托福阅读全真试题·资格考试

合集下载

TOEFL全真试题

TOEFL全真试题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理了托福练习试题,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

TOEFL全真试题1Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat inwhich it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelled by them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited(D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题2Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, oftendistorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat in which it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelledby them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited (D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题31. A microscope can reveal vastly ______detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more 2. Narcissus bulbs ______ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant 3. Industrialization has been responsible for ______ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.(A) a (B) the(C) some of which (D) which are the 4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land ______ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit 5. Color and light, taken together, ______ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.(A) very powerfully influence (B) very influence powerfully(C) powerfully very influence(D) influence powerfully very 6. ______ that Rachel Carsons 1962 book Silent Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.(A) There is likely(B) Likely to be(C) It is likely(D) Likely7. Total color blindness, ______, is the result of a defect in the retina.(A) a rare condition that(B) a rare condition(C) that a rare condition (D) is a rare condition8. ______ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.(A) Even(B) But(C) Although (D) So9. Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is ______ in various forms.(A) abundant (B) the abundance(C) an abundant(D) it abundantTOEFL全真试题4Structure and Written Expression Time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes. Structure 1 Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by______ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch (B) watching (C) watched (D) watch 2 Thomas Edison s first patented invention was a device ____in Congress.(A) votes counted for (B) had been counting votes (C) for counting votes (D) be a counted vote3 Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1992 s,retired______she was unable to make the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless (B) in spite of (C) because (D) and for4 Built in 1882,the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2058-foot length.(A) who (B) to whom (C) which they (D) that which5 A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.(A) as well (B) so well (C) as well as (D) so well as6 The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to returned (B) who returned (C) they returned (D) for returning7 In the fourteenth century, ____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery (B) it was discovered (C) with the discovery (D) if it was discovered8 _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When (B) Whereas (C) Which (D) Whether9 Many modem photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is (B) than light (C) being light (D) light 10 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond _____ to be glued must be absolutely or grease.(A) and surfaces (B) when surfaces (C) the surfaces (D) surfaces that11 Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to the surface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought (B) to be brought (C) being brought (D) is being brought12 _____unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) Fora star to become (B) how a star becomes (C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13 Not until linoleum was invented in 1860_____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.(A) any house did have (B) did any house have (C) house had any (D) any house had14 Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which (B) to which (C) and which (D) being which15 Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them (B) is constantly flowing into them (C) constantly flows into them (D) constantly flowing into them Written Expression16 Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein,__________ _____ _____A B C a virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.______D17 The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color._____ _____ _____ ______ A B C D18 In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York metropolitan Opera, where her became_________ ___ A B C the star soprano.__D19 The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.___ ___ ________ ______ A B C D20 Because of the availability of trucks and easy access to modern highways, the locate of farms____has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets._______ ________ ____ A B C D21 The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed as ________ _____uniquely, innovative, and valuable._________ A B C D22 Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages _ ___________________of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.__________A B C D23 Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in a____ _______ ______ _____ A B C D given poem.24 Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.______ ___ _____ ____ A B C D25 The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commerciallyas bay leaves and are used for___________ ____ __ A B C seasoning foods.____D26 When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.___ _____ _______ ____ A B C D27 The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refined of______ ______ _ ____ A B C D these adaptations.28 In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General, launched several programs to______ _____ A B address particulate problem that young people have.______ ______ C D29 Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent, responsible, _______ ________ A B and competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve. _______ ________ C D30 The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a________ ______ A B C carefully chosen goal.______D31 As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms._____ ______ _ ______ A B C D32 Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for many_____ ______ _______ A B C years, ceramics and glassware, although easily broken, survive well in the ground._____ D33 Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child-rearing, personality, and_____ _____ ________ A B C culture._____D34 The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for the_______ _____________ ____ A B C treatment of infectious diseases until 1940._______D35 In the United States, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen by ____ _______ __________ _____ A B C D the President to head an executive department of the government.36 Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of the________ ____ A B American Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands._____ ______ C D37 Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material into ____ ____________ A B elements usable byplants.______ _____ C D38 Ozone is an unstable, faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.__ ____ ___ ______ A B C D39 The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenth century.__________________ ____ __________ A B C D40 Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences on ________ _______ A B C education and thought in the United States and elsewhere.___ D。

托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)

托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionBird SongP1: Bird song has never lacked admirers drawn by its aesthetic qualities. But to scientists, bird song is also of interest because it represents an evolutionary flowering of vocal learning. Hereditary information and environment have a crucial role to play in the behavioral patterns of voca learning. Since the pioneering work of W. H. Thorpe on chaffinches (a common European bird), many species of bird have been studied yielding a bountiful harvest of insights into both the learning process and the constraints on what they are able to learn.P2: To determine how much learning was affected by various factors, Thorpe devised a series of experiments. He hand-reared a group of young chaffinches together in the same cage, keeping them isolated from their parents and any other audio role models. Thorpe found that the song they produced was about the right length and in the correct frequency range, and even structured similarly to those raised in the wild. And yet, the quality of the songs they produced was very poor. They were crude versions of the wild chaffinch’s song, lacking the refinement and detail characteristic of the typical wild adult song, and the song was not split up into distinct phrases as it usually is. In later experiments, researchers played recordings of songs to the chicks and discovered that many of them would learn the exact pattern of the acoustic source. This was particularly remarkable, as juveniles were able to copy the songs that they were only exposed to over the first few weeks of life with extreme precision, though they would not sing themselves until about eight months old. After that brief period, however, the windows of opportunity for the song-learning process apparently shut down for the rest of the birds’lives.P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species.Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template—syllables or song types used in composing his song. The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, thereis no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment.P4: However, not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches. There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf, so that they are restricted from the auditory feedback of their own efforts, much less copy those of others. In other cases, such as parrots and hill mynahs, birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds. The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn more readily from live tutors, though those calls are highly varied in structure. The ability to master them has led the birds, incidentally, to be capable of mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species. ■Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. ■The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template—syllables or song types used in composing his song. ■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. ■In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, there is no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment.1．The word “pioneering” in the passage is closest in meaning toA．recentB．famousC．originalD．controversial正确答案：C解析：【词汇题】pioneering意为“首创的，先驱的”。

