普林斯顿4套TOEFL试题 4

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2024年TOEFL试题

(b) he hasnt read the book yet.
(c) the book is too long.
(d) he doesnt usually read spy thrillers.
7. (a) she hurt her foot.
(b) her health problem has come back again.
(c) hes a good tennis player.
(d) he rarely uses his computer.
9. (a) more doctors should be doing research.
(b) he is studying to be a doctor.
(c) an important new medical treatment may be available soon.
(c) hes completely satisfied with his job.
(d) hed like to be able to work more hours per week.
3. (a) try to get a ride with pete.
(b) take an airplane to boston.
(d) buy a money order to send with the application.
13. (a) shes too busy to run for class president.
(b) she hasnt considered running for class president.
2. Intended to display the work of twentieth-century artists, in 1929.

托福笔记4th细节题

• D. Faculty and staff use yellow parking areas.
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• Passage 2
Discussion Drama Class
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• M: drama class
• 1. Present, our town, costume, props
• Which of the area of the picture illustrates…?
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10
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二常考项目
• 1. 定义、概念、观念 • 是什么，为什么，有哪
些，核心是什么
(不考：常识性名词)
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• 表定义的信号句型
• 1）术语在前，解释在后 a)__ are (is)/mean (means) b) What do I mean by ___? c) How can we define ____?
的信息
• 4 文中根本就没有提到 • 5 不符合常识
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• 朗文专项训练 P131
• CD 1 track 35
• Conversation • A Parking Sticker
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• 笔记：
• M: parking sticker
student, 1st time get S I.D.
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• 句子
• a) In order to see this more clearly,…
• b) In more concrete terms,…

TOEFL全真试题4

TOEFL全真试题4TOEFL全真试题4TOEFL全真试题（4-1）Structure and Written ExpressionTime: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes.Structure1 Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by ______ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch (B) watching (C) watched (D) watch2 Thomas Edison s first patented invention was a device ____in Congress.(A) votes counted for (B) had been counting votes (C) for counting votes (D) be a counted vote3 Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1992 s,retired______she was unable to make the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless (B) in spite of (C) because (D) and for4 Built in 1882,the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2058-foot length.(A) who (B) to whom (C) which they (D) that which5 A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people andvehicles that use it.(A) as well (B) so well (C) as well as (D) so well as6 The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to returned (B) who returned (C) they returned (D) for returning7 In the fourteenth century, ____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery (B) it was discovered (C) with the discovery(D) if it was discovered8 _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When (B) Whereas (C) Which (D) Whether9 Many modem photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is (B) than light (C) being light (D) light10 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond _____ to be glued must be absolutely or grease.(A) and surfaces (B) when surfaces (C) the surfaces (D) surfaces that11 Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to thesurface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought (B) to be brought (C) being brought (D) is being brought12 _____unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) For a star to become (B) how a star becomes (C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13 Not until linoleum was invented in 1860 _____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.(A) any house did have (B) did any house have (C) house had any (D) any house had14 Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator fromMississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which (B) to which (C) and which (D) being which15 Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them (B) is constantly flowing into them (C) constantly flows into them (D) constantly flowing into themWritten Expression16 Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein,__________ _____ _____A B Ca virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.______D17 The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color._____ _____ _____ ______A B C D18 In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York metropolitan Opera, where her became__ _______ ___A B Cthe star soprano.__D19 The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.___ ___ ________ ______A B C D20 Because of the availability of trucks and easy access tomodern highways, the locate of farms____ has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets._______ ________ ____A B C D21 The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed as ________ _____uniquely, innovative, and valuable.______ ___A B C D22 Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages _ ___________________of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.__________A B C D23 Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in a____ _______ ______ _____A B C Dgiven poem.24 Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.______ ___ _____ ____A B C D25 The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commercially as bay leaves and are used for___________ ____ __A B Cseasoning foods.____D26 When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.___ _____ _______ ____27 The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refined of______ ______ _ ____A B C Dthese adaptations.28 In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General, launched several programs to______ _____A Baddress particulate problem that young people have.______ ______C D29 Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent, responsible, _______ ________A Band competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve._______ ________C D30 The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a________ _ _____A B Ccarefully chosen goal.______D31 As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms._____ ______ _ ______32 Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for many_____ ______ _______A B Cyears, ceramics and glassware, although easily broken, survive well in the ground._____D33 Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child-rearing, personality, and_____ _____ ________A B Cculture._____D34 The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for the_______ _____________ ____A B Ctreatment of infectious diseases until 1940._______D35 In the United States, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen by ____ _______ __________ _____A B C Dthe President to head an executive department of the government.36 Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of the________ ____A BAmerican Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands._____ ______C D37 Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material into ____ ____________A Belements usable by plants.______ _____C D38 Ozone is an unstable, faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.__ ____ ___ ______A B C D39 The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenth century._________ _________ ____ __________A B C D40 Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences on _____ ___ _______A B Ceducation and thought in the United States and elsewhere.___D <BR。

