks of conceptualmisspecification. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32: 789-820.审计学[31]Bedard, J.C., D.R. Deis, M.B. Curtis, and J.G. Jenkins. 2008. Risk Monitoring andControl in Audit Firms: A Research Synthesis. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 27 (1): 187-218.[32]Bedard, J. C., and L. Graham. 2011. Detection and Severity Classifications ofSarbanes-Oxley Section 404 Internal Control Deficiencies. The AccountingReview 86 (3):825-855.[33]Bronson, S. N., C. E. Hogan, M. F. Johnson, and K. Ramesh. 2011. Theunintended consequences of PCAOB auditing Standard Nos. 2 and 3 on thereliability of preliminary earnings releases. Journal of Accounting andEconomics 51 (1–2):95-114.[34]DeFond, M. L., and J. R. Francis. 2005. Audit research after Sarbanes-Oxley.Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 24 (Supplement): 5-30.[35]Fan, J. P. H., and T. J. Wong. 2005. Do External Auditors Perform a CorporateGovernance Role in Emerging Markets? Evidence from East Asia. Journal of Accounting Research 43 (1):35-72.[36]Fung, S. Y. K., F. A. Gul, and J. Krishnan. 2012. City-Level Auditor IndustrySpecialization, Economies of Scale, and Audit Pricing. The Accounting Review87 (4):1281-1307.[37]Kinney, J. W. R., and M. L. Shepardson. 2011. Do Control EffectivenessDisclosures Require SOX 404(b) Internal Control Audits? A NaturalExperiment with Small U.S. Public Companies. Journal of Accounting Research49 (2):413-448.[38]Lennox, C., and J. Pittman. 2010. Auditing the auditors: Evidence on the recentreforms to the external monitoring of audit firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics 49 (1–2):84-103.[39]Lawrence, A., M. Minutti-Meza, and P. Zhang. 2011. Can Big 4 versus Non-Big 4Differences in Audit-Quality Proxies Be Attributed to Client Characteristics?The Accounting Review 86 (1):259-286.[40]Lennox, C. S., and J. A. Pittman. 2011. Voluntary Audits versus MandatoryAudits. The Accounting Review 86 (5):1655-1678.。

中央财经大学经济学院—考博招生介绍—考试内容—考试指南

育明考博全国免费咨询电话400-668-6978QQ：493371626QQ：28900643512015中央财经大学考博QQ 交流群105619820英语群335488903专业课群157460416中央财经大学经济学院考博招生介绍—考试内容—考试指南一、经济学院博士招生人数及名额分布：年份央财内地招生总数（计划数）经济学院博士招生人数复试人数2012年127人18差额复试比例在150%左右2013年181人17（含1名硕博连读生）2014年176人17注意：2014年我校计划招收博士研究生176名，其中普通计划125名（含硕博连读生13名）、少数民族高层次骨干人才计划（以下简称少数民族骨干计划）42名和对口支援计划9名。

育明考博2014届学员成绩喜报英语各类课程学员数873人专业课各类课程学员239人专业课教学测评中学员零差评英语一对一全程32名学员全部过线第七期考博英语集训营四个班97名学员90人过线2014年我校中国经济与管理研究院金融学专业、中国公共财政与政策研究院财政学专业和人力资本与劳动经济研究中心劳动经济学专业、统计与数学学院★金融统计与风险管理专业仅招收硕博连读生，不招收全国统考生。

二、经济学院博士各专业招生人数及名额分布：年份政治经济学西方经济学世界经济学国民经济学区域经济学产业经济学劳动经济学20123218112 20133217112 20143217112三、经济学院博士招生的考试内容招生专业初试考试科目复试考试科目政治经济学(020101)1001英语、1002俄语、1003日语，2001经济学基础，3006现代经济学前沿复试采用面试形式，内容包括科研基础与科研潜质测试和外语听说能力测试。

科研基础测试采取现场问答方式进行，重在根据专业培养要求考察考生对本学科系统理论知识及前沿动态的掌握情况；科研潜质测试重在根据专业培养要求及考生提交的硕士学位论文、不少于5000字的《中央财经大学2014年攻读博士学位研究生研究计划》考察考生是否具有在本学科领域发展的科研水平和研究潜质、是否具有科研创新意识和能力；外语听说能力测试重在考查考生运用外语进行听说交流的能力，主要从发音的正确性、使用语言的准确西方经济学(020104)1001英语、1002俄语、1003日语，2001经济学基础，3006现代经济学前沿世界经济(020105)1001英语、1002俄语、1003日语，2001经济学基础，3006现代经济学前沿国民经济学(020201)1001英语、1002俄语、1003日语，2001经济学基础，3006现代经济学前沿区域经济学(020202)1001英语、1002俄语、1003日语，2001经济学基础，3006现代经济学前沿性、流利程度、理解和判断能力等方面进行考核。

中央财经大学经济史考博真题参考书复习策略-育明考博

中央财经经济学院经济史考博考试内容复习规划-育明考博一、中央财经大学经济史专业博士招生考试内容（育明课程中心）招生专业招生人数初试考试科目复试考试科目020103经济史专业1人①1001英语②2001经济学基础③3006现代经济学前沿①科研基础与科研潜质测试（90分）②外语听说能力测试（10分）育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、央财经济学院经济史考博的报录比平均在4:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、研究方向：01.中外经济关系、金融史3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

4、从2014年起普通计划定向就业博士研究生招生数原则上控制在普通计划总招生人数的30%以内。

每名博导同一招生年度至多招收1名普通计划定向就业博士研究生，同时，一名博导不能连续2年招收普通计划定向就业博士研究生。

育明教育考博分校针对中央财经大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（中央财经考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三、二四一、二二六）二、中央财经大学经济史专业考博参考书(育明考博课程中心)020205经济史专业二参考书《微观经济学：现代观点》哈尔.R.范里安费方域等译格致出版社(2011第八版)《高级微观经济理论》杰弗瑞.A.杰里菲利普.J.瑞尼王根蓓上海财经大学出版社(2005第二版)《高级宏观经济学基础》海德拉范德普罗格著陈彦斌等译中国人民大学出版社(2012)《高级宏观经济学》戴维.罗默著王根蓓译上海财经大学出版社(2009第三版)《经济史与组织》[英]多纳德.海德里克.莫瑞斯经济科学出版社（2001）《经济开放与中国产业发展》王如忠社会科学文献出版社（2006）《政府管制经济学导论》王俊豪商务印书馆（2001）《市场国际化与市场结构优化问题研究》齐兰著中国经济出版社（1999）《经济史》近一年中国人民大学书报资料中心1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何初步将参考书中的知识内容对应到答题中，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。