1月托福考试阅读理解全真试题

Question 1-9 Although social changes in the United States were being wrought throughout most of the nineteenth-century，， public awareness of the changes increased to new levels in the 1890 s. The acute， growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century， including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers. These developments， in addition to the continued growth of cities， were significant factors in the transformation of society from one characterized by relatively isolated self-contained communities into an urban， industrial nation. The decade of the 1870 s， for example，was a period in which the sheer number of newspapers doubled， and by 1880 the New York Graphic had published the first photographic reproduction in a newspaper， portending a dramatic rise in newspaper readership. Between 1882 and 1886 alone， the price of daily newspapers dropped from four cents a copy to one cent， made possible in part by a great increase in demand. Further more， the introduction in 1890 of the first successful linotype machine promised even further growth. In 1872 only two daily newspapers could claim a circulation of over 100，000，but by 1892 seven more newspapers exceeded that figure. A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly becoming visible. But it was not newspapers alone that were bringing the new awareness to people In the United States in the late nineteenth century. Magazines as they are known today began publication around 1882， and， in fact， the circulation of weekly magazines exceeded that of newspapers in the period which followed. By 1892， for example， the circulation of the Ladies Home Journal had reached an astounding 700，000. An increase in book readership also played a significant part in this general trend. For example， Edward Bellamy s utopian novel， Looking Backward， sold over a million copies in 1888， giving rise to the growth of organizations dedicated to the realization of Bellamy s vision of the future. The printed word， unquestionably. was intruding on the insulation that had characterized United Slates society in an earlier period. 1. The word "acute" in line 3 is closest in meaning to （A） useful （B） intense （C） genuine （D） controversial 2. According to the passage， the expansion of popular journalism was linked to （A） changes in the distribution system （B） a larger supply of paper （C） an increase in people s awareness of social changes （D） greater numbers of journalists 3 According to the passage ， the New York Graphic s inclusion of photographs contributed to （A） the closing of newspapers that did not use photographs （B） newspapers becoming more expensive （C） an increase in the number of people reading newspapers （D） a reduction in the cost of advertising 4.Why was there a drop in the price of daily newspapers between 1882 and 1886 ？（A） There was a rise in demand. （B） Newspapers had fewer pages. （C） Newspapers contained photographic reproductions. （D） Magazines began to compete with newspapers. 5……The word "exceeded" in line 16 is closest in meaning to （A） controlled （B） surpassed （C） affected （D） equaled 6.What does the author mean by the statement " A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly becoming visible" in lilies 16-11 ？（A） Photographs made newspapers more interesting. （B） The United Slates exported newspapers to other countries. （C） People were becoming increasingly aware of national and international issues. （D） Communities remained isolated despite the growth of popular journalism 7.The word " that" in line 21 refers to （A） century （B） publication （C） circulation （D） period 8.The word "astounding" in line 22 is closest in meaning to （A） surprising （B） estimated （C） encouraging （D） sudden 9.Why does the author mention Edward Bellamy s novel Looking Backward？（A） To illustrate how advanced the technology of printing had become （B） To emphasize the influence of the printed word on a society undergoing rapid change （C） To document its prediction about the popularity of newspapers （D）To demonstrate that hooks had replaced newspapers and magazines as the leading source of information Question 10-19 Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It can be colored or colorless， monochrome or polychrome， transparent， translucent， or opaque. It is lightweight impermeable to liquids， readily cleaned and reused ， durable yet fragile， and often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms - as table ware， containers， in architecture and design - glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments. Since the Bronze Age about 3，000 B.C.， glass lias been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica， line and an alkali such as soda or potash， and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century. When heated ， the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass， but in contrast to most materials formed in this way （metals， for instance）， glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids， and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect， as molten glass cools， it progressively stiffens until rigid， but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow. Why glass deteriorates over time， especially when exposed to moisture， and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses Induced by uneven cooling. Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot， ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or "freeze" at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as thetemperature rises， going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms， by different techniques， and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials. 10.Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in lines 1-5？（A） To demonstrate how glass evolved （B） To show the versatility of glass （C） To explain glassmaking technology （D） To explain the purpose of each component of glass 11.The word "durable" in hue 3 is closest in meaning to （A） lasting （B） delicate （C） heavy （D） Plain 1 2. What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass？（A） They were the same for centuries. （B） They arc liquid （C） They are transparent （D） They are very heavy. 13.According to the passage， how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from most other rigid substances？（A） It has an interlocking crystal network. （B） It has an unusually low melting temperature. （C） It has varying physical properties. （D） It has a random molecular structure. 14.The word "customarily" in line 13 is closest in meaning to （A） naturally （B） necessarily （C） usually （D） certainly 15.The words "exposed to" in line 19 are closest in meaning to （A） hardened by （B） chilled with （C） subjected to （D） deprived of 16.What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during manufacture？（A） the glass must be reheated and evenly cooled. （B） the glass must be cooled quickly. （C） The glass must be kept moist until cooled. （D） The glass must be shaped to its desired form immediately 17.The word "induced" in line 21 is closest in meaning to （A） joined （B） missed （C） caused （D） lost 18.The word "it" in line 22 refers to （A） feature （B） glass （C） manner （D） viscosity 19.According to the passage. why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than can metals （A）It resists breaking when heated （B）It has better optical properties. （C）It retains heat while its viscosity changes. （D） It gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises. Question 20-30 A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human locomotion： the footprints of early hominids. The best-known specimens are the remarkable tracks discovered at Lactoli， Tanzania， by Mary Leaky. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75 million years ago， according to potassium - argon dates of the volcanic rocks above and below this level. These hominids walked across a stretch of moist volcanic ash， which was subsequently turned to mud by rain， and which then set like concrete. Examination of he shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch， a rounded heel， a pronounced ball， and a big toe that pointed forward. These features， together with the weight-bearing pressure patterns，resembled the prints of upright-walking modern humans. The pressures exerted along the foot， together with the length of stride， which averaged 87 centimeters， indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly. In short， all the detectable morphological features implied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different from those of contemporary humans. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry， a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs， which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints. The result emphasized that there were at least seven points of similarity with modern bipedal prints， such as the depth of the heel impression， and the deep imprint of the big toe. M Day and E. Wickens also took stereophotographs of the Lactoli prints and compared them with modern prints make by men and women in similar soil conditions. Once again， the results furnished possible evidence of bipedalism. Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids， but also with evidence of upright waling that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones. The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known， for example， in French caves dating from the end of the last ices age， approximately 10，000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales， using detailed silicon resin molds of footprints mostly made by bare feet， has provided information about this period. 20.What does the passage mainly discuss？（A）The analysis of footprint fossils （B）Accurate dating of hominid remains （C） the career of Mary Leakey （D）Behavioral patterns of early humans 21.The word "remarkable" in line 2 is closest in meaning to （A） extraordinary （B） enormous （C） various （D） orderly 22.The age of the Laetoli footprints was estimated by （A） testing the fossilized bones of the hominids （B） studying the shape of the footprints （C） analyzing nearly rock layers （D） comparison with footprints from other locations 23.It can be inferred that the footprints in volcanic ash at Laetoli were well preserved because （A） they were buried by a second volcanic eruption （B） the ash contained potassium anti argon （C） the ash was still warm from the volcanic cruptions （D） suitable conditions caused the ash 10 harden 24.Which or the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the feet in Mary Leakey s fossil find？（A）The shape or the heel （B）The number of toes （C）A raised arch （D）A pronounced ball 25.The word "exerted" in line 11 is closest in meaning to （A） influenced （B） applied （C） returned （D） lessened 26.The figure of 87 centimeters mentioned in line 1 2 refers to the size of the （A） objects carried by the hominids （B） steps taken by the hominids （C） hominids bodies （D） hominids feet 27.Why does the author mention the "heel impression" in line 19？（A） To emphasize the size of the hominids foot （B） To speculate on a possible injury the hominid had suffered （C） To give an example of similarity to modern human footprints （D） To indicate the weight of early hominids 28.The word "restricted" in line 26 is closest in meaning to （A） limited。