托福TOEFL普林斯顿样题普样4-听力

托福阅读真题第4套

第4套Models of Egg DevelopmentParagraph1:Several different theories have been put forward to explain how the hard-shelled eggs of land-dwelling reptiles(e.g.lizards)evolved from the soft eggs that amphibians(e.g.frogs and toads)lay in water.The Romer model of egg development is named after the late Alfred Romer,a paleontologist who also became director of the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology.His specialty was early reptiles because,he felt,they were the key to understanding the great reptile diversification seen in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras(around230million years ago).Romer's hypothesis was that some aquatic amphibians--that is,amphibians living in water--called anthracosaurs began to lay their eggs on land at about the time that they were evolving reptile-like skeletal features.Indeed,some of these early amphibians and earliest reptiles are so similar in their skeletons that the exact transition point from one to the other is still difficult to determine.Eventually,though, the transition was made,but these early reptiles remained aquatic.The advantage for laying eggs on land was primarily to avoid the aquatic larval(pre-adult)stage during which immature amphibians live exclusively in water with its inherent risk of predators and drying of ponds.However,the land has its own set of dangers,not least of which is the drying effect of the atmosphere.To cope with these problems,a series of protective membranes developed around the egg,including a hard shell.Only later did the reptiles completely abandon an aquatic lifestyle.1..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○During the period that early amphibians changed into reptiles,their skeletons were exactly the same.○It is difficult to identify the time that early amphibians changed to reptiles because their skeletons look so much alike.○The skeletons of some early amphibians and reptiles are so similar that it is difficult to say which are amphibians and which are reptiles.○Early amphibians and reptiles had the same kind of skeleton at the same point in time.2..The word exclusively in the passage is closest in meaning to○only○initially○primarily○temporarily3..According to paragraph1,aquatic amphibians laid their eggs on land in order to○enable young amphibians to benefit from a dry atmosphere○ensure the rapid development of a hard shell○enable young amphibians to evolve features necessary for living on land○protect young amphibians from the dangers associated with life in the water Paragraph2:Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring,whose specialty is fossil eggs.In Kohring's model,amphibians during the Mississippian epoch(360¨C320million years ago)spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water.Because of the harsher conditions,eggs were produced with larger yolks,that is, more nutrients for the embryo.█With larger yolks,the eggs were bigger,and fewer of them could be produced by the female--hundreds rather than thousands.█To keep the larger egg intact,one or more membranes were developed,including one that surrounded and protected the egg.█This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions,which are poisonous.█Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land(it was pre-adapted to be laid there.)4..The word Accumulating in the passage is closest in meaning to○Forcing○Collecting○Distributing○Isolating5..In paragraph2,why does the author mention the information about calcium ions○To explain Koherig's theory that amphibian eggs developed at least two protective outer membranes○To explain that the calcium in a hard shell is not poisonous when the egg is laid on land○To explain why,according to Kohring,a hard shell evolved○To explain why only the outer membrane stored calcium6..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph2about the relationship between eggs and water temperature○Eggs needed adaptations to survive in cold water.○Eggs needed warm water to survive.○Smaller eggs were produced in cold water.○Fewer eggs were produced in warm water.7..According to paragraph2,all of the following are true of the eggs of amphibians during the Mississippian epoch EXCEPT:○They had hard shells made from calcium ions.○They had larger yolks than previously.○They had protective membranes.○They were produced in larger quantities than previously.Paragraph3:One other model we should consider is the anti-predator hypothesis proposed by Gary and Mary Packard to explain the evolution of the hard-shelled egg. Their model was not concerned with the development of membranes surrounding the egg but continues the story after these membranes appeared.The Packards assume that the earliest reptiles laid leathery shelled eggs on very wet ground where they could absorb water during the embryos'growth.But life on the ground is not without hazards,based on studies of modern reptiles with leathery shelled eggs.Predatory insects and microbes can be a major cause of egg mortality.To counter this loss of eggs,some of the early reptiles began secreting a thin calcareous(containing calcium carbonate)layer.This hard layer gave the embryos a better chance of surviving until hatching.And these survivors in turn would probably leave more progeny once a few of them reached reproductive age.In time,a thicker,more resistant shell developed. However,a thicker eggshell meant that less water could be absorbed for the needs of the embryo.To compensate,larger eggs were produced,containing a great deal more albumen(egg white,a water-soluble protein).At this point,the rigid eggshell had reached the bird egg level of complexity.8..The word counter in the passage is closest in meaning to○escape○stop○combat○delay9..According to paragraph3,early reptiles began to develop a thin calcareous layer around the egg so that○the embryo could survive attacks from predatory insects and microbes○the embryo could absorb sufficient water during its growth○the surviving embryo could reach reproductive age○the egg could be laid on land10..Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph3as a disadvantage of the hard eggshell○It increased the hatching period.○It prevented the development of large-size eggs.○It made it more difficult for the embryo to obtain water.○It made it harder for the embryo to survive until hatching.Paragraph4:Mary Packard presented yet another model with her colleague Roger Seymour.They note that amphibian eggs can never get very large because the gelatin coat surrounding the developing larva is not very good at transmitting oxygen. Because of this restriction,we will never see frog eggs the size of a chicken's.For Packard and Seymour,the major evolutionary breakthrough in reptile eggs was the elimination of the thick gelatin coat and replacing part of it with a fibrous membrane. This change allowed larger eggs to be developed.11..The word breakthrough in the passage is closest in meaning to○effect○development○requirement○goal12..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph4about the fibrous membrane○It served the same function as the gelatin coat.○It was larger than the gelatin coat.○It allowed amphibians to produce eggs as large as those of reptiles.○It allowed for better transmission of oxygen.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.And the relatively few that were produced had to be properly protected.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph2:Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring, whose specialty is fossil eggs.In Kohring's model,amphibians during the Mississippian epoch(360¨C320million years ago)spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water.Because of the harsher conditions,eggs were produced with larger yolks,that is,more nutrients for the embryo.█With larger yolks,the eggs were bigger,and fewer of them could be produced by the female--hundreds rather than thousands.█To keep the larger egg intact,one or more membranes were developed,including one that surrounded and protected the egg.█This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions, which are poisonous.█Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land(it was pre-adapted to be laid there.)14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Alfred Romer's hypothesis was that early amphibians started evolving reptilian skeletal features long before they started laying eggs on land.○Alfred Romer theorized that early reptiles developed protective membranes around the egg in response to the dangers to young amphibians in water and threats to the egg on land.○In Rolf Kohring's view,early reptiles developed protective membranes around the large eggs that were produced in harsh water conditions,making it possible for the egg to be laid on land.○Gary and Mary Packard claimed that reptiles developed the hard-shelled egg in order to reduce the rate at which eggs were destroyed by predatory insects andmicrobes.○Rolf Kohring argued that egg development was poor during the Mississippian epoch due to nutrient-poor waters.○According to Mary Packard and Roger Seymour,reptiles could not successively develop very large eggs because of the elimination of the gelatin coat.Population Revolution in Eighteenth-Century EuropeParagraph1：In late seventeenth-century Europe,what had been evolution in population followed by stabilization changed to population revolution.█Increasing contacts with the Americas brought more sophisticated knowledge of the advantages of new foods,particularly the potato.█Originally a cool-weather mountain crop in the Americas,potatoes did well in the Pyrenees,Alps,and Scottish Highlands.█They also grew well in the long,damp springtime of the northwest European plain.█Whatever hesitancy peasants may have felt about eating potatoes quickly passed when famine threatened;after all,people who in famines desperately consumed grass, weeds,and the bark of trees hardly would have hesitated to eat a potato.By the later eighteenth and the nineteenth century,American foods had become the principal foodstuffs of many rural folk.Various agricultural publicists promoted adoption of these foods,and peasants found that potatoes could allow subsistence on smaller plots of land.Fried potatoes soon began to be sold on the streets of Paris in the1680s the original French ernments,eager to promote population growth as a source of military and economic strength,also backed the potato.1..Paragraph1suggests that the European population before the late seventeenth century had been○growing slowly and then not at all○changing in distribution but not in the overall number of people○decreasing at a small but stable rate○alternating between periods of slow and fast growth2..The word sophisticated in the passage is closest in meaning to○quickly obtained○highly developed○widely distributed○easily understood3..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The constant threat of famine caused peasants to become desperate and eat unusual foods like grass,weeds,and the bark of trees.○Because famine forces people to eat foods they normally would not want to eat, peasants were willing to eat potatoes.○Although some people ate foods like potatoes during famine,others preferred to eateasily accessible foods like grass,weeds,and the bark of trees.○Famine had the greatest impact on peasants,whose regular diet of potatoes expanded to include other vegetation.4..According to paragraph1,all of the following contributed to the widespread adoption of the potato in Europe EXCEPT:○Peasants growing potatoes for their own use could support themselves on smaller plots of land.○Potatoes grew well in a variety of locations in Europe.○Potatoes were the preferred food of European military forces.○Agricultural publicists encouraged the public to eat potatoes.Paragraph2：Along with new foods,some landowners began to introduce other innovations.The nutritional base for a population revolution combined regional changes with the use of American foods.Dutch and English farmers drained more swamps and so increased cultivable land.Agricultural reformers further promoted the use of crops such as the turnip that return valuable nitrogen to the soil.Improvements in available tools,such as growing use of the scythe instead of the sickle for harvesting,and better methods of raising livestock also spread.All this took shape from the late seventeenth century onward,building on earlier agricultural changes.At the same time,rates of epidemic disease declined,in part because of more effective government controls over the passage of people and animals along traditional plague routes from the Middle East.It was the change in foods that really counted,however.5..According to paragraph2,regional farmers did all of the following to improve food production in Europe EXCEPT:○They improved the way they raised farm animals.○They used both the sickle and the scythe to harvest crops.○They grew special crops that nourished the soil.