青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试(运筹学)试题

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青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：871运营管理

活动时间(天) 4 6 5 9 8
紧前活动 ----A A A B
活动代号 F G H I J
活动时间(天) 9 5 6 4 5
紧前活动 B,C E F, I D G, H
2
4．(12 分)产品 X 由两单位的 Y 和三单位的 Z 组成，Y 由一单位的 A 和两单位的 B 组成。Z 由两单位的 A 和四单位的 C 组成。各项目的期初库存和提前期如表所示
7
3000
2.0
3
2000
12.0
8
2500
1.0
4
1100
20.0
9
500
10.0
5
4000
21.0
10
1000
2.0
3. (10 分)下表给出了构成工程各活动的时间和先后关系，请完成以下问题：（1）画出双代号网络图；（2）找出该工程的关键路线；（3）确定该工程的总耗费时间；
活动代号 A B C D E
四、计算题（本题共 40 分）
1．(8 分)某公司有关的成本与价格资料如下：
固定成本：300000 元/年单件可变成本：50 元/台产品售价：100 元/台
求：（1）该产品的盈亏平衡点；
（2）公司现在的生产能力为 5000 台，其预期的利润或亏损是多少？
（3）若固定成本不变，单台可变成本增加到 75 元，产量应达到多少才能
4
物料项目期初可用库存量订货提前期(周)
X
50
1
Y
50
2
Z
50
3
A
50
2
B
50
1
C
50
3
要求：（1）画出物料清单（产品结构树）

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：872运筹学

（1）试用单纯形表求解最优解；（2）若将约束条件右端项（9，15，5）’改为（5，15，5）’，利用灵敏度分析求出新的最优解。
三、（20 分）某公司根据年度生产计划安排，拟将某种高效率的五台设备，分配给所属的甲乙丙三个工厂，各子工厂若获得这种设备之后，可以为总公司带来的盈利如下表：
子工厂的盈利/ 万元甲设备台数 0 1 2 3 4 5
请用动态规划求解上述问题。
1
乙 0 5 10 11 11 11
丙 0 5 8 12 13 14
0 3 7 9 12 13
四、（20分）某公司下属有甲、乙、丙三个工厂，分别向A、B、C、D四个销售地提供产品，产量、需求量及工厂到销售地的运价（单位：元/每吨）如下表所示：销地工厂甲乙丙销量（吨） 16 A 8 9 14 15 B 6 12 12 7 C 10 13 16 17 D 9 7 5 产量（吨） 18 18 19 55
试求：（1）费用最小的最佳运输方案；（2）若原问题中所有的运价都提高10元/吨，最佳运输方案是否保持不变了？（3）若在最小费用不变的条件下，要求丙工厂运往B、C两地的数量一样，可否调整？若可调整，写出调整后的解。五、（15 分）假设 A、B、C、D、E 五名游泳运动员的各项泳姿的 100 米游泳成绩如表所示：（秒）仰泳 A B C D E 80.4 69.8 72.6 79.0 75.8 蛙泳 91.8 71.2 89.4 74.4 88.6 蝶泳 71.6 62.0 82.8 65.8 72.2 自由泳 63.4 57.8 64.2 62.0 67.2
2
开工；
工序代号工序名称
清理场地，准备开工备料车库地面施工预制墙及房顶的架车库混凝土地面养护立墙架立房顶架装窗及边墙装门装天花板油漆引道混凝土施工引道混凝土保养清理、交工

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试(理论力学)试题

青岛大学 2016 年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：818 科目名称：理论力学（共 3 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、长均为 L 的三直杆铰接成三角形，在图示载荷及支座支承下保持平衡。

试求支座 A及铰链 C 处的约束力。

（25 分）二、沿长方体三个互不相交且互不平行的棱边分别作用着大小相等并均等→ → →于 P 的三个力 P 1 ，P 2 和 P 3 。

当这三个力能简化为一合力时，试写出长方体的棱边长 a ，b ，c间应满足的关系式。

（15 分）三、平面机构如图所示。

轮 1 沿水平面做纯滚动，轮缘上 A 点铰接套筒 3，带动杆 2 绕轴摆动。

已知：R =0.1m ，L = 0.2 3 m 。

在图示位置时，O 、A 、 C 三点位于同一直线上，φ = 300 ，轮心速度 v c =0.2m/s ，加速度 a c =0。

试求该瞬时（1）摇杆 2 的角速度ω2 角加速度 ε 2 ；（2）铰接点相对于摇杆 2 的加速度 a r 。

（25 分）四、已知杆 OA 、AB 长均为 l ，在图示瞬时，杆 OA 的角速度为，角加速度为 0，试计算此时杆 AB 的角速度、角加速度和中点 C的加速度。

（2０分）五、图示系统处于平衡状态。

现给物体 M 以向下的初速度 v 0 。

试求 M 的运动微分方程。

已知物体 M 、滑轮 A 、B 的重量均为 P ，滑轮 A 、B 视为均质圆盘。

弹簧的弹性系数为 k ，绳重不计，绳与轮之间无滑动。

（2０分）六、重100N ，长为1m 的均质直杆 AB ，一端 A 置于水平地面上，另一端 B通过一根绳子挂在天花板上，已知杆与水平面间的摩擦系数为 0.6，杆于图示位置处于静止状态，若绳子突然被剪断， A 端将在地面上滑动，求此瞬间杆的角加速度和水平地面对它的摩擦力。