2023年托福阅读全真试题

2023年托福阅读全真试题2023年托福阅读全真试题Question 1-8When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center ofthe Earth in 1864， there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior. Some geologists thought that it contained a highly pressed ball of incandescent gas， while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells， each made of a different material. Today， well over a century later， there is still little direct evidence of what lies beneath our feet. Most of our knowledgeof the Earth's interior es not from mines or boreholes， but from the study of seismic waves - powerful pulses of energy released by earthquakes.In its high levels， the mantle is relatively cool; At greater depths， high temperatures make the rock behave more like a liquid than a solid. Deeper still，the pressure is even more intense， preventing the rock from melting in spite of a higher temperature.Beyond a depth of around 2，900 kilometers， a great change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core. Some seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bent by it. From this and other evidence， geologists conclude that the outer core is probably liquid， with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron， mixed with smaller amounts of other elements such as nickel.The conditions in the Earth's core make it a far more alien world than space. Its solid iron heart is subjected to unimaginable pressure and has a temperature of about 9，000oF. Although scientists can speculate about its nature， neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.1. The word “conflicting” in line 2 is closestin meaning to(A) controlling(B) outdated(C) opposing(D) important2. What is today's richest source of information about the Earth's interior for geologists?(A) Boreholes(B) Shells(C) Seismic waves(D) Mines3. The word “There” in line 16 refers to the(A) mantle(B) crust(C) seabed(D) Earth's center.4. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of the Earth's mantle?(A) Light， solid rock(B) Uniformity of position(C) Dramatically increasing pressure(D) pressed， incandescent gas5. The phrase “gives way to” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) runs along(B) rubs against(C) turns into(D) floats on6. The word “it” in line 26 refers to(A) mantle(B) core(C) change(D) depth7. Why does the author state in line 30-31 that the Earth's core is “more alien” than space?(A) Gover____ent funds are not available to study the Earth's core.(B) Scientists aren't interested in the characteristics of the Earth's core.(C) It is impossible to go to the Earth's core to do research.(D) The Earth's core is made of elements that are dangerous to humans.8. The word “speculate” in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) report(B) learn(C) worry(D) hypothesize Question 9-20。

