修辞figures of speech笔记模板

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Figures of Speech 修辞手法

• A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.
Oxymoron (矛盾修饰)
• Definition: In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect. E.g. thunderous silence die merrily
1) like和as型
E.g.:
1.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. 2. Light as a breeze, soft as a cloud.
英语中许多成语含有明喻，其结构为as + adj.+ as + noun (第一个as可省略）或 like 坚如磐石轻如鸿毛如鱼得水瓮中之鳖
1.
My rocking chair was making noises all night; it’s getting very old.
2. Learning a foreign language helps us bridge the gap metaphor between two difference cultures. 3. The apple was too sour, my teeth didn’t like it. personification
Synecdoche (提喻)
• Definition: a figure of speech by which a part is for the whole, the whole for the part.

英语写作修辞手法FIGURESOFSPEECH

课堂笔记<复习资料）笔者：大二学生就读于宁波工程学院大学课程：英语写作任课老师：黄忠伟§Figures Of Speech▲Simile.○What is it?·Clarify and enhance an image.○Patterns.·Tenor + comparative word + vehicle.·Subject + comparative word + reference.·A is to B what C is to D.○Examples.·Reading is to the mind what exercise is to thebody.b5E2RGbCAP·What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to thesoul.p1EanqFDPw·A home without love is no more than a body without asoul.DXDiTa9E3d·Love and cough can not be hid.·Truth and roses have thorns about them.·Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.·A doctor must have the heart of a lion and a hand of a lady.RTCrpUDGiT▲Metaphor.○Pattern.·A is B.○Examples.·Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire.5PCzVD7HxA·The boy wolfed down the food.·Some books are to be tasted.·The policeman moved me out of the snack of traffic.jLBHrnAILg ▲Metonymy.○What is it?·One thing for another。

Figures of Speech in Movies 电影中的修辞格

Movie Ratings
• • • • G(General) 大众级，任何人都可以观看 PG(Parental Guidance) 家长辅导级 PG-13 特别辅导级，不建议未满13岁儿童观看 R（Restricted) 建议18岁以上观看
Movie Types 影片类型
爱情片 romantic movie/romance 剧情片 drama 恐怖片 horror movie 惊悚片 thriller 悬疑片 suspense movie 动作片 action movie 科幻片 sci-fi movie 魔幻片/奇幻片 fantasy movie 喜剧片 comedy 动画片 animation movie 史诗片 epic movie
• I guess it comes down to a simple choice: get busy living or get busy dying. 生命可以归结为一种简单的选择：要么忙于生活，要么赶着去死。 • Fear can hold you prisoner. Hope can set you free. 懦怯囚禁人的灵魂，希望可以让你自由。
Fantasy films 奇幻片
Fantasy Films
• Fantasy films often have an element（元素） of magic （魔法）, myth（神话）, folklore(传说）or supernatural(超自然）.
p.187 Crooked( 弯曲的；不正直的） Many politician are crooked.( 讽刺政客不正直）
腰板很直
The back is as straight as an arrow.

figure of speech

• 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。 • 例如： • safe and sound • Long and loudly • Little Lily laughed. • The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。 • The sun sank slowly. 太阳慢慢地下沉。
Figures of speech
----Grace
Synecdoche
• 1.Outside,(there is) a sea of faces.外面街上，是人的海洋。（以人体的局部代全体，即以faces 表示people） • 2.Have you any coppers?你有钱吗？（以材料代事物，即以copper铜喻指coin money铜币) • 3.They share the same roof.他们住在一起。（以部分代全体，即用roof屋顶，表示 house屋子、住宅）
Euphemisms
• It is the substitution of a mid or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one, for example: • To die ---to pass away; to leave us; one’s heart has stopped beating • Old people---senior citizens • Dustman---sanitation worker • Invasion, raid---military action • Concentration camps---strategic hamlets
Synecdoche