○They created more farmland by draining swamps.Paragraph3：These developments provided a framework for an unprecedented surge. In virtually every area of Europe,the population increased by50to100percent in the eighteenth century,with the greatest growth coming after1750.The Hapsburg Empire grew from20million to27million people;Spain rose from5million to10million, and Prussia rose from3million to6million.Growth would continue throughout the nineteenth century.In Europe as a whole,population rose from188million in1800to 401million in1900.This was an upheaval of truly impressive proportions.6..The word surge in the passage is closest in meaning to○event○benefit○sudden increase○important change7..In paragraph3,the author mentions the Hapsburg Empire,Spain,and Prussia inorder to○support the claim that the population explosion covered most of the European continent○give examples of population growth during the nineteenth century○suggest that the population of Prussia grew more slowly than the populations ofother countries○demonstrate that the fastest population growth took place in Spain8..The word proportions in the passage is closest in meaning to○origins○consequences○growth○sizeParagraph4：The population explosion resulted from a break in the traditional,if approximate,balance between births and deaths in European society.In England between1700and1750,approximately32.8people were born annually for every1,000 inhabitants,and31.5people died.Similarly,in Lombardy in the eighteenth century,39 people were born and37people died for every1,000inhabitants.Clearly,a major alteration had to occur in either the birth or the mortality rate before the expansion of population could begin.In fact,both rates changed:families began to have more children, and a lower percentage of the population died each year.Lower infant death rates meant more people living to produce children of their own,though falling adult death rates also increased the number of older Europeans.9..According to paragraph4,the expansion of Europe's population was made possible by○a major improvement in the care of older Europeans○increased variation in the ages at which people gave birth to children○a change in traditional beliefs about family size○increased birth rates accompanied by a decline in mortality10..The word sustain in the passage is closest in meaning to○support○stimulate○explain○uniteParagraph5：While historians continue to debate the precise balance of causes involved in these dramatic changes,basic outlines are clear.Better food and a reduction in the epidemic-disease cycle allowed more children to live to adulthood, which increased the population directly and also provided more parents for the nextgeneration a double impact.Rapidly increasing populations provided a new labor force for manufacturing.In the eighteenth century,this mainly involved hundreds of thousands of people,mostly rural,producing thread,cloth,and other products for market sale.This manufacturing expansion helped sustain the growing population,but it could also encourage a higher birth rate.Some people,able to earn money by their late teens,began to produce children earlier;the rate of illegitimate births went up. Others realized that having an extra child or two might help the family economy by providing additional worker-assistants.While death-rate decline was the most important source of Europe's population explosion,various changes on the birth rate side,though quite short-lived,pushed the population up as well.11..According to paragraph5,what effect did the epidemic-disease cycle have on population during the eighteenth century○Childhood diseases kept population growth rates from rising even higher.○Periodic epidemics caused population growth rates to rise and fall in cycles.○The effect varied by area,with urban populations more affected by disease than rural areas.○Fewer childhood deaths from disease led to an increased number of children in the current and future generations.12..According to paragraph5,how did the manufacturing expansion affect population growth○It caused a small decline,because families working in manufacturing needed fewer children as worker-assistants than did farming families.○It made teenage workers delay childbearing,which caused a decline in population growth.○It caused an increase in population by allowing workers to support a family at an earlier age.○It caused the growth rate to rise in the cities and to decline in rural areas.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.What were the factors that led to this population revolutionParagraph1：In late seventeenth-century Europe,what had been evolution in population followed by stabilization changed to population revolution.█Increasing contacts with the Americas brought more sophisticated knowledge of the advantages of new foods,particularly the potato.█Originally a cool-weather mountain crop in the Americas,potatoes did well in the Pyrenees,Alps,and Scottish Highlands.█They also grew well in the long,damp springtime of the northwest European plain.█Whatever hesitancy peasants may have felt about eating potatoes quickly passed when famine threatened;after all,people who in famines desperately consumed grass, weeds,and the bark of trees hardly would have hesitated to eat a potato.By the later eighteenth and the nineteenth century,American foods had become the principal foodstuffs of many rural folk.Various agricultural publicists promoted adoption ofthese foods,and peasants found that potatoes could allow subsistence on smaller plots of land.Fried potatoes soon began to be sold on the streets of Paris in the1680s the original French ernments,eager to promote population growth as a source of military and economic strength,also backed the potato.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Climate conditions in Europe allowed for the introduction of new crops that competed with American foods for popular consumption.○An important cause of population growth was improved nutrition,due in large part to the addition of the potato and other American foods to the standard European diet.○Regional landowners developed improved agricultural techniques,and mortality rates declined as governments gained control over traditional plague routes.○Growth rates varied widely across the continent but were highest in France,Spain, and Britain and lowest in Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire.○Birth rates went up as more people lived long enough to have their own children, had children earlier,and had larger families.○Government policies promoting population growth helped to create a large labor force for the manufacturing industry.Mexican Mural Art(17年4月1日考过)Paragraph1：The first major modern art movement in Latin America was Mexican muralism,which featured large-scale murals painted on the wall surfaces of public buildings.One of the most persistent strands in Latin American art in the last80years has been an engagement with political and social issues,including the struggle for social justice.This in turn has been accompanied by a desire for authentic forms of self-expression and freedom from cultural dependency.Although these preoccupations have taken many different forms,Mexican muralism was the first,and its influence was the most far-reaching.Muralism flourished in Mexico in the years immediately following the Mexican Revolution(1910¨C1920)as a result of a combination of circumstances:a climate of revolutionary optimism and cultural experimentation that challenged traditional Eurocentrism;a small but strong group of relatively mature artists of energy,ideas,and ability;and a visionary minister of education,Jos¨¦Vasconcelos.Vasconcelos believed that Mexico was destined to play a central role on the international stage.He understood that ideas could be more quickly assimilated through images than through any other medium,and he had the courage to allocate the funds,and the walls of public buildings,to the artists to do with as they liked.1..The word persistent in the passage is closest in meaning to○important○fascinating○lasting○powerful2..According to paragraph1,Mexican muralism is concerned with○the attempt to make art a more important subject in the Latin American educational system○the combination of European art traditions with authentic Latin American art forms ○the creation of a just society and an independent form of cultural expression○the use of art to raise funds for the construction of new public buildings3..The author mentions the Mexican Revolution in the passage in order to○explain how the Mexican government used muralism to challenge European political beliefs○emphasize an important reason that Mexican muralism thrived○give an example of one of the most popular subjects of muralism○emphasize the success of Mexican artists who participated in political conflicts4..It can be inferred from paragraph1that the muralists got most of their financial support from○opponents of traditional European art○wealthy art lovers○other muralists from around the world○the Mexican governmentParagraph2：The muralists shared a belief in the power of art to transform society for the better;to challenge social,political,economic,and cultural stereotypes;and to enrich the intellectual life of their country.During the1920s and1930s,they covered miles of wall with paintings representing aspects of Mexico's past and present and the future to which all aspired.Although Mexican muralism is representational and often narrative in form,it should be recognized as a modern movement.It was modernizing in intent,in that it challenged the old order culturally,socially,and politically.By definition,it was a public,accessible form of art not a commodity that could be bought and sold by the wealthy elite.Its purpose was to educate,inform,enlighten, politicize and thus empower the general public,in particular the working classes. 5..According to paragraph2,in what way can Mexican muralism be regarded as a characteristically modern art movement○It was representational and often narrative in form.○It was supported by a small but enlightened artistic elite.○It questioned traditional ideas.○It emphasized the future rather than dwelling on the past.Paragraph3：The muralist movement was not a unified force,however.The painters who were its leaders took different directions and did not always see eye to eye. Diego Rivera(1886¨C1957)sought to promote a pluralistic vision of Mexican society by drawing on the rich heritage of the pre-Columbian past(before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in1492)and contemporary popular culture,and he investigated pre-Columbian styles and techniques in an effort to create an aesthetic language that was new and Mexican.He was deeply influenced by native pictographic traditions of communication in which pictures represent written words and ideas,and he sought to develop a modern equivalent,a visual language that could be read like a book.The art of Jos¨¦Clemente Orozco(1883¨C1949)is less optimistic:he saw both the pre-Columbian past and the revolutionary present in a more negative light,the former as barbarous,the latter often tarnished by corruption and cruelty.He offers no comforting narratives and his expressive,aggressive technique serves as a metaphor of Mexico's harsh,contradictory reality.David Alfaro Siqueiros(1898¨C1976)was the most politically active of the three and was an internationalist both ideologically and artistically.In his art he deliberately avoided traditional materials and methods, preferring to use modern industrial paints and spray guns.His works look forward to a fully socialist future where the workers will have won the right to the benefits of the modern industrial era,and his often fragmented,complex imagery does not patronize or make concessions to his audience.6..The word promote in the passage is closest in meaning to○express○create○emphasize○encourage7..The word contradictory in the passage is closest in meaning to○discouraging○conflicting○unchanging○unusual8..Paragraph3makes all of the following points about artist Diego Rivera EXCEPT:○He used elements of pre-Columbian art to help make a new,modern art.○He tried to develop a visual language that communicated as clearly as native pictographs had.○He used his art to express his ideas of what Mexican society should be like.○He tried but failed to unify the muralist movement.9..According to paragraph3,which of the following was true of Orozco's art○It was concerned with Mexican problems of the past and the present.○It presented the pre-Columbian past favorably.○Its images were intended to be pleasing to viewers.○Its technique was more typical of international artists than Mexican artists.10..According to paragraph3,which of the following is NOT true of David Alfaro Siqueiros○He used modern industrial materials rather than traditional materials in his art.○He designed images that were intentionally meant to please his audience.○He believed in socialism and viewed the future of workers in the modern industrial era favorably.○He took an international approach to both politics and art.Paragraph4：█The Mexican muralist movement is undoubtedly one of the most important manifestations of twentieth-century Mexican culture.█Its impact elsewhere in the region,as well as in the United States and Europe,has been enormous.█The work of Rivera,Orozco,and Siqueiros triggered a homegrown muralist movement in the United States in cities like New York City,Detroit,Los Angeles,and San Francisco.█The influence of the Mexicans on the modern Spanish painter Picasso's first mural and almost his only major explicitly propagandist work of art his famous Guernica of1937is unmistakable even though the artist himself would have denied it. In Latin America,Mexican-influenced muralism has recurred whenever artists have felt the need to make a clear,public statement in a language that has not been borrowed from outside.11..The word manifestations in the passage is closest in meaning to○expressions○modifications○contributions○components12..The author mentions Picasso's mural Guernica in order to○provide an example of one of the biggest European influences on Mexican muralism○indicate that politically motivated murals were as popular in Europe as they were in Mexico○explain why the influence of Mexican muralism was especially strong among Spanish artists○provide evidence that the Mexican muralists had a significant impact on the international art world13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However,its influence was not limited to Mexico itself.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the。