育明考研：2013年攻读中央财经大学博士学位研究生招生专业目录和参考书目

全国硕士研究生入学考试中央财经大学考点
考场分布指示图
主教学楼：从学校正门进入，经过广场即为主教学楼。

学术会堂：从学校正门进入，右转可以看到学术会堂，从西北门入考场。

中财大厦：从学校正门进入，左转直行至体育场，从北门入考场。

礼堂：考生休息处
注：红色字体为考场所在位置和礼堂考生休息处
2013年攻读博士学位研究生招生专业目录和参考书目
2013年攻读博士学位研究生招生专业目录
注明：导师后带*号的说明2013年拟招收硕博连读生（除邹恒甫教授2名外，其余均为1名）。

2013年博士研究生入学考试业务课一笔试参考书目
2013年博士研究生入学考试业务课二笔试参考书目
(经济学院)
2013年喜报
2013年，一对一学员考研通过率高达95%以上。

2013年，38人夏季集训营20人考上北大，人大，清华，复旦四所名校。

2013年，36天隋Jia lun三跨学生考上北京师范大学。

2013年，育明教育包揽北大金融、行管、新闻、城规等11个专业状元，包揽人大经济学、管理学、法学状元，包揽中财会计、金融状元，包揽贸大金融学、会计学、翻译硕士状元，包揽北外法语、翻硕、高翻、汉教状元。

【2014年中央财经大学辅导体系】
【喜报一】2013年育明教育学员报考中财经济金融学成绩400分以上的共有8个同学。

【喜报二】2013年育明教育学员有7人进入中财会计学等复试。

【喜报三】2013年育明教育学员有13名考上中财会计硕士。

2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题及详解

中央财经大学801经济经济学院+内部资料+最后押题三套卷+公共课阅卷人一对一点评=3000元中央财经大学2012年801经济学考研试题政治经济学（60分）一名词解释（每题3分，共12分）1资本主义经济危机2社会简单再生产基本实现条件3虚拟企业4市场规则二判断下列说法正确或错误（每题1分，共5分）5货币形式之所以从金属货币发展到纸币，是与货币的价值尺度和流通手段职能分不开的。

6由一家企业提供产品和服务比由两家以上企业共同提供产品和服务成本更低的情形属于自然垄断。

7当劳动生产率发生变化时，同一劳动在相同的时间内创造的价值总量就不再相同。

8资本家通过提高劳动强度获得的剩余价值属于绝对剩余价值。

9按劳分配并不等同与劳动所得，私营企业中工人的工资收入虽是工人经过劳动所得到的收入，但这并不是按劳分配收入。

三判断下列说法是否正确，并说明理由。

（每题5分，共10分）10社会分工是市场组织存在的基础，工场内部分工是企业组织存在的基础。

11股份制作为一种现代企业的资本组织形式，它可以成为并且已经成为公有制的重要实现形式。

四简述题（每题7分，共21分）12简述资本经营与一般生产经营特点的不同。

13简述产业结构优化升级的变动趋势是什么。

14简述利润如何转化为平均利润。

五论述题（共12分）15论述经济全球化条件下危害我国经济安全的因素有哪些，如何维护我国的经济安全？西方经济学（90分）六名词解释（每小题5分，共30分）16替代效应17资本回报率管制18洛伦兹曲线19货币乘数20财政挤出效应21理性预期七论述题（每题10分，共40分）22什么是序数效用论？该理论关于消费者偏好的三个基本假定是什么？23假定垄断者平均成本和边际成本相等且保持不变，作图表示该垄断者利润最大化时总经济福利的损失（不考虑寻租活动）。

24基于附加预期的菲利普斯曲线和奥肯定律的数学表达式推导总供给曲线，并简单阐述该总供给曲线与古典总供给方程和凯恩斯总供给方程的关系。

2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题及详解

2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题及详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研资料，经济学参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行解答。

政治经济学（60分）一、名词解释（每题3分，共12分）1．经济制度的两种规定答：在政治经济学中，对经济制度有两种规定：（1）反映社会性质的根本性制度，它反映生产关系的本质特征，当今各国的社会经济制度，从本质上分为资本主义经济制度和社会主义经济制度两类。

（2）经济体制。

经济体制是某一社会生产关系的具体形式，在市场经济条件下，它是支配经济单位之间可能合作与竞争的方式的一种制度安排。

2．相对人口过剩答：随着资本有机构成的提高，对劳动的需求，同资本量相比相对地减少，并且随着总资本量的增长以递减的速度减少，从而导致过剩的或追加的工人人口。

这种人口过剩既不是绝对的，也不是自然的，而是由资本主义制度造成的相对于资本增殖需要而言的人口过剩。

相对人口过剩是资本积累的必然产物，同时反过来又成为资本积累的杠杆，甚至成为资本主义生产方式存在的一个条件。

相对过剩人口的存在意味着，在资本主义经济制度下，失业问题是制度性的，是资本主义制度的顽症。

3．超额剩余价值答：超额剩余价值是指单个企业商品的个别价值低于社会价值的差额，是单个资本家通过提高劳动生产率使商品的个别价值低于社会价值而比一般资本家多得的那部分剩余价值。

商品按照社会价值出卖，资本家就获得超额剩余价值。

个别资本家保留超额剩余价值的状况是暂时的。

因为，其他资本家为了追求更多的剩余价值，也会设法提高劳动生产率，等到生产率普遍提高后，商品社会价值就会降低，商品个别价值与社会价值的差额就会消失。

但另一些使用最新生产技术和方法的资本家，又会获得超额剩余价值。

2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题及答案分析

全心全意因才思教2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题及答案分析1.简述劳动力商品的价值和使用价值。

