2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试
2018年全国研究生入学考试法律硕士(法学)专业综合课真题
2018年全国研究生入学考试法律硕士（法学）专业综合课真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单项选择题第1～20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.不同学派关于法的性质有不同理解，对此，下列说法正确的是（）。
A.经济分析法学派认为法律不外乎主权者的命令B.批判法学派认为衡量法律优劣的最主要标准是实施效果C.自然法学派认为法律应与社会主流道德和人性的正义准则保持一致√D.历史法学派认为一国的自然环境和政治制度决定着法的内容和性质法律不外乎主权者的命令，是19世纪英国法哲学家、分析法学派的创始人约翰·奥斯丁的观点，A项错误。
社会法学派强调法律实施的效果，认为法律优劣的主要标准是实施效果，B项错误。
自然法学派主张法是人的理性，强调自然法普遍永恒，且高于人定法，人定法符合自然法时才是真正的法律，人定法应于自然法保持一致，C项正确。
历史法学派认为法是民族精神、民族特性和民族共同意识的体现，D项错误。
2.关于法律的特征，下列说法正确的是（）。
A.以义务为本位是法律的本质特征B.法律应当由立法机关制定或认可体现了国家意志√C.法律具有国家强制性，只能通过司法予以实施和实现D.法律的普遍性意味着在一国之内所有人都应享有相同的法律权利法是以权利和义务为内容的社会规范，具有权利和义务的一致性，法主要是以权利为本位，故A项错。
法律由国家制定或认可，从这个意义上看，法律体现国家的意志，故B正确。
法的实施包括执法、司法、守法等方式，C项错误。
法的普遍性，是指法所具有的普遍约束力。
它包含两方面的内容：（1）在一国主权范围之内，法律具有普遍效力，所有人都得遵守。
（2）法律对同样的事和人同样适用，即法律面前人人平等，D项错误。
3.法律关系，下列说法中不正确的是（）。
A.民事法律关系均为相对法律关系√B.法律规范是法律关系产生的前提C.在法律关系中主体的权利和义务是现实的D.法律关系是以法律上的权利义务为内容的社会关系民事法律关系不仅包括相对法律关系，还包括绝对法律关系，如物权关系与人身权等，故A表述错误，应选A项。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试湖北师范大学自命题考试科目考试大纲（科目名称：普通心理学科目代码：905 ）一、考查目标要求考生理解和掌握普通心理学的基本理论、基本概念、基本原理和基本方法，具备分析问题和解决问题的基本能力。
二、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为150，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
（三）试卷内容结构（四）试卷题型结构选择题、名词解释、判断改错题、简答题、论述题。
三、考查范围(一)心理学的研究对象、研究方法和发展历史1．心理学的研究对象心理现象心理学的研究领域心理学与其它学科的关系心理学的研究方法心理学研究原则具体的研究方法心理学的发展历史心理学产生的历史背景西方主要的心理学派别心理学的研究取向和发展方向(二) 心理的神经生理机制神经元神经元和神经胶质细胞神经冲动的传递2.神经系统周围神经系统中枢神经系统3.大脑的结构与机能(三)感觉1. 感觉的一般概念什么是感觉近刺激和远刺激感觉的编码2.刺激强度与感觉大小的关系-感受性与感觉阈限3.视觉基本现象(四)知觉1.知觉的一般概念什么是知觉知觉中的自下而上和自上而下的加工知觉的生理机制知觉的种类2. 知觉的特性知觉的对象与背景知觉中整体与部分的关系理解在知觉中的作用知觉的恒常性3.空间知觉形状知觉大小知觉深度知觉和距离知觉4. 时间知觉与运动知觉时间知觉运动知觉(五)注意1. 注意的一般概述注意的基本概念不随意注意随意注意随意后注意选择性注意持续性注意分配性注意2. 注意的生理机制及认知理论注意的生理机制注意的认知理论(六)记忆1.记忆的一般概念什么是记忆记忆的作用记忆的分类记忆的结构及其加工过程2.感觉记忆感觉记忆的编码感觉记忆的保持感觉记忆向短时记忆的转化3.短时记忆短时记忆的编码短时记忆信息的存储和遗忘短时记忆的信息提取4.长时记忆什么是长时记忆长时记忆的编码长时记忆的信息存储长时记忆的信息提取长时记忆中信息的遗忘5.内隐记忆内隐记忆的一般概念内隐记忆与外显记忆的关系(七)思维1.思维的一般概念思维的概念及特征思维的过程思维的种类2.表象与想象表象及特征想象及分类3.问题解决问题解决的概念问题解决的策略知识在问题解决中的作用－专家与新手的区别影响问题解决的心理因素(八) 动机1. 动机的概念什么是动机动机与需要动机与行为效率动机2.动机的理论本能论驱力理论唤醒理论诱因理论认知理论2.动机的种类动机的一般分类生理性动机社会性动机(九)情绪和情感1.情绪情感概述情绪情感的性质与功能情绪的维度和两极性情绪情感的分类2.表情面部表情姿态表情语调表情3. 情绪的理论早期的理论认知理论动机—分化理论4. 情绪调节与心理健康情绪调节的个体差异情绪调节与身心健康(十)能力1. 能力的概念什么是能力能力与知识、技能的关系2. 能力的种类和结构能力的种类能力的结构3. 能力的测量一般能力测量特殊能力和创造力测量4.能力发展与个体差异能力发展的一般趋势能力发展的个体差异能力形成的原因和条件 (十一)人格1.人格的概念一、什么是人格二、人格的结构2.人格理论特质理论类型理论结构理论3.认知风格场独立性—场依存性冲动—沉思同时性—继时性4.人格测验自陈量表投射测验情境测验自我概念测验5.人格形成的影响因素生物遗传因素社会文化因素家庭环境因素早期经验四、参考书目【使用教材】《普通心理学》由彭聃龄主编，北京师范大学出版社2001年版. 【参考书目】1.叶浩生主编（1998）：西方心理学的历史与体系。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学门类联考动物生理学与生物化学真题
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学门类联考动物生理学与生物化学真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.在一定范围内，心室肌可以通过改变初长度来调节收缩强度，这种调节方式属于（）。
（分数：1.00）A.神经调节B.体液调节C.神经-体液调节D.自身调节（正确答案）解析：自身调节是指组织、细胞在不依赖于外来的或体液调节情况下，自身对刺激发生的适应性反应过程。
如心肌的初长（收缩前的长度）能对收缩力量起调节作用；当初长在一定限度内增大时，收缩力量会相应增加，而初长缩短时收缩力量就减小。
一般来说，自身调节的幅度较小，也不十分灵敏，但对于生理功能的调节仍有一定意义。
2.刺激时间保持不变，引起可兴奋细胞产生兴奋的最小刺激强度称为（）。
（分数：1.00）A.阈强度（正确答案）B.阈电位C.阈刺激D.阈下刺激解析：阈强度是指引起组织发生反应的最小刺激强度（具有足够的、恒定的持续时间和强度—时间比率），又称之为强度阈值。
B项，当膜电位去极化达到某一临界值时，就出现膜上的Na＋通道大量开放，Na＋大量内流而产生动作电位，膜电位的这个临界值称为阈电位，也叫燃点。
C项，阈刺激是指在刺激延续时间和对时间变化率保持中等数值下，引起组织产生动作电位的最小刺激强度，为衡量组织兴奋性高低的指标。
D项，阈下刺激是指低于阈值的刺激强度。
3.终板膜上参与终板电位形成的离子通道属于（）。
（分数：1.00）A.化学门控通道（正确答案）B.电压门控通道C.机械门控通道D.细胞间通道解析：生物膜对无机离子的跨膜运输有被动运输（顺离子浓度梯度）和主动运输（逆离子浓度梯度）两种方式。
被动运输的通路称离子通道。
离子通道依据其活化的方式不同，可分两类：一类是电压门控通道，即通道的开放受膜电位的控制，如Na＋、Ca2＋、Cl－一些类型的K＋通道；另一类是化学门控通道，即靠化学物与膜上受体相互作用而活化的通道，如Ach受体通道、氨基酸受体通道、Ca2＋活化的K＋＋通道等。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题以及答案
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition __1__ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your __2__, in the wrong place often carries a high __3__. __4__, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. __5__ people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that __6__ pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to __7__ with one another. Scientists have found that exposure __8__ this hormone puts us in a trusting __9__: In a Swiss study, researchers s prayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their __10__ who inhaled something else.__11__ for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may __12__ us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate __13__ a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlerswere each __14__ to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, "What's in here?" before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, "Wow!" Each subject was then invited to look __15__. Half of them found a toy; the other half __16__ the container was empty—and realized the tester had __17__ them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were __18__ to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. __19__, only five of the 30 children paired with the "__20__" tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A. on B. like C. for D. from2. A. faith B. concern C. attention D. interest3. A. benefit B. debt C. hope D. price4. A. Therefore B. Then C. Instead D. Again5. A. Until B. Unless C. Although D. When6. A. selects B. produces C. applies D. maintains7. A. consult B. compete C. connect D. compare8. A. at B. by C. of D. to9. A. context B. mood C. period D. circle10. A. counterparts B. substitutes C. colleagues D. supporters11. A. Funny B. Lucky C. Odd D. Ironic12. A. monitor B. protect C. surprise D. delight13. A. between B. within C. toward D. over14. A. transferred B. added C. introduced D. entrusted15. A. out B. back C. around D. inside16. A. discovered B. proved C. insisted D. remembered17. A. betrayed B. wronged C. fooled D. mocked18. A. forced B. willing C. hesitant D. entitled19. A. In contrast B. As a result C. On the whole D. For instance20. A. inflexible B. incapable C. unreliable D. unsuitableSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. L ower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards a nd created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extratraining and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21. Who will be most threatened by automation?A. Leading politicians.B. Low-wage laborers.C. Robot owners.D. Middle-class workers.22. Which of the following best represent the author's view?A. Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B. Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.C. Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.D. Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on ________.A. creative potentialB. job-hunting skillsC. individual needsD. cooperative spirit24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at ________.A. encouraging the development of automationB. increasing the return on capital investmentC. easing the hostility between rich and poorD. preventing the income gap from widening25. In this text, the author presents a problem with ________.A. opposing views on itB. possible solutions to itC. its alarming impactsD. its major variationsText 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, not a president's social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24found they use "distributed trust" to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. "Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints," the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is "reader error," more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in "misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news" via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. "This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem," says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on ________.A. the justification of the news-filtering practiceB. people's preference for social media platformsC. the administration’s ability to handle informationD. social media was a reliable source of news27. The phrase "beer up" (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ________.A. sharpenB. defineC. boastD. share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people ________.A. tend to voice their opinions in cyberspaceB. verify news by referring to diverse resourcesC. have a strong sense of responsibilityD. like to exchange views on "distributed trust"29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is ________.A. readers outdated valuesB. journalists' biased reportingC. readers' misinterpretationD. journalists' made-up stories30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB. A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC. The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social MediaD. The Platforms for Projection of Personal InterestsText 3Any fair-minded assessment o f the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little accountof the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary d ata has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,the data and DeepMind merely since under existing law it “controlled” “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value. The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It isnot enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefitpatients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?A. It caused conflicts among tech giants.B. It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.C. It fell short of the latter's expectations.D. It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with ______.A. empty promisesB. tough resistanceC. necessary adjustmentsD. sincere apologies33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that ________.A. privacy protection must be secured at all costsB. leaking patients' data is worse than selling itC. making profits from patients' data is illegalD. the value of data comes from the processing of it34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is ________.A. the vicious rivalry among big pharmasB. the ineffective enforcement of privacy lawC. the uncontrolled use of new softwareD. the monopoly of big data by tech giants35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is ______.A. ambiguousB. cautiousC. appreciativeD. contemptuousText 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $ 5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirementcosts. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management t he flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS's ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $ 28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure w ould still have to get through the Senate—where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There's no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency's costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense c hange enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $ 2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus a round the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they're getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by ________.A. its unbalanced budgetB. its rigid managementC. the cost for technical upgradingD. the withdrawal of bank support37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to ________.A. the interference from interest groupsB. the inadequate funding from CongressC. the shrinking demand for postal serviceD. the incompetence of postal unions38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by ________.A. removing its burden of retiree health careB. making more investment in new vehiclesC. adopting a new rate-increase mechanismD. attracting more first-class mail users39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with ______.A. respectB. toleranceC. discontentD. gratitude40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old DaysB. The Postal Service: Keep Away from My CheeseC. The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick CureD. The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. (10 points)[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall andceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.[C] The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century—the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.[E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.[F] Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments i nto Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These n ew forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare w as twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul's and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But theprofessional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare w as twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greece had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage—where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouse established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period, we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an email to all international experts on campus, inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email, you should include the time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use "Li Ming" instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the meaning, and3) Give your answer neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46. 参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试《数学》真题及详解
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试《数学》真题
(总分150, 考试时间180分钟)
一、单项选择题：1-8小题，每小题4分，共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题卡指定位置上
1. f（x）=sinx/x（）
A 有界，奇
B 有界，偶
C 无界，奇
D 无界，偶
该问题分值: 4
答案:B
2.
A 单减少，凹
B 单减少，凸
C 单增加，凹
D 单增加，凸
该问题分值: 4
答案:D
3.
A 1/e
B 2/e
C 1+e/e2
D 2/e2
该问题分值: 4
答案:B
4. 已知Z=（x-y2）e1+xy，则|dz|（1，-1）=（）
A dx+2dy
B -dx+2dy
C dx-2dy
D -dx-2dy
该问题分值: 4
答案:A
5. 设向量组α1，α2，α3与向量α1，α2等价，则（）
A α1与α2线性相关
B α1与α2线性无关
C α1，α2，α3线性相关
D α1，α2，α3线性无关
该问题分值: 4
答案:C
6.
该问题分值: 4
由于矩阵形式比较简申只需要求解几个代数余子式带入验证即可，由于
7. 设随机变x，y相互独立，且x，y分别服从参数为1，2的泊松分布，则p{2x+y=2} = （）
该问题分值: 4
答案:C
8.
