2015年首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学考研大纲

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首都经济贸易大学211《翻译硕士英语》357《英语翻译基础》448《汉语写作与百科知识》考试大纲

首都经济贸易大学硕士研究生入学考试211《翻译硕士英语》、357《英语翻译基础》、448《汉语写作与百科知识》考试大纲一、考试目的根据全国翻译硕士专业学位教育指导委员会所制定的《全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试总纲》（考试指导性意见）以及《全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》以及有关文件要求与精神，本考试旨在全面考察考生的双语（英语、母语）综合能力及双语翻译能力。

二、考试的性质与范围本考试是全国翻译硕士专业学位研究生的入学资格考试，除全国统考分值100分的第一单元《政治理论》之外，专业考试分为三门，分别是第二单元外国语考试《翻译硕士英语》第三单元基础课考试《英语翻译基础》以及第四单元专业基础课考试《汉语写作与百科知识》。

《翻译硕士英语》重点考察考生的外语水平，总分100分，《英语翻译基础》重点考察考生的外汉互译专业技能和潜质，总分150分，《汉语写作和百科知识》重点考察考生的现代汉语写作水平和百科知识，总分150分。

三、考试基本要求1.具有良好的英语基本功，掌握6000个以上的英语积极词汇。

2.具有较好的双语表达和转换能力及潜质。

3.具备一定的中外文化以及政治、经济、法律等方面的背景知识。

对作为母语（A语言）的现代汉语有较强的写作能力。

四、考试形式本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，试题在各项试题中的分布见各门“考试内容一览表”。

五、考试内容见以下分别表述。

211《翻译硕士英语》考试大纲一、考试目的：《翻译硕士英语》作为全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）入学考试英语考试，其目的是考察考生是否具备进行MTI学习所要求的英语水平。

二、考试性质与范围：本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试。

考试范围包括MTI考生应具备的英语词汇量、语法知识以及英语阅读与写作等方面的技能。

三、考试基本要求1.具有良好的英语基本功，认知词汇量在10，000以上，掌握6000个以上的积极词汇，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

2015年首都经济贸易大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研招生简章,考研参考书

【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站： 1【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师.2015年首都经济贸易大学外国语言学及应用语言学考研相关信息专业考试科目初试专业课参考用书复试参考用书外国语言学及应用语言学（050211）①101政治理论②240第二外语（日语或法语选一）③705基础英语④912英语语言文学综合复试：跨文化交际商务英语翻译理论与实践胡壮麟：《语言学教程》，北大出版社，2006。

Stuart, C.Poole.An Introduction to Linguistics .(外研社引进版，2000)张伯香：《英美文学简明教程》（上下册），华中科技大学出版社，2009年。

第二外语：《新版中日交流标准日本语》初级上下册（人教社）；《简明法语教程》上下册，（商务印书馆）01商务英语陈准民：《工商导论》（英文版），高等教育出版社，2009。

02跨文化交际Larry.A.Samovar&RichardE.Intellectual Communication:a Reader (10th edition)胡文仲：《跨文化交际学概论》，外研社，1999。

03翻译理论与实践①GENTZLER,Edwin.2001.Contemporary Translation Theories.(上海外语教育出版社国外翻译研究丛书之十九)②谭载喜《翻译学》，武汉：湖北教育出版社,2000【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：32015年育明教育考研攻略一、《育明教育：五阶段考研复习攻略》把考研作为一种娱乐，而不是被娱乐。

矿大北京2015年英语语言文学考研《二外俄语》考试大纲

【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：1育明教育【2014年考研喜讯】38人状元集训录取32人+调剂录取4人开创考研辅导行业通过率神话阅卷人出题人领衔辅导，专注考研，始于2006打卡签到封闭集训，400多名状元共同见证育明教育是如何实现历年较高通过率的呢？？北大人大教授+阅卷名师+精准的押题赠送阅卷人指导一对一指导！矿大北京2015年英语语言文学考研《二外俄语》考试大纲学院（盖章）：负责人（签字）：专业代码：050201/050211专业名称：英语语言文学/外国语言学及应用语言学专业考试科目代码：243考试科目名称：二外俄语一、考试说明：本大纲为英语专业硕士研究生入学考试二外俄语制定。

考试旨在检查考生对俄语词汇、语法的掌握情况、阅读一般性文章的能力及俄汉互译的能力。

以上能力要求达到中级水平。

考试时间为180分钟，试题总分为100分。

考试采用闭卷形式。

二、考试总体要求：1.掌握4000个左右常用词汇及词组，能熟练运用2000个单词。

2.掌握主要的语法知识：动词的时态；运动动词用法；名词的变格；前置词的意义和用法；形动词、副动词的构成及用法；否定代词和否定副词；形容词短尾形式；主从复合句；各种常用句型用法。

3.具有较强的阅读能力：读速为每分钟150词，要求能把握主旨和大意，了解用以阐【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2述主旨的事实和有关细节，根据材料提供的信息进行推理，理会材料作者的观点和态度。

4．具有一定的翻译能力：正确理解俄语原文，用汉语准确表达原文所述内容；根据汉语原文用俄语正确表达有关内容。

三、考试题型及分值：1.词汇与语法：20分本题形式为选择填空，考生从四个备选答案中选择一个最恰当的答案。

词汇部分考查考生对近义词辨析和固定搭配的掌握；语法部分主要考查考生正确运用语法规则的能力。

2.阅读：30分共10或15题，每题3或2分。

阅读材料为3-4篇短文，每篇短文后有若干问题，要求考生从四个答案中选择一个最佳答案。

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题,考研大纲,考研参考书,考研经验

2015 年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题一．词组翻译 GATT EEC APEC FOB 十八届四中全会一站式服务西厢记公务专用车石油输出国 ....... 二．段落翻译英译汉：李克强在亚洲做的讲话，汉译英：李克强的政府工作报告
常用经济名词解释 2 31、城市化：是由农业为主的传统乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的现代城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程。具体包括人口职业的转变、产业结构的转变、土地及地域空间的变化。 32、节能减排：指的是减少能源浪费和降低废气排放。我国“十一五”规划纲要提出，“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值能耗降低 20％左右、主要污染物排放总量减少 10％。这是贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的重大举措；是建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的必
月 1 日起实施燃油税费改革。 45、城镇廉租住房：是指政府在住房领域实施社会保障职能，向具有城镇常住居民户口的低收入家庭提供的租金相对低廉的普通住房。廉租住房的保障范围最初只包括城镇最低收入家庭。２００７年８月１３日，《国务院关于解决城市低收入家庭住房困难的若干意见》发布，明确提出以城市低收入家庭为对象，进一步建立健全城市廉租住房制度。“十一五”期末，全国廉租住房制度保障范围要由城市最低收入住房困难家庭扩大到低收入住房困难家庭。国家将从政策措施上多方面为廉租住房制度提供支持和保证。 46、基层医疗卫生体系：以农村基层和城镇社区医疗机构为核心的我国基层医疗卫生体系建设已成为我国医改关注的重点。最新发布的《中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见》明确提出，建设覆盖城乡居民的公共卫生服务体系、医疗服务体系、医疗保障体系、药品供应保障体系，形成四位一体的基本医疗卫生制度。深化医药卫生体制改革的总体目标：建立健全覆盖城乡居民的基本医疗卫生制度，为群众提供安全、有效、方便、价廉的医疗卫生服务。 47、粮食最低收购价：我国粮食收购价格一般情况下由市场供求决定，国家在充分发挥市场机制作用的基础上实行宏观调控。为保护农民利益、保障粮食市场供应，必要时由国务院决定对短缺的重点粮食品种，在粮食主产区实行最低收购价格。当市场粮价低于国家确定的最低收购价时，国家委托符合一定资质条件的粮食企业，按国家确定的最低收购价收购农民的粮食。 48、水库移民后期扶持：国家自２００６年７月１日起，实行统一的水库移民后期扶持政策，扶持范围为新中国成立以来所有大中型水库农村移民，扶持标准为每人每年６００元，扶持期限为２０年。所需资金主要通过在全国范围内提高省级电网销售电价筹措（扣除农业生产用电），分省安排使用。此外，国家还将通过其他渠道筹措资金，加大扶持力度，解决库区和移民安置区基础设施和长远发展问题。 49、政策性农业保险：是指保险机构开展的由各级财政提供保费补贴的特定农作物、特定养殖品种的农业保险业务。政策性农业保险是由政府主导、组织和推动，由财政给予保费补贴，按商业保险规则运作，以支农、惠农和保障“三农”为目的的一种农业保险，由商业保险公司承办具体实务，并提供专业化的保险服务。 50、农业综合开发：是指通过资金、物资、劳力和科技等生产要素配套投入，并运用工程和生物措施，在一定区域范围内，进行广度和深度的开发，以提高农业综合生产能力和农产品商品率，改善和保护农业生态环境，提高资源利用率，实现经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的统一。