新托福模拟题 Test4 P54

24.Why does the student visit the professor ?A.To complain about the price of her booksB.To ask about one of the course requirementsC.To request some tips on how to read quicklyD.To discuss her experience from high school25.According to the professor ,what happened to other students who had the same concern as the female student.A.They mostly failed his classB.They always did better than the othersC.They all did rather well in the classD.They mostly just dropped his class26.Listen again to part of the conversation .Then answer the question.A.He is pleased with her commentB.He is warning her to try harderC.He thinks she should change her attitudeD.He wants her to continue in his class27.Listen again to part of the conversation Then answer the question.A.She knows she cannot cope with the workload.B.She believes she will complete all the work.C.She feels that she needs to drop the classD.She is not sure if she can handle the class28.What does the professor imply about the student’s high school ?A.It was not one of the country’s eliteB.It was not as rigorous as the student’s collegeC.It helped prepare the student for college lifeD.Its teachers should have taught the student more.。

普林斯顿4

--- ☆ SitMan 助您征服外语☆ --- [生词摘录][要点摘录] ----难点句子记录于此[我的听写] ----可在此处逐句听写[原文]TOEFL LISTENING TEXT普林斯第四套样题1. [00:25.4]- M: I missed class this morning. Could you lend me your notes?- W: My notes? You’ve never seen my handwriting, have you?What does the woman imply?2. [00:47.0]- M: Do you know when the next shuttle buses leaving for the athletic center? - W: There’s a schedule posted on the bulletin board in the student’s lounge. What does the man imply the man should do?3. [01:09.6]- M: I’m going to buy Joan a blue sweater for her birthday.- W: Are you sure she’d like a blue one?What does the man imply about Joan?4. [01:31.5]- M: Wha, your apartment looks great! When did you have time to paint it> - W: I didn’t, I had it done professionally.What does the woman say about her apartment?5. [01:54.4]- M: The seminar scheduled for today has been canceled.- W: That’s too bad. But at least the one for next week is still on. What does the man mean?6. [02:15.2]- M: Frank is certainly in a good mood.- W: The bargain he got on his new stereo has made him happy.What does the woman say about Frank?7. [02:37.0]- M: I’d like to inquire about some of the charges on my electricity bills.I can’t understand why it is so high this month.- W: I’d be happy to send you the more detailed explanation if you give me your account number.What does the man mean?8. [03:02.9]- M: I’m going home early, can you listen for my phone?- W: Sure, I’m planning to be here all day.What does the man agree to do for the woman?9. [03:24.7]- M: You seemed well-prepared for the Spanish midterm. I’m impressed.- W: I’d better be. I’ve spent the last 48 hours cramming塞满,填鸭式的用功for it.What has the man been doing?10. [03:48.0]- M: Would you mind opening that window. It's stuffy空气不好的, 通风不好的, 闷的 in here.- W: I’m afraid it’s the kind that doesn’t open.What does the man mean?11. [04:10.7]- M: Mike said he was looking for a job in the bookstore.- W: But then, when he had the chance to work there, he turned it down拒绝, didn’t he?What can be inferred about Mike?12. [04:34.2]- M: Were you able to mail your letter?- W: The stamps’ machine only takes the exact change.What does the woman imply?13. [04:55.7]- M: You must have had half a dozen cups of coffee so far, and it’s not eventhe lunch time.- W: I’m only on my third, but three’s probably enough for one day.What does the man imply?14. [05:20.4]- M: They’re building a shopping center near my house.- W: Not another one.What does the man imply ?15. [05:41.5]- M: You’re going to the play tonight, aren’t you?- W: I have too much work to do for tomorrow.What does the woman mean?16. [06:01.6]- M: Isn’t that Kate? I thought you said she’s in New York.- W: Oh, no. That’s next week.What does the woman imply?17. [06:23.2]- M: I don’t know if I can make it to the graduation ceremony. Is the attendance required.- W: At one time it was, but not anymore.What does the man mean?18. [06:45.6]- M: Have you notified the housing office about the fixing of the faucet<美>水龙头 in the bathroom?- W: I got Allen to take care of it. He’s really handy手巧的.What does the woman mean?19. [07:08.3]- M: Guess what, I nominated you for class treasurer today.- W: Oh, no, you didn’t.What can be inferred about the man?20. [07:30.3]- M: Mathew certainly shows a lot of enthusiasm热情, 热心 on the tennis course. - W: If only he show as much for the studies.What does the woman imply about Mathew?21. [08:03.6]- M: Could you hold the painting against the wall while I take a look at it. - W: Where would you like it to go?What can be inferred about the man?22. [08:25.8]- M: I can’t believe I overslept. I’m lucky I made it to the breakfast meeting on time.- W: I can see you were in a hurry. You’re wearing your sweater inside out 里面翻到外面.What does the woman mean?23. [08:51.4]- M: Well, what did you think of the new doctor at the infirmary?- W: You mean Dr. Randoll? He was away attending a conference.What does the woman mean?24. [09:13.4]- M: Do you know anyone who has a spare bookshelf?- W: Have you checked with跟…商量 Martha?What does the woman suggest the man do?25. [09:34.5]- M: Where can I buy some typing paper?- W: How about the stationery place that just opened up非正〉开门?What does the woman mean?26. [09:55.4]- M: Did you see the exhibit at the art center?- W: I sure did, and I couldn’t make heads or tails of it.What does the woman say about the exhibit?27. [10:17.4]- M: You know so much about old movies. I’ll bet you saw a lot when you were a kid.- W: Not as many as you might think.What does the man mean?28. [10:40.2]- M: Our plane has been circling for a long time. Why the delay?- W: The airport was closed for a while this morning and the things stillaren’t back to normal.What does the man mean ?29. [11:04.0]- M: I’ve decided to take another semester of biology.- W: No kidding! I didn’t know you even take the introductory course. What had the man assumed about the woman?30. [11:27.3]- M: Look at this postcard. Carren is in Miami.- W: Yea. It’s great she finally got some time off.What does the man imply about Garren?-31-34. [12:53.6]Listen to a conversation about finding a new apartment.- M: Hi, I heard you’re look for a different apartment.- W: Yeah, the place I’m in now is a real dump.- M: It was Ok when I was there.- W: Oh. The boiler keeps breaking and when it does, we loose the heat for several days at the time.- M: Why doesn’t the owner replace it?- W: Well, she said it’s cheaper to keep fixing it. She is a nice enough person, just sort of stingy in any case, I’m sick of being cold.- M: Can you get your deposit back if you move?- W: If I give two-month notice, I can get the whole thing back.- M: So what kind of place are you looking for?- W: I think I’ll try to get into one of those high rises near the university. There’s nothing really special but at least they are new and functional. - M: I heard of those buildings are pretty noisy. The walls are thin and you can hear everything going on in the other apartment.- W: Oh, that will never do. I need some place quiet to finish my thesis.I guess I’ll have to look some more ads. Maybe new isn’t necessarily better. - M: Why don’t you try some of those apartment at Windsor? They’re supposed to be nice.- W: Oh, aren’t they awfully expensive?- M: Not really, You'll be surprised at how reasonable some of them are. The problem with being out there is the bus doesn't run that way.- W: That’ll definitely be a problem. I can’t afford a car right now. I guess I’d better check a few places here in the city before I make a decision.31. What is wrong with the woman’s current apartment?32. What must the woman do to have her deposit returned?33. What does the woman require of her next apartment?34. Why might live in Windsor be a problem for the woman?-35-38. [15:17.3]Listen to a conversation between two students.- W: I’m thinking about transferring out of state college into another school in the spring.- M: After only a year and half? How come? I thought you like it here. - W: I do, but our commercial art department only gives associate degrees. - M: And you want a bachelor’s学士; 学士学位, right?- W: Right?- M: So where do you want to go?- W: I’ve been thinking about Westwater University. It has an excellent reputation. But it’s probably very selective.- M: But you’ve gotten good grades in the three semester you’ve been in here at the state college, haven’t you?- W: Yeah, mostly As in my major and a few Bs in sciences.- M: So what are you worried about? Just ask your art professors to write letters of recommendation for you and give you portfolio公事包, 文件夹together, and you’ll be set.- 35. What does the woman want to do?- 36. What field is the woman interested in?- 37. What concerned does the woman have about Westwater University?- 38. What does the man suggest the woman do?-39-41. [20:26.8]Listen to an university official talking to the dormitory residents.I’m Torris Don, the housing director here at the university. I’m visiting all the dormitories this week to inform students about check-out procedures. I know you have got a lot on your mind with finals coming up, but there are a few things you need to be aware of, as you prepare to leave for vacation. This dormitory will be closed during the summer months and will reopen on September the first, ever if you’re registered for summer classes the summer, you must leave this dorm by June third. If this does pose a problem for you, you should contact my office as soon as possible, Remember to turn in your room key before you leave.- If you don’t, you’ll be fined 25 dollars. Also, make sure that all of your personal property has been cleared out of your room. I’ll passing out a form for you to fill out concerning the condition of your room, on this form you should report anything that needs to be fixed: a drawer that doesn’t open easily, holes in school year starts. If you have any questions, you can askyour residence advisor or call my office.39. What does the speaker mainly discuss?40. Before they move out, what must the students do?41. What should the students indicate on the form that are handed out?-Question 42-45, [22:28.3]listen to a talk given during a factory tour.- Now, before I show you the type of shipping containers that we are currently designing, I’d like to show you a few we had problems with in the past. Take the steel drum here, see the crack in it? At low temperatures, most containers made of ordinary steel become brittle and when they brittle, they cracked easily. This is quite a problem when you want to transport certain materials. See, for example, liquefied natural gas. Now you can’t ship that in ordinary steel containers because it has to be stored in very low temperatures. So, in designing a container for this gas, we would specify some alloy, some combination of steel and another metal. It would have different properties from those of the ordinary steel. One alloy we considered using was stainless steel because it resists the cracked, but we found some of the structural properties make it interior to ordinary steels. Another problem with stainless steel is that is alloyed with nickle. And nickle has to be imported, so there’s an added cost there.- Fortunately, a new less expensive steel alloy is available, in which the element boron is used instead of nickle. Now, like stainless steel, this new alloy with boron硼 can withstand the extreme chilling without becoming brittle. Because of this and its cost, containers made of this alloy have become more and more common for shipping liquefied natural gas.42. What is the main topic of the talk?43.According to the speaker, what frequently happens to ordinary steel at low temperatures?44.According to the speaker, what is one of the disadvantages of the stainless steel?45. The speaker would recommend the steel alloy containing which element?-Questions 46-50. [25:08.4]Listen to part of a lecture give by a biology professor.- Now, let me give an example, a small example of how difficult it is to control the effects of poisons one they enter the environment. A few years ago, 55 owls mysteriously died at the London Zoo. The Zoo keepers analyzed the dead owls and found that they had been poisoned by an insecticide even though no insecticide have ever been used near them in the zoo. For a while, the zoo keepers were puzzled. But they finally discovered what happened. The owls猫头鹰 that died had been fed mice that had been raised in the cages of the zoo. Now, in the cages the mice slept on layers of sawdust. The sawdust had been purchased from a construction company that used chemicals to protect the wood from insects. The mice ,you see, had absorbed those chemicals through their skins. And when the owls ate the contaminated mice, the insecticide accumulated in the owls’bodies. Eventually, it reached toxic levels and the owls died.46. What is the talk mainly abut?47. What did the construction company sell to the zoo?48. What was the chemical orginally intended to kill?49. What happened to the owls?50. What is the purpose of the speaker’s story?。

托福--TOEFL(托福)考试介绍

托福--TOEFL（托福）考试介绍一、TOEFL考试介绍TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）是由美国普林斯顿教育考试服务处（Educational Testing Service，简称ETS）主办。

中国人称之为托福考试。

其目的是测试申请就读美国大学或研究生院的非英语国家学生的英语水平和掌握英语的熟练程度。

目前，美国已有3，000所左右的院校要求非英语国家的申请者，无论学习什么专业，都必须参加TOEFL考试。

TOEFL成绩在很多院校已成为是否授予奖学金的重要依据。

美国和加拿大的高等院校以及研究机构对TOEFL考生的录取分数线没有统一的规定。

目前，四分之三的美国考生TOEFL成绩达到550分左右。

要想进入名牌大学学习，TOEFL成绩起码应达到600分以上。

其中，有些专业（如英国文学、人文科学、新闻学、商业管理等）对TOEFL的成绩要求较高；另一些专业（如自然科学、计算机、数学等）对TOEFL成绩的要求则略低。

但是，要想申请获得奖学金资助，其TOEFL成绩则须达到600分左右。

美国的管理学研究生院在招收学生时除要求GMAT成绩外，对外国学生还要求较高的TOEFL成绩。

在中国，TOEFL考试目前每年举办4次，时间分别为1月，5月，8月和10月。

有时12月份会有加考。

需要注意的是，与正常考试安排在星期六不同，加考往往安排在星期五。

等到将来TOEFL考试题库达到一定规模，必定也会改成机考。

这是一个趋势。

TOEFL成绩有效期为两年。

在这两年内考生可以随时向美国和加拿大的院校或研究机构提出申请并寄送成绩。

两年以后，如果再需要TOEFL成绩，则必须重新参加考试。

二、T0EFL考试须知TOEFL考试的报名一般在考试日期的前两个月开始。

各考试中心将根据各自的具体实际情况，按照中国国外考试协调处所规定的报名开始和截止日期办理考生的报名工作。

函报考生应该在规定的报名日期内写信向所在地区的考试中心索取报名表，同时汇去考试费（以人民币形式支付），考试中心在收到函件和考试费后，即给报考者邮寄报名表。

托福阅读TPO4文章原文及翻译

Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.在太平洋西北区的美国华盛顿州，有两种鹿在普吉特海湾非常普遍。