A Q统计量；服从分布t(10)
B Q统计量；服从分布t(9)
C Q不是统计量；服从分布t(10)
D Q统计量；服从分布t(9)
该问题分值: 4
答案:D。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the followin g text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Wh y do people read ne g ative Internet comments and do other thin g s that will obviousl y be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertaint y, accordin g to a recent stud y in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so stron g that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the Universit y of Chica g o and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students'willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twent y-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told onl y that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would .8Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fin g ernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgustin g insects.The drive to 10 is deepl y rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, sa y s Christopher Hsee of the Universit y of Chica g o. Curiosity is often considered a g ood instinct -it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance -but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insi g ht that curiosity can drive y ou to do 14 thin g s is a profound one.U呻ealth y curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encoura g ed to 16 how the y would feel after viewin g an unpleasant picture were less likel y to 17 to see such an ima g e. These results su gg est that ima g inin g the 18 of followin g throu g h on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. "Thinkin g about lon g-term 20 is ke y to reducin g the possible ne g ative effects of curiosit y," Hsee sa y s. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. protect2. A. refuse3. A. hurt4. A. alert5. A. message6. A. remove7. A. When8. A. continue9. A. rather than10. A. discover11. A. pay12. A. lead to13. A. withdrawal14. A. self-reliant15. A. define16. A. overlook17. A. remember18. A. relief19. A. why20. A. consequences Part A Directions: B. resolve C. discuss D. ignoreB. waitC. regretD. seekB. lastC. misleadD. riseB. tieC. treatD. exposeB. reviewC. trialD. concept B. weaken C. interrupt D. deliverB. IfC. ThoughD. UnlessB. happenC. disappearD. changeB. regardless ofC. such asD. owing to B. forgive C. forget D. disagree B. marriage C. schooling D. foodB. rest onC. learn fromD. begin with B. persistence C. inquiry D. diligence B. self-destructive C. self-evident D. self-deceptive B. resist C. replace D. traceB. predictC. designD. concealB. promiseC. chooseD. pretendB. planC. dutyD. outcome B. whether C. where D.howB. investmentsC. strategiesD. limitations Section II Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as thou g h he has to justify his efforts to g ive his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of somethin g pioneerin g. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire hi g h school where learnin g is not somethin g of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterl y overwhelmed b y a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learnin g in just about everythin g. Nothin g is necessaril y g ained b y forcin g students to learn g eometry at a graffitied desk stuck with g enerations of discarded chewin g gum. The y can also learn g eometry b y assemblin g a bic y cle.But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Workin g with y our hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiorit y. Schools in the famil y of vocational education "have that stereotype…that it's for kids who can't make it academicall y," he sa y s.On one hand, that viewpoint is a lo g ical product of America's evolution. Manufacturin g is not the economic en g ine that it once was. The job securit y that the US econom y once offered to hi g h school graduates has lar g el y evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and ri g htfull y so.But the headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all—and the subtle devaluin g of anythin g less—misses an important point: That's not the onl y thin g the American econom y needs. Yes, a bachelor's degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and hi g h-skill manufacturin g. But onl y 44 percent of workers are adequatel y trained.In other words, at a time when the workin g class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishin g, one obvious solution is starin g us in the face. There is a g ap in workin g-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology Hi g h School is tryin g to fill that g ap.Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlookin g a nation's diversity of g ifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students'lack ofA. practical abilityB. academic trainin gC. pioneerin g spiritD . mechamcal memonzat10n22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who .A. have a stereotyped mindB. h a ve no career mot1vat10nC. are not academicall y successfulD. are financiall y disadvanta g ed23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that hi g h school graduates .A. used to have bi g financial concernsB. used to have more job opportunitiesC. are reluctant to work in manufacturin gD. are entitled to more educational privile g es24. The headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all .A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. ma y narrow the g ap in workin g-class jobsC. is expected to y ield a better-trained workforceD. indicates the overvaluin g of hi g her education25. The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described asA. supportiveB. tolerantC. disappointedD. cautiousText 2While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s ene rgy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.- 5 -26. The word "p lummeting" (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. nsmg27. According to Paragra p h 3, the use of renewable energy in America .A. is p rogressing notabl yB. is as extensive as in Euro p eC. faces man y challengesD. has p roved to be im p ractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .A. wind is a widel y used energy sourceB. wind energy has re p laced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy su pp l y29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragra p hs 5&6?A. Its a pp lication has boosted battery storage.B. It is con皿onl y used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous su pp l y is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable ex p loitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last p aragra p h that renewable energy .A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not reall y encouraged b y the US governmentD. is not com p etitive enough with regard to its costText3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital econom y is astonishingAmazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocer y chain Whole Foods for $ 13.Sbn, but two y ears ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have an y ph y sical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finel y detailed web of its users'friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormousl y revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Ma y's enemies are currentl y plotting? It ma y be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the onl y wa y to address these imbalances of power. But it is clums y. For one thing, it is ver y slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. B y the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it ma y have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced b y new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presentl y interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pa y for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who bu y advertising from them -and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product the y're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the hone y dew the y produce when the y feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives y ield. Ants keep predator y insects awa y from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. Accordin g to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .A. di g ital productsB. user informationC. ph y sical assetsD. quality service32. Linkin g phone numbers to Facebook identities ma y .A worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. Accordin g to the author, competition law .A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one le g al solutionD. cannot keep pace with the chan g in g market34. Competition law as presentl y interpreted can hardl y protect Facebook usersbecause .A. the y are not defined as customersB. the y are not financiall y reliableC. the services are g enerall y di g italD. the services are paid for b y advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .A. a win-win business model between di g ital g iantsB. a typical competition pattern amon g di g ital g iantsC. the benefits provided for di g ital g iants'customersD. the relationship between di g ital g iants and their usersText4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being bus y, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of "deep work" -the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work -be it length y retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a dail y ritual; or taking a "journalistic" approach to seizing moments of deep work when y ou can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the ke y is to determine y our length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends "deep scheduling" to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. "At an y given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughl y the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting", he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how y ou prioritise y our da y -in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Mess y: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a stud y in the earl y 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthl y goals and stud y activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, da y b y da y.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured dail y plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, the y were wrong: the detailed dail y plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the dail y to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, "be lazy"."Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the bod y…[idleness] is, paradoxicall y, necessary to getting an y work done," he argues.Srini Pilla y, an assistant professor of ps y chiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivit y ma y be due to the wa y our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, the y tend to be more efficient."What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks the y need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain," sa y s Pilla y.36. The ke y to mastering the art of deep work is to .A. keep to y our focus timeB. list y our immediate tasksC. make specific dail y plansD. seize every minute to work37. The stud y in the earl y 1980s cited b y Harford shows that .A. distractions ma y actuall y increase efficienc yB. dail y schedules are indispensable to stud y ingC. students are hardl y motivated b y monthl y goalsD. detailed plans ma y not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is .A. a desirable mental state for bus y peopleB. a major contributor to ph y sical healthC. an effective wa y to save time and energyD. an essential factor in accomplishing an y work39. Pilla y believes that our brains'shift between being focused and unfocused .A. can result in ps y chological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficienc yC. is aimed at better balance in workD. is driven b y task urgenc y40. This text is mainl y about .A. wa y s to relieve the tension of bus y lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the ke y to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the q uestions b y choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which y ou do not need to use. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A]Just sa y it[B]Be present[C]Pa y a uni q ue compliment[D]Name, places, things[E]Find the "me too''s[F]Skip the small talk[G]Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when y ou have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation y ou have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every da y: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the securit y guard at the door. Simpl y starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple wa y s that y ou can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.Suppose y ou are in a room with someone y ou don't know and something within ou sa y s "I want to talk with this person"—this is something that mostl y happens ywith all of us. You wanted to sa y something—the first word—but it just won't come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is m y advice: just get it out.Just think: what is the worst that could happen? The y won't talk with y ou? Well, the y are not talking with y ou now!I trul y believe that once y ou get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple: "Hi", "He y"or "Hello"—do the best y ou can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy y ou can, put on a big smile and sa y "Hi".42.It is a problem all of us face; y ou have limited time with the person that y ou want to talk with and y ou want to make this talk memorable.Honestl y, if we got stuck in the rut of "hi", "hello", "how are y ou?" and''what is going on?", y ou will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, y ou'll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if y ou just ask.43.When y ou meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which y ou and that person have in common so that y ou can build the conversation from that point. When y ou start conversation from there and then move outwards, ou'll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.y44.Imagine y ou are pouring y our heart out to someone and the y are just bus y on their phone, and if y ou ask for their attention y ou get the response "I can multitask".So when someone tries to communicate with y ou, just be in that communication wholeheartedl y. Make e y e contact. Trust me, e y e contact is where all the magic happens. When y ou make e y e contact, y ou can feel the conversation.45.You all came into a conversation where y ou first met the person, but after some time y ou ma y have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward! So, remember the little details of the people y ou met or y ou talked with; perhaps the places the y have been to, the places the y want to go, the things the y like, the things the y hate—whatever y ou talk about.When y ou remember such things y ou can automaticall y become investor in their wellbeing. So the y feel a responsibility to y ou to keep that relationship going.That's it. Five amazing wa y s that y ou can make conversation with almost an y one. Every person is a reall y good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation neatl y on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks "astronaut" but quickl y adds "scientist" to the list and selects it as well. The bo y is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as man y career paths as he likes. And so he reads -everything from enc y clopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionatel y that his parents have to institute a "no reading polic y" at the dinner table.That bo y was Bill Gates, and he hasn't stopped reading y et -not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowada y s, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recentl y, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a y ear. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because the y explain how the world works. "Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore", Gates sa y s.SectionN WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1)apologize and explain the situation, and2)suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)4.70% 26.80% 向宝店铺：节，乌果考研冷妞服务价格·环境·特色·其他2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素。
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)解析(2018)
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1．[A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2．[A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest 3．[A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4．[A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again 5．[A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When 6．[A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains 7．[A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8．[A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9．[A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10．[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11．[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12．[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13．[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14．[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15．[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16．[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] remembered 17．[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18．[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19．[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance 20．[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1①Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?①Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. ②About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. ③Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. ④But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. ⑤The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. ②Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. ③The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and createdmore jobs than it destroyed. ④Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. ⑤But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. ②Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. ③Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. ④Online education can supplement the traditional kind. ⑤It could make extra training and instruction affordable.⑥Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. ②In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. ③The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. ④The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. ②Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.②Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. ③But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians. [B] Low-wage laborers.[C] Robot owners. [D] Middle-class workers.22. Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B] Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _________ .[A] creative potential. [B] job-hunting skills.[C] individual needs. [D] cooperative spirit.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _________ .[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B] increasing the return on capital investment.[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D] preventing the income gap from widening.25. In this text, the author presents a problem with _________ .[A] opposing views on it. [B] possible solutions to it.[C] its alarming impacts. [D] its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. ②The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s soc ial media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. ②Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. ③Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. ④And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. ②A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. ③They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. ④“Many young people assume a great deal of pe rsonal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. ②A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. ②This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. ③A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.④About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. ⑤In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ⑥“T his indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on _________ .[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media as a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “bee f up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _________ .[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people _________ .[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _________ .[A] readers outdated values. [B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.②DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. ③The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. ④It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. ②The NHS trust has mended its ways. ③Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinized to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. ④There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.⑤But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. ⑥Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law i t “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. ⑦But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. ②Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. ③That misses the way the surveillance economy works.④The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. ②This practice does not address the real worry. ③It is not enough to say that thealgorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. ④What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. ⑤If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done. ⑥We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. ⑦A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. ⑧Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with _________ .[A] empty promises. [B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments. [D] sincere apologies.33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that _________ .[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is _________ .[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas. [B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software. [D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is _________ .[A] ambiguous. [B] cautious. [C] appreciative. [D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. ②It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.③Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. ④There are many bankruptcies. ⑤Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historicsqueeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. ②This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.②Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. ③Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. ④The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. ②There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. ③Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. ④That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year.⑤But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. ⑥The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. ⑦It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by _________ .[A]its unbalanced budget. [B] its rigid management.[C] the cost for technical upgrading. [D] the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to _________ .[A] the interference from interest groups. [B] the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] the shrinking demand for postal service. [D] the incompetence of postal unions.38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by _________ .[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] making more investment in new vehicles.[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D] attracting more first-class mail users.39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with _________ .[A] respect. [B] tolerance. [C] discontent. [D] gratitude.40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The NavyDepartment moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing TreasuryBuilding. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.(41) ---- (C) ---- (42) ---- (43) ---- (F) ---- (44) ---- (45)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, h owever, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly2) interpret the meaning and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)某高校学生兼职情况2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Section I Use of English1-5CADBD6-10BCDBA11-15BBACD16-20ACBACSection II Reading Comprehension21-25DCADB26-30DABCA31-35BCDDB36-40BAACD41-45EGABDPart C English-Chinese Translation46.莎士比亚出生之时，欧洲宗教戏剧正在消逝，在古典悲剧和戏剧的推动下，很多新的戏剧形式应运而生。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试《机械工程理论基础（含机械原理和机械设计）》考试大纲第一部分考试说明考试形式与试卷结构（一）答卷方式：闭卷，笔试（二）答题时间：180分钟（三）考试题型及比例基础知识测试题（简答或选择） 30%设计计算题 55%结构分析及应用题 15%（四）参考书目李树军, 机械原理. 北京：科学出版社.2009王丹,等. 机械原理学习指导与习题解答. 北京：科学出版社.2009孙志礼,等，机械设计（第二版），北京：科学出版社，2015年修世超,等, 机械设计习题与解析（第二版）, 北京：科学出版社,2015年第二部分考查要点一、《机械原理》部分（一）机构的组成原理及结构分析1.机构的组成2.平面机构运动简图的绘制3.平面机构的自由度计算4.机构具有确定运动的条件5.平面机构的组成原理与结构分析（二）平面机构的运动分析平面机构速度分析的速度瞬心法（三）平面连杆机构及其设计1.平面连杆机构的特点及类型2.平面四杆机构的设计基础3.平面连杆机构的设计（图解方法）4.多杆机构（四）凸轮机构及其设计1.凸轮机构的类型及基本名词术语2.从动件的运动规律3.凸轮轮廓曲线的设计4.凸轮机构基本参数的确定（五）齿轮机构及其设计1.齿轮的应用和分类2.齿廓啮合基本定律3.渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮基本参数及几何尺寸计算4.渐开线齿轮的啮合传动原理5.渐开线齿轮齿廓的切制原理及变位原理6.渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮设计7.斜齿圆柱齿轮的基本参数与几何尺寸的计算（六）轮系及其设计1.轮系的分类2.定轴轮系的传动比计算3.周转轮系的传动比计算4.复合轮系的传动比计算5.行星轮系各轮齿数和行星轮数的选择（七）其它常用机构1.万向联轴节2.间歇运动机构3.螺旋机构（八）平衡1.刚性转子的静平衡和动平衡2.平面机构的平衡（九）机械的运转及其速度波动的调节1.机械系统的等效动力学模型的建立2.机械系统运动方程式求解3.稳定运转状态下机械的周期性速度波动及其调节方法（十）机械中的摩擦和机械效率1.移动副中的摩擦分析2.转动副中的摩擦分析3.考虑摩擦时机构的力分析4.机械的效率5.机械的自锁二、《机械设计》部分（一）机械零件设计的基械础知识1．机械零件失效、载荷、应力的概念2．静应力、变应力时机械零件的强度计算3．机械零件的常用材料及选择4．机械零件的工艺性和设计的标准化（二）螺纹连接1．螺纹连接的基础知识2．螺纹连接的预紧和放松3．螺纹连接的结构、受力分析、强度计算与分析（三）轴毂连接1．键连接2．花键连接3．销连接4．过盈连接（四）挠性件传动1．V带传动2．链传动（五）齿轮传动1．齿轮传动的基础知识2．齿轮传动的失效形式、常用材料与计算准则3．齿轮传动的受力分析及载荷计算4．齿轮传动设计与分析5．齿轮传动的润滑（六）蜗杆传动1．蜗杆传动的基础知识2．蜗杆传动的失效形式、常用材料与计算准则3．蜗杆传动的主要参数与几何尺寸计算4．蜗杆传动的受力分析和载荷计算5．蜗杆传动的承载能力计算6．蜗杆传动的效率、润滑及热平衡计算（七）轴1．轴的材料及结构设计2．轴的强度计算3．轴的刚度计算4．轴的共振和临界转速（八）滚动轴承1．滚动轴承的类型、特点、代号及选择2．滚动轴承载荷特点及失效分析3．滚动轴承寿命计算4．滚动轴承静强度计算5．滚动轴承的组合设计（九）滑动轴承1．液体动压滑动轴承基本原理及基础知识2．非液体摩擦滑动轴承的失效形式与计算准则3．滑动轴承与轴瓦的结构类型、材料、特点与应用4．滑动轴承的润滑（十）联轴器、离合器和制动器的类型、特点与应用2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试《工业设计基础》考试大纲第一部分考试说明考试形式与试卷结构（一）答卷方式：闭卷，笔试（二）答题时间：180分钟（三）考试题型及比例术语解释30%简答题30%论述题40%（四）参考书目刘涛，工业设计概论，冶金工业出版社，2006年。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二真题及标准答案
(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)
一、单项选择题
选择题：1?8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项 符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上.