（25 分）七、质量为m1的小车A置于光滑水平面上，其上悬挂一质量为m2、长为l 的单摆 B（如图），单摆按规律ϕ=ϕsin kt摆动，式中k为常数。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 353 科目名称：卫生综合（共 5 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效。

一、名词解释（每题4分，共64分）1.限制氨基酸2.GI3.RNI4.食物中毒5.暴发6.归因危险度7.筛检8.感染性腹泻9.职业紧张10.刺激性气体11.高温作业12.噪声13.水俣病14.剂量-反应关系15.细颗粒物16.水体富营养化二、填空题（将正确答案填入空格中，每空1.5分，共48分）1. 维生素A缺乏最早的症状是；儿童维生素A缺乏最重要的临床诊断体征是。

2. 食品中水分以水和水两种形式存在。

微生物在食品上生长繁殖，能利用的是水。

3. 常用评价油脂酸败的卫生学评价指标有、过氧化值、、。

4. 在疾病频率的测量指标中，关于患病频率的测量指标有和。

5. 疾病的分布中，描述人群分布的最主要特征是。

6. 结局事件的发生率的计算是队列研究资料分析的关键，根据观察资料的特点，可以计算以下不同的指标、和。

7. 为提高筛检收益，尽可能多地从人群中发现无症状病人，可以选择高危人群进行筛检，此外，还可以通过和方法增加筛检的收益。

8.体力劳动中肌肉的供能系统有_____________、_____________、_____________。

9.硫化氢气体是无色、有_____________味的可燃气体。

10.生产环境中的苯主要通过_____________进入机体，其靶器官为_____________含量高的组织。

11.造成大气污染的氮氧化物主要为_________ ____、_____ ________。

12.根据化学污染物进入环境后其理化性质是否改变，可将污染物分为________ __和____________, 后者的典型代表如光化学烟雾。

13.环境与健康关系的研究方法主要包括_______________和______________。

14.公共场所的卫生学特点主要是：______________ ____ _____、设备及物品易被污染、___________________________以及__________________________。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 899 科目名称：工程热力学（共5页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1、理想气体绝热节流后（）。

A 压力下降，温度不变，熵增大B 压力下降，温度降低，熵不变C 压力不变，温度不定，熵增大D 压力下降，温度降低，熵增大2、q = C V △T +21pdv 只适用于（）。

A 理想气体可逆过程。

B 任何工质可逆过程。

C 理想气体一切热力过程D 任何工质一切热力过程3、某制冷机在热源T1= 300 K ，及冷源T2= 250K 之间工作，其制冷量为1000 KJ ，消耗功为250 KJ ，此制冷机是（）。

A 可逆的B 不可逆的C 不可能的D 可逆或不可逆的4、对一定大小气缸的活塞式压气机，因余隙容积的存在（）。

A 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功增大，压气机生产量下降B 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功增大，压气机生产量不变C 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功不变，实际耗功增大，压气机生产量下降D 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功不变，实际耗功增大，压气机生产量不变5、在可逆过程中，若闭口系统的熵增加，则该系统必（）。

A 放热B 吸热C 绝热D 不定6、抽气回热循环改善了朗肯循环，其根本原因在于（）。

A 每公斤水蒸汽的作功量增加了B 排气的热能得到了充分利用C 水蒸汽的平均吸热温度提高了D 水蒸汽的放热温度降低了7、压力为1MPa 的空气流入0.7MPa 的环境中，为使其在喷管中充分膨胀，宜采用（）。

A 渐缩喷管B 渐扩喷管C 直管D 缩放喷管8、以下关系式哪个正确（）。

A ??? ??????? ????=-v p T v c c T p vp T B ??? ???????? ????=-T p p c c vT v p T v C ??? ??????? ????=-T p T v c c vp v p T 9、初态相同的水蒸汽通过喷管膨胀到相同压力的湿蒸汽，一为可逆过程，一为不可逆过程，则有（）。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试(宏微观经济学)试题

青岛大学 2016 年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 894 科目名称：宏微观经济学（共 2 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、名词解释（每题 3 分，共 24 分）1、机会成本2、序数效用3、公共物品4、边际技术替代率5、平衡预算乘数6、资本边际效率7、挤出效应8、周期性失业二、简答题（每题 7 分，共 56 分）1、引起需求变动的主要外部因素有哪些？2、为什么可以通过需求的收入弹性符号判断出一种商品是劣质品或正常物品？3、寡头市场与垄断竞争市场有何区别？4、为什么平均成本曲线呈U型（说明短期情形即可）？5、凯恩斯是如何解释资本主义有效需求不足的？引申出的政策结论是什么？6、说明短期菲利普斯曲线与长期菲利普斯曲线的关系。