【才思教育解析】商品是用来交换的劳动产品，商品包含使用价值和价值两个要素，是使用价值和价值的统一。

使用价值是指物品能够满足人们某种需要的属性，即物品的有用性。

任何商品，首先必须能够满足人们某种需要，即具有某种使用价值。

这种东西就是抛开了具体形式的一般人类劳动，也就是指在产品生产中所耗费的人的体力和脑力。

这种无差别的一般人类劳动凝结就是价值。

任何有用物品都具有使用价值，但只有当这种有用物品作为商品时，它才具有价值。

商品是使用价值和价值的统一体。

价值必须以使用价值为物质承担者，无用之物不能成为商品。

使用价值必须具有价值，无价值之物也不会成为商品。

劳动力商品和其他商品一样，也具有价值和使用价值。

但劳动力商品是特殊商品，它的价值和使用价值都有其特殊性。

劳动力商品的价值是由生产和再生产劳动力所需要的社会必要劳动时间决定的。

所以劳动力商品的价值可以还原为维持劳动者自身生存所需要的生活资料价值。

这包括：①维持劳动者自身生存所必需的生活资料价值，这用于再生产劳动力；②劳动者繁育后代所必需的价值，这用于延续劳动力的供给；③劳动力接受教育和训练所支出的费用，这用于提供适合资本主义再生产需要的劳动力。

与其他商品比较，劳动力商品的价值决定具有特殊性，即它包含着历史和道德的因素，即劳动者所在国家的社会经济文化水平、历史传统习惯以及自然条件等。

由于自然条件和历史条件的差异，各国纳入劳动者的物质生活和精神生活所必需的生活资料的数量、质量和范围是不同的。

但是，从一个较长的历史时期来看，在一个国家的一定时期内，劳动者必需的生活资料的数量和范围还是相对稳定的。

与其他商品相比，劳动力商品的使用价值更具有特殊性。

一般商品被消费或使用，随着它的使用价值的消失，它的价值也随之丧失或转移到新产品中去，不发生价值增值。

而劳动力这种商品则不同，劳动力的使用或消费就是工人的劳动过程。

中央财经大学2012研究生招生简章

01.财政税收理论与政策
02.资产评估 03.政府采购理论与政策 04.财政史研究金融学院(002) 金融学(020204)
01.货币金融理论与政策
16 1001英语（含硕博连读生2 名）
2001经济学基础 3002金融学
国际金融
银行经营管理学
02.金融机构与金融市场
03.国际金融
金融学院(002)
2（含硕 1001英语, 2001经济学基础 3011公共管理学博连读生 1002俄语 1名） 1 1001英语 2001经济学基础 3007计量经济学 2 2 1 1 1001英语 1001英语 1001英语 1001英语 2001经济学基础 3012统计理论与应用 2004高等数理统 3012统计理论与应用计 2001经济学基础 3012统计理论与应用 2001经济学基础 3012统计理论与应用
第1页，共5页
院系(代码) 会计学院(003)
专业(代码) 会计学(120201)
研究方向(代码)
指导教师及职称孟焰教授王君彩教授祁怀锦教授王瑞华教授刘红霞教授李晓慧教授周宏教授余应敏教授鲁桂华教授潘秀丽教授吴溪教授李勇高级经济师(兼) 李玉环研究员(兼) 谢志华教授（联培）杨有红教授（联培）孙国辉教授赵景华教授崔新健教授王巾英教授孙国辉教授张云起教授崔新健教授王巾英教授肖海林教授周卫中教授张爱卿教授庞守林教授郭建鸾教授齐兰教授杨运杰教授黄少安教授李涛教授张铁刚教授张志敏教授侯荣华教授赵丽芬教授王柯敬教授蒋选教授* 刘扬教授昌忠泽研究员邹东涛教授
注明：导师后带*号的说明2013年拟招收硕博连读生（除邹恒甫教授2名外，其余均为1名）。

中央财经大学+考博真题+英语+2007-2013

中央财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best the sentence.1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. budD. bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. s ometimesB. simultaneouslyC. f r equentlyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. a ridB. m oistC. s oakedD. dr y6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____ distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. v italD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. ge nerousB. s pitefulC. r u thlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. a gileB. dynamicC. s tationaryD. i n ert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. m inimalB. di m inutiveC. m icroscopeD. d warfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underlined word or phrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one of the four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. s kinB. hus kC. s hellD. bl o om12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. f o eD. a lly13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California.A. r e lativeB. pi o neerC. originalD. i m migrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. dr i edB. s oakedC. s ultryD. c hilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. a ridB. dampC. s oakedD. de siccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. pr o longingB. s ubsidingC. gettingD. c ausing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States four successive times.A. s ignificantB. consecutiveC. not a bleD. s ymmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in many parts of Europe.A. B athsB. Water c analsC. RoadsD. Air pi p es20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. gi v en ov er t oB. a ttacked byC. r u led byD. i n fluenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially dangerous diseases.A. c olossalB. popularC. c ommonD. s cattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obs cureB. s carceC. v italD. s ingular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing the growth of peas.A. a ssumedB. r e minisced ofC. t h ought ofD. m editated a bout24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. a nonymousB. eminentC. i n famousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoyah single-handedly invented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. l o neliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by different kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volume autobiography.A. book about someone else’s l i feB. book a bout hi s ow n l i feC. book about many people’s l i vesD. bo ok a bout t h e l i fe of a nimals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. be nevolentlyB. c ourageouslyC. apprehensivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish in the 17th century.A. insipidB. f l avoredC. blandD. s our30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens.A. ki n dheartedB. unw antedC. s elfishD. m eaninglessPart II Cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of _31_.The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we mustsuppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picture language preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall of his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or 42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most important single factor in the development of man.Two important stages came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The ideal companion machine – the computer – would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conservation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active i n c ommunication.B. Attractive i n pe rsonality.C. Enjoyable i n pe rformance.D. Unpredictable i n be havior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ________ way.A. qui c kB. un predictableC. pr o ductiveD. i n conspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude toward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate m achine.D. Humans a nd c omputers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.” Fukuzawa’s great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes evenextends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except ________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar economic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic a nd s upportiveD. s keptical a nd que stioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most – people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes – he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of priceincreases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ____.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were ____ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.A. somewhat different fromB. exactly the same asC. m uch be tter t h anD. not a s good a s64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was – and still is – inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class differences in the past?A. L ife s tyle a nd oc cupation.B. Attitude a nd i n come.C. Income and job security.D. Job security a nd hobbi e s.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class w ays of s pending m oneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the middle-class?A. D esiring f o r s ecurity.B. M aking l o ng-term plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Saving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT ________.A. be tter s ocial s ecurityB. m ore j o b oppor t unitiesC. higher l i ving s tandardD. better legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them very complicated, of the great demand for college education in America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, three generations of the parents of growing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, and through group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be made available. Happily the nation has been able to provide the colleges, and the students have been admitted to them in ever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of education – government, business in all its forms, and labor – all welcomed the expansion of opportunity because it simplified their problems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, a high-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations, and, for those occupations, job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary only for those who wanted to be ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists, or scholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and advancement are open only to college graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that is needed. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate on preparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions have expanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specialists. Colleges and universities, responding to these developments, have organized new programs of study to train these specialists, and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty years ago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developed and the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list of other offerings that were not available except in a few experimental programs. Accounting, social science, various forms of administration, public hospital and public health medical technology, and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher education within those same forty years. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomic technology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most recently, international administration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers” most probably refers to ____.A. high-school graduatesB. college graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupations 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified for such professional work as ministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a higher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high” enough for most occupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of specialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for colleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in America colleges and universities 40 years ago?A. I n ternational a dministration.B. Computer s cience a nd t e chnology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nur s e t r aining.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher education.C. The historical development of American colleges and universities.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet.If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two creatures,” says a proverb, “who can surmount the pyramids – the eagle and the snail.” If I were a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. The habit of attention becomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