(总题数：8，分数：32.00)
1. （分数：4.00）
A.a=1/2，b=-1
(1) 求f(x1,x2,x3) = 0 的解
(2) 求f(x1,x2,x3) 的规范型（分数：11.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：(
）
解析：
12.曲线 对应点处的曲率为__________。（分数：4.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：
2/3
）
解析：
13.设函数z = z(x，y)由方程l __________。
（分数：4.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：
1/4
）
正确答案：(
)
解析：
19.将长为2m的铁丝分成三段，依次围城圆、正方形与正三角形，三个图形的面积之和是否存 在最小值？若存在，求出最小值。
（分数：10.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2
）
解析：
三、解答题
解答题：15—23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)真题及解析
2018年硕士研究生入学考试数学一 试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上.（1） 下列函数不可导的是：()()()()sin sin cos cosA y x xB y xC y xD y====（2）22过点（1，0，0）与（0，1，0）且与z=x 相切的平面方程为y + ()()()()0与10与222与x+y-z=1与222A zx y z B z x y z C y x D yx c y z =+-==+-===+-=（3）023(1)(2n 1)!nn n ∞=+-=+∑()()()()sin 1cos 12sin 1cos 1sin 1cos 13sin 12cos 1A B C D ++++（4）22222222(1x)1xN= K=(11xM dx dx x e ππππππ---++=++⎰⎰⎰），则M,N,K的大小关系为()()()()A M N K B M K N C K M N D NM K>>>>>>>>（5）下列矩阵中，与矩阵110011001⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭相似的为______. A.111011001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ B.101011001-⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭ C.111010001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ D.101010001-⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭（6）.设A ，B 为n 阶矩阵，记()r X 为矩阵X 的秩，（X Y ） 表示分块矩阵，则A.()()r A AB r A =B.()()r A BA r A =C.()max{(),()}r A B r A r B =D.()()TT r A B r A B =（7）设()f x 为某分部的概率密度函数，(1)(1)f x f x +=-，20()d 0.6f x x =⎰，则{0}p X = .A. 0.2B. 0.3C. 0.4D. 0.6 （8）给定总体2(,)XN μσ，2σ已知，给定样本12,,,n X X X ，对总体均值μ进行检验，令0010:,:H H μμμμ=≠，则A . 若显著性水平0.05α=时拒绝0H ，则0.01α=时也拒绝0H . B. 若显著性水平0.05α=时接受0H ，则0.01α=时拒绝0H . C. 若显著性水平0.05α=时拒绝0H ，则0.01α=时接受0H . D. 若显著性水平0.05α=时接受0H ，则0.01α=时也接受0H .二、填空题：9-14小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.（9）1sin 01tan lim ,1tan kxx x e x →-⎛⎫= ⎪+⎝⎭则k =（10）()y f x =的图像过（0,0），且与x y a =相切与（1,2），求1'()xf x dx =⎰（11）(,,),(1,1,0)F x y z xy yz xzk rot F εη=-+=求（12）曲线S 由22210x y z x y z ++=++=与相交而成，求xydS =⎰ （13）二阶矩阵A 有两个不同特征值，12,αα是A 的线性无关的特征向量，21212()(),=A A αααα+=+则（14）A,B 独立，A,C 独立，11,()()(),()24BC P A P B P AC ABC P C φ≠===，则=三、解答题：15—23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（15）.求不定积分2x e ⎰（16）.一根绳长2m ，截成三段，分别折成圆、三角形、正方形，这三段分别为多长是所得的面积总和最小，并求该最小值。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)参考答案
【答案来了】2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题参考答案Happy一.完型1.C(for)2.A(faith)3.D(price)4.B(Then)5.D(When)6.B(prod uces)7. C(connect)8.D(to)9. B(mood) 10.A(counterparts) 11. A(Lucky) 12.B(protect) 13.B(between) 14. A(introduced) 15.C(inside) 16. A(discovered) 17. C(fooled) 18. B(willing) 19. A(In contrast) 20.C(unreliable)二.阅读21.D (Middle-class workers)22.C (Issues arising from automation need to be tackled)23.A (creative potential)24.D (preventing the income gap from widening)25.B (possible solutions to it)26.D (social media as a reliable source of news)27.A (sharpen)28.B (verify news by referring to diverse sources)29.C (readers' misinterpretation) 30.A (A Rise in Critical Skillsfor Sharing News Online ) 31.B (It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.) 32.C (necessary adjustments.) 33.D (the valueof data comes from the processing of it)34.D (the monopoly of big data by tech giants.)35.B ( cautious. )36.B (its rigid management.) 37.A (the interference from interest groups.) 38.A (removing its burden of retiree health care.) 39.C (discontent.) 40.D (The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese)41.E(The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands······) 42.G(The history of the EEOB began long······) 43.A(In December of 1869······) 44.B(Completed in 1875, the State Department's······ ) 45.D(Many of the most celebrated national figures······)三.翻译46.到他诞生之时，欧洲正经历宗教戏剧的过时，在古典悲剧和戏剧的刺激下催生了新的戏剧形式。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类联考综合能力(199)真题及答案