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书,考研大纲,考研经验,考研辅导班资料,学姐经验

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题一．名词解释十二铜表法傅聪的前丈人小篆史诗魔幻现实主义文艺复兴法国大革命基准利率陋巷策论礼部圭臬二．应用文结合怀柔的人文自然，给怀柔做个旅游广告三．大作文是文明，材料是杭州图书馆让流浪汉看书。

翻译硕士词汇辨析1ambiguous,obscure,vague,unclear,dimambiguous,obscure,vague,unclear,dim这一组形容词都有“模糊”的意思。

ambiguous a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。

His ambiguous directions confused us;we did not know which of the two roads to take.他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。

obscure a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。

该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。

The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。

vague a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。

He has some vague ideas about what to do,but nothing specific.他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。

unclear a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。

Unclear writing is difficult to understand.模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。

811《英语语言文学基础知识》考试大纲

中国传媒大学硕士研究生入学考试《英语语言文学基础知识》考试大纲一、考试的总体要求《英语语言文学基础知识》考查考生对英美文学、语言学和翻译等方面的知识掌握情况。

其中，英美文学主要考查考生了解英美文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件、文学思潮、文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想、人物形象、篇章结构、语言特点、修辞手法、文体风格；能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法，对重要的文学术语有相当的了解并能在文学批评中加以运用。

语言学部分主要测试考生对英语语言基本知识和主要理论的掌握程度，考生需要系统掌握语言学的基本理论、基本知识和语言学研究的基本方法，能够初步运用所学的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法分析判断分析与语言相关的理论问题和实际问题。

翻译部分本旨在全面考查考生的英汉双语的翻译能力，考生需要具备一定中外文化，以及政治、经济、文学、法律等方面的背景知识，具备扎实的英汉两种语言的基本功，并具备较强的翻译能力。

二、考试的内容I.英美文学第一章中世纪英国文学1.英国早期的三次征服，以及英国早期的三次征服对英国的影响2.史诗《贝奥武甫》的大概内容3.头韵诗史诗体4.乔叟及《坎特伯雷故事集》第二章文艺复兴时期英国文学1.文艺复兴运动概述2.英国文艺复兴时期的文学3.伊丽莎白时代的历史文化背景4.文艺复兴时期的主要作家及其代表作（埃德蒙〃斯宾塞，《仙后》；克里斯托夫〃马洛，《浮士德博士的悲剧》；威廉〃莎士比亚，《威尼斯商人》、悲剧《哈姆雷特》、十四行诗；弗兰西斯〃培根，《论学习》）第三章十七世纪英国文学1.英国资产阶级革命2.英国资产阶级革命时期主要作家及其代表作（约翰〃弥尔顿，史诗《失乐园》；约翰〃邓恩，玄学诗派）第四章启蒙运动时期英国文学1.启蒙运动以及启蒙运动对英国文学的影响2.新古典主义以及新古典主义对英国文学的影响3.启蒙运动时期的主要作家及其代表作（英国现实主义小说的诞生（中叶）；哥特式小说与伤感主义文学的兴起（后叶）；约翰〃班扬，《天路历程》；亚历山大〃蒲伯；丹尼尔〃笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》；乔纳森〃斯威夫特，《格列佛游记》；亨利〃菲尔丁，《汤姆〃琼斯》；理查德〃比〃谢立丹，《造谣学校》；托马斯〃格雷，《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》）第五章浪漫主义时期英国文学1.浪漫主义时期概述（浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景，法国大革命对英国的影响，浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张英国浪漫主义文学的特点,浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响）2.浪漫主义时期的主要作家及其代表作(威廉〃布莱克,《天真之歌》；威廉〃华兹华斯，《序曲》；塞〃特〃科勒律治,《老水手之行》；乔治〃戈登〃拜伦,《唐璜》；珀〃比〃雪莱,《西风颂》；约翰〃济慈，《夜莺颂》；简〃奥斯汀，《傲慢与偏见》)第六章维多利亚时期英国文学1.维多利亚时代的历史背景2.维多利亚时期的文学的特点和主要作家及其代表作(查尔斯〃狄更斯，《雾都孤儿》；布朗蒂姐妹，《简〃爱》、《呼啸山庄》；阿尔弗雷德〃丁尼生，《国王叙事诗》；罗伯特〃布朗宁，《指环与书》；乔治〃艾略特，《米德尔马契》；托马斯〃哈代，《德伯家的苔丝》)第七章二十世纪时期英国文学1.现代时期概述 (20世纪英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景 )2.现代主义文学对当代英国文学的影响（现代主义文学的兴起与衰落，现代主义文学创作的基本主张，英国现代主义文学的特点）3.20世纪英国主要作家及其代表作(萧伯纳，《华伦夫人的职业》；约翰〃高尔斯华绥，《现代喜剧》；威廉〃勃特勒〃叶芝，《驶向拜占庭》； T〃 S〃艾略特，《荒原》；戴维〃赫伯特〃劳伦斯，《儿子与情人》；詹姆斯〃乔伊斯，《尤利西斯》)第八章浪漫主义时期美国文学1.美国浪漫主义时期概述(浪漫主义文学产生的社会及文化背景，清教主义思想，新英格兰超验主义，美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现)2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家及其代表作(华盛顿〃欧文，《见闻札记》；拉尔夫〃华尔多〃爱默生，《论自然》；纳撒尼尔〃霍桑，《红字》；华尔特〃惠特曼，《草叶集》；赫尔曼〃梅尔维尔，《白鲸》)第九章现实主义时期美国文学1.现实主义时期概述( 美国南北战争，美国现实主义文学的先驱，达尔文主义和法国小说家佐拉的影响，美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景)2.美国现实主义时期的文学(占主导地位的美国现实主义小说，现实主义文学中的地方色彩小说，现实主义文学中的自然主义倾向，现实主义文学和自然主义倾向之异同)3.美国现实主义时期的主要作家及其代表作(马克〃吐温，《哈克贝里〃费恩历险记》；亨利〃詹姆斯，《黛西〃米勒》；艾米莉〃狄金森；西奥多〃德莱塞，《嘉丽妹妹》)第十章现代主义时期美国文学1.两次世界大战期间的美国文学(两次世界大战期间美国文学产生的历史及文化背景)2.战后美国文学(战后美国文学产生的历史及文化背景，垮掉的一代，黑人小说，犹太人小说，实验小说（荒诞派小说），美国现代文学多元化的现象)3.美国现代时期的主要作家及其代表作 (埃兹拉〃庞德，《地铁站一瞥》；罗伯特〃弗洛斯特，《雪夜停马在林边》；尤金〃奥尼尔，《毛猿》；司各特〃菲兹杰拉德，《了不起的盖茨比》；欧内斯特〃海明威，《老人与海》；威廉〃福克纳，《喧嚣与骚动》)II.语言学第一章语言和语言学1.语言的定义2.语言的识别特征3.语言的功能4.语言学的研究范畴及分类5.现代语言学的发展趋势第二章语音学1.发音器官及其功能2.元音与辅音3.语音的分类4.语音变化5.语音标注第三章音系学1.音位2.音位变体3.音系学规则4.识别特征5.超音段音位第四章词汇学1.词的概念和性质2.词汇单位3.词汇的分类4.词汇的发展第五章语法1.语法的性质2.语法意义和语法范畴3.语法形式和语法手段4.词的结构和构词法5.词组的性质和类型6.句子和句子成分7.传统语法和现代语法8.结构语法9.转换生成语法第六章语义学1.语义及其分类2.义素分析及语义场3.语义的聚合4.语义的组合5.句义结构第七章修辞学1.语体2.风格和文风3.言语规律与言语修养4.修辞手段和修辞方法5.话语修辞第八章语用学1．语境2．句子意义和话语意义3．所指意义4．指示5．回指6．预设7．言语行为理论8．合作原则及会话含义9．礼貌原则第九章社会语言学1．语言变异2．标准语与非标准语3．双言与双语现象4．社会方言第十章心理语言学1.语言和心理的关系2.言语生成3.言语理解4.语言和人的认知活动5.语言能力和语言掌握第十一章语言习得1. 母语习得2. 第二语言学习3. 第二语言学中的个体差异4. 语言教学与第二语言学习III.翻译要求应试者具备英汉互译的基本技巧和能力；初步了解中国和英语国家的社会、文化等背景知识；译文忠实于原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确，表达基本无误；译文无明显语法错误；英译汉速度为每小时250-350个外语单词，汉译英速度为每小时150-250个汉字。