2013年中央财经大学社会发展学院社会学理论 (考研真题及详解)【圣才出品】

2013年中央财经大学社会发展学院社会学理论（代码614）考研真题及详解一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1．文化震惊2．代差3．非正式制度4．社会资本5．阶层性贫困6．无讼（费孝通）7．《新教伦理与资本主义精神》8．安全阀机制（刘易斯·科塞）二、简述题（每题10分，共60分）1．简述社会互动的四个维度。

2．简述社会角色的类型。

3．简述非正式群体的功能。

4．简述社会控制的主要方式。

5．简述晏阳初的“愚贫弱私论”。

6．请结合社会学理论解释“远亲不如近邻”包含的道理。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1．结合我国城乡社会流动的现状，分析农民工群体城市融入存在的问题与对策。

2．试述马克斯·韦伯的社会分层理论及后世对其发展，并对当前我国的社会分层状况进行分析。

参考答案：一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1．文化震惊答：文化震惊是指生活在某一文化中的人,当他初次接触到另一种文化模式时所产生的思想上的混乱和心理上的压力。

文化发展的一个巨大动力就是不同文化模式之间的交流。

文化震惊不仅发生在民族之间,在不同的社会群体,地区之间也会发生。

这是一种客观现象,无善恶之分,但对文化震惊的处理却可能产生两种不同的后果。

处理不当可能发生盲目排外,得当的话则可以吸收外来文化为我所用。

2．代差答：代差是指社会的不同世代之间在价值观念和行为选择方面出现的差异、隔阂，甚至冲突。

从社会学角度来看，代差实际上反映的是社会结构、社会生活变化的速度和程度。

代差是社会发展过程中的正常现象。

代差是社会文化在“遗传”过程中的“变异”，是下一代对上一代文化的扬弃。

对代差的性质要做具体分析，不能简单地否定或肯定代差两方中的任何一方，而要具体问题具体分析。

3．非正式制度答：非正式制度，又称非正式约束、非正式规则，是指人们在长期社会交往过程中逐步形成，并得到社会认可的约定成俗、共同恪守的行为准则，包括价值信念、风俗习惯、文化传统、道德伦理、意识形态等。

2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题及答案解析

全心全意因才思教2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题及答案解析1.资本主义信用制度是促进资本集中的强有力杠杆。

【才思教育解析】此观点正确。

资本主义信用制度是资本集中的强有力的杠杆。

资本主义信用制度的发展促进了资本集中。

信用是指商品买卖中的延期付款和货币的借贷。

信用，特别是货币借贷对资本集中起了加速作用。

起初，它把分散的货币资本吸引到个别或合伙资本家的手中，帮助个别资本实现资本积累。

后来货币借贷发展成银行，成为促进资本集中社会机构。

银行不仅能够通过信用贷款支持大资本，使其在竞争中加强吞并小资本的实力，还能够有效地帮助并促使分散的小资本联合起来组成规模较大的股份公司。

2.剩余价值到利润的转化，不仅是一种质的转化，而且二者在量上也不相等。

【才思教育解析】全部预付资本，不管是劳动资料，还是原材料和劳动力，都要投入生产过程中使用。

那些未曾耗费的资本，即固定资本中未曾磨损的价值部分，虽然不构成商品的生产成本，但由于它们作为物质要素同样参加了商品的生产过程，因此，它们也就都被看作全部参加了剩余价值的生产过程。

这样一来，剩余价值也就表现为全部预付资本的产物了。

当剩余价值不是表现为可变资本的产物，而是表现为全部预付资本的产物时，它就取得了利润的形态，即转化为了利润。

利润和剩余价值本来是一个东西，所不同的仅仅是：剩余价值是对可变资本而言的，而利润则是对全部预付资本而言的。

剩余价值是利润的本质，利润是剩余价值的转化形式或现象形态。

因此，说剩余价值到利润的转化是一种质的转化是正确的。

但是两者在量上是一样的。

3.我国的国有企业只能由中央政府代表国家履行出资人职责进行管理。

【才思教育解析】（1）国有企业在我国国民经济中发挥着重大的作用，这主要通过国有大中型企业表现出来。

①国有大中型企业在国民经济的关键和重要部门中处于支配地位，对整个经济发展起着决定性的作全心全意因才思教用；②国有大中型企业是国家财政收入的主要来源，为保证国民经济持续、快速、健康发展，发挥着重大的作用；③国有大中型企业有雄厚的资产，具有一流的技术水平、较高的经营管理水平和良好的企业素质。

2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题以及答案分析

全心全意因才思教2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题以及答案分析一、名词解释（每题2分，共10分）1.超额剩余价值【才思教育解析】指生产条件优越的资本主义企业由于商品的个别价值低于社会价值而获得的剩余价值。