托福全真试题

91-01A1. (A) We heard her name mentioned.(B) Her aim was unclear.(C) It was hard to hear her name.(D) Her name wasn’t here.2. (A) I don’t want a roommate.(B) I have a specific roommate in mind.(C) It’s not a good idea to have a roommate.(D) Having a roommate is all right with me.听力资料汇总3. (A) She didn’t realize she should bring a present.(B) Her present was really very little.(C) Presents are not very important to her.(D) She didn’t know that the present would be for her.4. (A) Could you please close the door?(B) Is the door shut?(C) Did you want the door closed?(D) Why is the door shut?5. (A) We were sorry we couldn’t go to their wedding.(B) The fact that they got married still amazes us.(C) We’re getting married over the holidays.(D) In fact, they almost decided to get married.6. (A) It’s too bad we have so little time together.(B) We shouldn’t see each other so much.(C) All my free time is spent with you.(D) Please don’t spend so much money.7. (A) Although I used to watch television a lot, I hat it now.(B) I enjoy watching television, but not while I’m studying.(C) Many of the used television sets aren’t working now.(D) I can’t find the television stand I usually use.8. (A) This information is correct.(B) This is the right booth.(C) You can write away for the information.(D) You can get information over on the right.9. (A) He heard the noise.(B) He dropped the shelf.(C) He was injured.(D) He went downtown by himself.10. (A) What bus goes along this route?(B) How long should we wait for the bus?(C) This bus ride takes a very long time.(D) This is quite a large bus.iBT新托福听力背景词汇分类大集合11.12.13.14.15.16.17. (A) Jane walked right by the painting.(B) Does Jane really wish to purchase that painting?(C) Jane once bought that painting.(D) Does Jane want me to purchase her painting?(A) Henry sold his watch to Russ.(B) Henry bought a watch for Russ exactly like his.(C) Russ kept Henry’s watch for himself.(D) Russ got a watch just like Henry’s(A) What time is it?(B) Does it matter what time you come?(C) Please try to be prompt.(D) You must write the letter soon.(A) Carol did better than anyone else.(B) Carol learned more than her score indicates.(C) Carol told us about her grade.(D) Carol earned high wages working in a store.(A) There were quite a few students and teachers.(B) More students than teachers attended.(C) Everyone was counted.(D) The teachers wee excluded.(A) Nobody paused to talk to him.(B) He spoke to no one about the key.(C) He co uldn’t be prevented from speaking.(D) Nobody wanted to stop his talking.(A) These berries grow well.(B) The water isn't rough.(C) She seems very calm.(D) She sees very well.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26. (A) She stopped to feed the ducks.(B) She doesn’t seem to have much luck.(C) She stopped behind the truck.(D) She no longer gives the ducks food.(A) Telling him is a risk.(B) I have to tell him.(C) He told me it was a risk.(D) I’m going to risk not telling him.(A) They think alike.(B) They enjoy outdoor life.(C) They look out for each other.(D) They each have their own life-style.(A) He likes biology enough to continue with it.(B) His grades in science courses are very good.(C) He hasn’t taken enough courses in bio logy.(D) He doesn’t want to take any more science courses.(A) Rice should be served with the chicken.(B) The dishes here are never spicy.(C) There really is chicken in the salad.(D) Both the chicken dish and the salad taste spicy.(A) Sam’s knee should be better by now.(B) This isn’t a good time for Sam to quit.(C) The news about Sam is quite a surprise.(D) Sam should have stopped playing earlier.(A) She bought something for her aunt.(B) She missed it.(C) She was there only briefly.(D) She went to it on her way to the hospital.黄金口语80题范例(A) They work at the zoo.(B) They are going to do some artwork.(C) They enjoy watching elephants.(D) They are going to feed the elephants.(A) She’s working all the time.(B) She’s out all the time.(C) She works every other day.(D) She studies twice a day.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35. (A) Helping a friend find the right department.(B) Buying himself some shoes.(C) Taking a class at the gymnasium.(D) Returning a logging suit be bought.(A) Apologize to Donna.(B) Confront Donna directly.(C) Excuse Donna’s behavior.(D) Write Donna a letter.(A) She thinks the man’s joking.(B) The man needs to have his eyes examined.(C) The man should get some sleep.(D) The man is wise to study.(A) She’s putting it in a kennel.(B) Den is taking it on vacation.(C) It will accompany her.(D) It will be staying with Ken.(A) The man tends to repeat himself a lot.(B) The room was fixed at the man’s request.(C) She also finds it easier to work there now.(D) The man talks about working instead of doing it.(A) Bill doesn’t take good care of knives.(B) This matter doesn’t concern Bi ll.(C) He wants to find a better tool.(D) He wants Bill to fix the knife.(A) There’s going to be a wedding.(B) The people should lean that dance better.(C) Big dances are the most fun.(D) They need to print more invitations.针对口语一二题万能模版(A) It’s sure to be easy.(B) It’ll cost less than last year’s.(C) It might be difficult.(D) It starts after breakfast.(A) He likes to stay late every day.(B) He does it more often than he’d like.(C) He does it only occasionally.(D) He never volunteers to do it.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44. (A) Most students don’t know how to cook.(B) The dormitories have limited cooking facilities.(C) The dining hall serves steak regularly.(D) It’s cheaper than cooking for themselves.(A) Only graduate students.(B) Only undergraduate women.(C) Dormitory residents.(D) University faculty.(A) Sunday evenings.(B) Monday mornings.(C) Saturday mornings.(D) Saturday evenings.刘文勇黄金阅读(A) Three dollars.(B) A housing contract.(C) An identification card.(D) A meal ticket.(A) The slow service.(B) The meal schedule.(C) The quality of the food.(D) The inconvenient location.(A) On weekends.(B) Around holidays.(C) On weekday mornings.(D) On weekday evenings.(A) Reading.(B) Sleeping.(C) Doing research.(D) Planning a trip.(A) To discuss his trip to Mexico.(B) To bring him a message from Professor Grant.(C) To ask for help with an anthropology assignment.(D) To see what progress he’s made on his paper.(A) He can’t sleep at night.(B) He can’t find a quiet place to study.(C) He can’t narrow down his research topic.(D) He can’t find enough information for his research paper.45.46.47.48.49.50. (A) She has been to Mexico.(B) She assigns long research papers.(C) She teaches cultural anthropology.(D) She collects ancient relies.(A) It would require a trip to Mexico.(B) It’s too broad a topic to research.(C) He doesn’t have relevant resource material.(D) He’s not interested in that part of the world.(A) Caring for natural brushes.(B) Techniques for painting animals.(C) Types of watercolor brush-strokes.(D) Effects of different brush-strokes.(A) Red sable.(B) Camel hair.(C) Squirrel hair.(D) Sabeline.(A) They stay rigid.(B) They are affordable.(C) They are easy to use.(D) They come in large sizes.(A) Their size.(B) Their durability.(C) Their composition.(D) Their color.●如何把托福阅读28+●托福阅读背景知识●托福写作万能写作模板●托福写作高分模板●托福写作冲刺需要五步B1.Orchestral instruments --- under the following types: strings, woodwind, brass, and percussion.(A) grouped(B) can group(C) can be grouped(D) to be grouped2.--- depressions in the ocean floor are called trenches.(A) There are the deep(B) Are the deep(C) Where deep(D) Deep3.In the course of her life, Mary Anne Sadlier --- , some fifty of them original novels and collections of stories.(A) Produced nearly sixty books(B) Produced sixty books nearly(C) Nearly sixty books produced(D) Sixty books nearly produced4.--- xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.(A) For(B) It was(C) That(D) While5.Eastern meadowlarks abound in places --- , but eat harmful insects rather than grain.