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题,报考要求

16年翻译硕士考研详解与指导西方文化史零散知识点串讲214、浪漫主义：18世纪末19世纪上半叶。

215、拜伦式英雄：个人主义，悲观主义，虚无主义。

216、积极浪漫主义代表：英国拜伦，雪菜，法国雨果和德国海涅。

217、卢梭的感觉经验论，弗洛伊德潜意识理论。

218、湖畔派诗人：华兹华斯，柯尔律治和骚塞。

219、华兹华斯：《抒情歌谣集》序言是浪漫主义宣言书，英国浪漫主义诗歌的奠基者，《不朽的征兆》，《丁登寺》。

220、柯尔律治：《古舟子咏》，《忽必烈汗》。

221、骚塞：《圣女贞德》。

222、夏多布里昂：法国，代表作《阿达拉》。

223、世纪病：19世纪最主要的道德病。

224、拜伦：浪漫主义杰出代表，英国著名资产阶级民主主义诗人，《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》，《东方叙事诗》反叛者形象，“拜伦式英雄”，个人主义，无政府主义，世纪病。

225、雪菜：《仙后麦布》，最有名的诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，《西风颂》，《给英国人民之歌》，社会主义的急先锋，天才的预言家。

226、海涅：德国浪漫主义杰出代表，《西里西亚的纺织工人》恩格斯称为“是我所知道的最有力的诗歌之_”，最成熟的作品《德国个冬天的神话》。

227、雨果：法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的代表，《克伦威尔》序言，《欧那尼》序言提出浪漫主义是“文学上的自由主义”著名论断，长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》（加西莫多），《悲惨世界》（人道主义，社会史诗，最经典，冉阿让），《海上劳工》，《笑面人》，《九三年》。

228、批判现实主义：始于19世纪30年代。

229、司汤达：法国批判现实主义的奠基者，《红与黑》是欧洲第一部批判现实主义作品。

230、巴尔扎克：《人间喜剧》（《高利贷者》，《欧也妮葛朗台》，《高老头》，《夏倍上校》，《幻灭》）是巴黎社会的一部卓越的现实主义历史。

231、法国其它批判现实主义大师：大小仲马，梅里美，乔治桑，福楼拜，莫泊桑。

232、左拉：自然主义（19世纪60-80年代）。

(NEW)首都经济贸易大学外国语学院《912英语语言文学综合》历年考研真题及详解

Ⅱ. What are cross-associations in the second language acquisition? Illustrate the idea with examples from English or Chinese. (10)
【答案】In second language acquisition, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about
1. acronyms 【答案】Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword, e.g. NATO, UNESCO. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The armed forces and government agencies frequently employ acronyms. Business and industry also are prolific coiners of acronyms. The rapid advance of science and technology in recent centuries seems to be an underlying force driving the usage, as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter, more manageable names. Besides, Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with Short Message Systems.

2015年首都经贸大学工学类(专业代码08开头)考研复试分数线是280分

2015年首都经贸大学工学类(专业代码08开头)考研复试分数线是280分
2015年首都经贸大学工学类(专业代码08开头)考研复试分数线是280分，英语38政治38专业课一57专业课二57.
学科门类(专业)名称总分单科(满分=100
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单独考试310不限不限。