Figurative Speech 英语修辞总结

Figures of Speech/Rhetorical DevicesI. IntroductionBy figures of speech we refer here to those rhetorical devices termed tropes in classical rhetoric. Tropes have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, and therefore involve deviation from the ordinary and literal meaning of words. They are ways of making our language figurative.A knowledge of the figures, and of how they are best used will be of help to us not only in deepening our understanding of what we read, but also in appreciating more fully the finer points of a writer’s style. In the process, we might even learn to write better ourselves.The number of figures ranged from 65 to 200 in classical times. We will only choose those that are of most universal appeal, and of the greatest practical value.II. Simile and metaphor1.simile:It is a comparison between two distinctively different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as, like, as if, than. A simile is made up of three parts, the tenor, the vehicle, and the indicator of resemblance or simile marker.A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, in our “inward eye” and not in the nature of the things themselves. To make the comparison, words like as, as … as, as … so, like, as if, as though, sim ilar to, to bear a resemblance to, and comparative structure, prepositional phrases, and other collocations are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. Sometimes the association is between unfamiliar and familiar things, or between abstract and concrete images. The stronger the association that is felt, the greater the force of the comparison, the stronger the power of suggestion and the sharper the image produced.1) likea. And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morningface, creeping like snail unwillingly to school … (Shakespeare)b. He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen for him to crow.c. Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.d. Mother was short and plump and pretty. Her eyes were blue, and herbrown hair was like a bird’s smooth wings …e. Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soonwe cannot break it.2) asa. Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark: and as that natural fearin children is increased with tales, so is the other.b. As the lion is king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds.3) as if, as thougha. She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at theboy’s words.b. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of apainting by Velasquez.4) whata. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.b. What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation andliterature.5) thana. He has no more idea of money than a cow.b. A home without love is no more than a body without a soul.6) anda. A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.b. Love and cough cannot be hid.7) witha. With the quickness of a long cat,she climbed up into the nest ofcool-bladed foliage.2.metaphor:It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison between two distinctively different things, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like. Metaphor is also called Condensed Simile. Metaphors are used not only after verb to be, and not only nouns can be used metaphorically, adjectives, adverbs, verbs can also be used metaphorically.1) n.a. The parks are the lungs of our city.b. Money is a lens in a camera.2) v.a. Applications for jobs flooded the Employment Agency.3) adj.a. The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.4) of phrasethe bridge of friendship, the valley of despair, a flower of a girlIII. Analogy, allegory, metonymy, synecdoche and allusion1.analogyIt is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor, which usually concentrates on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. Analogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or exposition of an idea. Analogy could be a simile or a metaphor, it is a combination of different figurative usages.a.“The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of theuniverse; the rules of the game are what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. …”b.It’s with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet eachbelieves his own.c.Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.d.The inspiration for a story is like “a pull on the line… the outside signalthat has startled or moved the creative mind to complicity and brought the story to active being…”Analogy looks like simile in form, but the difference is: analogy provide the reason for the differences while simile and metaphor remain unexplained.2.allegory:It is a milder figurative use than metaphor, it applies concrete images to illustrate abstract notions, it leads the readers to get to the nature of things or profound concepts through concrete images and easy facts.a.No rose without a thorn.b.It’s time to turn swords into ploughs.Names of books:Pilgrim’s Progress; Animal FarmMany allegories come from classical myths, some English proverbs and idioms are good examples of allegory.All that glisters is not gold. (from The Merchant of Venice)3.metonymy:It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. There are four kinds:1)the container for things contained (bottle for wine, kettle for water, potfor soup)a. The kettle is boiling.2)the instrument for the agent (pen—writing, gun/sword—fighting)a. The pen is stronger than the sword.3)the sign (cradle—childhood, crown—king, throne—king)a.He must have been spoilt from the cradle.b.The grey hair should be respected.c.What is learned in the cradle is carried to the g rave.d.Having finished the law school, he was called to the Bar.e.She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.4)othersJournalists often use metonymy to refer to all kinds of people orthings. It is very brief and humorous.a.Romeo: loverb.Helen: beautiful womanc.John Bull: England/ the English peopled.Downing Street: the British government/cabinete.The Pentagon: the U.S. military establishmentf.Big apple: New York4.synecdoche:When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied. (hand—man, bread—food, creature—woman)a.More hands (working men) are needed at the moment.b.We had dinner at ten dollars a head (each person).c.All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year (thespring).5.allusion:It is a brief reference to a person, place, phrase, or event drawn from history or literature. Allusions are effective not because of the meaning of the words themselves but because of the associations or connotations that allusive words carry for the intelligent reader. The use of allusion allows poets to reinforce an argument by illustration, to compress complex ideas into brief phrases, and to suggest thoughts they may not wish to state directly. Names arethe most common forms of allusion and the easiest to identity. There are different sources of allusions, like nursery rhymes, fairy tales, myths, legends, fables and literary works, etc.a.Cinderella: pretty girl, mistreated by stepmother but helped by fairygodmother to win her Prince Charming: a rags-to-riches theme.b.“Open Sesame”: code word to the treasure cave in story of Ali Baba andthe Forty Thieves; the key to hidden treasures, knowledge, etc.c.Sour Grapes: a fox called the grapes it couldn’t reach sour. When we can’tget what we want, we often disparage it.d.Noah and his Arke.Solomon: a wise man, who can judge between right and wrong, true andfalse.f.Judas: the disciple who betrayed Christ to his enemies for 30 pieces ofsilver.★Exercises: Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences:a.In rivers the water that you touch is the last of that has passed and the firstof that which comes: so with time present. (analogy)b.Greece was the cradle of western culture. (metaphor)ugh and the world laughs with you; weep and you weep alone. (allegory)d.The city has it philharmonic but also its poverty. (metonymy)e.I took a last drowning look at the title as I gave the book into her hand.(metaphor)f.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.(simile—the suggestion of overwhelming conceit in the man)g.Then he cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched me up again.