23.已知点 P(m,o)，A(1,3)，B(2,1)，点（x，y）在△PAB 上，则 x-y 的最小 值与最大值分别为-2 和 1（ ）
（1）m≤1 （2）m≥-2
24.甲购买了若干 A 玩具，乙购买了若干 B 玩具送给幼儿园，甲比乙少花 了 100 元，则能确定甲购买的玩具件数（ ）
（1）甲与乙共购买了 50 件玩具 （2）A 玩具的价格是 B 玩具的 2 倍
位，则仅购一种的有（ ）
A.70 位
B.72
C.74
D.76
11.函数 f (x) max{x2 , x2 8}的最小值为（
E.82 ）
第 2 页 共 25 页
A.8
B.7
C.6
D.5
E.4
12.某单位为检查 3 个印前工作，由这 3 个部门主任和外聘 3 名人员组成检 查组，每组 1 名外聘，规定本部门主任不能检查本部门，则不同的安排方
第 3 页 共 25 页
A. 条件（1）充分，但条件（2）不充分。 B. 条件（2）充分，但条件（1）不充分。 C.条件（1）和条件（2）单独都不充分，但条件（1）和条件（2）联 合 起来充分。
D. 条件（1）充分，条件（2）也充分。 E.条件（1）和条件（2）单独都不充分，条件（1）和条件（2）联合 起 来也不充分。
式有（ ）
AE.36 种
13.从标号 1 到 10 中的 10 张卡片中随抽 2 张，而它们的标号 2 种能被 5 整
除的概率（ ）
A. 1
B. 1
5
9
C. 2
D. 2
E. 7
9
15
45
14.圆柱体底面半径 2，高 3，垂直于底面的平面截圆柱体所得截面为矩形
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试法律硕士(法学)专业基础课真题
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试法律硕士（法学）专业基础课真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单项选择题第1～20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.最高人民法院发布的《关于审理抢劫案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》中规定，抢劫正在使用中的银行或者其他金融机构的运钞车的，视为“抢劫银行或者其他金融机构”，该规定使用的解释方法是（）。
A.扩大解释√B.类推解释C.限制解释D.文理解释根据解释的方法，刑法解释可分为文理解释和论理解释。
文理解释是根据条文的字面含义进行的说明。
论理解释是根据立法的精神与目的对条文进行说明，包括目的解释、扩大解释、缩小解释、当然解释、比较解释和历史解释等。
本题中，最高人民法院将运钞车解释入“银行或其他金融机构”中，扩大了“银行或其他金融机构”的范围，是扩大解释，A项正确。
2.下列关于单位犯罪的表述，正确的是（）。
A.没有可执行财产的单位分支机构不会构成单位犯罪B.我国刑法中有关单位犯罪的规定不适用于外国公司、企业C.两个以上单位以共同故意实施犯罪的可不区分主犯、从犯D.对单位犯罪直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员可不区分主犯、从犯√以单位的分支机构或者内设机构、部门的名义实施犯罪，违法所得亦归分支机构或者内设机构、部门所有的，应认定为单位犯罪。
排除A项。
外国公司、企业实施犯罪符合我国管辖的同样适用，排除B项。
对于一般共同犯罪案件，应当充分考虑各被告人在共同犯罪中的地位和作用，以及在主观恶性和人身危险性方面的不同，根据事实和证据能分清主从犯的，都应当认定主从犯，故C表述不正确。
在审理单位故意犯罪案件时，对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，可不区分主犯、从犯，按照其在单位犯罪中所起的作用判处刑罚，故选D项。
3.下列选项中，主观方面可以表现为过失的是（）。
A.放火罪B.虐待罪C.危险驾驶罪D.食品监管渎职罪√食品监管渎职罪主观方面可以表现为故意或过失，而放火罪、虐待罪、危险驾驶罪主观只能表现为故意。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试(2021年整理精品文档)
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2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试临床医学综合能力（西医）1。
在维持机体稳态的调节中，负反馈控制的特点是A。
迅速 B.有波动 C.有预见性 D。
有可能失误【答案】B【解析】P8。
负反馈具有滞后性和波动性的缺点，而前反馈则较快速，并具有预见性,因而适应性更大，但前馈控制有可能失误。
2。
神经细胞在静息时,电压门控钠通道对Na+通透的门控状态是A.激活门和失活门都开放 B。
激活门和失活门都关闭C。
激活门开放，失活门关闭 D。
激活门关闭,失活门开放【答案】D【解析】P34。
静息电位状态下，电压门控钠通道存在三种功能状态，即静息态、激活态和失活态.上述三种状态是通道分子内部两个闸门，即激活门和失活门活动的结果。
当膜电位保持-70mV，即静息时,激活门完全关闭,失活门则接近完全开放，此时钠通道关闭,处于“静息态".当膜迅速去极化至+20mV时，激活门迅速开放，失活门则逐渐关闭。
由于两个闸门的运动速度不等，故当激活门迅速开放面失活门尚未关闭时通道出现瞬间导通，呈“激活态”。
随后，尽管激活门仍开放,但随着失活门的完全关闭，通道不再导通而进入“失活态”。
随着膜的复极化，失活门从通道口逐渐退出，回到开放状态;而激活门则回到通道中央，保持关闭状态。
于是,通道又回到原先的“静息态”,这一过程称为通道的复活。
3.在生理性止血过程中，与识别损伤部位有关的血小板生理特性是A。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学门类联考植物生理学与生物化学真题
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学门类联考植物生理学与生物化学真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.促进植物气孔张开最有效的光是（）。
（分数：1.00）A.蓝光（正确答案）B.绿光C.黄光D.远红光解析：保卫细胞的叶绿体在光照下进行光合作用，利用CO2，使细胞内pH值增高，淀粉磷酸化酶水解淀粉为磷酸葡萄糖，细胞内水势下降，保卫细胞吸水膨胀，气孔张开；黑暗里呼吸产生的CO2使保卫细胞的pH值下降，淀粉磷酸化酶又把葡萄糖合成为淀粉，细胞液浓度下降，水势升高，保卫细胞失水，气孔关闭。
在引起气孔张开的光质上以红光与蓝紫光效果最好。
2.下列生物膜中存在V型H＋-ATP酶的是（）。