2016-2017年对外经济贸易大学英语语言文学专业考研语言学复习材料—新祥旭考研辅导

语言学1language?“Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically,rather than randomly.Arbitrary,in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work(like“book”)and the object it refers to.This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different“books”:“book”in English,“livre”in French,“shu”in Chinese.It is symbolic,because words are associated with objects,actions,ideas etc.by nothing but ly,people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.It is vocal,because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages.Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms.The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak(and listen)before they write (and read)also indicates that language is primarily vocal,rather than written.The term“human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.2features of language?“Design features”here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.They are arbitrariness,duality, productivity,displacement,cultural transmission and interchangeability3.arbitrariness?By“arbitrariness”,we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a nguage is therefore largely arbitrary.But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association,if we think of echo words,like“bang”,“crash”,“roar”,which are motivated in a certain sense.Secondly,some compounds(words compounded to be one word)are not entirely arbitrary either.“Type”and“write”are opaque or unmotivated words,while“type-writer”is less so,or more transparent or motivated than the words that make it.So we can say“arbitrariness”is a matter of degree.4duality?Linguists refer“duality”(of structure)to the fact that in all languages so far investigated,one finds two levels of structure or patterning.At the first,higher level,language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes,words etc.);at the second,lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves,but which combine to form units of meaning.According to Hu Zhanglin et al.,language is a system of two sets of structures,one of sounds and the other of meaning.This is important for the workings of language.A small number of semantic units(words),and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences(note that we have dictionaries of words,but no dictionary of sentences!).Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge.No animal communication system enjoys this duality.5productivity?Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language,including those that has never heard before,but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.No one has ever said or heard“A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the small hotel bed with an African gibbon”,but he can say it when necessary,and he can understand it in right register.Different from artistic creativity,though,productivity never goes outside the language,thus also called“rule-bound creativity”(by N.Chomsky).6displacement?“Displacement”,as one of the design features of the human language,refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present,as easily as he does things present.In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things,things of the past,of the present,of the nguage itself can be talked about too.When a man,for example,is crying to a woman,about something,itmight be something that had occurred,or something that is occurring,or something that is to occur. When a dog is barking,however,you can decide it is barking for something or at someone that exists now and there.It couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for a bone to be lost.The bee’s system,nonetheless,has a small share of“displacement”,but it is an unspeakable tiny share.7.What is cultural transmission?This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation,but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.It is true that the capacity for language in human beings(N.Chomsky called it“language acquisition device”,or LAD)has a genetic basis,but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system.If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language.The Wolf Child reared by the pack of wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring“tongue”when he was saved.He learned thereafter,with no small difficulty,the ABC of a certain human language.8What functions does language have?Language has at least seven functions:phatic,directive,Informative,interrogative,expressive, evocative and performative.According to Wang Gang(1988,p.11),language has three main functions:a tool of communication,a tool whereby people learn about the world,and a tool by which people learn about the world,and a tool by which people create art.M.A.K.Halliday, representative of the London school,recognizes three“Macro-Functions”:ideational, interpersonal and textual.9.linguistics?“Linguistics”is the scientific study of language.It studies not just one language of any one society,but the language of all human beings.A linguist,though,does not have to know and use a large number of languages,but to investigate how each language is constructed.He is also concerned with how a language varies from dialect to dialect,from class to class,how it changes from century to century,how children acquire their mother tongue,and perhaps how a person learns or should learn a foreign language.In short,linguistics studies the general principles whereupon all human languages are constructed and operate as systems of communication in their societies or communities.10branches of linguistics?The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.But a linguist sometimes is able to deal with only one aspect of language at a time,thus the arise of various branches: phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,applied linguistics,psycholinguistics etc.11.What are synchronic and diachronic studies?The description of a language at some point of time(as if it stopped developing)is a synchrony study(synchrony).The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study (diachronic).An essay entitled“On the Use of THE”,for example,may be synchronic,if the author does not recall the past of THE,and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.12What are the differences between the descriptive and the prescriptive approaches?A linguistic study is“descriptive”if it only describes and analyses the facts of language,and “prescriptive”if it tries to lay down rules for“correct”language behavior.Linguistic studies before this century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on“high”(literary or religious)written records.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive,however.It(the latter)believes that whatever occurs in natural speech(hesitation,incomplete utterance,misunderstanding,etc.)should be described in the analysis,and not be marked as incorrect,abnormal,corrupt,or lousy.These,with changes in vocabulary and structures,need to be explained also.13What is the difference between langue and parole?F.de Saussure refers“langue”to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers“parole”to the actual or actualized language,or the realization of ngue is abstract,parole specific to the speaking situation;langue not actually spoken by an individual,parole always a naturally occurring event;langue relatively stable and systematic, parole is a mass of confused facts,thus not suitable for systematic investigation.What a linguist ought to do,according to Saussure,is to abstract langue from instances of parole,i.e.to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make than the subject of linguistics.The langue-parole distinction is of great importance,which casts great influence on later linguists.14What is the difference between competence and performance?According to N.Chomsky,“competence”is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and“performance”is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities.A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors.So a speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence.Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence,rather than performance.In other words,they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as,though similar to,F.de Saussure’s langue-parole ngue is a social product,and a set of conventions for a community,while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual.Sussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N.Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.15phonetics?“Phonetics”is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making,especially those sounds used in speech,and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription,speech sounds may be studied in different ways,thus by three different branches of phonetics.(1)Articulatory phonetics;the branch of phonetics that examines the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process.(2)Auditory phonetics,the branch of phonetic research from the hearer’s point of view,looking into the impression which a speech sound makes on the hearer as mediated by the ear,the auditory nerve and the brain.(3)Acoustic phonetics:the study of the physical properties of speech sounds,as transmitted between mouth and ear.Most phoneticians,however,are interested in articulatory phonetics.16place of articulation?It refers to the place in the mouth where,for example,the obstruction occurs,resulting in the utterance of a consonant.Whatever sound is pronounced,at least some vocal organs will get involved,e.g.lips,hard palate etc.,so a consonant may be one of the following(1)bilabial:[p,b, m];(2)];(4)alveolar:[t,d,l,n,s,z];(5)T,Plabiodental:[f,v];(3)dental:[retroflex;(6)palato-alveolar:[];(7)palatal:[j];(8)velar[k,g];(9)uvular;(10)glottal:[h].Some sounds involve the simultaneous use of two places of articulation.For example,the English[w]has both an approximation of the two lips and that two lips and that of the tongue and the soft palate,and may be termed“labial-velar”.18manner of articulation?The“manner of articulation”literally means the way a sound is articulated.At a given place of articulation,the airstream may be obstructed in various ways,resulting in various manners of articulation,are the following:(1)plosive:[p,b,t,d,k,g];(2)nasal:[m,n,];(3)trill;(4)tap or flap;(5)lateral:[l];(6)fricative:[f,v,s,z];(7)approximant:[w,j];(8)affricate:[].19IPAThe IPA,abbreviation of“International Phonetic Alphabet”,is a compromise system making use of symbols of all sources,including diacritics indicating length,stress and intonation,indicating phonetic variation.Ever since it was developed in1888,IPA has undergone a number of revisions.20phonology“Phonology”is the study of sound systems-the invention of distinctive speech sounds that occur in a language and the patterns wherein they fall.Minimal pair,phonemes,allophones,free variation,complementary distribution,etc.,are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription.A phonetist is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds,whereas a phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features,morphological features,and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which from meaningful utterances,to recognize a foreign“accent”,to make up new words,to add the appropriate phonetic segments to from plurals and past tenses,to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language.21Phone phoneme allophoneA“phone”is a phonetic unit or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.When we hear the following words pronounced:[pit],[tip],[spit], etc.,the similar phones we have heard are[p]for one thing,and three different[p]s,readily making possible the“narrow transcription or diacritics”.Phones may and may not distinguish meaning.A“phoneme”is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.As an abstract unit,a phoneme is not any particular sound,but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.For example,the phoneme[p]is represented differently in [pit],[tip]and[spit].The phones representing a phoneme are called its“allophones”,i.e.,the different(i.e.,phones)but do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof.So the different[p]s in the above words are the allophones of the same phoneme[p].How a phoneme is represented by a phone,or which allophone is to be