7、新古典增长模型的基本公式是什么？它有什么涵义？8、A国向B国出口机器，价值 50 万元，B国向A国出口粮食，价值 45万元。

如果两国在产出不变的前提下合并成一个国家，则合并前后GDP 有什么变化？三、计算题（每题 11 分，共 22 分）1 、已知某垄断厂商的成本函数为TC=0.6Q2+3Q+2，反需求函数为1P=8-0.4Q。

求：（1）该厂商实现利润最大化时的产量、价格、收益和利润；（2）该厂商实现收益最大化时的产量、价格、收益和利润；（3）比较（1）和（2）的结果，看看有什么特征。

2、假定某经济体存在以下关系：消费 C=1400+0.8Y d，税收 T=tY=0.25Y，投资 I=200-50r，政府支出 G=200，货币需求 M d=0.4Y-100r，货币供给 M s=900，价格为P。

试求解：（1）总需求函数；（2）均衡收入和利率。

四、论述题（每题 16 分，共 48 分）1、当政府对某一种商品做出最高限价决定后，试分析它对市场参与各方的福利影响。

2、试比较IS-LM模型与AD-AS模型。

3、你如何看待我国当前的供给侧改革？供给侧改革是否意味着需求管理政策的逐步退出？2。

大学考试试卷《运筹学》及参考答案3套.doc

2012年9月份考试运筹学第一次作业一、单项选择题（本大题共100分，共40小题，每小题2. 5分）1.•个无（）、但允许多重边的图称为多重图。

A.边B.孤C.环D.路2.运筹学是一门（）。

A.决策科学B.数学科学C.应用科学D.逻辑科学3.基可行解对应的基，称为（）。

A.最优基B.可行基C.最优可行基D.极值基4.运筹学用（）来描述问题。

A.拓补语言B.计算机语言C.机器语言D 数学语言5.隐枚墓最是省去若干目标函数不占优势的（）的一种检验过程。

A.基本可行解B.最优解C.基本解D.可行解6.对偶问题与原问题研究出自（）目的。

A.不同B.相似C.相反D.同一7.资源价格大于影子价格时，应该（）该资源。

A.头入B.卖出C.保持现状D 借贷出8.敏房性分析假定（）不变，分析参数的波动对最优解有什么影响。

A.可行基B.基本基C.非可行基D.最优基9.从系统工程或管理信息预测决辅助系统的角度来看，管理科学与（）就其功能而言是等同或近似的。

A 纬汁学B：计算机辅助科学C,运筹学D.人工智能科学10.闭回路的特点不包括（）。

A.每个顶点都是直角B.每行或每列有且仅有两个顶点C.每个顶点的连线都是水平的或是垂直的D.起点终点可以不同11.运输问题分布m*n矩阵表的横向约束为（）。

A.供给约束B.需求约束C.以上两者都有可能C.超额约束12.动态规划综合了（）和“最优化原理”。

A.一次决策方法B.二次决策方法C.系统决策方法D.分级决策方法13.线性规划问题不包括（）。

A.资源优化配置B.复杂系统结构性调整C,混沌系统分析D,宏、微观经济系统优化14.运输问题分布m*n矩阵表的纵向约束为（）。

A.供给约束B.需求约束C.以上两者都有可D.超额约束15.路的第一个点和最后一个点相同，称为（）oA.通路B,环路C.回路D,连通路16.对偶问题与原问题研究的是（）对象。

A.2种B.不同的C.1种D.相似的17.运输问题的求解方法不包括（）。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：868-会计学B

青岛大学2016硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 868 科目名称：会计学（共 5 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部写在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、判断题：（请将判断结果用[√] [×]写在答题纸上，每小题判断结果正确的得1.5分，判断结果错误或不判断的不得分。

共15分）1．银行汇票结算存款结算后的余额，只能从收款单位收取，不能从银行转回。

（）2．与交易性金融资产相关的交易费用构成交易性金融资产取得时公允价值的一部分，包含在初始确认金额中。

（）3．在资产负债表中，持有至到期投资通常应按期末的公允价值列示。

（）4．固定资产融资租赁和经营租赁的关键区别是：实质上与租赁资产所有权有关的风险和报酬是否转移给承租人。

（）5．企业通常应当采用成本模式对投资性房地产进行后续计量。

（）6．资产减值确认后，减值资产的折旧、摊销应当在未来期间作相应调整。

（）7．债券的实际利率一旦确定，在整个债券的存续期内保持不变。

（）8．销售折让如果发生在销货方确认收入之前，销货方应当按扣除销售折让后的实际销售价格确认收入。

（）9．建造合同通常属于可撤销合同。

（）10．其他财务报告作为财务报表的辅助报告，提供的信息十分广泛，不仅包括货币信息和定量信息，而且包括非货币性信息和定性信息。

（）二、单项选择题：（每小题备选答案中，只有一个正确答案。

请将选定的答案写在答题纸上。

多选、不选、错选均不得分。

每题1.5分，共15分）1．下列各项中，体现谨慎性原则要求的是（）。

A.无形资产摊销B.应收账款计提坏账准备C.存货采用历史成本计价D.当期销售收入与费用配比2．企业购入债券作为持有至到期投资，该债券的初始确认金额应为（）。

A.债券面值 B.债券面值加相关交易费用C.债券公允价值D.债券公允价值加相关交易费用3．长期股权投资采用权益法核算，如果被投资企业发生亏损，投资企业应承担的亏损额的会计处理是（）。