(A) land is cultivated there(B) there is land cultivated(C) where land is cultivated(D) where is cultivated land6.Amplifiers such as those in computers and sound –reproducing systems are responsible for --- an erratic input signal.(A) strengthening(B) being strengthened(C) strengthen(D) to strengthen7.--- John Aaron Lewis pioneered in the development of “third stream music,”a blend of jazz and classical music.(A) A composer, who was(B) He was a composer(C) As a composer(D) When a composer he8.In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late 1800’s Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation --- the modern college rests.(A) is which(B) on which(C) which is on(D) on it9.Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events --- to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.(A) and thus(B) so(C) however(D) because10. --- lived on the Nor th Saskatchewan River long before the Hudson’s Bay Company built a fur trading post there.(A) Cree people(B) For Cree people(C) It was Cree people(D) Where Cree people11. --- has been a topic of continual geological research.(A) Did the continents originate(B) How did the continents originate(C) Have the continents originated(D) How the continents originated12. Because the papaya grows readily from seed, ---spread from its home in Central America and now grows throughout the tropics.(A) to be(B) it(C) the(D) its13. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have ---as the amount of money borrowed.(A) as the same value(B) the same value(C) value as the same(D) the value is the same14. Futurism, ---early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.(A) an(B) was an(C) that it was an(D) that an15. All living organisms constantly absorb carbon 14 ---their existence.(A) out(B) about(C) around(D) throughout16. Porcelain is not a single clay, and a compound of kaolin, ball clay, feldspar, and silica.A B C D17. The bison, know for the hump over its shoulders, is usually called a buffalo in NorthA B C DAmerica.18. Perspiration, the body’s built-in cooling mechanism occurs as a natural reaction toA B Cnervousness, intense heat, or vigorously exercise.D19. Because of the rising cost of fuel, scientists are building automobile engines who willA B C D conserve gasoline but still run smoothly.20. The primary function of a sonometer is to calculate and demonstrate the relationsA B C mathematical of melodious tones.D21. The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of papers, but as a record ofA B Cgeographically organized information.D22. Vitamin A is essential to bone grow and to the healthiness of the skin and mucousA B C Dmembranes.23. The Moon, being much more nearer to the Earth than the Sun, is the principal cause of theA B Ctides.D24. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States are the Everglades whereA B Cwildlife is abundant and largely protected.D25. The dromedary camel is raised especially to racing.A B C D26. The founding of the Boston Library in 1653 demonstrate the early North American colonistsA Binterest in books and libraries.C D27. Public recognition of Ben Shahn as a major American artistic began with a retrospectiveA Bshow of his work in 1948.C D28. The texture of soil is determined by the size of the grains or particles that make up.A B C D29. To produce on pound of honey, a colony of bees must fly a distance equals to twice aroundA B C Dthe world.30. The domestic dog, considered to be the first tamed animal, is coexisting with human beingsA Bsince the days of the cave dwellers.C D31. Nature not only gave the Middle Atlantic region fine harbors, however endowed it with aAB C DD first-class system of inland waterways. 32. All matter resists any change in their condition of rest or of motion.A B C D33. Swans, noted for graceful movements in the water, have been the subject of many poetry,A B Cfairy tales, legends, and musical compositions.34. Since peach trees bloom very early in the season, they are in danger for spring frosts.A B C DD C 35. Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feet.A B C36. Lucretia Mott’s influence was too significant that she has been credited by some authorities A Bas the originator of feminism in the United States.C37. Large bodies of water and the prevalence of moisture-bearing winds often produce aA B Ccondition of tall humidity, affecting the local weather.D38. Manganese does not exist naturally in a pure state because it reacts so easily with otherA B Celement.D39. Scientists estimate that as many as hundred millions visible meteors enter the Earth’sA B Catmosphere every day.D40. Although not abundant in nature, zinc is important for both the galvanization of iron and theA B C preparation of alloys as such brass and German silver.DCPassage 1 By the late nineteenth century, the focus for the engineers and builders of tunnels was beginning to shift from Europe to the United States and especially New York, where the rivers encircling Manhattan captured the imagination of tunnelers and challenged their ingenuity. The first to accept the challenge was a somewhat mysterious Californian named DeWitt Clinton Haskin, who turned up in New York in the 1870's with a proposal to tunnel through the silt under the Hudson River between Manhattan and Jersey City. Haskin eventually abandoned the risky project. But a company organized by William McAdoo resumed the attack in I 902, working from both directions. Mc Adoo’s men were forced to blast when they ran into an unexpected ledge of rock, but with this obstacle surmounted. the two headings met in 1904 and McAdoo donned oilskins to become the Hudson’s first underwater bank - to - bank pedestrian. World' s Work magazine proudly reported in 1906 that New York could now be described as a body of land surrounded by tunnels Three one - way shafts beneath the Hudson and two under the Harlem River were already holed through; three more Hudson tubes were being built. Eight separate tunnels were under construction beneath the East River. 1. According to the passage, DeWitt Clinton Haskin camefrom (A) Jersey City (B) Europe (C) California (D) New York 2. What does the author imply about DeWitt Clinton Haskin' 5 background? (A) It did not qualify him to handle explosives. (B) It was not something people knew much about. (C) It included diverse work experiences. (D) It included many inferior projects. 3. According to the passage, when did William McAdoo begin to work on the Hudson River tunnel? (A) 1870 (B) 1902 (C) 1904 (D) 1906 4. According to the passage, the workers tunneling for William McAdoowere surprised to find which of the following where they were working? (A) Oil (B) Silt (C) Rock (D) Shafts 5. The quotation from World' s Work magazine in line 12 introduces facts about (A)cities that were building new tunnels to Manhattan (B)people' s concern eve the weakening of the city's foundation (C)the role of New York City in promoting engineering (D)the number of tunnels being built at the time 6. Where in the passage does the author refer to the first person to walk beneath the Hudson River? (A) Lines 1 - 3 (B) Lines 4-6 (C) Lines 8-11 (D) Lines 14 - 15Passage 2 Icebergs are among nature' 5 most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never seen one. A vague air of mystery envelops them. They come into being somewhere-in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence,which in most cases no one hears or sees. They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just a unnoticed. Objects of sheerest beauty, they have been called. Appearing in an endless variety of shapes they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green. or purple, tinted faintly or in darker hues. They are graceful, stately, inspiring-in calm, sunlit seas. But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are-in the night, in the fog, and in storms. Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them. Most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them. Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, 'drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago. The snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries. As each year S snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones. With time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? (A) The Melting of Icebergs (B) The Nature and Origin of Icebergs (C) The Size and Shape of Icebergs (D) The Dangers of Icebergs The author states that icebergs are rarely seen because they are (A) surrounded by fog (B) hidden beneath the mountains (C) located in remote regions of the world(D) broken by waves soon after they are formed The passage mentions all of the following colors for icebergs EXCEPT (A) yellow (B) blue (C) green (D) purple According to the passage, icebergs are dangerous becausethey (A) usually melt quickly (B) can turn over very suddenly (C) may create immense snowdrifts (D) can cause unexpected avalanches According to the passage, icebergs originate from a buildup of (A) turbulent water (B) feathers (C) underwater pressure (D) snowflakes 6. The formation of an iceberg is most clearly analogous to which of the following activities? (A)Walking on flufty new snow, causing it to become more compact and icy (B)Plowing large areas of earth, leaving the land flat and barren (C)Skating across a frozen lake and leaving a trail behind (D)Blowing snow into one large pile to clear an area 7. In line 23, the expression "from above" refers to (A)sunlit seas (B)polar regions (C)weight of mountains (D)layers of ice and snow 8. The attitude of the author toward icebergs is one of(A)disappointment (B)humor (C)disinterest (D)wonderPassage 3 Born in 1830 in rural Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily Dickinson spent her entire life in the household of her parents. Between 1858 and 1862, it was later discovered, she wrote like a person possessed, often producing a poem a day. It was also during this period that her life was transformed into the myth of Amherst. Withdrawing more and more, keeping to her room sometimes even refusing to see visitors who called, she began to dress only in white-a habit that added to her reputation as an eccentric. In their determination to read Dickinson's life in terms of a traditional romantic plot biographers have missed the unique pattern of her life-her struggle to create a female life not yet imagined by the culture in which she lived. Dickinson was not the innocent, lovelorn and emotionally fragile girl sentimentalized by the Dickinson myth and popularized by William Luce’s 1976 play, The B eIle of Amherst. Her decision to shut the door on Amherst society in the 1~5O's transformed her house into a kind of magical realm in which she was free to engage her poetic genius. Her seclusion was not the result of a failed love affairs but rather a part of a more general pattern of renunciation through which she, in her quest for self – sovereignty, carried on an argument with the Puritan fathers. attacking with wit and irony their cheerless Calvinist doctrine, their stern patriarchal God. and their rigid notions of "true womanhood." 1. What is the author's main purpose in the passage? (A)To interpret Emily Dickinson' 5 eccentric behavior (B)To promote the popular myth of Emily Dickinson (C) To discuss Emily Dickinson's failed love affair (D) To describe the religious climate in Emily Dickinson'stime 2. According to the passage, the period from 1858 to 1862 was for Emily Dickinsona period of great (A)tragedy (B)sociability (C)productivity (D) frivolity 3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as being one of Emily Dickinson' s eccentricities? (A) Refusing to eat (B)Wearing only write (C)Avoiding visitors (D)Staying in her room4. According to the passage, biographers of Emily Dickinson havetraditionally (A)criticized most of her poems (B)ignored her innocence and emotional fragility (C)seen her life in romantic terms (D)blamed her parents for restricting her activities 5.Why does the author mention William Luce's play The Belle of Amherst? (A)To give an example of the sentimentalized Emily Dickinson myth (B)To show how popular Emily Dickinson's poems have become (C)To show that Emily Dickinson was also an actress (D)To illustrate the theatrical quality of Emily Dickinson's poems 1 6.The author imp ies that many people attribute Emily Dickinson's seclusion to (A)physical illness (B)a failed love affair (C)religious fervor (D)Her dislike of people 7.The author suggests all of the following asreasons for Emily Dickinson's unusual behavior EXCEPT the(A)struggle to create 3 new female identity(B)desire to develop her genius undisturbed(C)search for her own independence(D)attempt to draw attention to her poetry8.It can be inferred from the passage that Emily Dickinson lived in a society that wascharacterized by (A)strong Puritan beliefs (B)equality of men and women(C)the encouragement of nonconformity(D)the appreciation of poetic creativityPassage 4 Native Americans from the southeastern part of what is now the United States believed that the universe in which they lived was made up of three separate, but related, worlds: the Upper World. the Lower World, and This World. In the last there lived humans. most animals, and all plants. This World, a round island resting on the surface of waters, was suspended fromthe sky by four cords attached to the island at the four cardinal 'points of the compass. Lines drawn to connect the opposite points of the compass, from north to south and from east to west, intersected This World to divide it into four wedge - shaped segments. Thus a' symbolic representation of the human world was a cross within a circle, the cross representing the intersecting lines and the circle the shape of This World. Each segment of This World was identified by its own color. According to Cherokee doctrine,' east was associated with the color red because it was the direction of the Sun, the greatest deity of all. Red was also the color of fire, believed to be directly connected with the Sun, with blood, and therefore' with life. Finally, red was the color of success. The west was the Moon segment; it provided no warmth and was not life - giving as the Sun was. So its color was black. North was the direction of cold, and so its color was blue (sometimes purple), and it represented trouble and defeat. South was the direction of warmth, its color, white, was associated with peace and happiness. The southeastern Native Americans' universe was one in which opposites were constantly at war with each other, red against black, blue against white. This World hovered somewhere between the perfect order and predictability of the Upper World and the total disorder and instability of the Lower World. The goal was to find some kind of halfway path, or balance, between those other worlds. 1.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? (A)One Civilization's View of the Universe (B)The Changing of the Seasons in the Southeast (C)The Painting of Territorial Maps by Southeastern Native Americans (D)The War Between Two Native American Civilizations 2. In line 3, the phrase "the last" refers to (A) all plants (B) This World (C) the universe (D) the Upper World 3. Tne author implies that This World was located (A) inside the Upper World (B) inside the Lower World (C) above the Upper World (D) between the Upper World and Lower World 4. According to the passage, southeastern Native Americans compared This World to (A) waters(B) the sky (C) an animal (D) an island 5. According to the passage, lines divided This World into how many segments? (A)Two (B)Three (C)Four (D)Five 6. According to the passage, southeastern Native Americans associated red with all of the following EXCEPT (A)fire (B)trouble (C)blood (D) success 7. According to the passage. which of the following colors represented the west for southeastern Native Americans? (A)Blue (B)While (C)Black (D) Purple 8. The shape of This Word is closest to that of which of the following? (A)A circle (B)A triangle (C)A square (D)A cube。