used,is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs.But the choice of an allophone is not random.In most cases it is rule-governed;these rules are to be found out by a phonologist.22minimal pairsWhen two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string,the two forms(i.e.,word)are supposed to form a“minimal pair”,e.g.,“pill”and“bill”,“pill”and“till”,“till”and“dill”,“till”and“kill”,etc.All these words together constitute a minimal set.They are identical in form except for the initial consonants. There are many minimal pairs in English,which makes it relatively easy to know what are English phonemes.It is of great importance to find the minimal pairs when a phonologist is dealing with the sound system of an unknown language.23assimilation rule&deletion ruleThe“assimilation rule”assimilates one segment to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones more similar.This rule accounts for the raring pronunciation of the nasal[n]that occurs within a word.The rule is that within a word the nasal consonant[n]assumes the same place of articulation as the following consonant.The negative prefix“in-“serves as a good example.It may be pronounced as[in],[i]or[im]when occurring in different phonetic contexts:e.g.,indiscrete-[](alveolar)inconceivable-[](velar)input-[‘imput](bilabial)The“deletion rule”tells us when a sound is to be deleted although is orthographically represented. While the letter“g”is mute in“sign”,“design”and“paradigm”,it is pronounced in their corresponding derivatives:“signature”,“designation”and“paradigmatic”.The rule then can be stated as:delete a[g]when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.This accounts for some of the seeming irregularities of the English spelling.24morphology“Morphology”is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.It is generally divided into two fields:inflectional morphology and lexical/derivational morphology.25inflection/inflexion?“Inflection”is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect,and case,which does not change the grammatical class of the items to which they are attached.26morpheme&allomorphThe“morpheme”is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.The word“boxes”,for example,has two morphemes:“box”and“-es”, neither of which permits further division or analysis if we don’t wish to sacrifice meaning. Therefore a morpheme is considered the minimal unit of meaning.Allomorphs,like allophones vs. phones,are the alternate shapes(and thus phonetic forms)of the same morphemes.Some morphemes,though,have no more than one invariable form in all contexts,such as“dog”,“cat”, etc.The variants of the plurality“-s”make the allomorphs thereof in the following examples: map-maps,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep etc.27free morpheme&bound morphemeA“free morpheme”is a morpheme that constitutes a word by itself,such as‘bed”,“tree”,etc.A “bound morpheme”is one that appears with at least another morpheme,such as“-s”in“beds”,“-al”in“national”and so on.All monomorphemic words are free morphemes.Those polymorphemic words are either compounds(combination of two or more free morphemes)or derivatives(word derived from free morphemes).28root stem affixA“root”is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.In other words,a“root”is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.“Internationalism”is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morpheme“nation”as its root when“inter-”,“-al”and“-ism”are taken away.A“stem”is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.It may be the same as,and in other cases,different from,a root.For example,in the word“friends”,“friend”is both the root and the stem,but in the word“friendships”,“friendships”is its stem,“friend”is its root.Some words(i.e.,compounds)have more than one root,e.g.,“mailman”,“girlfriend”,ect.An“affix”is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used,only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes:prefix,suffix and infix,e.g.,“mini-”,“un-”, ect.(prefix);“-ise”,“-tion”,ect.(suffix).29open classes&closed classes?In English,nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary.They are“open-class words”,since we can regularly add new lexical entries to these classes.The other syntactic categories are,for the most part,closed classes,or closed-class words.The number of them is hardly alterable,if they are changeable at all.30collocation“Collocation”is a term used in lexicology by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences of individual lexical items.For example,we can“read”a“book”;“correct”can narrowly occur with“book”which is supposed to have faults,but no one can“read”a“mistake”because with regard to co-occurrence these two words are not collocates.31syntax“Syntax”is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words,word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.32syntactic relations“Syntactic relations”refer to the ways in which words,word groups or phrases form sentences; hence three kinds of syntactic relations:positional relations,relations of substitutability and relations of co-occurrence.“Positional relation”,or“word order”,refers to the sequentialarrangement to words in a language.It is a manifestation of a certain aspect of what F.de Saussure called“syntagmatic relations”,or of what other linguists call“horizontal relations”or“chain relations”.“Relations of substitutability”refer to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in same sentence structures.Saussure called them“associative relations”. Other people call them“paradigmatic/vertical/choice relations”.By“relations of co-occurrence”, one means that words of different sets of clauses may permit or require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations and partly to paradigmatic relations.33IC analysis What are immediate constituents(and ultimate constituents)?“IC analysis”is a new approach of sentence study that cuts a sentence into two(or more) segments.This kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are.What remain of the first cut are called “immediate constituents”,and what are left at the final cut are called“ultimate constituents”.For example,“John left yesterday”can be thus segmented:“John|left||yesterday”.We get two immediate constituents for the first cut(|),and they are“John”and“left yesterday”.Further split(||) this sentence generates three“ultimate constituents”:“John”,“left”and“yesterday”.34endocentric and exocentric constructions“Endocentric construction”is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable“centre”or “head”.Usually noun phrases,verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the head.“Exocentric construction”,opposite of endocentric construction,refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as whole;that is to say,there is no definable centre or head inside the group.Exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence,prepositional phrase, predicate(verb+object)construction,and connective(be+complement)construction.35categoryThe term“category”in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense,e.g., noun,verb,subject,predicate,noun phrase,verb phrase,etc.More specifically it refers to the defining properties of these general units:the categories of the noun,for example,include number, gender,case and countability;and of the verb,for example,tense,aspect,voice,etc.36Number gender case“Number”is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular,dual,plural,etc.In English,number is mainly observed in nouns,and there are only two forms:singular and plural.Number is also reflected in the inflections of pronouns and verbs.“Gender”displays such contrasts as“masculine”,“feminine”,“neuter”,or“animate”and “inanimate”,etc.,for the analysis of word classes.When word items refer to the sex of the real-world entities,we natural gender(the opposite is grammatical gender).“Case”identifies the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence.In Latin grammar,cases are based on variations in the morphological forms of the word,and are given the terms “accusative”,“nominative”,“dative”,etc.In English,the case category is realized in three ways: by following a preposition and by word order.37concord&government“Concord”may be defined as requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories,e.g.,“man runs”,“men run”.“Government”requires that one word of a particular class in a given syntactic class shall exhibit the form of a specific category.In English,government applies only to pronouns among the variable words,that is,prepositions and verbs govern particular forms of the paradigms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them,e.g.,“I helped him;he helped me.”38semantics“Semantics”refers to the study of the communication of meaning through language.Or simply,it is the study of meaning.39meaningThough it is difficult to define,“meaning”has the following meaning:(1)an intrinsic property;(2) the connotation of a word;(3)the words put after a dictionary entry;(4)the position an object occupies in a system;(5)what the symbol user actually refers to;(6)what the symbol user should refer to;(7)what the symbol user believes he is referring to;(8)what the symbol interpreter refers to;(9)what the symbol interpreter believes it refers to;(10)what the symbol interpreter believes the user refers to…linguists argued about“meaning of meaning”fiercely in the result of“realism”,“conceptualism/mentalism”,“mechanism”,“contextualism”,“behaviorism”,“functionalism”,etc. Mention ought to be made of the“Semantic Triangle Theory”of Ogden&Richards.We use a word and the listener knows what it refers to because,according to the theory,they have acquired the same concept/reference of the word used and of the object/referent.40contextualism“Contextualism”is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from,or reduce it to, observable context:the“situational context”and the“linguistic context”.Every utterance occurs in a particular spatial-temporal situation,as the following factors are related to the situational context:(1)the speaker and the hearer;(2)the actions they are performing at the time;(3)various external objects and events;(4)deictic features.The“linguistic context”is another aspect of contextualism.It considers the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning,and an important factor in communication.41synonymy“Synonymy”is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.Dictionary makers (lexicographers)rely on the existence of synonymy for their definitions.Some semanticians maintain,however,that there are no real synonyms,because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects:In shades of meaning(e.g.,finish,complete,close,conclude,terminate,finalize,end,etc.);In stylistic meaning;In emotive meaning(or affective meaning);In range of use(or collocative meaning);In British and American English usages[e.g.,autumn(BrE),fall(AmE)].Simeon Potter said,“Language is like dress.We vary our dress to suit the occasion.We do not appear at a friend’s silver-wedding anniversary in gardening clothes,nor do we go punting on the river in a dinner-jacket.”This means the learning of synonyms is important to anyone that wishes to use his language freely and well.42Antonymy How many kinds of antonyms are thereThe term“antonymy”is used for oppositions of meaning;words that stand opposite in meaning are called“antonyms”,or opposites,which fall in there categories1)gradable antonyms(e.g, good-bad);(2)complementary antonyms(e.g.,single-married);(3)relational antonyms(e.g.,buy-sell).43hyponymy hyponym superordinate?“Hyponymy”involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion.It is a matter of class membership. That is to say,when X id a kind of Y,the lower term X is the“hyponym”,and the upper term Y is the“superordinate”.Two or more hyponyms sharing the same one superordinate are called“co-hyponyms”.For example,“flower”is the superordinate of“tulip”,“violet”and“rose”,which are the co-hyponyms of“flower”.44entailment“Entailment”can be illustrated by the following two sentences,with Sentence A entailing Sentence B:A:He married a blonde heiress.B:He married a blonde.In terms of truth value,the following relationships exist between these two sentences1)When A is true,B is necessarily true;(2)When B is false,too;(3)when A is false,B may be true or false;(4)。