（分数：1.00）A.线粒体膜B.质膜C.类囊体膜D.液泡膜（正确答案）解析：V型H＋-ATP酶相当于一个倒过来开的ATP合酶，通过水解ATP，将H ＋逆浓度梯度从细胞质基质转运入细胞器内，维持细胞质基质中性，而细胞器内呈酸性，属于液泡ATP酶，植物和真菌用来酸化液泡或向线粒体、叶绿体输入H＋，真核生物均用其酸化溶酶体。
3.下列植物激素中，能诱导多种逆境蛋白合成的是（）。
（分数：1.00）A.生长素B.细胞分裂素C.赤霉素D.脱落酸（正确答案）解析：脱落酸又被称为应激激素或胁迫激素，干旱、寒冷、高温、盐渍和水涝等逆境都能使植物体内脱落酸迅速增加，同时增强抗逆性。
如脱落酸可显著降低高温对叶绿体超微结构的破坏，增加叶绿体的热稳定性；脱落酸可诱导某些逆境蛋白的重新合成而增加植物的抗冷性、抗涝性和抗盐性。
4.植物细胞内活性氧产生的主要部位是（）。
（分数：1.00）A.叶绿体和细胞核B.线粒体和液泡C.叶绿体和线粒体（正确答案）D.叶绿体和液泡解析：活性氧（ROS）是指含氧的自由基和非自由基，包括超氧阴离子、过氧化氢、羟自由基、臭氧和单线态氧。
动物细胞内活性氧产生的主要位置是线粒体；植物细胞内活性氧产生的主要部位是叶绿体和线粒体。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类联考综合能力(199)真题及答案
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 管理类联考综合能力（199）真题及答案一、问题求解：第1~15小题，每小题3分，共45分，下列每题给出的A 、C 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
1.学科竞赛设一、二、三等奖，比例1：3：8获奖率30%，已知10人已获一等奖，则参赛人数（ ）A.300B.400C.500D.550E.600 2.为了解某公司员工年龄结构，按男女人数比例进行随机抽样，结果如下： 男员工年龄（岁）23 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 41 女员工年龄（岁） 23 25 27 27 29 31据表中数据统计，该公司男员工的平均年龄与全体员工平均年龄分别是（ ）A.32，30B.32，29.5C.32，27D.30，27E.29.5，27 3.某单位分段收费收网站流量（单位：GB ）费：每日20（含）GB 以内免，20到30（含）每GB 收1元，30到40（含）每GB 3元，40以上每GB 5元，小王本月用45GB 该交费（ ）A.45B.65C.75D.85E.1354.圆O 是△ABC 内切圆△ABC 面积与周长比1:2，则图O 面积（ ）A.πB.2πC.3πD.4πE.5π 5.实数满足， 则（ ）,a b ||2a b -=22a b +=A.30B.22C.15D.13E.106.6张不同卡片两张一组分别装入甲乙丙3个袋中，指定两张要在同一组，不同装法有（ ）种，A.12B.18C.24D.30E.367.四边形A 、B 、C 、D 是平行四边形，是四边的中点是四边中点依次下去，得到四边形序列 设面积为且则（ ）A.16B.20C.24D.28E.308.甲乙比赛围棋，约定先胜2局者胜，已知每局甲胜概率0.6，乙为0.4，若第一局乙胜，则甲赢得比赛概率为（ ）A.0.144B.0.288C.0.36D.0.4E.0.69.圆，若圆在点（1，2）处的切线与轴及点为（0.3）则=（ ）A.-2B.-1C.0D.1E.210.96顾客至少购甲、乙、丙3种商品中一种，经调查同时购甲、乙两种的有8位，同时购甲丙的有12位，同购乙、丙的有6位，同购3种的有2位，则仅购一种的有（ ）A.70位B.72C.74D.76E.8211.函数22()max{,8}f x x x =-+的最小值为（ ） 2222A B C D 1111A B C D 3333A B C D 2222A B C D (123)n n n n A B C D n =、、…n n n n A B C D n S 112S =123S S S +++…=22:()C x y a b +-=C yabA.8B.7C.6D.5E.4 12.某单位为检查3个印前工作，由这3个部门主任和外聘3名人员组成检查组，每组1名外聘，规定本部门主任不能检查本部门，则不同的安排方式有（ ）A.6种B.8种C.12种D.18种E.36种13.从标号1到10中的10张卡片中随抽2张，而它们的标号2种能被5整除的概率（ ）A. B. C. D. E. 14.圆柱体底面半径2，高3，垂直于底面的平面截圆柱体所得截面为矩形，若弦所对圆心角是，则截去部分（较小那部分）体积（ ）A.B. C.332π- D.233π- E.15.羽毛球队4名男运动员3女足动员，从中选出2对参加混双比赛，不同选派方式（ ）A.19B.18C.24D.36E.72二、条件充分性判断：第16~25小题，每小题3分，共30分。
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2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试湖北师范大学自命题考试科目考试大纲（科目名称：有机化学科目代码：716）一、考查目标有机化学课程考试涵盖有机化合物的结构、有机化合物的性质、有机化合物的制备、有机化合物的反应等内容。
要求考生全面系统地掌握有机化学的基本知识、基本理论。
掌握有机化合物的结构，利用有机化合物的结构推断有机化合物的性质、制备及其应用，具备较强的分析问题和解决问题的能力。
二、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为150分，考试时间180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
（三）试卷题型1、结构与命名：10分2、选择题：30分3、完成反应式：30分4、推测反应机理：15分5、合成题：30分6、鉴别与分离：15分7、推测结构式(包括波谱方法)：20分（四）主要参考书目李景宁等主编：《有机化学》高等教育出版社，2011年第五版.三、考查范围●绪论1.掌握有机化合物的定义，有机化学的研究对象、特点；2.了解共价键的键参数：键长、键角、键能和键离解能；3.理解键的极性与极化性，分子的极性；掌握共价键断裂的方式：均裂与异裂；4.熟悉有机化合物的分类，常见官能团的名称与结构，表示方法：分子式、构造式；5.了解有机酸碱概念，亲核性试剂，亲电性试剂。
了解现代共价键理论的基础知识。
重点:酸碱理论, 共价键本质和参数。
●烷烃和脂环烃1.掌握烷烃的分类、命名、结构、同系列和同分异构现象(碳原子和氢原子的类型)、异构、构象及构象异构体；了解甲烷的结构：碳原子的四面体概念sp3杂化、δ键(构型概念)；了解乙烷、丁烷的构象及相互转变关系；2.了解烷烃的重要物理性质：熔点、沸点、密度、溶解度、折光率。
掌握分子结构对物理化学性质的影响；稳定性、卤代、氧化等；3.理解烷烃的反应甲烷的卤代反应历程、游离基、连锁反应、能量曲线、过渡状态、游离基的稳定性和卤代反应的取向：自由基取代反应、碳自由基形成及性质、链反应的引发与终止；4.了解烷烃的来源及制备；5.了解环烷烃命名及反应；掌握环烷烃的性质(取代反应、小环性质的特殊性-加成)，小环的张力及稳定性、椅式/船式构型、取代环已烷和十氢化萘的的构象：船式、椅式、a键、e键。
重点: 烷烃及环烷烃的命名, 烷烃卤代反应历程, 环烷烃的构象、环烷烃的性质。
●单烯烃1.熟悉烯烃的命名、结构、异构体、物理性质；2.烯的反应掌握亲电加成反应历程、溴鎓离子、亲电试剂、碳正离子及其稳定性、马氏规则、诱导效应，游历基加成反应历程、过氧化物效应的解释马尔可尼可夫规则、加成反应中的碳正离子、碳正离子的结构及性质、二烯的1，4加成, Diels-Alder[2+4]环加成反应。
加成反应：催化加氢、加X2、与酸的加成, 加HOCl、自由基加成。