A.冲减投资成本B.冲减资本公积C.计入营业外支出D.不作会计处理4．企业接受海外捐赠的设备一台，同类新设备的市价为100万元，估计成新率为60%，预计尚可使用年限为6年，预计净残值为6.3万元，支付关税5万元，国内运费1万元，设备已安装完毕，支付安装调试费2万元。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 910 科目名称：数据结构（共 5 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、单项选择题（本大题共10道小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1．一个算法具有（）等特点。

A ．快速性B ．至少有一个输入量C ．确定性D ．健壮性2．下列函数中渐近时间复杂度T(n)最小的是（）。

A ．T(n) = 73128*64*n n + B ．T(n) = 2256*64*n n -- C ．T(n) = 21024**log n n D ．T(n) = 2log 1024*232*n n --3．在计算机的存储器中表示时，物理地址和逻辑地址相同并且是连续的，称之为（）。

A ．逻辑结构B ．顺序存储结构C ．链式存储结构D ．以上都对4．若让元素1，2，3，4，5依次进栈，则出栈次序不可能出现在（）种情况。

A ．5，4，3，2，1B ．2，1，5，4，3C ．4，3，1，2，5D ．2，3，5，4，15．设栈S 用顺序存储结构表示，则栈S 为空的条件是（）。

A ．S.top - S.base != 0B ．S.top - S.base == 0C ．S.top - S.base != nD ．S.top - S.base == n6．一棵完全二叉树上有1001个结点，其中叶子结点的个数是（）。