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题,考研经验,考研大纲,考研信息,考研参考书

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题一．词组翻译GATTEECAPECFOB十八届四中全会一站式服务西厢记公务专用车石油输出国.......二．段落翻译英译汉：李克强在亚洲做的讲话，汉译英：李克强的政府工作报告翻译硕士词汇辨析2amend v.(正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。

The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。

convert v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。

Britain converted to a decimal currency system in1971.英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。

He's converted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。

alter v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。

The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight..裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。

modify v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。

He was loud and angry,and his friends told him to modify his behavior.他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。

transform v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。

Remodeling transformed an old,dark houses into so cheerful one.重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。

vary v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。

Air fares vary from one airline to another.航空公司的机票价格各不相同。

首经贸英语语言文学

首经贸英语语言文学
（原创版）
目录
1.首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学专业简介
2.专业课程设置与培养方向
3.专业优势与特点
4.就业前景与方向
正文
首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学专业是一门融合了英语语言以及文学方面的专业知识，旨在培养具有扎实的英语语言基础、广泛的文学知识以及较高的人文素养和跨文化交际能力的复合型人才的专业。

该专业的课程设置主要包括基础英语、高级英语、英语听力、英语口语、英语阅读、英语写作等语言技能课程，以及英美文学史、英美文学作品选读、跨文化交际、翻译理论与实践等文学和文化知识课程。

这些课程旨在帮助学生掌握英语语言的基本技能，同时也深入了解英语国家的文化和历史。

首经贸英语语言文学专业的优势在于其注重理论与实践的结合，强调跨文化交际能力的培养，使学生在毕业后能够适应多元化的工作环境。

此外，该专业还有丰富的课外活动，如英语角、英语戏剧社等，为学生提供了锻炼英语实际运用能力的平台。

在就业方向上，毕业生可以选择在外企、国企、外事部门、教育机构等领域工作。

他们可以担任翻译、编辑、教师、市场营销、国际贸易等职位，也可以选择继续深造，攻读硕士或博士学位。

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2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书,考研大纲,考研经验,考研分数线,报录比

艰难的国运与雄健的国民李大钊历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。

这是全靠雄健的精神才能冲过去的(1)。

一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界(2)，平原无际，一泻万里(3)。

有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山迭岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于期间，回环曲折，极其险峻(4)。

民族生命的进展，其经历亦复如是。

人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。

旅途上的征人(5)所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路(6)。

志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，因是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，俞是奇趣横生(7)，觉得在此奇绝壮绝(8)的境界，俞能感到一种冒险的美趣(9)。

中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。

在这段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的境至，使我们经过此段道路的人，感得一种壮美的趣味，是非有雄健的精神的，不能够感觉到的。

我们的扬子江、黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神，扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠、遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻万里的魄势(10)。

目前的艰难境界，那能阻抑我们民族生命的前进。

我们应该拿出雄健的精神，高唱着进行的曲调，在这悲壮歌声中，走过这崎岖险阻的道路。

要知(11)在艰难的国运中建造国家，亦是人生最有趣味的事……。

National Crisis vs Heroic NationLi DazhaoThe course of history is never smooth.It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them.A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side,its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands ofmiles.Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs,winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn.A nation, in thecourse of its development,fares likewise.The historical course of man’s life is just like a journey.A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad,level plain,now a rugged,hazardous road.While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place,he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place,the enormously magnificent spectacle of which,he feels,is better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure.The Chinese nation is now confronted with a rugged and dangerous section of its historical course.Nevertheless,there is also in this section a spectacle of enormous magnificence that inspires in us passers-by a delightful sensation of splendor.And thisdelightful sensation,however,can only be shared by those with a heroic spirit. The Yangtse River and the Yellow River are both symbolic of our national spirit the two mighty rivers negotiate deserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forwardwith irresistible force.The present national crisis can never obstruct the advance of ournational life.Let us brace up our spirits and march through this rugged,dangerous road tothe tune of our solemn,stirring songs.The greatest joy of life,mind you,is to build up ourcountry during its most difficult days.注释:李大钊此文载于1923年12月20日《新国民》第一卷第2号上，短小隽永，堪称一首诗意盎然的抒情散文诗。

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研经验,考研重难点

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题一．名词解释十二铜表法傅聪的前丈人小篆史诗魔幻现实主义文艺复兴法国大革命基准利率陋巷策论礼部圭臬二．应用文结合怀柔的人文自然，给怀柔做个旅游广告三．大作文是文明，材料是杭州图书馆让流浪汉看书6.5句子的分译上一章里我们讨论了词的分译，现在再来看看句子分译的情况。

句子的分译多指长句的分译，即把一个由多个成分盘根错节地组合而成的长句分译成若干个较短的句子，使表达尽量符合译入语的行文习惯和译入语读者的审美情趣。

英语连接手段十分丰富，可以运用大量的联接词和介词等将各种信息捆绑在主谓结构上，虽显庞杂，但条理清晰，孰主孰从一目了然；汉语则多通过词语或语序来表达各个成分之间的复杂关系，它多使用短句，一个接一个排列下去，组成一串串表面上好像互不相干、实则互相关联的短句串。

翻译时若把英语长句原封不动地照搬过来，会违背汉资料来源：育明考研考博官网语的行文规范，使译文显得冗长乏味，有时甚至会令人感到费解，不知所云。

因此，遇到这种错综复杂的英语长句时，往往需要进行分译。

例如：1）The trouble with the digital revolution is that computers may have speeded up many of the processes of modern life,but they still remain relatively difficult to use.数字革命给我们带来了一些烦恼：计算机一方面可能已加快了现代生活中许多方面的进程，但另一方面相对而言仍然很难使用。

2）The real challenge is how to create systems with many components that can work together and change,merging the physical world with the digital world.我们所面临的真正挑战是如何建立这样一些系统，它们虽由很多成分组成，但可互相兼容，交换使用，从而把物质世界与数字世界融为一体。

硕士研究生入学912《英语语言文学综合》考试大纲

首都经济贸易大学硕士研究生入学912《英语语言文学综合》考试大纲第一部分考试说明一、考试目的本考试在于测试考生在英美文学领域、英语语言学领域以及中外文化领域所具备的基本知识、运用知识解决问题的能力、跨文化沟通意识与跨文化沟通能力。

二、考试范围1.英语语言学：Nature of Language; Linguistics; Lexicon; Syntax; Semantics;Language Variation; Varieties of Language; Language and Society;Pragmatics.2.英美文学：英国、美国文学简史，包括作家、作品、主要文学史、区域文学流派的相关知识。

经典作品的解读与赏析。

3.中外文化领域的主要知识点、中外文化对比研究。

三、考试时间180分钟四、参考书目张伯香：《英美文学简明教程》（上下册），华中科技大学出版社，2009年。

胡壮麟：《语言学教程》，北大出版社，2006。

Stuart, C. Poole. An Introduction to Linguistics. (外研社引进版，2000)第二部分考试内容一、试题类型：（一）英语语言学部分（70分）1 ．选择题： 10 道题（ 10 分）2 ．填空： 10 道题（ 10 分）3 ．问答题： 10 道题（ 50 分）（二）英语文学常识部分（70 分）1 ．选择题（ 20 分）；2 ．填空题（ 30 分）；3 ．问答题（20 分）；（三）中外文化部分（10分）1 ．问答题（10分）二、参考书目1 ．吴伟仁：英国文学史及选读（ 1-2 ），外语教学与研究出版社。