最常见的黑尾鹿是华盛顿东部杂交鹿在西部的表亲，它们生活在低地。

另一种哥伦比亚白尾鹿，从前在开阔的草原上很常见，而现在只能在低矮的沼泽岛屿地带和哥伦比亚河下游的河滩地区才能看到它们。

Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.几乎任何一种林下植物都可以成为鹿的食物。

托福考试经典例题及答案解析 4-4

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福考试经典例题及答案解析 4-4摘要：托福考试经典例题及答案解析 4-4，在托福考试中，尤其是一些语法题，同学们在复习的时候一定是要注意两点，多说多练，下文中，小编为各位同学编辑整理了托福考试经典例题及答案解析，希望能为各位考生提供帮助。

托福考试经典例题及答案解析，可以为同学们提供很好的参考，通过老师对题目深入的分析和讲解，相信同学们一定会有所收获的。

31. Chemical research provides information that is useful when the textile industry in the creation of synthetic fabrics.答案：B改正：whenÆfor分析：when 一般引导时间状语从句，但这句话中 when 后面显然不是一个完整的句子，改成 for，表示为了什么的意思。

参考译文：化学上的研究提供了对在人造织品的制作过程的纺织品工业很有用的信息。

32. Jane Addams, social worker, author, and spokeswoman for the peace and women’s suffrage movements, she received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her humanitarian achievements.答案：C改正：she receivedÆreceived分析：考点同 21 题。

参考译文：JA，一个社会学家，作家，和平和妇女选举权运动的发言人，于 1931 年因为她的人道主义的成就而获得了 Nobel 和平奖。

33. Bromyrite crystals have a diamond-like luster and are usually colorless, but they dark to brown when exposed to light.答案：C改正：darkÆdarken分析：考点是形容词和动词的误用。

托福toefl普林斯顿样题普样3-听力

普林斯顿样题03Section 1 Listening ComprehensionPart A1. (A)Stop and take a rest.(B)Take another path to the hill.(C)Wait for the rest of the people to catch up.(D)Continue on to the top of the hill.2. (A) The machine works like that other one.(B) The man should change machines.(C) The machine might not be turned on.(D) The man might be charged for the copies.3. (A)Give him the ring .(B) Take the ring to the security(C) Take the ring to the administration building.(D) Put the ring in the locker.4. (A) The trees are being cut down.(B) He needs more air conditioning.(C) The trees help cool his house.(D) The trees are blocking his view.5. (A) The new travel agency is unreliable.(B) The agency will probably offer a good price.(C) That travel agent is easy to deal with.(D) The woman should finalize her travel arrangements.6. (A)He doesn't want to go now.(B) He'll meet them at the gate.(C) He'll use the phone over there.(D) He can't wait much longer.7. (A) Their furniture is uncomfortable.(B) Some of their furniture hasn't arrived yet.(C) They can't find a new apartment.(D) Their apartment has too much furniture in it.8. (A) Her exams have already begun.(B) She has finished two papers.(C) She's trying to complete her papers.(D) She's too busy to work on her papers.9. (A) Refuse to work after hours.(B) Arrive a little late.(C) Get a ride home from work.(D) Go to work early.10.(A) It'll cost him a lot of money.(B) He isn't serious about going.(C) Other people paid for his airfare.(D) It isn't fair for him to go alone.11.(A)She's worried about the engine.(B) The engine should be fine.(C) The car hasn't served their needs well.(D) She's certain it's time to get a new car.12.(A) He doesn't have to do the project.(B) The woman still has time to finish the project.(C) He'll help the woman to finish the project.(D) The semester will end in two weeks.13.(A) He'll be able to clean the house in time.(B) He doesn't have time to take the woman home.(C) It should be easy for the guests to find the house.(D) He needs time to relax before the guests arrive.14.(A) She wants to go to Peter's party.(B) She thought Peter went to class today.(C) She wonders whether Peter will attend her party.(D) She heard Peter went to a party instead of to class.15.(A) One student had higher honors than the rest of the class.(B) Some engineering students had to postpone their graduation.(C) Several students graduated with honors.(D) One engineer graduated later than the others.16.(A)She doesn't have anything to do.(B) The man is wrong about the time.(C) The flight is supposed to be two hours long.(D) They should call back in two hours.17.(A) He'd like to do it now.(B) He'll have some time later.(C)Any time but now is good for him.(D) The woman should pick the time.18.(A) He's still vacationing.(B) He likes his position at the paper.(C) He just started a new job.(D) He's unemployed.19.(A) The electronics field doesn't interest him.(B) The woman should avoid reading about electronics.(C) The article has technical errors.(D) The woman should improve her writing.20.(A) Go out with the man.(B) Share her yogurt with the man.(C) Eat what she brought with her.(D) Eat a sandwich.21.(A)Tim spends a lot of time swimming.(B) Tim hasn't shown up yet.(C) Tim has to pay his water bill soon.(D) Tim doesn't spend money wisely.22.(A) Pass the coffee to the man.(B) Have a small cup of coffee.(C) Go without coffee.(D) Go out for coffee.23.(A) The construction job will probably take a long time.(B) The noise problem could be solved.(C) The man has no reason to complain.(D) The man should move to a new building.24.(A) The assignment looked quite easy.(B) He doesn't understand the assignment.(C) He's too tired to help the woman.(D) He's already finished the assignment.25.(A) She hasn't seen George since the baby was born.(B) George has never smoked.(C) She wants to visit George and the baby.(D) George no longer smokes.26.(A) The man should check the weather report in the paper.(B) The paper will be delivered this afternoon.(C) The rain will not last all day.(D) She prefers not to go out this morning.27. (A) She had hoped for a better conclusion.(B) Her committee hasn't been very busy lately.(C) This committee is better than the other one.(D) She is pleased with the results.28.(A) She was a speaker at the orientation session.(B) She wasn't able to attend the faculty orientation.(C) She participated in a psychology experiment.(D) She's a teaching assistant at the university.29.(A) Sell his textbooks.(B) Go to the bank.(C) Apply for the bank.(D) Get some extra help.30.(A) She hadn't taken the test yet.(B) She wouldn't know about the prize.(C) She wouldn't take a picture of them.(D) She hadn't participated in the competition.Part BQuestions 31-3431.(A) Go to summer school.(B) Take a vacation.(C) Stay at home.(D) Earn some money.32.(A) They hired someone to stay in their home.(B) They left their pets with neighbors.(C) They rented their house to a student.(D) They asked their gardener to watch their home.33.(A) Walking the dog.(B) Cutting the grass.(C) Watching the children.(D) Feeding the fish.34. (A) They attend a housesitter's party.(B) They check a housesitter's references .(C) They interview a housesitter's friends .(D) They look at a housesitter's transcripts.Questions 35-3835.(A) To find out if the book she ordered is in.(B) To ask him to attend a Student Federation meeting.(C) To get his schedule of classes for next semester.(D) To see if he has time to welcome new students.36.(A) Many of them work full-time.(B) They usually arrive on the weekend.(C) They have volunteered for the orientation.(D) They will need new textbooks.37.(A) Take Ruth's place as a tour guide.(B) Ask Ken if he will be at the orientation.(C) Leave work early if he can.(D) Help out when he has time.38.(A) Orientation will have to start Sooner.(B) The bookstore will place its orders earlier.(C) Ken will call Tim about the orientation.(D) The Student Federation will meet on Fridays.Part CQuestions 39-4139.(A) The poress involved in the creation of fossil fuels .(B) The uses for types of fossil fuels.(C) The methods of finding fossil fuels.(D) The measures taken to protect fossil fuels.40.(A) It is slowed by the process of photosynthesis.(B) It occurs only in certain areas.(C) It takes millions of years.(D) It is dependent on chemical compounds.41.(A) They are no longer produced.(B) They are used up faster than they are created.(C) The growing season of their source has become shorter.(D) Many of their sources have become extinct.Questions 42-4642 (A) The dean of the art school.(B) The editor of Ceramics Monthly.(C) A skilled potter.(D) A student in the pottery class.43.(A) A picnic.(B) An art sale.(C) A formal graduation ceremony.(D) An exhibition of student work.44.(A) The class will be held at the company's building.(B) It is giving a scholarship for the workshop.(C) Kate Ferguson works for the company.(D) It is a cosponsor of the workshop.45.(A) Write to Kate Ferguson.(B) Call the recreation center.(C) See the instructor after class.(D) Submit a form to the Van Howe Chemical Company.46.(A) The tuition money goes to a good cause.(B) They can study with one of the world's best potters.(C) They can meet new people and make friends.(D) It has already been paid for.Questions 47-5047. (A) Difficulty falling asleep.(B) Excessive sleepiness.(C) Frequent nightmares.(D) Voluntary napping.48.(A) Most are insomniacs.(B) Most are teenagers.(C) Most are easily cured.(D) Most suffer from hypersomnia.49.(A) During early childhood.(B) In a person's teens.(C) In a person's twenties.(D)After a person turns fifty.50.(A) Avoid social situation.(B) Stop taking certain drugs.(C) Take naps during the day .(D) Sleep eight hours a night.------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------。