超额剩余价值的生产，是由于采用先进技术的个别企业的工人的必要劳动时间缩短和剩余劳动时间相应延长而创造的。

所以，超额剩余价值是一种变相的相对剩余价值。

超额剩余价值是个别资本家首先采用先进技术，提高劳动生产率的结果，而相对剩余价值则是全社会资本主义企业普遍提高劳动生产率的结果。

2.跨国公司【才思教育解析】又称多国公司、国际公司。

指主要资本主义国家的大垄断企业，在许多国家和地区设立分支机构或控制所在国的子公司而形成的一种国际性垄断组织。

跨国公司是垄断资本主义高度发展的产物，是垄断资本主义国家进行资本输出和对外经济扩张的重要工具。

作为第二次世界大战后最主要的私人国际垄断组织形式，跨国公司在战后资本主义体系以及全球经济中占有特殊的重要位置。

跨国公司的全球化扩张，标志着产业资本国际化真正达到了全球规模。

3.产权【才思教育解析】主要指财产权或财产权利，是以财产所有权为主体的一系列财产权利的总和，包括所有权及其衍生的占有权、使用权、收益权和处置权等权利，包括物权、债权、股权和知识产权及其其他无形财产产权等。

它是适应现代市场经济发展要求而出现的经济范畴。

产权的基本特征是独立性、排他性、流动性和可分性。

4.社会保障制度【才思教育解析】指国家通过国民收入分配和再分配，依法对社会成员的基本生活权利给予保障而建立的一种安全制度；各项不同性质、作用和形式的社会保障制度构成整个社会保障体系，它主要是由社会全心全意因才思教福利、社会保险、社会救助、社会优抚和安置等制度组成。

在我国，社会保障制度还包括对军人和军烈属的优待安抚工作。

社会保障制度是一个有机整体，社会保险、社会福利与社会救济是有主有次、相辅相成的。

现代社会保障体系以社会保险为主，以社会福利和社会救济为辅。

2013年中央财经大学803经济学综合考研真题

2013年中央财经大学803经济学综合考研真题跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研资料，经济学参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行解答。

第一部分微观经济学（75分）一、名词解释（共12分，每小题3分） 1．消费者剩余2．帕累托有效的配置 3．需求的价格弹性 4．价格歧视二、论述题（共30分，每小题10分）1．什么是吉芬品（Giffen Good ）？什么是劣等品（Inferior Good ）？为什么吉芬品必然是劣等品？2．假设企业的目标是利润最大化，在长期的固定成本为零。

完全竞争市场中单个企业在短期和长期的供给曲线分别是怎么决定的？说明理由。

3．考虑一个只有两个消费者（A 和B ）的纯交换经济。

什么是瓦尔拉斯法则（Walras’ Law ）？以两种商品（x 和y ）的情形为例，证明瓦尔拉斯法则。

三、计算题（共33分，第一小题13分，第二小题20分） 1．某城市有4企业初始排污量减少1吨污染的成本A 100 20B 80 18C 70 15 D6012政府的环保部门决定把排污量降低到200吨，为此，它给每家企业发放50吨的排污许可证并允许企业自由交易这些排污许可证（许可证是可分的，或者为简单计，每张许可证允许企业排放1吨污染）。

假设排污许可证的交易市场是完全竞争市场。

（1）排污许可证的均衡价格是多少？（6分）（2）哪些企业会购买排污许可证？哪些企业会出售排污许可证？每家企业分别会购买或出售多少吨排污许可证？（4分）（3）与排污许可证不允许交易的情况相比，降低污染的总成本下降了多少？（3分）2．一个垄断企业面临两个分离的市场。

市场1的需求函数为1110q p =-，市场2的需求函数为22102q p =-。

2013年中央财经大学行政管理考研真题及答案解析

育明教育2014年考研视频课程+内部资料笔记+历年真题+公共课阅卷人一对一3次指导=2500元第一年没过，第二年免费重修，直到考上！！！此外，现在很多小机构虚假宣传，建议到现场实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

一、招生目录简介政府战略与绩效管理02.城市管理03.公共事业管理与政策04.公共行政管理101思想政治理论2201英语一3620经济学基础4802管理学二、报录比简介近3年考研报录比对比报考年份报考人数复试人数录取人数保研人数调剂人数20114610800 2010210302200近3年考研初试分数线对比报考年份总分政治英语数学/专业课一专业课二201135255558383 201036846466969近3年考研实际录取分数线对比报考年份总分政治英语数学/专业课一专业课二201135255558383 201036246466969第七章公共政策效果的评价分析一、公共政策评价的含义本章的标题是“公共政策效果”评价，而不是“公共政策”评价，目的在于确定此处的研究对象是公共政策效果的评价，而不包含政策的全部过程（如政策制定时的方案评估）。

学术界关于公共政策评价含义的三种界定分别是：对政策方案的评价；对政策全过程的评价；对政策效果的评价。

由此看，本书选取的是第三种。

政策效果：1.定义：一般被看作是公共政策实施对客体及环境产生的影响和效果，不同于政策目标，也不同于政策产出。

要注意区分。

等同于政策目标，就忽略了政策的全部效果；而政策产出只能告诉人们政府做了什么，不能告诉人们政策产生了什么实际影响。

2.内容：所以政策效果包含几下几方面的内容：完成目标的程度；政策的非预期影响；与政府行为相关的环境的变化；投入政策的成本；收益与成本的比率3.类型：直接效果；附带效果；潜在效果；象征性效果4.直接效果：直接作用于问题和目标群体的附带效果：外溢到其他问题和非目标群体的潜在效果：短时间内看不出效果的象征性效果：表示性的二、公共政策评价的发展1.概论：现代意义上的公共政策评价是在20世纪之后发展起来的。