2 ．吴伟仁：美国文学史及选读（ 1-2 ），外语教学与研究出版社。

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题、复试分数线、考研参考书推荐

2015年首都经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题一．词组翻译GATTEECAPECFOB十八届四中全会一站式服务西厢记公务专用车石油输出国.......二．段落翻译英译汉：李克强在亚洲做的讲话，汉译英：李克强的政府工作报告如何记忆翻译硕士英语常用词汇单词是不是感觉越背记住的越少，而且刚刚背过还没几个小时就忘了，如果你还是这样的情况，那么就来听听巧妙记忆翻译硕士相关词汇。

1.ubl，bili=able，表示“能力”able a能够的ability n能力habilitate v装备;使具备能力(h可看作have+abilit+ate→有能力→使具备能力) rehabilitate v修复，翻新;使健康;改造(犯罪)(re重新+hubiliate具备能力) debilitate v削弱力量，使衰弱(de去掉+abilit+ate→去掉能力→使衰弱) debility n体弱，虚弱(de去掉+ability能力)2.agog=lead，表示“引导”demagogue n煽动者(dem人民+agogue→引导肉民者→煽动者)pedagoue n教师(ped儿童+agogue→引导儿童者→教师)agog a渴望的，热心的(引导人往前走的心情→渴望的)3.agon=struggle，表示“挣扎，斗争”agony n痛苦agonize v感到苦恼(agon+ize)antagonize v反对，对抗(ant[=anti反]+agon+ize→反过来斗争→对抗) antagonist n对手(ant[=anti反]+agon+ist→反过来斗争之人→对手)4.alb=white，表示“白色”albsecent a发白的(alb+escent产生……的→产生白的)albino n白化病(alh+ino表示某种病)album n相册;集邮册(alb+um表示物→空白的东西→用来放东西的册子)5.alg=pain，表示“痛”neuralgia n神经病(nrur神经+alg+ia→神经痛的病)nostalgia n思乡病(nost家+alg+ia→想家)analgesic n止痛药(an无+alg+esic药物→无痛药物→止痛药)6.alt=high，表示“高”altitude n高度(alt+itude表名词)altimeter n高度计(alri+meter测量计)alto n男高音(alt+o)altar n祭坛(alt+ar→高出的东西→祭坛)exealt v升高，赞扬(ex出+alt→高出来→升高;赞扬)exalted a高贵的;被赞扬的7.ampl=large，表示“大”ample a宽大的;充足的amplify v放大，扩大(ampl+ify表动词→扩大)amplitude n广大，宽阔(ampl+itude表名词)8.anci，antiq=old，表示“古老”ancient a古代的(anci+ent)ancientry n古旧;古代事物(ancient古代的+ry表名词)antique a古代的n.古物antiquated a陈旧的(antique+ated)antiquity n古旧，古代(antique古代的+ity)9.andro=male，man表示“男人”aoderogynous a不男不女的(andro+gyn妇女ous)android n机器人polyandry n一妻多夫制(poly多+andry男人)10.arbit(r)=judge，表示“判断”ablter n仲裁人;泰斗(arbit+er表示人)arbirary a武断的(arbitr+ary→做出[自己的]判断→武断的)arbitrate v仲裁，公断(arbitr+ate)11.arc(h)=bow，表示“弓”archer n弓箭手(arch+er人)arch n拱形arcade n连拱廊(arc+ade表名词，如cascade瀑布)12.arm=weapon，表示“武器”armada n舰队(arm+ada表名词，通常表示群体)armistice n休战;停战条约(armi+stice[=stand停止]→武器停止→休战) armor n盔甲(arm+or)disarm v解除武器(dis去掉+arm→去掉武器)armament n军队;兵器(arm+a+ment→武器→兵器)13.aug=increase，表示“增加”augment v增大(aug+ment)auction n拍卖(auct[=aug]+ion[价钱]扩大→拍卖)august a威严的august n八月(八月是水果长大的季节)augury n预兆，征兆(augu+ry→[使事态扩大的]预兆，augur愿意是“鸟”的意思，古人根据看到什么“鸟”来做出预料)14.balm=balsam，表示“香油”balm n香油;安慰物balmy a芬芳的;温和的(balm+y)embalm v保存尸体;铭记(em进入+balm→古人用香油等保存尸体，引申为铭记) 15.ban=prohibit，表示“禁止”ban n禁止;禁令banal a平庸的;陈腐的(ban+al→被禁止的→陈腐的)banish v流放，驱逐出境(ban+ish表动词→禁止入境→驱逐)abandon v抛弃，放弃(a不+ban+don给予→不禁止给出去→放弃)16.bar=weight表示“重，压”baric a气压的barometer n气压针(baro+meter计量器)baritone n男中音(bari+tone声音→压下去的声音→男中音)17.barr=sticj，表示，“捧，栏”barrage n阻塞，遮断(barr+age表名词→用捧拦住→阻塞)barricade n障碍物(barr+ic+ade表名词)barrier n栅栏(barr+ier)embarrass v使发育，使难堪(em进入+barr+ass表名词→被拦住→使难堪) 18bat=beat，表示“打，击”batter v连续猛打(bat+ter常表示连续动作，如stutter口吃)abate v减少，减轻(a不bat+e→不再打击→减轻[痛苦]等)debate v辩论，讨论(de加强+dat+e→加强打击→反驳，辩论)rebate v减少;回扣(re回+bat+e→打回去的[东西]→回扣)combat n战斗(com共同+bal→共同→共同打→战斗)baton n棍，警棍(bat+on)battle n战斗(batt+le)battalion n营(batt+alion表名词→打的[队伍]→部队的营)19.biblio=book，表示“书”bibliography n书目提要(biblio+araphy学科→书的学科→书目提要) bibliophile n藏书家(biblio+phile爱→爱书的人)Bible n圣经biblophobla n憎恶书籍(biblio+phob恨+ia病→恨书的病)20.blanc=vwhile表示“白”blank a空白的(blanc的变体blanket n毯子(blank+et→白色[织物]→靴子)blanch v漂白，发白(blanc的变体)21.brace=two arms，表示“两臂”brace v支持，使坚固的n.支持物bracelet n手镯(brace+let小东西→带在手上的小东西→手镯) embrace v拥抱;包括(em进入+brace→进入两臂→拥抱)22.braid=twist，表示“扭”braid v编成辫子upbraid v叱骂，谴责(up向上+braid→向上扭→扭住不放→叱骂) embroidery n刺绣(em使+broid[=braid]+ery→使[线]扭在一起→刺绣) 23，bu=ox，表示“牛”bull n公牛bully v欺负(别人)(象公牛一样吓唬别人)bucolic a牧场的，田园的(buc+olie表形容词)buffalo n公牛(可能是bull的变体)bugle n军号，喇叭(bull+angle的组合)24.calc=stone，表示“石头”calculate v计算(calc+ulate)calcfy n钙化;僵化(calc+ify)recalcitrant a顽固的;不服从的(re重新+|calc+itrant表形容词→重新变成石头顽固的)calcium n钙(cale+ium表名词，常指化学元素，如;alu-minium铝) 25.calori=heat，表示“热”calorie n热卡calorify v加热(calor+ify表动词)calorifacient a生热的(calori+fac做+ient→做出热→生热的)26.camp=field表示“田野”camp n营地campus n校园(camp+us)encamp v宿营(en进入+camp营地)campaign n战役(camp+aign名词后缀→营地→战役)27.car，char=dear，表示“可爱的”caress v/n.爱抚，拥抱charity n慈爱(char+ity)charitable a慈善的(charity+able能…..的)cherish v珍爱(cher[=char]+ish表动词，如finish)28.Card chart=paper，表示“纸片”chart n图表charter n特许状;契约(chart+er→纸上的东西→契约等)chartered a特许的;包租的(用契约的形式把东西包下来)discard v放弃，抛弃(dis去掉+card+把[废纸]扔掉→抛弃)29.cast=pure，表示“纯洁”caste n种姓制度chaste a纯洁的(chast=cast)castigate v惩罚;严厉批评(cast+igate表动词→使…纯洁→惩罚[错误]) 30.cav=hole，表示“洞”cave n洞穴cavity n穴;腔(cav+ity)cavelet n小洞(cave+let小东西→小洞穴)cavern n大洞concave a凹面的(con全部+cave→全部像洞一样→凹进去的)excavate v挖掘(ex出+cav+ate→从洞中出来→挖出)excavation n挖掘;出土文物31.cwns=judge，表示“判断”censor a审查员(cens+or→判断之人→审查员)censorious a挑剔的(censor+ious→用审查员的[眼光]看→挑剔的) censure n责难(cens+ure→判断审查[别人]--责难)census n人口普查(cens+us表名词→查[人口]→普查)32.chor=sing，dance，表示“歌，舞”chaorus n合唱(队)(chor+us表名词)choreographer n舞蹈动作设计者(chor+eo+graph写+er人→写舞蹈的人) choreography n舞蹈设计(chor+eo+graphychoir n合唱队(choir=chor)33.ehrom=color，表示“颜色”monochrome a单色的(mono单个+chrome颜色)chromatic a彩色的(chrom+atic形容词后缀)chromosome n染色体(chrom+o+some形体)34.cil=call，表示“召集”conceiliate v安抚，劝诱(con共同+cil+iate→把人召集到一起来→安抚[别人]) conciliatory a安抚的(conciliate+ory)reconcile v和解(re再+con+cil+e→[双方]再次召集到一起→和解) irreconcilable a不可调和的(ir不+reconcile+able能…..的)35civ=citizen，表示“公民”civil a市民的civlity n谦恭，礼仪(civil市民→文明+ity→谦恭有礼)civilian n民众，平民(civil+ian)civilization n文明，文化(civil市民→文明+ization[ize+ation]→文明)36.coct=cook，表示“煮，调配”concoct v编造，虚构(con全部+coct→全部是调配出来的→编造)decoct v煎，熬(de强调+coct→不断煮→煎熬)precocious a早熟的(pre提早+coc+ious→提早熟→早熟的)precocity n早熟(pre+coc+ity)37.cogn=know，表示“知道”cognition n认知，认识(cogn+ition)cognizable a可认识的(cogn+ize+able→能够知道的)cognizant a知晓的(cogn+ize+ant)recognize v认出(re再+cogn+ize→再次知道→认出来)precognition n预知，预见(pre预先+cogn+ition→预先知道→预知)=banquet，表示“宴会”comedy n喜剧(com+edy表名词→像宴会一样热闹→喜剧)comic a好笑的(由喜剧而来)encomiun n高度赞扬(en进入+com+ium→开宴会庆祝→高度赞扬)资料来源：育明考研考博官网。