(synecdoche—cut his abdomen open)IV. Personification, zoosemy and onomatopoeia1.personification:It is to treat a thing (including an animal) or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. It is also a kind of figurative usage, esp. a metaphor.a.The sun kissed the green fields.b.The youth were singing, laughing and playing the music instruments. Thetrees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touch by merry mood.c.The little goat was so fussy that he often cried for wolf.d.Death feeds on his mute voice, and laughs at our despair.2.zoosemy:It is to treat a person as a thing (including an animal, plant, lifeless thing,abstract notion, etc.).a.His spoilt children are ill-gotten goods that’ll never prosper.b.“A lucky dog you are!” exclaimed Jim.c.Children are flowers of our country.d.O, my love is like a red, red, red rose.e.He slept like a log.3.onomatopoeia:The formation of words that are like natural sounds.chortle, snigger, snore, mumble, cackle, baa, clink, clank, bump, boom, grumble, crack, splash, buzz, hum, tinkle, chatter, rumble, hiss, smack, etc. V. Irony, paradox, oxymoron, innuendo, sarcasm1.irony:It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect. Words expressing the real meaning don’t appear in the sentence.a.It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny inone’s pocket.b.By midmorning a forty-one-year-old teacher had been shot dead, with hissecurity card in hand, and another teacher struck by two nine-millimeter bullets, was extraordinarily lucky to be alive. Two others narrowly escaped Nicholas Elliot’s bullets.c.They are almost as wise as the wise men of Gotham. (a village of fools)2.oxymoron:In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect. Words are contradictory, appearing in the sentence at the same time but they might not be the same part of speech.a.living deathb.tearful joyc.cold pleasant mannerd.poor rich guyse.dully brightf.falsely trueg.hasten slowlyh.groan loudlyi.love-hate relationshipj.the sound of silence3. pun and paradox:An ambiguous statement that is intended to be humorous is called a pun. Puns almost invariably attain their effect by using one of the thousands of word pairs in English (called homonyms) that are identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.a.You will go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux. (an ad.)b.Try our sweet corn. You’ll smile from ear to ear.c.Drunk drivers put the quart before the hearse.d.Why is an empty purse always the same? Because there is never change init.e.We would like very much to have you for dinner.Just as a pun is a form of ambiguity that plays on words, a paradox plays on ideas. In general, a paradox involves a contradiction between the physical or material meaning of words and their spiritual, emotional, or supernatural connotation.a.More haste, less speed.b.In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorlylargely because they teach grammar so well.c.Paradoxically, the faster he tried to finish, the longer it seemed to take him.4.innuendo:It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person or subject mentioned.a.“The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in abathroom.” (The author is hinting at the inaccuracy of the weatherman’s weather report. The weather is cold, rather than warm.)b.Have you finished my book yet? Sorry, I stopped at page 412, with 40pages to go.5.sarcasm:It is just the opposite of innuendo. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.a.“In the evening the poor wounded boy was taken to that experienced doctor,who by applying some poisonous concoction of crushed leaves to his left eye, succeeded in blinding him!”b.When children call a boy “Four Eyes” because he wears glasses, they arespeaking in sarcasm.VI. Hyperbole, understatement, euphemism1. euphemism:It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.a.garbageman— G-manb.butcher —meat technologistvatory—bathroom, restroom, washroom, ladies’/gentlemen’s roomd.fat— plump/overweighte.third class—business class, economic classf.die—pass awayg.old— to be elderly/seniorh.pregnant— to be expectingi.mean—economic/thrifty2. overstatement/hyperbole—understatement:In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject.Overstatement:a.For she was beautiful—her beauty madeThe bright world dim, and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.b.Only here can you have such jeans of the best quality and the lowestprice at downtown.Understatement:a.Sorry, this is in fact more than I can promise.b.The piece of work is nothing to be proud of.c.If this regime is out of power, no tear in to be shed.3. litotes:A way of expressing a thought by its opposite, esp. with words like not or no.a.From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than honey.b.They almost died laughing.c.That’s no laughing matter. (That’s a ser ious matter.)d.She was not without ambition.VII. Alliteration, assonance, consonance1. alliteration:It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.promise, problem and provision; as proud as a peacock2. assonance:It is the repetition in two or more nearby words of similar vowel sounds (chalk wall fall).The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.3.consonance:It is the repetition in two or two more nearby words of similar consonant sounds preceded by different accented vowels (chalk, pluck, knock).rough and tough; a blessed ghostVIII. Contrast, parallelism and antithesis1. contrast:It is used to show clearly the differences. The elements in a contrast form contrast in meaning, but the structure remain different.a.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of laboring thoseproblems which divide us.b.Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.2. parallelism:It is over-regularity in language use. The creative writer may restrict himself in language choice by using paralleled structures, which shows parallelism or repetition.a.To err is human, to forgive divine.b.In good weather, the passage from England to America could take twentydays; but in bad weather, it could take more than two months.c.He had plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, anddestroyed the lives of our people.d.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.3. antithesis:It is a combination of parallelism and contrast, that is to say, the elements in the sentence should be paralleled in structure and contrastive in meaning. a.“The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it,far above our poor power to add or detract.” ---Abraham Lincolnb.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the fewwho are rich. ----John. F. Kennedyc.They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.IX. Transferred epithet, syllepsis and zeugma1. transferred epithet:An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterizesomebody or something. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun (or pronoun) it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.a. a dizzy height: a height that causes people to feel dizzyb. a sweet voice: (taste to hearing)c. a sleepless nightd. a happy childhoode.There was an amazed silence. Slowly Alexander turned away.f.The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.2. syllepsis:It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only one of them in grammar or syntax.Either the children or I are going. (are is relation to children, not I)In the second case, syllepsis is a figure by which a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence, applying to one literally and to the others figuratively. This aspect of the figure, plays more on the sense or idiom of words, than on grammar.a.I got up early yesterday and managed to catch a bus and a cold.b.She had to swallow bread and butter and a spasm of emotion.3. zeugma (syllepsis):It is a figure of speech by which a single word is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, either properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses.The sun shall not burn thee by day, nor the moon by night.X. Rhetorical questionIt is one question asked for effect, no answer being needed. It is not asked to seek an answer, or the answer is self-evident.XI. Climaxa.To acquire wealth is difficult, to preserve it more difficult, but to spend itwisely most difficult.b.I came, I saw, I conquered. ---Julius Cacesarc.It was the ruin of the family, the uprooting of moral, the destruction ofGermany.XII. Anti-climaxa.The explosion completely destroyed a church, two houses, and a flowerpot.b.The only solid and lasting peace between a man and his wife is doubtless aseparation.XIII. RepetitionThere are three things which the public will always clamour for sooner or later, namely, novelty, novelty, novelty.XIV. AntonomasiaA substitution of a titleBeverly Hills/Manhattan’s upper west side—residential areas for the rich （Lesson Three, Page 41, Para 14，Line 8）11。

