高级英语上课(一)

TEACHING MATERIAL●1. 新编英语教程第五册（上海外语教育出版社：李观仪主编）●2. 高级英语（一）教与学指南（广东高等教育出版社2007年版：张华鸿主编）Unit One: Hit the Nail on the HeadThe Proverb “Hit the nail on the head”●To be exactly right in words or action●正中要害；说话中肯；做到恰到好处The text begins with an analogy●At the beginning of the article Warner makes an analogy between the hammering of nails and the use of language to express oneself.●A man with a poor command of language, never so sure what words to use to express himself, is just like a man clumsy with a hammer, unsuccessful in his effort to strike a nail right into a box.●But a man with a good command of a language, just like a skilful carpenter who easily drives home the nail with a few firm, deft blows, will drive home his point firmly and exactly with the right words and expressions.Malapropism – Mrs. Malaprop●词语的荒唐误用，指误用发音近似而意义不同的词语Structure of the Text:●Para 1: an analogy●Para 2&3: the significance of finding the right words (cognition, communication, satisfaction)●Para 4-7: semantic differences between words having the same root●Para 8: wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations●Para 9: stylistic differences between synonyms●Para 10: the abundance of specific words in English for general notions●Para 11:To have a good control and command over the words you do know is more important than to make your vocabulary as complete as you can.Unit Two: Beware the Dirty SeasBeware: be very careful of●Beware is used with no change of form, in giving warnings. It is generally used in the imperative. Examples:✓Beware (of) the fake products that flood the market.✓Beware how you handle the delicate situation.✓We have to beware that no one backs out at the last minute. (to fail to fulfill a promise, contract, etc.)The Mediterranean●The Mediterranean Sea, a sea surrounded by Africa, Europe, and Asiasluice●(n.) a man-made passage for water fitted with a gate for stopping and regulating the flow 水闸●(v.) to pour as if from a sluicenurture●Nurture meaning “give care and food to” is often used with children or plant, for example, nurturea child, nurture plants in a greenhouse.●We may also nurture a plan, some ideas, a project, etc., meaning “take a ction to encourage the development of a plan, etc.”Fall victim to the abilities and attitudes…●Fall victim to: suffer from●fall victim to a disease / an explosion●To suffer from man’s misuse of his abilities (or man’s abilities to destroy) and his attitu de of indifference towards environmental protection.Be awash with●Awash in its literal sense means “be covered with water”, e.g.,●After a heavy rain, the streets were awash.●Awash with is used figuratively, meaning “having a large amount of sth.”.chanceThe possibility or degree of likelihood that something will happen.●Dan has a fifty-fifty chance of passing the matriculation examination.●In other words, it is equally likely that Dan will pass the exam as that he will fail.riskA danger; a possibility that sth. harmful or undesirable may happen.●Formerly, when measles was spreading, all young children were at risk.●Sam fought with the bandit at the risk of losing his life.●He invested in shares and stocks at his own risk.Lurk1. Exist without being seen or known. A person may lurk, i.e., wait in hiding, if he intends to do sth. wrong without wanting to be seen.●Danger lurks in that quiet river.●2. Move or wait quietly and secretly, as if intending to do sth. wrong and not wanting to be seen 潜行，鬼鬼祟祟地行动，埋伏●The photographer lurked behind a tree, waiting for her to come past.primeChief; first in position or importance●Prime minister; prime time●Honesty is a matter of prime importance.virtuallyPractically; in effect; almost●The manager being out of town, Sally is virtually in charge of the work.cleanseCleanse, meaning “clean”, is a more elevated word than clean. It is often used figuratively.●Cleanse one of one’s sins or wrongdoings; cleanse the world from evilsremorseless●Remorse: great sorrow and a feeling of guilt for having done wrong 懊悔，悔恨●1. Threateningly unstoppable 持续不断的，无休止的●He was disturbed by the remorseless noise of the engines all night and could not fall asleep.●2. merciless, and not caring how much other people are hurt 残酷无情的，冷酷的●The man killed his opponent with remorseless cruelty.Take effect●Produce results intended●The cough medicine took effect quickly.●The new policy is expected to take effect soon.●Part 1●paras 1-4: introducing the topic●Thesis statement: The Mediterranean is the most polluted sea in the world.●Causes and consequences of the pollution in general.Part 2●Paras 5-10: improper treatment of sewage by many Mediterranean countries.●Consequences:✓Contamination of sea water and fish✓Greater likelihood of diseasePart 3●Paras 11-13: second main cause – industries●Untreated water emitted from factories along the coast and from factories located far inland Part 4●Paras 14-15: other causes of pollution●Pesticides, detergents, fertilizers, oil, etc.Part 5●Paras 16-20: factors that lead to the severity of the case:✓Narrow and shallow outlet of the Strait of Gibraltar✓Weak coastal currents and feeble tides✓Long-standing practice of dumping wastes into the sea✓Multiplication of population and increasing number of touristsPart 6●Paras 21-22: conclusion●Efforts being made to solve the problemUnit Three: My Friend, Albert EinsteinAbout the Text●The text is mainly about Einstein‟s personality and his incomparable contributions to science. It is inevitable that mention must be made of Einstein‟s theory of relativity a nd his other achievements in mathematics and physics which, however, are very difficult for laymen to understand and explain.