A ．500B ． 501C ．250D ．251 7．任何一棵二叉树的叶子结点在先序、中序和后序遍历中的相对次序（）。

A ．不发生改变B ．发生改变C．不能确定D．以上都不对8．用邻接表表示图进行广度优先遍历时，通常借助（）来实现算法。

A．栈 B. 队列 C. 树D．图9．折半查找法和二叉排序树的时间性能（）。

A．与处理数据量有关B．相同C．不相同D．不确定10．对n个不同的关键字由小到大进行冒泡排序，在下列（）情况下比较的次数最多。

青岛大学基础英语2016年考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：642 科目名称：基础英语(共10页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I SENTENCE COMPLETION (20 points)Choose the word or the set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1.Environmental groups want more passenger and freight traffic ______ off the road and onto trains.A. movedB. moveC. moving D being moving2. It was the consensus of the party ______ its candidates could easily win the election.A. whenB. thatC. howD. where3. Hydrogen is the ______element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. steadiestB. expendableC. lightestD. fundamental4. The paradoxical aspect of the myths about Demeter, when we consider the predominant image of her as a tranquil and serene goddess, is her ___ search for her daughter.A. extendedB. agitatedC. franticD. comprehensive5 Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ____ it helps us to correct our mistakes.A. such thatB. with thatC. so thatD. in that6. The significance of the Magna Carta lies not in its _____ provisions, but in its broader impact: it made the king subject to the law.A. revolutionaryB. specificC. implicitD. controversial7. Democratic Massachusetts Senate candidate, Elizabeth Warrens, self- proclaimed Native American ______ is in question tonight.A. nominationB. cultural insightC. ancestryD. cultural tradition8. Under the guidance of their instructors, the students are building a model boat ____ by steam.A. towedB. pressedC. tossedD. propelled.9.Researchers _____ that genes may determine the strength of the immune system, which could help explain how an infectious disease could have a hereditary link.A. conformB. evaluateC. estimateD. resurrect10. Despite the fact that the book promises a complete rethinking of the factorscontributing to the conflict, the picture that the book paints is ____: the causes it suggests are more orthodox that ____.A. unique; innovativeB. commonplace; imitativeC. controversial, radicalD. familiar; revisionist11. The constitution of the State required that property should be _____ for taxation atits market value.A. estimatedB. appraisedC. evaluatedD. valued.12. From that year on, there was a ____ race between tabloid newspapers as to whocould get their hands on the Christmas cards of the royal family first.A. crazyB. frenziedC. desperateD. terrible.13. Advances in health care have lengthened life spans, lowered infant mortalityrates, and thus ________ the overpopulation problem.A. eliminatedB. aggravatedC. minimizedD. distorted14. If those large publishers that respond solely to popular literary trends continue todominate the publishing market, the initial publication of new writers will depend on the writer’s willingn ess to________ popular tastes.A. struggle againstB. cater toC. admireD. flout15. Psychologists have done extensive studies on how well patients _______ withdoctors’ orders.A. complyB. correspondC. interfereD. interact16. D espite the ______ of the materials with which he worked, many of Tiffany’sGlass masterpieces have survived for more than seventy years.A. beautyB. abundanceC. majestyD. fragility17. Her is always a source of irritation: she never uses a single word when shecan substitute a long clause or phrase in its place.A. verbosityB. simplicityC. CogencyD. rhetoric18. A leading philosopher of our time, Ludwig Wittgenstein, laid down a ________ towhich good hist orians ________ : “Of that of which nothing is known nothing can be said."A. burden...protestB. law...amendC. rule...adhereD. maxim...succumb19. After reading numbers of biographies recounting dysfunctions and disasters, failedmarriages and failed careers, Joyce Carol Oates ________ a word to ________ the genre: pathography, the story of diseased lives.A. invented......curtailB. reiterated...criticizeC. hypothesized...indictD. coined...describe20. The United States must assess how, and to what extent these TA issues will_____WTO agreements, world trade, market competitiveness.A. step intoB. impinge onC. cross ontoD. nose intoII PROOF READING AND ERROR CORRECTION (10 Points) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.It is natural to feel uncomfortable in a languageclass. You are used to being in class where the modeof communication -- the language of instruction -- isgiving. In a language course, however, it is the 1. __________mode of communication itself which is the focus of 2.___________ instruction. For this reason, a language course isdifferent from most other courses you will ever take. Notunderstanding and making mistakes -- things that arepositive learning indicates in other courses-- are a 3._________very natural part of the language learning processes.Accept the fact that you will not understand anything. 4._________In fact, at the very beginning, you will not understandmost at all. 5._________ Remember that during the initial period of adaptation,your ear and mind are adjusting with the 6.__________sounds and the rhythm of the language. Though youwill not understand all of that is being said, you willnot understand all of that is being said, you will 7. __________be amazed at your increasing ability to make sense ofthe language. Remember that the only way to learnthe language is through practice, practice and morepractice; in the course of practicing you will makemany errors... and you will learn them. 8.___________Research shows that language students learnmore effectively and retain more when they studyfrequently and for shorter periods of time than if theystudy infrequently for extended periods of time. Tryto study each day, and when possible, several times 9.___________a day. This means, for an instance, doing a few 10.___________homework exercises each day rather than doing allhomework assignments the night before they are due.PART III READING COMPREHENSION (30 Points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 1Daylight saving time (DST) is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less. Typically clocks are adjusted forward one hour near the start of spring and are adjusted backward in autumn.Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 by William Willett. Many countries have used it since then; details vary by location and change occasionally.Generally agreement about the day's layout confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule usually outranks efforts to get up earlier, even for people who personally dislike DST schedule. The practice is mixed blessing, however.For instance, retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. As the 1984 Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. Conversely, DST can adversely affect framers and others whose hours are set by the sun. For example, grain harvesting is best done after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. DST also hurts prime-time broadcast rating s and drive-in and other theaters.Clock shifts correlates with decreased economic efficiency. In 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges. Clock shifts and DST rule changes have a direct economic cost, since they entail extra work to support remote meeting, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $ 1 billion.Extra afternoon daylight is said to reduce traffic fatalities. In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction to be 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hours ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. A correlation between clock shifts and accidents has been observed in North America but not in Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in fatalities.However, the effect of DST on crime is less clear. In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories；the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.DST also has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight or outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure；whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. Sunlight strongly influences seasonal affective disorder. DST may help in depressionby causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue that reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions , but DST can hurt night blindness sufferers.Clock shifts disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005.Although the DST increases opportunities for outdoor leisure activities during afternoon sunlight hours, obviously it does nor change the length of the day; the longer days nearer the summer solstice in high latitudes merely offer more room to shift apparent daylight from morning to evening. And the DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker: workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark.1. According to the passage, the DSTA. offers one more hour in the afternoon both in the seasons of summer and winter.B. causes people to get up one hour earlier in summer but not in wither.C. adjusts the time of people's activity arrangement to make full use of the daytime.D. causes people to end the activities in the morning one hour later in wither.2.Which of the following businesses may NOT benefit from the DST?A. building tradeB. open-air recreation industryC. outdoor sports businessD. computer-based services3. What is the role of the third paragraph in the developing of the topic?A. To show the advantages and disadvantages of the adaptation of DST.B. To provide supporting evidence for the preceding paragraph.C. To emphasize how the adoption of DST affect certain other businesses.D. To illustrate that the agreement of the day's layout is not always beneficial.4. According to the effects of DST on various aspects, we can conclude thatA. the practice of DST is obviously controversial.B. the practice of DST is not scientific enough.C. the advantages of DST exceed the disadvantages.D. the results caused by the DST are rather unsatisfactory.5 What kind of writing does the passage belong to?A. PersuasionB. DescriptionC. ExpositoryD. Narration. Passage 2It is nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.. Partly, it's that American hegemony Didier. Benchimol, CEO of a French ecommerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other Frenchbusinessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world's deepest pockets.The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something more enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically. Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they've decided upon English as their common tongue. So when German chemical and pharmaceutical Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vague Latinate Aventis as the new company name-- and settled on English as the company's common language. When monetary policymakers from around the Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and a traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.How did this happen? One school attributes English's great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It's a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1066, the language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What's more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change -- foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts-- in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academic Francaise, has not.So it's a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language's ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition--first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German--faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of , respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world's most important financial centre, which made English a key language business. England's colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the US rose to the status of the world's preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.In the 1990s more and more European found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders of business and government leaders who hadn't studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then theInternet came along.The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the US, so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only at school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans ( including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That's a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don't speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the US, and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets -- CNN broadcasts in Spanish, the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.Bust just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students ,69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15-24. In secondary schools of the European Union's non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European business hasn't been all that traumatic, and it's only going to get easier in the future.6. In the author's opinion, what really underlines the rising status of English in France and Europe isA. American dominance in the Internet software business.B. a practical need for effective communication among Europeans.C. European's eagerness to do business with American businessmen.D. the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other.7. French lost its dominant status as an international language forA. religious reasonsB. political reasonsC. economic reasonsD. military reasons.8. The author uses the example of CNN broadcasting in Spanish to show thatA. CNN benefits a lot from the spread of English.B. more people speak English than any other language in Europe.C. CNN regards Spanish as a language more important than English.D. the media cannot afford to ignore the larger number of non-English speakers.9. Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future?A. About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English.B. Us and British media companies are operating in Western Europe.C. Most secondary school students in Europe study English.D. Most Europeans continue to use their own language.10. The passage mainly examines the factors related toA. the rising status of the English in Europe.B. English learning in non-English-speaking EU nations.C. the preference for English by European businessmen.D. the switch from French to English in the European Commission.Passage 3Thomas Hardy’s impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters’ psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy. Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy ( in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase. He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally ( and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe. Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange.In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way those novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style--- that sure index of an author’s literary worth--- was certain to become verbose. Hardy’s weakness derived from his unw illingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulses--- a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be psychologist of love—but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into distinct parts.11. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on itscontent?A. Under the Greenwood Tree: Hardy’s Ambiguous TriumphB. The Real and the Strange: The Novelist’s Shifting RealmsC. Energy Versus Repo se: The role of: Ordinary People in Hardy’s FictionD. Hardy’s Novelistic Impulses: The Problem of Control12. The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which ofthe following statements about literary realisms?A. Literary realism is most concerned with exploration of the internal lives ofordinary human beings.B. The term” literary realism” is susceptible to more than a single definition.C. Literary realism and an interest in psychology are likely to be odds in anovelist’s work.D. “Literary realism” is the term most often used by critics in describing themethod of Hardy’s novels.13. The author of the passage considers a writer’s style to beA. a reliable means by which to measure the writer’s lite rary merit.B. Most apparent in those parts of the writer’s work that are not realistic.C. Problematic when the writer attempts to follow perilous or risky impulses.D. shaped primarily by the writer’s desire to classify and schematize.14. The passage supplies information to suggest that its author would be most likelyto agree with which of the following statements about the novelists Flaubert and James?A. They indulged more impulse in their novels than did Hardy in his novels.B. They have elicited a greater degree of favorable response from most literaryCritics than has Hardy.C. In the writing of their novels, they often took pains to effect a compromiseamong their various novelistic impulses.D. Regarding novelistic construction, they cared more about the opinions of othernovelists than about the opinions of ordinary readers.15. Which of the following statements about the use of comedy in Hardy’s novels isbest supported by the passage?A. Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels tended to weaken his literary style.B. Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels was inspired by his natural sympathy.C. Comedy appeared less frequently in Hardy’s novels than did tragedy.D. Comedy played an important role in Hardy’s novels though t hat comedy wasusually in the form of farce.PART IV TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE (50 Points) Running a company with a friend is a surefire way to end a friendship. When I first had the idea for Okta, I briefly considered bringing on one of my close friends from , but I knew that when we ran into issues —if we couldn’t raise funding, if we disagreed on how to build the product, or most importantly, if we foresaw different futures for the company — the pressure would be too much for us to withstand. On the other hand, if things went well, our friendship would evolve into an entirely professional relationship.Frederic and I started as business partners, and because of that we’re able to approach issues and important decisions with fewer emotions. For example, when we raised our first round of funding, we had to pick between two attractive offers —looking back, it was one of those “every decision is a good decision” situation, but realistically, we knew it would have a huge impact on the future of the company and we could feel the pressure. Instead of feeding off each other’s emotions, we looked at the offers rationally and based our decision on hours of thoughtful deliberations. Thatdynamic wouldn’t be the same among good friends.Make sure you complement each otherThe most successful business partners come to the table with varying yet complementary talents, perspectives and experiences. Frederic and I have plenty in common. We share a -heavy network, engineering degrees, experience as competitive athletes and supportive spouses, and we’re both keenly focused on satisfying our customers.Our areas of expertise — his in sales, operations and marketing and mine in product — cover different grounds, and our personalities are mismatched in a necessary way. Frederic’s extroverted and optimistic, whereas I’m naturally more introverted and stoic. Back when we were first fundraising (before we had those two attractive offers), I woke up everyday worried we would never be able to raise money and it was Frederic who always got me to calm down and keep moving forward; we balance each other out.Foster your relationshipNowadays, Frederic and I spend a significant amount of time together and we put a lot of work into maintaining our relationship – almost like a married couple. We have a Monday routine where we meet up for breakfast and discuss what we did with our families that weekend before transitioning into priorities for the days ahead. Outside of breakfast, we’re in almost constant communication. Because of that, I’ve actually learned a lot from Frederic about communicating. More communication is always, better, and understanding the intentions of the person on the other side is half the battle.I tell aspiring founders to look for someone you respect and want to learn from; someone you’ll be comfortable talking to about difficult decisions and frustrating finances; someone you’ll want to invite to family barbeques, but also understand when they can’t make it. Your bus iness partner be a huge part of your life and although it’s crucial you don’t start as friends, you should embrace the companionship that naturally should come with founding a company together.PART V WRITING (40 Points)Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen field. What do you think of these views? Discuss both views.Write an essay of about 400words, Use specific reasons/examples to support your position on the statement above. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