财政部财政科学研究所考博英语2013年试题及解析

2013年财科所博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART ONE: Grammar (10 points)Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. ________ I have already mentioned, cardio surgery is one of the amazing new surgical techniques that have been developed in recent years.A. WhichB. WhatC. AsD. This2. We held a meeting to sum up our experience ________ we finish the work.A. incidentallyB. whileC. immediatelyD. before3. _________ that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.A. The truthB. It is trueC. If trueD. To be true4. Our modem civilization must not be thought of as _______ in a short period of time.havingcreatedcreated B.A.beingC. having been createdD. creating5. Sometimes _________ to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.A. that is difficultB. is difficultC. it is difficultD. that is difficult6. The teacher said that he wouldn't tolerate ________ late every day.A. for me to arriveB. me arrivedC. me to arriveD. my arriving7. __________ the financial means to remain independent, Thomas Edison was compelled to seek employment as a night telegraph operator.A. He was deprived ofB. That he was deprived ofC. Although he was deprived ofD. Deprived of8. What do you think of Tom's proposal that ________ put on the play at tonight's ceremony?A. we will notB. we notC. we hadn'tD. we wouldn't9. In the last few years, intensive design and development effort _______ to the introduction of electronic exchanges.A. have been appliedB. has been appliedC. is being appliedD. would be applied10. Among the first plans to grow the land regions of Earth ________, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscriptionPART TWO: Cloze (5 points)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Please write your answer on the Answer SheetA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it 11 of a book, and, if a parent can produce 12 in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousinghis sadistic impulses. To prove the 13 , one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has had,_ 14 on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be Father a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children _15_dangerously terrified by some fairy stow. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the stow once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear 16 the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds 17 they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies 18 fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case 19_ sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick 20 covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy stow ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no same child has ever believed that it was.PART THREE: Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer SheetPassage 1 (5 points)The word for "The Da Vinci Code" is a rare invertible palindrome. Rotated 180 degrees on a horizontal axis so that it is upside down, it denotes the maternal essence that is sometimes linked to the sport of soccer. Read right side up, it concisely conveys the kind of extreme enthusiasm with which this riddle-filled, code-breaking, exhilaratingly brainy thriller can be recommended. That word is wow.The author is Dan Brown (a name you will want to remember), hi this gleefully erudite suspense novel. Mr. Brown takes the format he has been developing through three earlier novels and fine-tunes it to blockbuster perfection. Not since the advent of Harry Potter has an author so flagrantly delighted in leading readers on a breathless chase and coaxing them through hoops. Consider the new book's prologue, set in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre. (This is the kind of book that notices that tiffs one gallery's length is three times that of the Washington Monument.) It embroils a Caravaggio, an albino monk and a curator in a fight to the death. That's scene leaving little doubt that the author knows how to pique interest, as the curator, Jacques Sauniere, fights for his life.Desperately seizing the painting in order to activate the museum's alarm system, Sauniere succeeds in buying some time. And he uses these stolen moments? Which are his last? To take off his clothes, draw a circle and arrange himself like the figure in Leonardo's most famous drawing, "The Vitruvian Man." And to leave behind an anagram and Fibonacci's famous numerical series as clues.Whatever this is about, it is enough to summon Langdon, who by now, he blushes to recall, has been described in an adoring magazine article as "Harrison Ford in Harris tweed." Langdon's latest manuscript, which "proposed some very unconventional interpretations of established religious iconography which would certainly be controversial," is definitely germane.Also soon on the scene is the cryptologist Sophie Neveu, a chip off the author's earlier prototypes: "Unlike the cookie-cutter blondes that adorned Harvard dorm room walls, this woman was healthy with an unembellished beauty and genuineness that radiated a striking personal confidence." Even if he had not contrived this entire story as a hunt for the Lost Sacred Feminine essence, women in particular would love Mr. Brown.The book moves at a breakneck pace, with the author seeming thoroughly to enjoy his contrivances. Virtually every chapter ends with a cliffhanger: not easy, considering the amount of plain old taking that gets done. And Sophie and Langdon are sent on the run, the better to churn up a thriller atmosphere. To their credit, they evade their pursuers as ingeniously as they do most everything else.When being followed via a global positioning system, for instance, it is smart to send the sensor flying out a 40-foot window and lead pursuers to think you have done the same. Somehow the book manages to reconcile such derring-do with remarks like. "And did you know that if you divide the number of female bees by the number of male bees in any beehive in the world, you always get the same number?""The Da Vinci Code" is breezy enough even to make fun of its characters' own cleverness. At one point Langdon is asked by his host whether he has hidden a sought-after treasure carefully enough. "Actually," Langdon says, unable to hide his grin, "that depends on how often you dust under your couch."21. Why does the author use the word "wow" to describe the novel The Da Vinci Code?A. Became the word reads the same backwards.B. Became it is also linked to the sport of football.C. Became the novel is imbued with perplexing enigmas and smartly wrought.D. Became the novel is a bestseller22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Dan Brown, author of "The Da Vinci Code" has published so far four novels.B. The Da Vinci Code begins with a mysterious murder case in the Gallery of Luvre.C. In his earlier novels, Dan Brown has created characters like Spohie Neveu.D. The Da Vinci Code wins the popularity among women became Dan Brown is a fervent feminist.23. It can be inferred from the passage that Harry Potter is all the following EXCEPT______A. It is also a bestseller around the worldB. It attracts readers with heart-throbbing suspenseC. It is characterized by hoax and unreliable plotsD. It has achieved immense popularity with readers24. The major factor that contributes to the success of The Da Vinci Code isA. the engrossing prologueB. the depiction of the female protagonist Sophie NeveuC. the breakneck pace and a cliffhanger at the end of almost every chapterD. the colorful description of the cleverness of the characters25. The author's attitude towards "The Da Vince Code" isA. criticalB. indifferentC. affirmativeD. sarcasticPassage 2 (5 points)Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories,supervision have been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modem methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.The manager's a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The tip manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers' efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities--even when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry--not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.26. From the first paragraph, we know that______.A. industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economiesB. industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.C. the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to do with industrial managementD. industrial management did not develop until the last fifty years27. The top manager________.A. is responsible for selecting other managers and help them do things efficientlyB. gets other managers to choose and train themselvesC. manages other managers' operationsD. learns new techniques from other managers28. All managers employ_______.A. various methods to solve their practical and complex problemsB. specialists to keep machines working properlyC. workers who give on-the-j ob trainingD. advisers to handle practical and complex problems29.Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc._______.A. because the labor unions demand themB. just to improve the workers' moraleC. to obtain greater efficiency from workersD. to ensure the good working conditions30. The essence of all management functions is_______.A. to combine individual efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterpriseB. the coordination of the functions of managementC. the harmonious coordination of organization efforts for the achievement of individual objectivesD. to coordinate the systems for planning, organization and controlPassage 3 (5 points)Millionaires can breathe a bit easier. While President Barack Obama says he wants to let income tax cuts that benefit only the wealthiest Americans expire in 2013, several states are rolling back tax increases for top earners.New York's highest tax rates on incomes exceeding $500,000 will fall back to 7.85 percent, from 8.97 percent, this year. Maryland's 6.25 percent tax on incomes above $1 million expired at the end of 2010, while California's top tax rate for Millionaires has dropped to 10.3 percent from 10.55 percent.At least seven states instituted temporary so-called millionaire taxes during the recession Those levies are becoming harder to justify now that state revenues are rebounding. Overall, state tax revenue grew 12 percent in April compared with a year earlier, which may trim $20 billion from estimated states budget shortfall, according to a recent Goldman Sachs (GS) report. The soak-the-rich drive "just petered out", says Joseph Henchman, vice president for legal and state projects at the Tax Foundation in Washington, a group focused on lowering taxes. "All of these states are backing away now."Business groups have been vocal opponents of the temporary hikes. The Business Council of New York State has opposed efforts to maintain the tax increase on the grounds that such measures are an indirect tax on business income. More business owners who are paid by partnerships or S corporations report business income on their individual returns. Kenneth J. Pokalsky, the Business Council's' senior director of government affairs, says 25 percent of revenue generated from the state's tax on higher earners came from business income. In California. the Silicon Valley Leadership Group, whose members include Bank of America (BAC), Apple (AAPL), and Microsoft (MSFT), along with 12 other business groups, have told lawmakers that tax increases should be extended only if lawmakers agree to "structural reform" of the budget.Republicans, who typically oppose tax hikes, now hold a majority of governorships-29-and many were elected last year after campaigning against tax increases. New Jersey governor Chris Christie, a Republican, received national attention after vetoing a bill that would have extended a tax on millionaires in the state.Some Democrats are also fighting the higher taxes. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo sparked a battle with fellow party members in the legislature earlier this year by opposing legislation that would maintain the higher rates on individuals earning more than $1 million. Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley, a Democrat, didn't push to extend his State's millionaire tax last year. "I would like to think it's because these are not very good policies," Henchman says, "Ifyou're a conservative, you don't really like these taxes. If you're a liberal, these services should be so important that everyone should have to pay for them".The American public is almost evenly divided on the questions of whether the wealthy should shoulder a higher tax burden. A Gallup poll released on June 2 found 49 percent respondents opposed higher taxes on the rich, while 47 percent supported them.31. Barack Obama wants to________A. cut income tax in 2013B. extend millionaire tax to 2013C. benefit the wealthiest Americans by cutting income taxD. roll back tax increases for top earners32. ______is one of the possible reasons why state revenues revived?A. Initiating temporary millionaire taxes during the depressionB. Levying tax on at least seven states institutionsC. Trimming $20 billion from state budgetD. Estimating state budget shortfalls33. What can be inferred from Joseph Henchman's words?A. The state that instituted millionaire taxes are going to abolish it.B. All of these sates are focusing on the soak-the-rich drive now.C. The soak-the-rich drive has just started out.D. Only a handful of these states are focusing on lowering taxes.34. Which of the following statements about the Silicon Valley Leadership Group is correct?A. It was 15 members in total.B. It agrees to extend tax increase.C. It proposed to make a "structural reform" of the budget.D. It would agree the extension of tax increase provided that lawmakers agree to "structural reform" of the budget.35. Which is probably the best title for this passage?A. The Wealthy Are Willing to Shoulder a Higher Tax BurdenB. Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax CutC. Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax Cut ExtensionD. States Are Rejecting Millionaire TaxesPassage 4 (5 points)For a large number of young adults in Britain homeownership has become increasingly difficult to achieve, viewed as a distant goal attainable only later in life, if at all.That is a significant shift in Britain. For years owners occupy a higher percentage of homes in Britain than in the United States, France, or Germany. One reason homeownership is so attractive in Britain is because property values dropped less drastically than in the United States, in part because of a shortage in housing. Prices in some large cities, including London, have even increased recently. People still perceive a home to be a better and safer investment than a pension fund, said Andrew Hull, research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research. "Homeownership is also culturally entrenched," he said. "Owning a home is the main way of showing you made it."The big shift toward homeownership came in the 1980s when Mrs. Thatcher issued right-to-buy policy, which allowed many in rented government housing to buy their homes. Abouttwo million homes were sold, earning the government tens of billions of pounds. At the same time, the rental market became increasingly unattractive. Unlike Germany and other Continental European countries, Britain's private rental market is highly fragmented, with many landlords and laws that generally favor the property owner. Most leases are for six months only, with landlords rarely agreeing to commit to longer terms; this makes renting highly insecure.But as the pain of government-imposed austerity sinks in disposable income has shrunk and loan requirement have toughened, forcing more and more Britons into renting rather than buying. Over the last 10 years the number of people who owned homes here dropped to 67 percent from 70 percent. Meanwhile, the number of people in private rented house rose to 16 percent from 10 percent over the same period, according to the Office for National Statistics. Rising demand has pushed up rents by. an average of 4.4 percent over the last year, according to LSL Property Service. In London rents increased 7.8 percent."A growing number of young would-be buyers are preparing for lifelong-renting .... by necessity rather than choice,' said Jonathan Moore, director of easy roommate, co. uk, a property Web site. Charlotte Ashton, 30, has lived in rented accommodations ever since she left her parent's home to attend university. She said she was saving for a down payment to buy her own home. "I do believe in the fundamentals of owning bricks and mortar as security for the future, more than leaving my money in the banks as a low interest rate", said Ms. Ashton, who works in public relations. "But now it seems unless you have a very well paid job and are willing to save every penny, it's unfeasible to buy without the help of the bank of Mum and Dad."Some economists are concerned that as more people are forced to wait to buy a home, it could open up a widening of the wealth gap that already exists between homeowners and non homeowners, endangering the retirement prospects for a swelling group of young adults they call "generation rent." It could also have implications for the cohesion of neighborhoods, Alison Blackwell, a research director at the National Center for Social Research and author of the Halifax report said. Renters tend to be less involved in local communities because they are forced to move more often. And the economy as a whole may suffer because renters tend to curb spending to save for a deposit.36. For British people, buying house is__________.A. a distant goalB. a symbol of successC. a compulsory choiceD. nothing but an investment37. Mrs. Thatcher's right-to-buy policy has lead to_______A. the homeownership bustB. the economic recoveryC. the homeownership boomD. the economic recession38. Which of the following statements about Generation Rent is true?A. They consider renting as a lifelong plan rather than a temporary choiceB. They are in face of economic downturn and a risk of early retirementC. They despise the idea of asking parents for money to buy houseD. They still believe in the blessing of house just like their previous generation39. It can be inferred from the passage that_______.A. the rental market and the buying market always develop in reverse directionB. It is impossible for the first-time buyers to get a mortgage under current economic situationC. buying house is a more profitable investment than buying fund under current economic situationD. Britain's real estate market is less volatile than that of other European countries40. More people's inclination to rent rather than buy a house will not_____.A. enlarge the wealth disparity between the haves and have notsB reduce the renter's commitment to the communityC. slow the recovery of economyD. curb social mobilityPART FOUR (20 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.Human beings: in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.41 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus Subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversify in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, Anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind, Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 42. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.43. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present ,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropology analysis rests heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 44. Tylor defined culture as "....that complex whole which includes belief, art .morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." So profound in its simplicity, this insight opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.45. Thus, the Anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.PART FIVE (20 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.46．当有人对我说，他们喜爱动物是因为动物有感情，然后又虐待动物，我就对他们说，幸亏他们不喜欢我。