(NEW)首都经济贸易大学外国语学院《705基础英语》历年考研真题及详解

目　录2013年首都经济贸易大学705基础英语考研真题及详解2014年首都经济贸易大学705基础英语考研真题及详解2015年首都经济贸易大学705基础英语考研真题及详解2013年首都经济贸易大学705基础英语考研真题及详解Part Ⅰ. Grammar and Vocabulary (30 points, 1 for each)Directions: There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one or phrase that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on your Answer Sheet.1. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.A. impressesB. compressesC. depressesD. represses【答案】B【解析】句意：这项课程把两年的训练压缩成6个月的强化课程。

compress sth. into sth.将……压缩，精简。

impress给……留下深刻的好印象。

depress使抑郁；使沮丧；使萧条；使不景气。

repress克制；压抑；抑制。

2. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the establishedstandard of that culture.A. conformB. confineC. confrontD. confirm【答案】A【解析】句意：所属某一文化的人们,绝大多数会遵照这一文化标准。

conform to /with sth.遵守，遵从，服从（规则、法律等）。

首经贸英语语言文学

首经贸英语语言文学
摘要：
一、引言
二、首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学专业简介
三、课程设置与培养目标
四、师资力量与学术成果
五、就业方向与发展前景
六、结论
正文：
首经贸英语语言文学专业是一门涉及英语语言、文学、文化等多个领域的综合性学科。

作为首都经济贸易大学重点发展的专业之一，该专业致力于培养具有扎实英语基础、较高人文素养和较强实践能力的复合型人才。

首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学专业具有丰富的课程设置，涵盖了英语语言技能、英美文学、翻译理论与实践、跨文化交际等多个方面。

通过系统的课程学习和实践环节，学生能够全面提高自己的英语综合运用能力，为今后的职业发展奠定坚实基础。

该专业的师资力量雄厚，拥有一批具有丰富教学经验和研究成果的专家学者。

他们不仅在教学上具有高度的责任心和敬业精神，而且在学术研究上取得了丰硕的成果，为学生的成长提供了有力保障。

首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学专业毕业生在就业市场上具有较高的竞争力。

他们可以在政府机构、企事业单位、文化传媒、教育科研等多个领域找到
合适的岗位，发挥自己的专业优势。

随着我国对外交流合作的日益扩大，英语语言文学专业的就业前景将更加广阔。

总之，首经贸英语语言文学专业凭借其优秀的师资力量、丰富的课程设置和良好的就业前景，成为了众多学子的理想选择。

首经贸英语语言文学

首经贸英语语言文学
以下是关于首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学专业的介绍：
本专业培养具有较高人文素养、扎实英语语言功底、系统掌握英语语言文学领域内的基础理论、专门知识及科研方法、具备较高的跨文化沟通能力、兼具较强的创新精神和实践能力、能胜任在高校、科研单位、国家机关、企事业单位、国际和跨国组织从事相关方向的教学、科研、商务、外事、管理、翻译以及其它与本学科相关工作的国际化、创新型高级专门人才。

本专业开设的主要课程有：文学原理、理论语言学、翻译学、美国自然文学、语用学、中西翻译流派、研究方法与学术写作、古典西方文论、当代西方文论、18世纪英国小说、当代英国小说、当代美国小说、莎士比亚作品、英国戏剧、美国戏剧、英国浪漫主义诗歌、20世纪英国诗歌、美国诗歌、英语文体学等。

本专业拥有一支在英美文学领域，特别是在英美自然文学研究领域颇有建树的学术梯队。

教授1人、副教授4人、具有博士学位的教师7人，以英美文学为研究领域的教师15人。

学科带头人程虹教授在国内自然文学研究领域成绩斐然，先后主持过教育部留学基金、北京市精品教材等多项研究工作。

她的专著《寻归荒野》是国内第一部系统介绍和评述美国自然文学的著作，将英美自然文学的精髓带入国内，为我国英美自然文学研究做出了巨大贡献。

本专业的研究生毕业以后，既可选择攻读博士学位的道路，也可选择在高校、科研单位、国家机关、企事业单位、国际机构和跨国组织从事教学、科研、商务、外事、管理、翻译等工作。

2015年首都经济贸易大学 英语语言文学考研大纲

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首经贸英语语言文学

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首经贸英语语言文学

首经贸英语语言文学

2015年首都经济贸易大学英语语言文学考研大纲