运筹学试题及答案(两套).doc

运筹学A卷）一、单项选择题（从下列各题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，答案选错或未选者，该题不得分。

每小题1分，共10分）1．线性规划具有唯一最优解是指A．最优表中存在常数项为零B．最优表中非基变量检验数全部非零C．最优表中存在非基变量的检验数为零D．可行解集合有界2．设线性规划的约束条件为则基本可行解为A．(0, 0, 4, 3) B．(3, 4, 0, 0)C．(2, 0, 1, 0) D．(3, 0, 4, 0)3．则A．无可行解B．有唯一最优解mednC．有多重最优解D．有无界解4．互为对偶的两个线性规划, 对任意可行解R 和R，存在关系A．Z > W B．Z = WC．Z≥W D．Z≤W5．有6 个产地4个销地的平衡运输问题模型具有特征A．有10个变量24个约束B．有24个变量10个约束C．有24个变量9个约束D．有9个基变量10个非基变量6.下例错误的说法是A．标准型的目标函数是求最大值B．标准型的目标函数是求最小值C．标准型的常数项非正D．标准型的变量一定要非负7. m+n－1个变量构成一组基变量的充要条件是A．m+n－1个变量恰好构成一个闭回路B．m+n－1个变量不包含任何闭回路C．m+n－1个变量中部分变量构成一个闭回路D．m+n－1个变量对应的系数列向量线性相关8．互为对偶的两个线性规划问题的解存在关系A．原问题无可行解，对偶问题也无可行解B．对偶问题有可行解，原问题可能无可行解C．若最优解存在，则最优解相同D．一个问题无可行解，则另一个问题具有无界解9.有m个产地n个销地的平衡运输问题模型具有特征A．有mn个变量m+n个约束…m+n-1个基变量B．有m+n个变量mn个约束C．有mn个变量m+n－1约束D．有m+n－1个基变量，mn－m－n－1个非基变量10．要求不超过第一目标值、恰好完成第二目标值，目标函数是A．)(m in22211+-+++=ddpdpZB．)(m in22211+-+-+=ddpdpZC．)(m in22211+---+=ddpdpZD．)(m in22211+--++=ddpdpZ二、判断题（你认为下列命题是否正确，对正确的打“√”；错误的打“×”。

研究生运筹学考试题及其考试答案

一、解： 121284x x x +=⎧⎨=⎩ ⇒ 1242x x =⎧⎨=⎩ *243214Z =⋅+⋅= 1212233x x x x +=⎧⎨+=⎩ ⇒ 123212x x ⎧=⎪⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎩ *33192224Z =+⋅=二、（10分）证明：若ˆX 、ˆY 分别是原问题和对偶问题的可行解。

那么ˆˆ0s s YX Y X ==,当且仅当ˆX、ˆY 为最优解。

证明：min ,0,0S S S S max z CX Yb AX X b YA Y C X X Y Y ω==+=-=≥≥设原问题和对偶问题的标准关系是原问题对偶问题将原问题目标函数中的系数向量C 用C=Y A-YS 代替后，得到 z =(YA − YS )X =YAX − YSX将对偶问题的目标函数中系数列向量b ，用b =AX +XS 代替后，得到 w =Y (AX +XS )=YAX +YXSˆˆˆˆˆˆˆˆ;,4,4ˆˆ2152160,0S SSSY X 0,YX 0Yb YAX CX X Y CX YAX YbYXY X ======--==若则由性质（），可知是最优解。

又若分别是原问题和对偶问题的最优解，根据性质（），则有由（），（）式可知，必有三、1）（5分）写出下列线性规划问题的对偶问题123123123123123Min z x x 2x 2x 3x 5x 23x x 7x 3s.t x 4x 6x 5x ,x ,x 0=++++≥⎧⎪++≤⎪⎨++≤⎪⎪≥⎩解：123123123123123Max w 2y 3y 5y 2y 3y y 13y y 4y 1s.t 5y 7y 6y 2y 0,y ,y 0=++++≥⎧⎪++≥⎪⎨++≥⎪⎪≥≤⎩ 2）（5分）试写出下述非线性规划的Kuhn-Tucker 条件并求解2()(4)15Minf x x x =-≤≤解：先将该非线性规划问题写成以下形式212min ()(4)()10()50f x x g x x g x x ⎧=-⎪=-≥⎨⎪=-≥⎩写出其目标函数和约束函数的梯度：12()2(4),()1, ()1f x xg x g x ∇=-∇=∇=-对第一个和第二个约束条件分别引入广义拉格朗日乘子，设K-T 点为X*，则可以得到该问题的K-T 条件。