新托福写作真经4test4-综合写作解析

新托福写作真经4test4-综合写作解析新托福写作真经4test4-综合写作解析新托福写作真经4包括24套托福写作题⽬，是在真题的基础上，筛选，重组。

所以，每⼀套托福写作题⽬都更加的详细。

也更有针对性。

正在备考托福考试的考⽣，不妨跟着前程百利⼩编⼀起来解析⼀下吧。

今天和⼤家分享的是托福写作真经4的test4的综合写作题⽬的解析。

⼀起来看⼀下吧!Reading&ListeningReadingMost people sleep every night and sometimes even during the day.One question that researchers in the field of medicine have often tried to answer is why people need sleep.It appears as though there are three reasons for this.The first is that sleep improves people’s memory functions.Next,people sleep in order to conserve energy.And,finally,people sleep to flush the body—particularly the brain—of harmful toxins.For several decades,scientists have conducted experiments focusing on sleep and memory functions. Through these experiments,they have learned that people who sleep regularly and for long enough—usually six or seven hours a night—have much better cognitive abilities and memory retention than those who fail to get enough sleep.Additionally,people who have more dreams,which occur during REM sleep,typically have better memories than those who get less REM sleep. When people sleep,their bodies are restored,and their energy is replenished.Sleep allows a person's body to repair itself while simultaneously letting it conserve energy.When a person is sleeping,his or her body uses less energy;therefore,that individual has more energy upon awaking.This helps explain why some animals,such as bears,hibernate:They can survive on little stored energy for a long period of time.Experiments conducted on humans have proven that,after prolonged periods of sleep,their brains have fewer toxins than when they were awake.By cleansing the brain of toxins,people can think more clearly.Moreover,after getting sufficient sleep,they feel more refreshed upon waking.This permits people to engage in everyday functions with a clearmind.Contrarily,the less sleep a person gets,the more toxins remain in that individual’s brain.As a result,the person is both fuzzy headed and less productive.阅读要点：观点：⼈们为什么要睡觉，有三个原因。

TOEFL普林斯顿样题语法笔记4套全

TOEFL普林斯顿样题1语法笔记编委：Maya1. Simple photographic lenses cannot _____ sharp, undistorted images over a widefield.(A) to form(B) are formed(C) forming(D) formKey: D分析：考点是情态动词。

句子主语为simple photographic lenses,宾语为images，所以空格处应和情态动词cannot构成句子的复合谓语。

值得注意的是form是及物动词，其后要加宾语。

参考译文：简易的摄像机镜头不能捕捉住大范围的清晰而不失真的影像。

2. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one ____ the most.(A) it influences farmers(B) that influences farmers(C) farmers that it influences(D) why farmers influence itKey: B分析：考点是定语从句逗号前是介词短语做状语，逗号后才是这句话的主句。

Weather is the one（factor），one代替前面的factor，句子已经完整。

则the one后的空格应修饰the one,选B，that引导定语从句。

参考译文：在所有影响农业的因素中，天气是对农民影响最大的因素之一。

3. Beverly Sills, ______ assumed directorship of the New York City Opera in 1979.(A) be a star soprano(B) was a star soprano(C) a star soprano and(D) a star sopranoKey: D分析：考点是同位语句子主语是BS，谓语是assumed，宾语是directorship，主语后的空格应该为主语的同位语，起解释说明的作用。