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读真题1It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died,mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earths orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.1. The word it in line 3 refers to(A) environment(B) species(C) extinction(D) 99 percent2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) exceptionally(B) dramatically(C) eventually(D) unfortunately3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earths history(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.(D) They are no longer in existence.4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecologicalchange?(A) Temperature changes(B) Availability of food resources(C) Introduction of new species(D) Competition among species5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) change(B) recovery(C) help(D) death6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17?(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species.(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.(C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in theocean.(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that(A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earths history.(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive(C) There has been only one mass extinction in Earths history.(D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) published information(B) research method(C) ongoing experiment(D) scientific discovery9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23?(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.(B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.(C) The theory is no longer seriously considered.(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species survival?(A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species.(B) It may depend on chance events.(C) It does not vary greatly from species to species(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred(A) 26 million years ago(B) 65 million years ago(C) 225 million years ago(D) 250 million years agoPASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C托福阅读真题2Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100 B.C.,they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000 B.C. They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of communication.Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian.But it was not until the 1890s that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today),they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercises, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890s have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.1. According to the passage , the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probablythe(A) Babylonians(B) Subarians(C) Akkadians(D) Sumerians2. The word subjugated in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguished(B) segregated(C) concentrated(D) conquered3. The phrase synonymous with in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) equivalent to(B) important for(C) respected in(D) familiar with4. According to the passage , by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of thefollowing EXCEPT:(A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.(B) They had established themselves in cities.(C) They had started to communicate through(D) They had created bronze tools and weapons.5. The word some in line 14 refers to(A) Archaeologists(B) Sumerians(C) years(D) clay tablets6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?(A) They were descendants of the Persians.(B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.(C) They were accomplished musicians.(D) They had the beginnings of an economy.7. According to the passage , when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tabletsinscribed in Sumerian?(A) in the early nineteenth century(B) more than 150 years ago(C) after the 1890s(D) in the mid-eighteenth century8. According to the passage , in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek andLatin?(A) It was invented in Mesopotamia.(B) It became well established around 3000 B.C.(C) It became a classical language.(D) It was used exclusively for business transactions.9. The word excavating in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) living(B) digging(C) assembling(D) building10. According to the passage , how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?(A) by translating the work of the Subarians(B) by using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages(C) by comparing Sumerian to other classical languages(D) by using their knowledge of AkkadianPASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD托福阅读真题3Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the suns position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of anounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratoryexperiments.2. Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?(A) Selecting among choices(B) Anticipating events to come(C) Remembering past experiences(D) Communicating emotions3. What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site(B) To communicate the location of food(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available4. The word yet in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) however(B) since(C) generally(D) so far5. What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought.(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected.(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food.(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity.6. It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability(B) vary among individuals within a species(C) be related to food consumption(D) correspond to levels of activity7. Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species(C) To illustrate how otters are using objects as tools(D) To demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools8. The word rudimentary in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) superior(B) original(C) basic(D) technical9. It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22)that young chimpanzees have difficulty(A) communicating with their mothers(B) adding quantities(C) making choices(D) opening hard nuts10. The phrase the one in line 24-25 refers to the(A) study(B) pair(C) chimpanzee(D) ability11. Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips thatchimpanzees(A) lack abilities that other primates have(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities(D) have difficulty selecting when given choicesPASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C。