青岛大学考研真题—概率论与数理统计

一、(20分)概念题1）全概率公式与贝叶斯公式2）数学期待与方差3）点预计与区间预计4）回归分析与最小二乘法二、(15分) 计算题某电子设备发明厂所用的元件是由三家元件发明厂提供的的，按照以往的记录有以下数据：设这三家工厂的产品在仓库中是匀称混合的，且无区别的标志，问：1）在仓库中随机地取一只元件，求它是次品的概率；2）在仓库中随机地取一只元件，若已知取到的是次品，为评价产品质量责任，求此次品出由三家工厂生产的概率分离是多少？三、（15分）证实题设随机变量独立，ξ且方差存在，则有与η22)()()(ηξηξηξξηE D D E D D D •+•+•=由此并可得ηξξηD D D •≥)(四、(15分) 计算题设二维随机变量），（ηξ的联合密度为 ⎩⎨⎧>>=--其它），（,00,0,43y x ke y x p y x问：1）求常数k;2）求相应的分布函数； 3）求），（2010<<<<ηξp 五、（15分）计算题设有A,B 两种不相关的证券，它们的收益与概率如下表：问：1）应如何投资这两种证券最佳（即要满意收益越大越好，风险越小越好）？2）若这两种证券相关，譬如相关系数5.0,-=B A ρ，结果又如何？六、（15分）计算题假设某险种在投保时期内一共发生了N 次赔款，i ξ表示第i 次赔款额，则相应的赔款总量为：N S ξξξ+++=...21，其中N 为取非负整数值的随机变量，N ξξξ...,21，，具有相同的分布函数，且N,N ξξξ (21)，互相自立，问： 1）推导赔款总量S 的数学期待及方差公式；2）若N 顺从参数3=λ的泊松分布，第i 笔赔款额i ξ的分布列如下表：计算赔款总量S 的范围。

七、（15分）证实题设{}n ξ为自立同分布的随机变量序列，每个随机变量的期待为a ,且方差存在，证实：a k n n nk k →+∑=1)1(2ξ（依概率收敛）八、（20分）计算题设总体ξ～),(2σμN ，2,σμ为未知参数，（n ξξξ,...,,21）是来自总体ξ的一个样本，问： 1）2,σμ的矩预计； 2）2,σμ的极大似然预计；3）以上两个预计是否无偏预计？若不是如何修正？九、（20分）计算题针对一元线性回归模型i i i i x y εεβα,++=～n i N ,...,2,1),,0(2=σ求其中参数βα，的最小二乘预计及2σ的无偏预计，其中n x x x ,...,,21不全相同。

运筹学试题.doc

管理运筹学复习题第一章一、单项选择题1.用运筹学分析与解决问题的过程是一个（ B ）A.预测过程B.科学决策过程C.计划过程D.控制过程2.运筹学运用数学方法分析与解决问题，以达到系统的最优目标。

可以说这个过程是一个（ C ）A.解决问题过程B.分析问题过程C.科学决策过程D.前期预策过程3从趋势上看，运筹学的进一步发展依赖于一些外部条件及手段，其中最主要的是（ C ）A．数理统计 B．概率论 C．计算机 D．管理科学4运筹学研究功能之间关系是应用（ A ）A．系统观点 B．整体观点 C．联系观点 D．部分观点5运筹学的主要目的在于求得一个合理运用人力、物力和财力的（ B ）A.最优目标B.最佳方案C.最大收益D.最小成本6.运筹学的主要研究对象是各种有组织系统的（ C ）A.近期目标与具体投入B.生产计划及盈利C.管理问题及经营活动D.原始数据及相互关系7.运筹学研究和解决问题的优势是应用各学科交叉的方法，其具有的典型特性为（ A ）A．综合应用 B．独立研究 C．以计算为主 D．定性与定量8.数学模型中，“s·t”表示（ B ）A. 目标函数B. 约束C. 目标函数系数D. 约束条件系数9.用运筹学解决问题的核心是（ B ）A．建立数学模型并观察模型 B．建立数学模型并对模型求解C．建立数学模型并验证模型 D．建立数学模型并优化模型10.运筹学作为一门现代的新兴科学，起源于第二次世界大战的（ B ）A.工业活动B.军事活动C.政治活动D.商业活动11.运筹学是近代形成的一门（ C ）A．管理科学 B．自然科学 C．应用科学 D．社会科学12.用运筹学解决问题时，要对问题进行（ B ）A.分析与考察B.分析和定义C.分析和判断D.分析和实验13.运筹学中所使用的模型是（ C ）A.实物模型B.图表模型C.数学模型D.物理模型14.运筹学的研究对象是（ B ）A．计划问题 B．管理问题 C．组织问题 D．控制问题二、多项选择题1.运筹学的主要分支包括（ ABDE ）A.图论B.线性规划 C .非线性规划 D.整数规划 E.目标规划三、简答题1.运筹学的数学模型有哪些缺点?答：（1）数学模型的缺点之一是模型可能过分简化，因而不能正确反映实际情况。