英美文学英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech

An allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across.

Because I could not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality. Weslowly drove--He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my Leisure too, For His Civility--…
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
她嘴唇腥红，姿色妖艳，缕缕秀发如金子般耀眼：皮肤却似麻风病人般苍白，她是一个死中之生的梦魇，使人血液凝冻，毛骨悚然
The Waning Moon By Percy Shelley
And like a dying lady, lean and pale, Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil, Out of her chamber, led by the insane And feeble wanderings of her fading brain, The moon arose up in the murky east, A white and shapeless mass.
Examples
She has a face that's as round as the moon. Time flies like an arrow. You run like a rabbit. Life is a yo-yo . It's a series of ups and downs. All the world's a stage,

英语作文修辞格

Ⅴ. Figures of Speech (修辞格；修辞手段；比喻): a figure of speech is a word orexpression used with a figurative rather than a literalmeaning；a word or expression that gives variety or force,using words out of their literal meaning; a word or expressionused in a different way from the normal one, to give you apicture in your mind1. Simile: a comparison between two things, using the words like or as (as...as, asif/though included), as in He jumped as if he had been stung. (他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。

) or Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. (童年就像一场疾逝的梦。

)2. Metaphor: the use of words to indicate sth. different from the literal meaning, asin ‘I’ll make him eat his words’ or ‘He has a heart of stone’ or Theworld is a stage.3. Personification: instance of regarding or representing sth. as a person, as inreferring to the sun and the moon by using ‘he’ and ‘she’, Myheart was singing我的心在歌唱。

(完整版)英文修辞手法详解Figuresofspeech

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。

英语修辞手法Figures_of_speech

Example of metaphor
Life is a yo-yo（哟哟球）. It's a series of ups and downs.
Mixed metaphors
One danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending with another This is called a mixed metaphor （混合隐喻；多重隐喻）
understatement含蓄陈述
The opposite of hyperbole Stating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（预期的）. to make something appear smaller or less important than it really is.
religion
God – gosh/golly Jesus – jeez Devil – Old Nick
Toilets
men's room / women's room the little boy's room / the little girl's room restroom Bathroom Wash my hands the head, (sailor's terminology术语) latrine (common military term)
Mixed metaphors
Shakespeare Hamlet proposes ―to take arms against a sea of troubles‖（是起而反抗这数不清的忧伤） The Tall Guy (1989 film) ―She‗s like a hungry leopard(豹) in full bloom."

英语修辞学笔记整理

英语修辞学Ⅰ. Phonetic figure of speech 语音修辞1.Alliteration 押头韵Bread not bombs.Cut crimes with jobs not jails.Time and tide waits for no man.2.Assonance 押元音Let us help you extend yourself.Could anything ever replace the taste of old grape and apple juice. Haste makes waste.Spend dime save your time.3.ConsonanceWomen don’t angonize,organize.Farms not arms.4.Aposiopesis 中间间断法Another step forward,you will…5.Pun 双关To Engla nd I will steal,and there I’ll steal.If we don’t hang together,we hang separately.On Sunday they pray for you,on Monday they prey on you.You earn your living.You urn your dead.Ⅱ.Syntactic figure of speech句法修辞1. Repetition 重复There is no,no,no,life.2. Anaphora 句首重复I want to know,I want to know who is the girl.3.Epiphora 句尾重复Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man and writing an exact man.4.Simploce 首尾重复Those who are toil to death,those who are worried to death,those who are bored to death.5.Parallelism 平行结构It was not anger,nor surprise,nor disapproval,nor horror,nor any of emotions that she has been prepared for.Kind hearts are the gardens,kind thoughts are the roots,kind words are the flowers,kind deeds are the fruits.6.Antithesis 对照It was the season of light,it was the season of darkness;it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair.When poverty comes in at the door,love flies out of at the window.7.Climax 高潮I came，I saw, I conquer.I was born American,I live American,I shall die American.8.Anticlimax 反高潮突降法Where shall I find hope,happiness,friends,cigarette,burp.9.Syllepsis 一语双叙He lost his coat and temper.She opened the door and her heart to the homeless child.10.Zeugma 轭式修饰法To make flying more comfortable,we want to great lenghths and great widths.11.Chiasmus 交错排列法One should eat to live not live to eat.For my thoughts are not your thoughts,neither are your wise are my wise.12.Rhetorical question 反问If winter comes,can sping be far behind?Ⅲ.Semantic figure of speech语意修辞1. Simile 明喻As cool as cucumber (泰然自若)Like a hen on the griddleWhat A is to B,C is to D.A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.Love and cough can not be hid.2. Metaphor 暗喻The world is a stage.All the world’s a stage,and all the men and women merely players. Money is a bottomless sea,in which honour,conscience and truth may be drowed.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.Books are the ever-burning lamps and wisdom.3.Personification 拟人Australia is so kind,just trickle her with a hoe and she laughs with a harvest.Laziness travels so slowly.4.Metonymy 转喻To read a Shakespeare or a Mark Twain is to eat a food full of protein. Without sweat,without bread.A hundred bayonet were marching.5.Synecdoche 提喻The farm is short of hands.There are hundreds of sails in the harbor.The prisoner is in irons.The poor man had six mouths to feed.China beat Japan at volleyball.6.Euphemism 委婉语His wife is expecting another child.7.Parody 仿写I had no outlook but an uplook rather.My place in society was at bottom.8.Synesthesia 共感The rooms on the first floor are cold color.9.Transfered epithet 移就I speak to him in hesitant French.A sleepless nightA happy dayⅣ.Logical figure of speech逻辑修辞1. Allusion 引喻He met his Waterloo in 1940s.2. Hyperbole 夸张I was destroyed fatigue.3.Irony 讽刺We’re luck it’s the other side on the 13th of December.That makes us feel real good.For instance the nuns who never take a bath without a bathrobe all the time,when asked why,since no man can see them they reply“Oh,but you forget the good God.”4.Oxymoron 矛盾修饰Bitter sweatVictorious defeatTrue lieLoyal deceitTearful joy5.Paradox 自相矛盾A strong man knows his weakness.6.Overstatement 高调论述Bob loves running risks,and he once dived from the overhanging cliff ,often thousand feet high into the sea.7.Understatement 低调论述He is no fool.That civil servant was not without ambition.。