托福真题第四单元答案解析

托福真题第四单元答案解析托福考试是许多考生为了出国留学而备考的重要考试之一。

其中的听力部分，尤其是真题的解析，对于提高听力水平和应对托福考试非常有帮助。

本文将针对托福真题第四单元进行答案解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对托福听力考试。

第一篇阅读材料是关于大规模灭绝事件的阐述。

根据原文内容，答案解析如下：首先，问题1的答案是D，灭绝事件的原因除了自然因素外，人类的活动也起到了重要作用。

通过阅读原文，我们可以了解到，人类的狩猎、砍伐森林和工业活动等行为对生物多样性产生了极大的影响。

问题2的答案是B，因为食物链的破碎会导致一系列的连锁反应，进而引发生态系统的崩溃。

答案解析如此。

第二篇阅读材料是关于大气层破裂的讲解。

根据原文内容，答案解析如下：问题1的答案是C，根据原文的描述，大气层被认为是地球保护和维持生命的重要层次之一。

问题2的答案是D，因为大气层不仅起到保护地球的作用，同时还影响地球的气候和天气。

答案解析如此。

第三篇阅读材料是关于飞机噪音的影响的论述。

根据原文内容，答案解析如下：问题1的答案是A，飞机噪音不仅会影响人类的健康，还会对人类的心理状态和生活质量产生负面影响。

问题2的答案是C，因为长期暴露在噪音环境中会导致人们产生焦虑、疲劳、失眠等问题。

答案解析如此。

第四篇阅读材料是关于城市犯罪问题的探讨。

根据原文内容，答案解析如下：问题1的答案是D，城市的犯罪率通常比农村地区高，因为城市人口密度大、社会资源分配不均和经济压力等因素的影响。

问题2的答案是A，因为社区安全和犯罪率之间存在着密切的关联，社区的安全问题会影响到人们的健康和生活质量。

答案解析如此。

以上是对托福真题第四单元的答案解析。

通过仔细阅读原文，我们能够更好地理解问题并选择正确的答案。

这也提示了考生在备考过程中要加强对真题的练习和理解，提高自己的听力水平和应对托福考试的能力。

在备考过程中，考生要善于总结和归纳问题的解题思路，尽量避免因为大意或不细致而选择错误的答案。

2023年4月26日托福阅读真题

2023年4月26日托福阅读真题一、Passage 1早期地球温度过高，没有液态水，然后太阳风剥离了氢和氧等轻元素，冰体撞击带来液态水。

太空探测登陆彗星，发现了冰和灰尘，还发现了有机化合物，人们猜想彗星不但能带来水，还能带来生命元素。

彗星冰里面的氢同位素和地球水里的不同，比较像岩石陨石、小行星里的水。

因此，认为地球的水来自于形成地球的原始小行星。

通过蒸发冷凝形成水。

海水中的盐分来自于溶解的矿物质。

由于风化作用，矿物质分解并溶于水。

早期地球大气层CO2含量高，溶于水形成酸性溶液，酸雨，加剧岩石风化，释放的矿物离子溶于河水或地下水，最终汇入海洋盆地。

此外，还有蒸发作用，使得海水变咸。

二、Passage 2欧洲人口在几百年前出现了大幅度的增长，因为城镇人口在当时不多，因此当人口出现快速增长时，整个社会都有好处。

更多的人力可以提供更多劳动力，有更多的土地来提供住所。

从农村进去城镇时，刚好当时英国工业在快速发展，这些工业需要劳动力来推动工业发展。

工人也需要学徒，农民进入城市，比较好找工作。

农民会生儿育女，不必担心就业问题，收入也不错，进一步推动人口增长。

不过，土地毕竟是有限的，当更多人进入城市，那就需要更多的土地来种植粮食，但是好的土地资源有限，所以用了一些原本用来种牧草的土地，但是这些土地粮食产量不高。

当大量人进入城镇工作，原本城镇里工人的工资就下降了，购买力也下降。

英国后期出现了通货膨胀，管理者出台了不恰当的政策，使得债务增加。

三、Passage 3介绍了一些宋朝经济发展的原因。

政府在当时使用货币，使得收税更方便。

为了缴纳税，农民卖掉部分庄稼。

人们开始喝茶文化也促进了宋朝的繁荣。

因为茶水可以杀死水中的细菌，使得人们更健康，人口数量增长。

大规模种植水稻，人口多，勤劳工作，使得粮食产量非常充裕。

运河也很发达，商品可以运送到各个地方。

有一类特定的人，可以专心做一种东西，运输价格也便宜。

不过，当时的政府官员会采用各种方式打压商人，限制一些产业的发展，最终也影响了宋朝的进一步发展。

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普林斯顿样题04Section 1 Listening ComprehensionPart A1. (A) Her notebook is missing.(B) Her handwriting is difficult to read.(C) She wasn't in class this morning, either.(D) She's already lent her notes to someone else.2. (A) Get a schedule of events at the athletic center.(B) Refer to the bus schedule.(C) Wait for the shuttle in the student lounge .(D) Borrow a schedule from another student .3. (A) She looks good in blue.(B) She never wears sweaters.(C) She might prefer another color.(D) She enjoys receiving gifts.4. (A) Someone painted it for her.(B) She finally had time to paint it.(C) She decided to paint it later.(D) Some friends will help her paint it.5. (A) Today's seminar was informative.(B) Another seminar will take place the following week.(C) Next week's seminar is on a different topic .(D) There will be two seminars next week.6. (A) He's usually happy.(B) He listens to music when he's in a good mood.(C) He had to pay a high price for his stereo.(D) He's pleased with his purchase.7. (A) He can send the woman additional information.(B) The woman received the wrong bill.(C) He agrees that the charges are too high.(D) He'll credit the woman's account.8. (A) Answer her calls.(B) Take her home.(C) Write out a list of his calls.(D) Telephone her later in the day.9. (A) Taking a test.(B) Giving Spanish tests to students.(C) Paying for private lessons.(D) Studying.10. (A) The window is broken.(B) He's nervous about opening the window.(C) It's not possible to open the window.(D) It's too cold to open the window.11. (A) He wasn't offered the job he had talked about .(B) He didn't really want to work in the bookstore .(C) He didn't know where the bookstore was.(D) He didn't refuse the bookstore job.12. (A) She needed to change the letter before mailing it.(B) She didn't know how much postage was needed.(C) She didn't have the right coins to buy stamps.(D) The stamp machine has been moved .13. (A) They should go to lunch soon.(B) He needs to make more coffee for lunch .(C) There is enough coffee for several more cups.(D) He won't drink any more coffee today.14. (A) There are too many shopping centers already.(B) They aren't really going to build a shopping center.(C) He knew about the planned construction .(D) He hasn't been to the other shopping center .15. (A) She has to do some work tomorrow.(B) She'll attend tomorrow's performance .(C) She doesn't intend to go to the play.(D) She can't work at the theater tomorrow.16. (A) She hasn't seen Kate.(B) Kate has changed her plans.(C) The man had misunderstood her.(D) The man should go to New York next week.17. (A) He doesn't want to attend the graduation ceremony.(B) He's attended only one graduation ceremony.(C) The woman doesn't have to attend the graduation ceremony.(D) Attendance is taken at the graduation ceremony.18. (A) Someone from the housing office fixed the faucet.(B) Allen called the housing office for her.(C) She replaced the faucet.(D) Allen repaired the faucet.19. (A) He didn't know that the woman was class treasurer.(B) He doesn't want to be treasurer.(C) He doesn't think the woman should run for office.(D) He didn't know the elections were today.20. (A) He doesn't have much time for tennis .(B) He's enthusiastic about his new courses.(C) He plays tennis better than she does .(D) He's not very interested in his school work.21. (A) He'll drive the woman to the paint store.(B) He doesn't really like the painting .(C) He'll hold the painting for the woman .(D) He doesn't know where the painting is .22. (A) The man hurried through breakfast.(B) The room is too warm for a sweater.(C) The man will be late if he doesn't hurry.(D) The man's appearance shows that he was rushed.23 .(A) The doctor wasn't feeling well .(B) He didn't see the new doctor.(C) The doctor isn't new to the infirmary.(D) He met the doctor at a conference.24. (A) Pay Marsha for the bookshelf.(B) Ask Marsha where the bookshelf is.(C) Check for the book on Marsha's shelf.(D) Ask Marsha if she has an extra bookshelf.25. (A) The man can get some paper at the new store.(B) She just opened a new box of paper.(C) She'll type the man's paper at her place .(D) The man can buy today's paper at the newsstand.26. (A) She saw only part of it.(B) She couldn't go to see it.(C) She wasn't in charge of it.(D) She didn't understand it.27. (A) He doesn't like old movies.(B) He didn't see a large number of movies .(C) He saw more movies than the woman did.(D) His children have seen many movies.28. (A) The airport is closed due to bad weather.(B) An earlier closure affected the airport's schedule.(C) The flight is following its regular schedule.(D) The plane will return to its point of departure.29. (A) She hadn't begun to study biology.(B) She hadn't liked the previous biology course.(C) She did very well in elementary biology.(D) She'd already taken all the biology courses .30. (A) She recently moved to Miami.(B) She needed a vacation.(C) She'll leave for Miami soon.(D) She was pleased to get his postcard.Part BQuestions 31-3431. (A) It's too noisy.(B) It's not convenient to the university.(C) The heating system is defective.(D) The owner is unpleasant.32. (A) Tell the owner two months in advance that she's moving.(B) Alert the housing authorities to her problem.(C) Move to another apartment in the same building.(D) Leave by the end of the month.33. (A) It must be on a higher floor.(B) It must have quiet surroundings.(C) It must be within driving distance of the university.(D) It must be in a new building.34. (A) Rent would be very expensive.(B) Public transportation wouldn't be available.(C) Apartment complexes in Windsor are old.(D) Apartments in Windsor tend to be noisy.Questions 35-3835. (A) Start a new program at State College.(B) Study at a different school.(C) Find a summer job.(D) Improve her grades.36. (A) Journalism.(B) Science.(C) Management.(D) Art.37. (A) Its reputation isn't as good as State College's .(B) She can't get a good recommendation there .(C) The registration office hasn't answered her letters yet .(D) She may not get accepted there .38. (A) Use her professors as references.(B) Study more to improve her grades .(C) Think more positively about the State College program .(D) Write to the head of the art department .Part CQuestions 39-4139. (A) Summer vacation.(B) The housing office.(C) Resident advisers.(D) Check-out procedures.40. (A) Register for summer school.(B) Repair holes in room walls.(C) Return their keys to the housing office.(D) Call the housing office.41. (A) Their summer addresses.(B) Any damage to their rooms.(C) When they plan to leave.(D) Questions for the housing office.Questions 42-4542. (A) The liquefaction of gas.(B) Techniques used for refrigeration.(C) Materials used to make industrial containers .(D) The cost of transporting natural gas43. (A) It becomes brittle.(B) It expands.(C) It oxidizes.(D) It bends.44. (A) It has a low melting point.(B) It's expensive.(C) It often contains impurities.(D) Its properties are unpredictable.45. (A) Oxygen.(B) Aluminum.(C) Nickel.(D) Boron.Questions 46-5046. (A) Behavior of owls in the wild.(B) Experiments at the London Zoo.(C) An investigation of accidental animal deaths.(D) An increase in insects at the zoo.47. (A) Owl cages.(B) Insecticide spray.(C) Sawdust.(D) Mousetraps.48. (A) Rats.(B) Owls.(C) Mice.(D) Insects.49. (A) They choked on sawdust.(B) They were fed contaminated mice.(C) They were bitten by deadly insects.(D) They escaped from the zoo.50. (A) To illustrate a principle about environmental poisons.(B) To demonstrate the usefulness of chemicals.(C) To show how bookkeepers raise mice in captivity.(D) To prove a point about the building industry.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Section 2 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION1 . Hanya Holm is a dancer, choreographer and _____ .(A) dance that she teaches(B) her teaching of dance(C) to teach dancing(D) dance teacher2. During an eclipse of the Sun, ______ in the shadow of the Moon.(A) the Earth lies(B) the Earth when lying(C) that the Earth lies(D) the lying Earth3. Under the influence of Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle became associated with the Imagists, and ______ into one of the most original poets of the group.(A) developed(B) to be developing(C) who developed(D) developing it4. _____ all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground; some of it is lost through evaporation.(A) Nowhere(B) Not(C) No(D) None5. In an area first explored by Samuel de Champlain, ______ .(A) establishment of the city of Halifax in 1749(B) in 1749 the city of Halifax established(C) in 1749, establishing the city of Halifax(D) the city of Halifax was established in 17496. A nation's merchant marine is made up of its commercial ships and the people ______ them.(A) they operate(B) who operate(C) they operate of(D) do they operate7. ______ Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.(A) Where was(B) It was(C) He was(D) That he was8. The most elaborate of all bird nests ______ , domed communal structure built by social weaverbirds.(A) larger(B) largely is(C) the large(D) is the large9. William Walker's mural, "Wall of Respect," ______ an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with social issues.(A) covers(B) covers it(C) which covers(D) which it covers10. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate ______ yield when unusual weight is placed on them.(A) although its crust and mantle(B) its crust and mantle to(C) that its crust and mantle(D) for its crust and mantle to11. The columbine flower, ______ to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seed in almost any garden.(A) native(B) how native is(C) how native is it(D) is native12. The photoperiodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, ______ .(A) the light is not on(B) and not on light(C) but is not on the light(D) is not on light13. ______, the first Black denomination in the United States.(A) Richard Alien founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church(B) Richard Alien, who founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church(C) The African Methodist Episcopal Church founded by Richard Alien(D) The foundation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church by Richard Alien14. The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than ______ .(A) that of its mining and farming combined(B) mining and farming combination(C) that mining and farming combined(D) of its combination mining and farming15. The wallflower ______ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.(A) so called is(B) so is called(C) is so called(D) called is so16. The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays a vital roleA B Cin chewing, swallowed, and speaking.D17. Instead of being housed in one central bank in Washington, D.C., the FederalA BReserve system is division into twelve districts.C D18. Philodendrons of various kinds are cultivated for their beautifully foliage.A B C D19. Kiwi birds mainly eat insects, worms, and snails and to search for their foodA Bby probing the ground with their long bills.C D20. William Penn founded the city of Philadelphia in 1682, and he quickly grew toA Bbe the largest city in colonial America.C D21. Fewer people reside in Newfoundland than in other any Canadian province exceptA B C DPrince Edward Island.22. Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, the founder of Bethune-Cookman College, served as adviceA B Cto both Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman.D23. Some plant produce irritating poisons that can affect a person even if he orA B Cshe merely brushes against them.D24. The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible the alternation of periodsA B Cof light and darkness.D25.Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal,Woman's Advocate,A B Cwho she launched in January 1855.D26. In every society there are norms that say individuals how they are supposed toA B C D behave.27. An erupting volcano or an earthquake sometimes affects the featured of theA B C surrounding region and can even cause lakes to disappear.D28. Most tree frogs change color to harmonize with its background.A B C D29. Due to the refraction of light rays, this is impossible for the naked eye toA B C determine the exact location of a star close to the horizon.D30. Modern poets have experimented with poetic devices such alliteration andA B C Dassonance.31. Birds' eggs vary greatly of size, shape, and color.A B C D32. Social reformer Frederick Douglass dedicated his life to working for the abolishA Bof slavery and the fight for civil rights.C D33. Mount Edith Cavell, a peak in the Canadian Rockies, is named after a famousA B C D nurses.34. Xanthines have both good and bad effects on the body, and these effects areAgenerally determined on the size and regularity of dosage.B C D35. When a severe ankle injury forced herself to give up reporting in 1926, MargaretA B CMitchell began writing her novel Gone with the Wind.D36. One of the most difficult problems in understanding sleep is determining whatA B Cthe functions of sleep is.D37. The Millicent Rogers Museum houses five thousands pieces of Hispanic and AmericanAIndian jewelry, textiles, and other objects documenting the vibrancy of these B C D cultures.38. Seven of planets rotate in the same direction as their orbital motions, whileA B C Venus and Uranus rotate in the opposite direction.D39.In the United States voters election representatives to the national legislature,A B Cwhich consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate.D40. It is the interaction between people, rather than the: events that occur in theirA Blives, that are the main focus of social psychology.C D----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Section 3 READING COMPREHENSIONQuestions 1-11With its radiant color and plantlike shape, the sea anemone looks more like a flower than an animal. More specifically, the sea anemone is formed quite like the flower for which it is named, with a body like a stem and tentacles like petals in brilliant shades of blue, green, pink, and red. Its diameter varies from about six millimeters in some species to more than ninety centimeters in the giant varieties of Australia. Like corals, hydras, and jellyfish, sea anemones are coelenterates. They can moveslowly, but more often they attach the lower part of their cylindrical bodies to rocks, shells, or wharf pilings. 'The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the animal uses to capture its food. Stinging cells in the tentacles throw out tiny poison threads that paralyze other small sea animals. The tentacles then drag this prey into the sea anemone's mouth. The food is digested in the large inner body cavity. When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that it resembles a lump on a rock. Anemones may reproduce by forming eggs, dividing in half, or developing buds that grow and break off as independent animals.1. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?(A) The varieties of ocean life(B) The characteristics of the sea anemone(C) A comparison of land and sea anemones(D) The defenses of coelenterates2. The work "shape" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) length(B) grace(C) form(D) nature3. The author compares a sea anemone's tentacles to a flower's.(A) stem(B) petals(C) leaves(D) roots4.It can be inferred from the passage that hydras(A) were named after a flower(B) are usually found in Australia(C) prey on sea anemones(D) are related to sea anemones5. It can be inferred from the passage that sea anemones are usually found(A) attached to stationary surfaces(B) hidden inside cylindrical objects(C) floating among underwater flowers(D) searching for food6. The word "capture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) catch(B) control(C) cover(D) clean7. The word "retracts" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) pulls back(B) relaxes(C) reproduces(D) lifts up8. According to the passage, when a sea anemone is bothered it(A) hides under a rock(B) alters its shape(C) changes colors(D) ejects a poisonous substance9. The sea anemone reproduces by(A) budding only(B) forming eggs only(C) budding or dividing only(D) budding, forming eggs, or dividing10. Based on the information in the passage, all of the following statements about sea anemones are true EXCEPT that they(A) are usually tiny(B) have flexible bodies(C) are related to jellyfish(D) arc usually brightly colored11. Where does the author mention the, sea anemone's food-gathering technique?(A) Lines 1-2(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 7-10(D) Lines 11-14Questions 12-23Barbara Kasten is an artist who makes photographs of constructions that she creates for the purpose of photographing them. In her studio she arranges objects such as mirrors, solid forms, and flat surfaces into what could be called large still life arrangements, big enough to walk into .She lights the construction, then rearranges and rephotographs it until she arrives at a final image. She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image.Kasten starts a studio construction with a simple problem, such as using several circular and rectangular mirrors . She puts the first objects in place, sets up a camera, then goes back and forth arranging objects and seeing how they appear in the camera. Eventually she makes instant color prints to see what the image looks like. At first she works only with objects, concentrating on their composition; then she lights them and adds color from lights covered with colored filters .Away from the studio, at architectural sites, the cost of the crew and the equipment rental means she has to know in advance what she wants to do. She visits each location several times to make sketches and test shots. Until she brings in the lights, however, she cannot predict exactly what they will do to the image, so there is some improvising on the spot.12. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The techniques of a photographer(B) The advantages of studio photography(C) Industrial construction sites(D) An architect who appreciates fine art13. Which of the following would be an example of one of the "constructions" referred toin line 1?(A) A still life arrangement(B) Natural landscapes(C) An instant color print(D) A colored filter14. In line 2, why does the author mention mirrors?(A) They are part of the camera.(B) Kasten uses them as subjects.(C) The crew needs them.(D) Photography mirrors life.15. The word "transform" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) move(B) extend(C) change(D) interpret16. It can be inferred from the passage that Kasten makes instant prints to(A) give away(B) sell as souvenirs(C) include as part of the construction(D) see what the construction looks like at that stage17. The word "composition" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) arrangement(B) brightness(C) quality(D) size18. The word "them" in line 12 refers to(A) prints(B) lights(C) objects(D) filters19. The word "shots" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) injections(B) photographs(C) loud noises(D) effective remarks20. The word "they" in line 17 refers to(A) architectural styles(B) sketches(C) colored filters(D) lights21. Why does Kasten visit the location of outdoor work before the day of the actual shooting?(A) To plan the photograph(B) To purchase film and equipment(C) To hire a crew(D) To test the lights22. How is Kasten's studio work different from her work at architectural sites ?(A) She does not use lights outdoors.(B) Her work outdoors is more unpredictable.(C) She works alone outdoors.(D) She makes more money from her work outdoors .23. Where in the passage does the author suggest that the constructions that Kasten photographs are life-sized?(A) Lines2-4(B) Lines 5-7(C) Lines 12- 14(D) Lines 16-I7Questions 24-33The temperature of the Sun is over 5.000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so muchhotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas , except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere , photo- sphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun's atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins. The Sun's outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can he seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun's rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spikelike rays near the Sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun's equator .The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets- By the time the Sun's corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.24. The word "great" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) dangerous(B) unknown(C) variable(D) strong25. With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerned?(A) How the Sun evolved(B) The structure of the Sun(C) Why scientists study the Sun(D) The distance of the Sun from the planets26. A1l of the following are Parts of the Sun 's atmosphere EXCEPT the(A) corona(B) chromosphere(C) photosphere(D) core27.The word "one" in line 13 refers to(A) the Sun(B) the corona(C) an eclipse(D) the surface28. The purpose of the special instruments mentioned in line 14 is to(A) magnify the image of the Sun(B) block out the Sun's intense light(C) measure the amount of energy emitted by the Sun(D) photograph the Sun29. It can be inferred from the passage that a clear view of the Sun's outer layer is usually prevented by(A) the Sun's rays(B) an eclipse(C) lack of light(D) the great distance30. The word "sensational'' in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) spectacular(B) predictable(C) bizarre(D) constant31 . According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become(A) hotter(B) clearer(C) thinner(D) stronger32. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which of the following?(A) The remaining layers of the Sun(B) The evolution of the sun to its present form(C) The eclipse of February 1 979(D) The scientists who study astronomy33.Where in the passage does the author compare the light of the Sun's outermost layer to that of another astronomical body?(A) Lines 2-3(B) Lines 9-10(C) Line 16(D) Lines 22-23Questions 34-42 .Many of the computing patterns used today in elementary arithmetic, such as those for performing long multiplications and divisions, were developed as late as the fifteenth century. Two reasons are usually advanced to account for this tardy development, namely, the mental difficulties and the physical difficulties encountered in such work.The first of these, the mental difficulties, must be somewhat discounted. The impression that the ancient numeral systems are not amenable to even the simplest calculations is largely based on lack of familiarity with these systems. It is clear that addition and subtraction in a simple grouping system require only ability to count the number symbols of each kind and then to convert to higher units. No memorization of number combinations is needed .In a ciphered numeral system , if sufficient addition and multiplication tables have been memorized , the work can proceed much as we do it today .The physical difficulties encountered, however, were quite real . Without a plentiful and convenient supply of some suitable writing medium, any very extended development of the arithmetic process was bound to be hampered .It must be remembered that our common machine-made pulp paper is little more than a hundred years old. The older rag paper was made by hand and was consequently expensive and scarce.34.What is the main purpose of the passage?(A) To emphasize the importance of the mental process in performing calculations(B) To explain why some elementary computing systems were not developed until the fifteenth century.(C) describe how ancient counting systems differ from those of the twentieth century(D) To compare the mental and physical processes used in arithmetic35. The word "tardy" in line3 is closest in meaning to(A) historical(B) basic(C) unusual(D) late36. The word "these"in line 5 refers to(A )patens(B) reasons(C) systems(D)calculations37. The word "discounted" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) reduced(B) contradicted(C) disregarded(D) interpreted38. The author states that doing calculations in a simple grouping system requires(A) memorizing numerical combinations(B) using an adding machine(C) producing large quantities of a writing medium(D) converting number symbols to higher units39. The word "encountered" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) faced(B) caused(C) increased(D) discussed40. The word "hampered" in line l4 is closest in meaning to(A) impeded(B) concluded(C) unnoticed(D) rejected41 . The author describes old rag paper as all of the following EXCEPT(A) handmade(B) costly(C) scarce(D) delicate42. The passage supports which of the following conclusion ?(A) Physical difficulties hindered the development of computing patterns .(B) Memorizing addition and multiplication tables is necessary for most elementary arithmetic processes .(C) Most people experience mental difficulties in learning long divisions and in multiplications.(D) Numeral systems invented before the fifteenth century could not have been used to perform elementary calculations .Questions 43-50 .The ecosystems of the Earth provide an array of free public services that are essential for the support of civilizations . They maintain the quality of` the atmosphere , provide food from the sea. Manufacture and replenish soils, recycle wastes and nutrients, control the overwhelming majority of crop pests and disease vectors, and so on.. People have no idea how to take over these activities satisfactorily. They do know, however, that the theory once advanced in the nineteenth century - that the productivity of the land can he infinitely increased by the application of capital, labor, and science- is wrong. History has shown that once the natural life-support systems of a civilization have been sufficiently damaged, they cannot usually be repaired. The ancient deforestation and overgrazing。