2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题以及答案讲义

全心全意因才思教2013年中央财经大学801经济学考研真题以及答案讲义1.简述资本循环与资本周转的联系与区别。

【才思教育解析】（1）产业资本依次经历三个阶段（购买阶段、生产阶段、售卖阶段），采取三种形式（货币形式，商品形式，货币形式），最后回复到其出发点形式的全过程，就是资本的循环）。

资本的循环，不是当作一个孤立的行为，而且当作周期性的过程来看待时，就叫做资本周转。

（2）考察资本循环和考察资本周转，都是考察资本的运动。

（3）但两者的侧重点不同，考察资本循环，重点在于分析产业资本其运动过程中所经历的阶段，以及在各个阶段资本形态的变化，考察资本周转，重点在于分析资本运动所经历的时间。

2.为什么自由竞争引起生产集中发展到一定阶段必然引起垄断？【才思教育解析】生产集中是指资本主义社会的生产份额日益增大。

生产集中的出现是生产社会化发展和客观经济规律作用的必然结果。

生产集中发展到一定的阶段，就必然导致垄断的产生。

这可以从垄断产生的可能性和必要性两方面来分析。

从可能性来看，在自由竞争条件下，生产分散于大量中小企业，在为数众多的企业中要达成协议是极其困难的。

而在生产集中发展到一定程度时，社会生产已集中在少数大企业手里，这样，少数大企业就完全有可能联合起来达成协定，控制某个部门的生产和流通，以获取高额利润。

从必要性来看：（1）生产集中，使企业规模扩大，大企业的生产能力迅速膨胀。

而在一定时期的特定市场上，需求总是有限的。

如果企业仍遵循自由竞争的规律各自开足马力进行生产，势必导致生产过剩，利润减少，也造成资源使用的损失与浪费。

为了保持与扩大利润，大企业间有必要结成垄断组织，瓜分市场份额，以调节生产。

（2）生产集中使大企业规模巨大，资本雄厚，产品及企业形象在公众中有一定地位，这对中小企业全心全意因才思教进入大企业的生产经营领域构成较高的进人壁垒，自由竞争受到限制，逐步形成少数大企业寡头垄断的格局；（3）少数大企业之间势均力敌，为了避免过度竞争造成两败俱伤的灾难性后果，必然寻求某种妥协，达成垄断协定。

2013年中央财经大学,对外经贸大学,中国人民大学,财政部财科所会计硕士复试分数线,复试经验,复试真题,

育明-人大、中财、贸大、财科所会计硕士考研初试、复试辅导育明教育（），创办于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、清华大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学、复旦大学、中央财经大学、山东大学、南开大学、浙江大学等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研专业课辅导机构。

2013年全国会计硕士专业学位研究生入学考试复试阶段专业课指导性大纲第一部分财务会计第一章总论第一节财务报告目标第二节会计基本假设与会计基础第三节会计信息质量要求第四节会计要素及其确认与计量第五节财务报告第二章金融资产第一节金融资产的定义和分类第二节交易性金融资产第三节持有至到期投资第三章存货第一节存货的确认和初始计量第二节发出存货的计量第三节期末存货的计量第四章长期股权投资第一节长期股权投资的初始计量第二节长期股权投资的后续计量第五章固定资产第一节固定资产的确认和初始计量第二节固定资产的后续计量第三节固定资产的处置第六章无形资产第一节无形资产的确认和初始计量第二节研究与开发支出的确认和计量第三节无形资产的后续计量第四节无形资产的处置第七章负债第一节流动负债第二节非流动负债第八章所有者权益第一节实收资本（股本）第三节留存收益第九章收入、费用和利润第一节收入第二节费用第三节利润第十章财务报告第一节财务报告概述第二节资产负债表第三节利润表第四节现金流量表第五节所有者权益变动表第六节附注第十二章资产负债表日后事项第一节资产负债表日后事项概述第二节调整事项的会计处理第三节非调整事项的会计处理第十三章会计政策、会计估计变更和差错更正第一节会计政策及其变更第二节会计估计及其变更第三节前期差错及其更正第二部分成本管理会计第一章成本分类第一节成本的概念第二节成本的分类第二章产品成本计算第一节产品成本计算概述第二节成本的归集与分配第三节产品成本计算的品种法第四节产品成本计算的分批法第五节产品成本计算的分步法第三章变动成本计算第一节成本性态分析第二节变动成本法第四章经营决策分析第一节经营决策分析概述第二节本量利分析第三节定价决策第四节生产决策第五章短期预算第一节全面预算概述第二节全面预算的编制方法第三节营业预算的编制第四节财务预算的编制第三部分财务管理第一章财务估价的基础第一节货币的时间价值第二节风险和报酬第三章项目投资决策第一节投资的概念第二节项目投资的现金流量分析第三节项目投资决策评价指标及其计算第四章股利分配第一节利润分配概述第二节股利支付的程序和方式第三节股利理论与股利分配政策第四部分审计第一章审计目标第一节审计主体与审计目标第二节注册会计师审计目标的实现第二章重要性第一节重要性的概念第二节重要性的运用第三章内部控制对审计的影响第一节内部控制及其内容第二节控制测试第四章审计报告第一节审计报告概述第二节审计意见的形成与审计意见的类型第三节审计报告的基本内容。