英语写作修辞手法 FIGURES OF SPEECH

课堂笔记（复习资料）笔者：大二学生就读于宁波工程学院大学课程：英语写作任课老师：黄忠伟§Figures Of Speech▲Simile.○What is it?·Clarify and enhance an image.○Patterns.·Tenor + comparative word + vehicle.·Subject + comparative word + reference.·A is to B what C is to D.○Examples.·Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.·What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul.·A home without love is no more than a body without a soul.·Love and cough can not be hid.·Truth and roses have thorns about them.·Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.·A doctor must have the heart of a lion and a hand of a lady.▲Metaphor.○Pattern.·A is B.○Examples.·Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire.·The boy wolfed down the food.·Some books are to be tasted.·The policeman moved me out of the snack of traffic.▲Metonymy.○What is it?·One thing for another; association.○Examples.·What it learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.·She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.·Scepter and Crown.·Scythe and Spade.▲Parody.○Examples.·I have no outlook, but an uplook. My please in the society was at the bottom.·A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.·Fall in love.·Walk in love.·Where there is a will, there is a reality. (Original: Where there is a will, there is a way.)· To lie or not to lie------the doctor's dilemma.▲Personification.○Examples.·The rain to the wind said. / "You push and I'll pelt."·Slang is a language that takes off its coat, spits on its hands, and goes to work.▲Onomatopoeia.○Examples.·Dais started laughing.·Dais started gigging.▲Euphemism.○Examples.·Under the weather.·Join one's ancestors.·Advanced in age.·Run one's races.▲Hyperbole/Overstatement.○Examples.·A sea of troubles.▲Understatement.▲Parallelism.○Examples.·So was it when my life began. / So is it now I am a man. / So be it when I shall grow old. ▲Contrast.○Examples.·Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.▲Antithesis.○Examples.·Give me liberty, or give me death.·The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb.▲Oxymoron.○Examples.·Painful pleasure.·Living death.·Poor rich guys.·Falsely true.·Shine darkly.·Love-hate relationship.▲Pun.○Examples.·We must hang together, or we shall hang separately.·Seven days without water make one week.(week------weak)·Make your every hello a real good-buy.(good-buy------good-bye)▲Zeugma.○Examples.·She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.▲Allusion.○Examples.·The heel of Achilles.·Open sesame.·Cinderella.·Fig leaf.·Tower of Bible.▲Irony.▲Transferred Epithet.○Examples.·A sleepless bed.·A dizzy height.·A sweet voice.·A icy look.▲Climax.○Examples.·I came, I saw, I conquered.▲Anticlimax.○Examples.·For God, for America, and for Yale.▲Alliteration.○Examples.·M oney m akes the m are go.·P ride and p rejudice.§Sentence▲Unity.○One central idea.▲Coherence.○Subject-Verb Agreement.○Run-on Sentence.○Sentence Fragment.○Dangling Modifier.○Faulty Parallelism.▲Conciseness.○Unnecessary words.○Unnecessary repetition.○Sentence structure,▲Emphasis.○Short sentence.○Balanced sentence.·Negative-positive statements.·Rhetorical questions.·Climactic sequence.·Subordination.·Emphatic words or phases.·Repeating.·The use of verbs.▲Variety.■连贯性○主、从句主语一致.○单复数.○时态.(in tense.)○语气(主、被动).(in voice.)○虚拟语气.○祈使句：一般省略的主语是YOU.改错时应注意主语.○Emphasis:the use of verbs.(in the active voice;short------strong.)·Make a decision; at the sight of.·Decide; see.○写作：长短句相间.appeal to men’s senses.▲Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences.○She decided to study English though she was interested in music.(松散句)○Although she was interested in music, she decided to study English.(圆周句)§ParagraphA paragraph is a unit.▲The form.○首行缩进.○纸张左右空白○Do not begin with every sentence.○段落长短由内容决定.▲Kinds.○topical○special·introductory·transitional·conclusion■An introductory paragraph introduces the subject, narrows it down, and states the essay’s thesis. ■Introduction Dos.·Ask a question.(One question.)·Relate an incident.·Use a vivid quotation.·Provide background.■We can begin in the introductory paragraph with·Observation.·Quotation.·An analogy contrast.·A question.·A relevant story or anecdote.·An interesting factual statement or point of view.·A definition.■Functions of Concluding Paragraph.·summarize.·concise.·well developed.■Conclusion Dos.·Strike a note of hope or desire.·Give a symbolic or powerful fact or detail.·Recommend a course of action.·Use a Quotation.(no research.)·Reflect on the implications of the thesis.·Draw a conclusion based upon the evidence of the essay.■We can end in the concluding paragraph with·A significant quotation which supports the thesis.·A question.·A prophecy or a warning.·A forceful restatement of the thesis through the use of balance,emphsis or other rhetorical devices.·A generalization.§Narrating An Event Or A Routine▲What is it?○To narrate means to tell an event or a routine as a story.○The narrative may be purely fictional or an account of some real experience.▲Following chronological order.▲Different characteristics of the two kinds of narrative writing.○A routine paragraph covers a series of activities without having to go into details of each. And one activity may not be related to the next one. But the paragraph dealing with only one event concentrates on one story and we provide a lot details for it. Besides, there is usually a causal connection between one detail and another detail.○Since a routine paragraph describes what people regularly do everyday or every weekend or Sunday, the present tense should be used unless it is a past routine, but a one-event paragraph talks about something that happened in the past, so the past tense is used.▲Topic sentence.○Show the writer's attitude.○Arouse readers' curiosity.○Can be developed with one incident.(for one-event paragraph)▲Select relevant details.▲Order of organization and verb tense.○To achieve a coherent organization, we should use time connectors such as "when," "before," and "after" to put sentences together.§How To Write Biography▲What is it?○A life story of an individual by another author.○Third person.○Autobiography.▲Kinds?○Encyclopedia.○Directory of famous people.○Authorized biographies.○○Non fiction books.