烯烃的顺反异构反应。
氧化：环氧化、高锰酸钾氧化和臭氧化。
Α-氢原子的卤代反应3.了解烯的来源，掌握烯烃的制备，醇的脱水、卤代烃脱卤化氢、邻二卤代烷脱卤素。
重点：烯烃亲电加成反应历程、烯烃的化学性质及制备。
●炔烃和二烯烃1.掌握炔烃、二烯烃的分类、命名，结构及同分异构现象；2.掌握炔烃和二烯烃的重要化学性质及反应规律。
炔的反应：加成、氧化及末端H的活性。
催化加氢、加X2、加HX、加H2O、HCN；与碱金属(K,Na,Li)及液氨还原加成；炔烃和烯烃加反应活性的比较。
氧化反应炔键碳上的氢原子的性质和鉴定：弱酸性、金属炔化物及烃化(碳负离子)；3.了解炔的制备。
乙炔的性质、制备方法及用途；4.掌握共轭二烯烃特别是1，3-丁二烯的性质、结构特点及用途，分类和命名、共轭二烯烃的分子结构：离域键、离域能、共轭效应、共轭二烯烃的化学特性：加成反应(1，2和1，4-加成)、狄耳斯-阿尔德(Dieis-Alder)反应；5.了解重要的二烯烃：丁二烯和异戊二烯来源与反应。
重点：炔烃、共扼二烯烃的命名及反应。
●对映异构1.了解对映异构(enantiomers)现象、物质的旋光性与分子结构的关系：手性、对称因素（对称面、对称中心）、平面偏振光和旋光性、旋光仪和比旋光度；2.熟悉含有手性碳原子化合物的对映异构a)含有一个手性碳原子化合物的对映异构、对映体、外消旋体、费歇尔(Fischer)投影式b)对映异构体的构型：相对构型和绝对构型、掌握构型的R/S法(次序规则)、了解D/L法c)含两个手性碳原子化合物的对映异构：非对映体、内消旋体d)环状的化合物对映异构3.掌握烯烃化合物的几何异构体：顺反异构及性质；4.掌握含手性轴或含手性面的化合物的立体异构体，不含手性碳原子化合物的对映异构：丙二烯型、联苯型，螺旋型化合物;了解N,S 等手性原子的化合物；5.了解外消旋体、拆分和不对称合成；6.掌握立体化学在研究反应历程中的应用：烯烃的加溴重点：手性的判断，R/S命名。
●芳烃1.熟悉苯的分子结构：凯库勒(Kekule)式，芳香性解释；2.了解单环芳香烃的异构现象和命名；3.掌握苯及其同系物的物理和化学性质取代反应：卤代、硝化、磺化、傅-克(Fridel-Crafts)反应；苯环亲电取代反应历程(δ-络合物)；苯环上取代反应的定位规律（理论解释和合成上的应用）超共轭效应。
氯甲基化反应, 加特曼(Gatterman)-科赫(Koch)反应；伯奇（Birch）还原反应。
氧化反应：苯环氧化、侧链氧化；4.了解重要的单环芳烃：苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯；5.掌握萘：结构性质：取代反应、加成反应、氧化反应；6.了解非苯芳烃，掌握休克耳(Huckel)规则及其应用。
重点：苯、萘的化学反应，定位规律，芳香性的判断。
●卤代烃辅导1.了解卤代烷的分类，掌握卤代烷的命名；2.了解卤代烷的物理性质及波谱特征，多卤代烷的稳定性与氟代烷的用途；3.熟练掌握卤代烷的亲核取代反应、脱卤代氢反应(消除反应)、生成格氏试剂的反应；4.理解亲核取代反应历程(SN1,SN2)及立体化学特征；5.理解消除反应历程(E1,E2)及及立体化学特征，熟练掌握扎依采夫规则；6.理解消除反应与亲核取代反应的竞争；7.掌握卤代烃与金属反应(Li、Mg)的反应，并了解金属有机化合物的概念；8.掌握卤代烯烃及卤代芳香烃的分类(乙烯基型、孤立型、烯丙基型)；熟练掌握卤代烯烃及卤代芳香烃的化学性质；理解p-π共轭对卤代烯烃及卤代芳香烃化学性质的影响；9.掌握卤代烃的制法。
重点：卤代烃的化学性质，亲核取代机理。
●醇、酚、醚1.了解醇的分类，掌握醇的命名；了解醇的物理性质和波谱特性；2. 醇的化学性质：与活泼金属的反应，与卤化磷(或亚硫酰氯)反应，与无机酸(氢卤酸、硫酸、硝酸)的成酯反应，脱水反应，氧化和脱氢反应，邻二醇特有的反应(HIO4)、片呐醇重排；3. 掌握醇的制法：卤代烃水解，醛、酮的还原，由格氏试剂合成，烯烃的羟汞化。
4.掌握醇消去反应历程a)β-消去反应：反应历程E1、E2，消除反应的取向：札依切夫规则的解释，与亲核取代反应的竞争b)了解α-消去反应：卡宾的结构和性质5.了解酚的结构及命名；了解酚的物理性质、来源及工业制法；6.掌握酚的化学性质：与氧氢键断裂有关的反应、苯环上的取代反应、氧化、还原反应；7.了解醚的结构及命名，了解醚的物理性质；8.掌握醚的化学性质：佯盐的形成、醚键的断裂、过氧化物的形成；环氧乙烷类化合物的制备，开环方式，立体化学以及醚的制备方法；9.了解冠醚的结构以及命名。
重点：醇、酚、醚的反应及制备，消去反应机理。
●醛和酮1.了解醛酮的分类，异构和结构；熟练掌握醛、酮的分类和命名；2.了解醛、酮的物理性质；掌握醛、酮的光谱特征；3.熟练掌握醛、酮的亲核加成反应及亲核加成反应历程、分子结构对亲核加成反应活性的影响、羰基的保护和脱保护；熟练掌握醛、酮的氧化还原反应及其应用；了解羰基加成反应的立体化学；4.熟练掌握醛、酮分子中α-H的卤代反应和羟醛缩合反应；5.了解α，β不饱和醛酮结构特点，掌握α，β不饱和醛酮的化学性质：亲电加成反应、亲核加成反应、麦克尔(Michael)加成；6.掌握醛、酮的制备方法；了解一些重要的醛酮。
重点：醛酮的化学性质及制备。
●羧酸及羧酸衍生物1.熟悉羧酸的命名、物性及光谱特性；2.掌握羧酸的结构与酸性(诱导效应，共轭效应及场效应的影响)；3.掌握羧酸的制备：由烃、伯醇或醛的氧化、由酯制备、由腈水解及金属有机试剂合成(如格式试剂制备)4. 掌握羧酸的反应酸性羧基中氢原子的反应(取代基对酸性的影响、诱导效应)、形成酸卤、酯、酰胺、脱羧、α-H的卤代反应、还原(被氢化铝锂还原)、酯化反应的机理, 羧基中的羧基的反应；5.了解重要的羧酸：甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸、苯甲酸、萘乙酸；了解重要二元羧酸物理化学性质：乙二酸、己二酸、癸二酸、丁烯二酸、苯二甲酸；6. 熟悉羧酸衍生物酰卤、酯、酰胺、腈的分类、命名、结构比较、物理和化学性质、反应和制备；掌握羧酸衍生物的化学反应及其相互转化：亲核取代反应(加成-消化反应历程)、水解、醇解、氨解酯的水解及历程；与金属试剂的反应；羧酸衍生物的还原；酯缩合反应；酰氨的脱水和霍夫曼降解反应；7.熟悉并掌握乙酰乙酸乙酯和丙二酸二乙酯的制备与应用a)乙酰乙酸乙酯：制备、互变异构及其在合成上的应用b)丙二酸二乙酯及其在合成上的应用c)了解碳酸及衍生物：光气、尿素、氨基甲酸酯8.熟悉取代羧酸(如卤代酸、羟酸、酮酸)的合成与反应，了解多元羧酸的性质；重点：酸酸以及其衍生物的化学性质、制备和机理。
●含氮化合物1.了解硝基化合物的结构及命名，了解硝基化合物的物理性质；2.掌握硝基化合物的化学性质：互变异构现象、硝基的还原反应、硝基对苯环邻、对位上取代基的影响；3.了解胺的结构、分类和命名，了解胺的其物理性质及波谱特征；4.掌握胺类化学性质：碱性强弱的判断及烃基化，酰化，兴斯堡反应，伯、仲、叔胺与亚硝酸反应，掌握芳胺上的亲电取代反应；5.掌握季铵盐和季铵碱的命名和性质、彻底甲基化和霍夫曼消除反应；了解相转移催化剂；6.掌握芳香重氮化反应及其用途：取代反应与偶联反应。
了解重氮甲烷的性质；7.掌握胺、重氮盐的制备方法，了解偶氮染料。
8.掌握亲核重排，了解亲电重排、自由基重排、芳香族重排；重点：含氮化合物的化学性质、制备及应用，亲核重排。
●周环反应1.熟悉并掌握电环化反应；2.熟悉并掌握[2+2],[2+4]Diels-Alder环加成反应；3.熟悉σ-迁移反应（Claisen克来森重排，Cope重排）。
重点：电环化反应、[2+4] 环加成反应、Claisen克来森重排、Cope 重排。
●杂环化合物1.了解杂环化合物的分类和命名；2.了解五元杂环化合物的物理性质，掌握五元杂环吡咯，呋喃，噻吩结构与化学性质。
了解噻唑，咪唑及稠杂环吲哚的化学性质，了解嘌呤及其衍生物的结构与化学性质；3.了解六元杂环化合物的物理性质，掌握六元杂环吡啶结构及化学性质，了解嘧啶及稠杂环喹啉，异喹啉的化学性质；4.知道常见的生物碱，了解生物碱的一般性质和提取方法。