●For this reason only very brief notes are given to the technical terms. What is more important about the text is a description of Einstein concerning his✓Knack for going instinctively to the heart of a matter (Line 5-6)✓His utter naturalness(Line 17-18)✓The fantastic intensity and depth of his concentration and✓His revolutionary ideas about mathematics and physics, etc.reminisce/reminiscence/reminiscent●reminisce: (v.) to talk or think about past experiences, esp. pleasant ones 追忆往事，缅怀往事●reminiscence (n.)●reminiscent (adj.) 1: that reminds one of; like 使人想起…的;像…的e.g.●The hotel is reminiscent of the one we stayed in last year.●a taste reminiscent of chicken●reminiscent (adj.) 2: thinking about the past; remembering 回忆往事的，怀旧的e.g.●a reminiscent smileconvey●1. make known (ideas, views, feelings, etc.) to another person e.g.●Mary asked me to convey her gratitude to you.●His recent book conveys to us his outlook on life.●2. carry sth. (from one place to another) e.g.●Pipes convey heat from the central heating system to every part of the building.●a conveyor belt 传送带would be none the worse for its wetting●would not be harmed by its being wet●none the worse for: not harmed by; not adversely affected by e.g.●He got lost in the street for quite a while, but was none the worse for it.none the +比较级/ none too●none the + 比较级：Not; in no way 一点也不e.g.●He explained it to me, but I’m none the wiser. (= I still don’t understand it.)●My car is none the worse for (= is no worse because of) the accident.●none too: not very 不太e.g.●The service in this restaurant is none too fast and the food is none too good, either.instinct / instinctive / instinctively●instinct: a natural ability or tendency to act in a certain way, without having to learn or think about it 本能，天性，直觉●an instinct for survival●the nest-building instinct in birds●Don‟t ask me; follow/trust your instincts and do what you think is right.awe (n./v.)●(n.) the feeling of respect and amazement when one is faced with sth. wonderful, frightening, or completely unknown e.g.●He visited the exhibition and stood in awe of the fossils of prehistoric animals.●The audience listened to the learned philosopher in awe.●(v.) cause a feeling of amazement or fear e.g.●The magician’s performance awed us all.awry (adj.&adv)●1. not in the way that was planned or intended; wrong 出岔子的，走样的，错误的e.g.●A police operation that went badly awry 一次严重失误的警方行动●2. not in the correct position or shape; twisted; bent 位置和形状不对的，弯曲的，歪的utter (adj.&v.)●(adj.) (esp. of sth. bad) complete; absolute 完全的，全然的，十足的e.g.●It was an utter waste of time.●an utter idiot●(v.)(esp. fml or lit) to make (a sound) or produce (words) sometimes with difficulty●The wounded man uttered a groan.●She didn‟t utter a word all night.Then came the staggering…endearing request:●The surprising and shocking, almost unbelievable, and yet very pleasant and affectionate request came.●stagger 1:to walk or move unsteadily and with with great difficulty, almost falling e.g.●The drunken man staggered towards us/away.●He staggered to the door, bleeding from his wounds.●I finally staggered into bed at 3 in the morning.●stagger 2: cause shocked disbelief 使惊愕，使难以置信e.g.●His excessive conceit and self-confidence staggered all his colleagues.●endearing: causing feelings of love and affection 使人爱慕的，惹人喜爱的，可爱的SOMEHOW●(1) by some means; in some way not yet known or stated 以某种方法，不知怎么地e.g.●Don't worry; we‟ll get the lost money back somehow.●(2) for some reason that is not clear 由于某种不明的原因，不知为什么e.g.●Somehow I seem to have two knives and no fork.-●I think she‟s right but somehow I …m not completely sure.When battling a recalcitrant…its prey.●When tackling a problem which was difficult to solve, he attacked it as an animal chases and frightens another animal it preys upon.●…Recalcitrant‟ is used to describe a person or an animal that is hard to keep under one‟s control e.g.●Try not to punish a recalcitrant child severely, it is better to reason with him.●When an animal worries its prey, it shakes it, pulls at it, frightens it, or even eats it.●In other words, the animal will not stop attacking its prey. Similarly, Einstein would not let goa problem unsolved, he would keep at it.steer●It generally means “make a boat or a car go in a particular direction”.●Figuratively, it often means …direct,‟ e.g.●steer visitors to the park -●steer a conversation away from unpleasant subjectstamper with●1. meddle with; interfere with e.g.●It is wrong to tamper with other people’s affairs.●2. try to change something without permission 擅自变动，篡改，擅自乱动●Don’t tamper with the students’ records. Put them back into the filing cabinet.tribute●Something done, given, or said to show respect or admiration for someone; respect e.g. 向某人表示敬意而献出的礼物，赠品，颂词，殷勤●They paid tribute to John for his untiring efforts at carrying through the project.●I‟d like to pay tribute to the office staff for all the hard work they‟ve put in on this project. ineffable●Too wonderful to be described; indescribable e.g. ineffable joy/happiness/beauty/delight 不可言喻的●(esp. of the name of God in some religions) not to be spoken aloud 因神圣而不容称呼的，须避讳的e.g.the ineffable nameelude/elusive●Elude 1: to escape from, esp. by mean of a trick 逃避，躲避e.g.●The fox succeeded in eluding the hunters by running back in the opposite direction.●Elude 2: (of a fact, answer, etc.) to be difficult for sb. to find or remember 使记不起来，把。