○Unauthorized biographies.▲Biographies analyze and interpret the events in a person's life.▲Biographies use primary and secondary sources.▲Requirements.○Start with the encyclopedia and almanac.○Think about what you want to know./Interview------prepare some questions.·What makes this person famous or attractive?·What kind of effect did he or she have on the world (or other people)?·What are the adjectives you would mostly use to describe the person?·Examples from their lives illustrate those qualities.·Events.·Obstacles? Risks? Lucks?·Would the world be better or worse without him/her?▲Typical features.○Past tense.○Third person.○Key incidents of the persons' lives are counted.○Chronological order also contain other people' views.○Pictures.○A beginning/opening paragraph------summarize, impressive.○A middle------highlights.○An ending------further influences.▲Guidelines for planning and revising your work..○Establish an appropriate voice.○Build a conflict.○Place the reader in a particular setting.○Provide descriptive and sensory language.○Deciding on a focus.§Describing A Person, An Object, A Place [VOCABULARIES]▲Good description can do.○Readers can reproduce the image in their mind.○Readers can relive the experience as if they were there.○Therefore, they can be affected emotionally by the descriptive words.▲Describing people.○Two major aspects: appearance and personality.○The topic sentence shows the writer's attitude or impression of the person.○The topic sentence must contain an idea to be developed in a paragraph, rather than sentence of facts.○Specific and descriptive details rather than just general remarks.▲Describing an object.○The appearance of an object usually covers its shape, measurements, color, smell, material, texture of surface, etc.○Besides the appearance of an object, we also describe its value, quality, and use.○Can be either with or without personal feelings.○The topic sentence shows the writer's attitude or impression of the person.○The topic sentence must contain an idea to be developed in a paragraph, rather than sentence of facts.○Specific and descriptive details rather than just general remarks.○Sentences are to be organized in spatial order.▲Describing a place.○Tone.·Objective: without much of persinal feelings.·Subjective: with strong feelings.○The topic sentence indicates what is going to be described, what the writter’s attitude is, and what dominant impression the paragraph is to make.○Use descriptive details.○When we describe a place, we should not only make clear where things are located, but also what theyare like.○Only when these objects are presented in proper apatial relationship to each other, does the description achieve coherence.○To begin with, we should choose our standpoint first, and then decide whether to move from right to left or vise versa.§Comparing and Contrasting Two Things▲Comparison.○Comparison illustrates the similarities between two things.▲Contrast.○Contrast shows the differences.■In a comparison or contrast paragraph, the topic sentence should make clear what is to be discussed and since any two objects can be compared or contrasted in several different areas, the topic sentence should also show in what area the comparison or contrast is to be carried out.■Parallelism of categories in compariso/contast.·When we compare two things, the areas being compared should be the same.■The supporting details of comparison/contrast paragraphs are basically organized in either of the two methods: point-by-point method and block method.■Effective comparison/contrast paragraph relies heavily on the proper use of connecting words or transitional words.§Demonstrating the Causes/Effects of an event▲Cause and effect paragraph demonstrate the causal relationship between two sets of things.▲In a paragraph we analyze either the causes or the effects rather than both.▲The topic sentence of a cause-effect paragraph should tell what to be discussed in this causal relationship; and by doing so, it should also indicate whether the focus of the paragraph is on the cause or in the effect.▲Methods of development.·Details.·Examples.·Statistics.▲Sub-topic sentences are used in order to achieve better organization.§Explaining a Process▲The purpose of the process paragraph is to teach people the method or the right way to perform an activity.▲The topic sentence lets the reader know the nature and subject of the paragraph and sometimes it also shows the writer’s attitude.▲The topic sentence should be placed at the first one.§Classifying an Object/a Concept▲With classification, we find it easy to create order out of confusion and provide a clear overview for the information we offer.▲We need decide which principle to follow in our classifying procedure.▲Apart from a clear subject, the topic sentence for a classification paragraph should indicate the areas and sometimes the number of categories into which we are going to classify our topic.▲There are three orders: equal order, ascending order and descending order.§Defining an Idea/a Term▲Kinds.○Dictionary-based Definition.·Characteristics: Objectivity; Credibility.○Stipulated Definition.·Characteristics: Define from our own point of view.▲The topic sentence of a definition paragraph includes.○The term to be defined.○The class or category to which a thing belongs.○The features that make it different from others.▲A stipulated definition paragraph may not always strictly follow this way of composition.▲In the body part.○Physical features.○Functions.○Behavioral characteristics.○Symptoms.○Details and examples.○Origins.▲Methods of development.○Classification.○Comparison/Contrast.○Negation.▲Common Problems in Writing a Definition.○The circular definition.○The overextended definition.○The over-restricted definition.§Persuading by Argument▲To persuade is to convince other people by reasoning.▲Reader consideration: appeal to people’s reason, character and feeling.▲We should know what the purpose of our persuasion is, whether to influence the reader’s thinking or to induce others to do what we have proposed.▲Proper attitude: Display confidence; Avoide self-importance.▲Topic Sentence: Subject and Attitude.▲Supporting Details: Evidence and logic; Argumentative method.。

英语常见的修辞格Figures of speech-1

英语常见的修辞格Figures of speechFigures of speech (修辞) are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 明喻(Simile)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。

英语修辞手法 figers of speech

Words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader’s or listener’s mind are used figuratively. In “a colorful garden” the word colorful is used in its literal sense, but in the “a colorful life” and “a colorful career” the word is used in its figurative sense. Neither life nor career has any color; colorful here has a new extended or figurative meaning: exciting, interesting, and rich in variety. The word suggests a comparison between life or career and something that has different colors, like a garden, and because of this association the word is more impressive than a word used in literal sense, such as interesting and exciting.There are various ways of using words figuratively. They are called figures of speech. Among the common of them are:1.Simile: it is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison isindicated by the word as or like:●my love’s like a red, red rose.a)Robert Burns●That man can’t be trusted. He’s as slippery as an eel.●That old man’s hair is as white as snow.In the above three examples people and things of different categories are compared:a woman and a rose, a man and an eel, and hear and snow. But each pair have onesimilarity: loveliness, slipperiness and whiteness. The discrepancy between the twothings compared makes their similarity all the more striking.2.Metaphor: it is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to anotherwith a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, notexpressed with the word as or like. If Robert Burns had written “O, my love’s a red, redrose” with the word like omitted, he would have used a metaphor instead of a simile. Inthe changed line, “my love”is also compared to a red rose, but there is no word toindicated the comparison; hence rose is a metaphor. Similarly, in sentences like “ He isthe soul of the team” and “Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture”, soul and lifebloodare used metaphorically.Metaphors are used not only after verb to be, and not only nouns can be usedmetaphorically. Study the following examples:●The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that hecould never forget it.●There was a medieval magnificence about the big dinning-hall.●The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it.●There were a few lordly poplars before the house.●All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feelingat the moment.●He often preface his remarks by “I can’t help thinking …”●The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the stokes of the bellows●As is shown in these sentences, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs can all be usedin a metaphorical way. There is always a comparison implied. Take sentence 4, forinstance. The word lordly suggests that the poplars before the house were tall,straight and stately, just like ancient aristocrats. The verb preface in sentence 6compares that man’s way of beginning every remark with “I can’t help thinking …”to providing a preface to a book.A metaphor or a simile has to be fresh to be effective. One that has been frequentlyused over a long period of time will become dull and stale, and cease to function asa metaphor or simile. “the leg of a table” must have been a metaphor when it wasfirst used, but today we feel that leg is used in its literal sense.3.Personification: it is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had humanqualities. In poetry personification is very common:●Y outh is hot and bold,Age is weak and cold,Y outh is wild, and Age is tame.William ShakespeareIn these lines Y outh and Age are described like two persons. In prose personificationis also used, though not so often as in poetry.●The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face.●This time fate was smiling to him.●Thunder roared and a pouring rain started.●Dusk came stealthily.●The storm was raging and angry sea was continuously tossing their boat.4.Metonymy: it is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it isclosely associated. Thus the crown can stand for a king, and the White House for the American government, the bottle for wine or alcohol, and the bar for the legal profession.When metonymy is well used, brevity and vividness may be achieved:●Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon the Americans.●When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.●His purse would not allow him that luxury.5.Synecdoche: when a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for apart, synecdoche is applied:●The farms were short of hands during the harvest time.●He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.●Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.●The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.●In the above sentences hands stands for men, bread for food or living expenses,the names of the two countries for the two teams, and creature for a woman.Metonymy and synecdoche are similar as both involve substitution. Sometimesthey can hardly be distinguished from metaphor, which in a way is alsosubstitution.6.Euphemism: it is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasantone, for example:●To die – to pass away, to leave us; one’s heart has stopped beating●Old people – senior citizens●Mad – emotional disturbed●Dustman – sanitation worker●Lavatory – bathroom, men’s (women’s) room●Invasion, raid – military action●Driving inhabitants away and controlling them – pacification●Concentration camp – strategic hamlets●It is obvious that those euphemisms used by the ordinary people are meant to softenharsh reality, but those used by politic ians may aim at deceiving the public.7.Irony: it is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order toachieve a special effect. Suppose you planned an outing on a certain day, expecting it to be fine; but when the day came it was raining heavily. If you said, “What fine weather for an outing!” you were speaking ironically. If a barbarous act was called civilized or cultural, irony was used.8.Overstatement and understatement: in overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject,and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject.Overstatement is also called hyperbole.Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.●She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.●On hearing that he had been admitted to that famous university, he whispered tohimself, “I’m the luckiest man in the world.”●It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.●“He is really strange,” his friends said when they heard he had divorced his prettyand loving wife.9.Transferred Epithet: an epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves tocharacterize somebody or something. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun. When one says that he has had a busy day, one is using such a figure of speech. For it is the person, not the day, that is busy.●She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.●In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word.●The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in thecorridor.●He said “Y es” to the question in an unthinking moment.●The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.10.Oxymoron: in oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce aspecial effect.●The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.●When the news of the failure came, all his friends said that it was a victoriousdefeat.●The president was conspicuously absent on that occasion.●She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.11.Alliteration: it refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two ormore words, such as “p roud as a p eacock” and “b lind as a b at”. Alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning:●Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save,From the cradle to the grave,Those ungrateful dr ones who wouldDr ain you sweat – nay, dr ink your blood?Percy Bysshe ShelleyAlliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect – to join two or more related words.●I see also the d ull, d rilled, d ocile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding onlike a swarm of crawling locusts.●The Russian danger is therefore our danger, …just as the cause of any Russianfighting for his h earth and h ome is the cause of free men and free peoples in every quarter of the globe.These two sentences are taken from Winston Churchill’s speech on Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.。

Figures of Speech(例子)

Figures of Speech1. 比喻 (metaphor) 比喻就是打比方。

可分为明喻和暗喻：1) 明喻 (simile)：A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared.明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较.用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。

例如：“How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare).如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。

The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。

他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。

He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。

Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。

2)暗喻 (metaphor)：缩写 met.， metaph.A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。

例如：He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。

修辞手法 figures of speech

修辞手法figures of speech明喻simile 暗喻metaphor对偶antithesis 重复repetition拟人personification 转喻metonymy提喻synecdoche 委婉手法euphemism矛盾修辞oxymoron 夸张手法hyperbole双关语pun移就格transferred epithet (我们老师讲的是移情移就)押头韵alliteration1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.例如:1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2>.Taste the music of Mozart.品尝Mozart的音乐.6.Personification 拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.例如:1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.7.Hyperbole 夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..例如:1>.I beg a thousand pardons.2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.8.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:1>.He is out visiting the necessary.他出去方便一下.2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.9.Irony 反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.例如:1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.10.Pun 双关双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.例如:1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.11.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.例如:1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.2>.You are staying; I am going.3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.12.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.例如:1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.。

figures of speech(英语修辞格复习总结)

5.Figures of Speech5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech (语音辞格)5.2 Semantic Figures of Speech (语义辞格)5.3 Logical Figures of Speech (逻辑辞格)5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech (句法辞格)5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech5.1.1 Alliteration (头韵)It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance: the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.5.1.2 Assonance (押韵/部分谐音)It has to do with the repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, preceded and followed by different consonants. For instance: The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea;the plowman homework plods his weary way, and leaves the world to darkness and to me.5.1.3 Consonance (尾韵)It has to do with the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different. For instance: She tipped her loyal big dog a big hug.5.1.4 Onomatopoeia (拟声)It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. For instance: on the roof of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.5.1.5 Aposiopesis (说话中断法)It is a rhetorical device of suddenly stopping in mid-sentence, as if to say more would be superfluous. An example would be the threat "Get out, or else—!" This device often portrays its users as overcome with passion (fear, anger, excitement) or modesty.5.1.6 Apostrophe (顿呼)In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance: England! awake! awake! awake!5.1.7 Pun (双关)It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance: a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)5.2 Semantic Figures of Speech5.2.1 Simile (明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example: As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.5.2.2 Metaphor (隐喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example: the world is a stage.5.2.3 Metonymy (转喻)It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance: the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).5.2.4 Synecdoche (提喻)It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance: they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.5.2.5 Antonomasia (换喻)It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example: Solomon for a wise man; Daniel for a wise and fair judge; Judas for a traitor.5.2.6 Personification (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example: the wind whistled through the trees. 5.2.7 Parody (戏仿)It is a kind of imitation which borrows the style and techniques of a text or writer’s idiolect and fits new subject matter to it. It is often used for a humorous or satirical purpose. For example: to smoke or not to smoke, that is a question．5.2.8 Synesthesia (通感)It refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation of one sense that produces a mental impression associated with a different sense. For example: Posner lipstick：Music to your lips.5.2.9 Transferred epithet (移就)It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance: I spent sleepless nights on my project.5.3 Logical Figures of Speech*5.3.1 Allegory (讽喻)Allegory is a story either in verse or in prose with a double meaning: surface meaning—a story, and under-the-surface meaning—a hidden truth. In allegories, names of the characters and places are often symbols of certain qualities. In Banyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, from the names of the characters “Christian”, “Mr. Blind-man”, ‘Mr. No-good”, the names of places “Vanity Fair”, “Celestial City”, we can easily understand the meaning behind these names.*5.3.2 Allusion (暗引)It is a casual, brief and implicit reference to a famous historical or literary figure or a well-known historical event. For instance: she sat there all night as silent as the sphinx.5.3.3 Hyperbole (夸张)It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance: he almost died laughing.5.3.4 Understatement (含蓄陈述)It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance: It is no laughing matter.5.3.5 Irony (反语)It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance: we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.5.3.6 Innuendo (暗讽)It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example: the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.5.3.7 Euphemism (委婉)It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance: we refer to "die" as " pass away".5.3.8 Oxymoron (矛盾修饰)It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in “bitter-sweet memories”, “orderly chaos” and “proud humility”.*5.3.9 Analogy (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.5.3.10 Paradox (隽语)It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example: more haste, less speed.5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech5.4.1 Repetition (反复)It is a powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable. For example: one boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.5.4.2 Anaphora (首语重复)It is the repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses, commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism. For example: out of sight, out of mind. 5.4.3 Epiphora (尾词重复)It is the repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive clauses. For example: grasp all, lose all.5.4.4 Simploce (首尾同复)It is a combination of anaphora and epiphora: the repetition of two sets of words or phrases, one set repeated at the beginning of, the other set repeated at the end of sentences or verse lines. The pattern is “a…b, a…b”.For example: broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.5.4.5 Anadiplosis (蝉联)It is the repetition of the last part of one unit or sentence at the beginning of the next, whose pattern is /…a, a…(b, b…c, c..)/. For example: The king was bad tempered because he was often ill. He was often ill because he ate and drank too much.5.4.6 Parallelism (平行结构)It refers to the method of expressing ideas of equal importance in the same grammatical form, and elements parallel in meaning should be parallel in syntactic structure. For example: Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.5.4.7 Antithesis (对偶)It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example: speech is silvern; silence is golden.5.4.8 Climax (层进法)It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example: I came, I saw, I conquered.5.4.9 Anticlimax (突降法)It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance: He lost his empire, hisfamily and his fountain pen.5.4.10 Syllepsis(一笔两用法)It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applyingto or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example: He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example: while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)5.4.11 Chiasmus (交错法)It is a construction involving the repetition of words or elements in reverse order (a b : b a).Beauty is truth, truth (is) beauty. For example: You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.5.4.12 Asyndeton (连词省略)It refers to the deliberate omission of the co-ordinator in a series of words, phrases or clauses. For example: They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, (and )understanding.5.4.13 Polysyndeton (连词叠用)It is a stylistic device that uses several conjunctions (usually the same one) in succession to link up a series of things, ideas or events. The conjunctions involved are mainly and and or. For example: advancing and prancing and glancing and dancing.5.4.14 Rhetorical question(反问句)It is a question which does not need an answer, for the answer is suggested by the speaker, or presumed by the speaker to be fairly obvious or probably known to the audience--the equivalent of a statement. For example: If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?。