托福阅读真题汇总

托福阅读真题汇总托福阅读真题1PASSAGE 4The term Hudson River school was applied to the foremost representatives ofnineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the goldendays of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of thestruggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as therepresentative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practicedin a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securelyestablished in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy ofDesign. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figuralsubject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in theirown country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition inNew York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previousyears had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally, New York school — the mostrepresentative school of American art in any genre —had by 1890 become firmly established inthe minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it washardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socializedin NewYork, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency.Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner oftechnique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist,Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the HudsonRiver. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many ofthem had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long servedas the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly theAdirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The National Academy of Design(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River(C) North American landscape paintings(D) The training of American artists in European academies(A) Figural painting(B) Landscape painting(C) Impressionistic painting(D) Historical painting3. The word struggle in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) connection(B) distance(C) communication(D) competition4. The word monopolized in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) alarmed(B) dominated(C) repelled(D) pursued5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for thepainters born before 1835?(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.(B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.(C) It determined which subjects were appropriate.(D) It supported their growth and development.6. The word it in line 12 refers to(A) matter(B) technique(C) patronage(D) country7. The word factions in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) sides(B) people(C) cities(D) images8. The word flattering in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) expressive(B) serious(C) complimentary(D) flashy9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?(A) In Europe(B) In the Adirondacks(C) In Vermont(D) In New HampshirePASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA托福阅读真题2PASSAGE 5Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring theenvironment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay,and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resourcesmay be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies putthese materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people chooseto use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusiveanswers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choiceand use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved forceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone ortree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although thematerials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rakesand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, evenwhen the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form orstyle of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose torepresent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the artof the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theologicaldoctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, thecontent of that society'sart may also reflect the culture's social stratification.1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are(A) more difficult to handle than wood and(B) of their stable social conditions(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art(D) available only in specific locations2. The word conclusive in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) definitive(B) controversial(C) concurrent(D) realistic3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) logical(C) evident(D) distinct4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers ofa stone or tree in line 10?(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs5. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) realization(B) society(C) extent(D) influence6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because(A) they influenced each other stone(B) commonly used by artists in all societies(C) essential to create ceremonial objects(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT(A) It is used to create glass.(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) similarly(B) in addition(C) in contrast(D) frequently9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) involvement(B) separation(C) relationship(D) argument10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) discrete(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamentalPASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD托福阅读真题3PASSAGE 6Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda,sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from theearly Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture ofalkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in thecommunities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making eitherwould do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potashfrom those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlersof the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy ofcolonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for theglassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity topermit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship toarrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open,and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and waterwas poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. Theresulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunctto the clearing of land foragriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recoveredby the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in theseventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly ofshipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade atJamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts to encourage the making of potash,beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of thesubstance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.3. They phrase the latter in line 4 refers to(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap4. The word stressed in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned5. The word interchangeable in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equivalent(D) advantageous6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial NorthAmerica because(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available(B) making potash required less time than making soda(C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water8. The word adjunct in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) addition(B) answer(C) problem(D) possibility9. According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods(B) it helped finance the creation of farms(C) it could be made with a variety of materials(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problemsfor southern settles?(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.PASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD。

全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)

智课网TOEFL备考资料全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)摘要：全真TOEFL试题集内容丰富，包含了历年托福阅读真题以及每篇阅读里面的核心词汇，并附有详细的答案，害怕的不了托福阅读高分吗？全真 TOEFL 试题集说白了就是ETS的真题集，都是阅读的，分享给大家。

全真TOEFL试题集内容速览文件大小:1.77 MB (1,856,971 字节)文件类型:pdf全真TOEFL试题集部分内容：Reading Test 51 Lasers are often the preferred tools of surgeons in the modern operating room.A. sole C. favoredB. best D. required2 In 1981 presidential adviser Virginia Knauer was selected to be director of the office ofConsumer Affairs.A. rumored C. chosenB. supposed D. willing3 People fishing on a lake must wait calmly so as not to scare the fish away.A. considerately C. alertlyB. hungrily D. quietly4 When department stores have an oversupply of good, they frequently cut prices toencourage sales.A. conceal C. damageB. review D. reduce以上就是关于全真TOEFL试题集的部分内容，托福阅读做题量不在多，关键在于你所选择的材料和你是否把这些真题真正弄懂，好资料我们已经上传，供大家下载，接下来就靠大家努力啊!相关字搜索：全真TOEFL试题集-阅读。

2023年托福考试阅读部分答案解析

2023年托福考试阅读部分答案解析题目一题目：根据文章，下列哪个说法是正确的？A. 现代科技对环保运动起着积极的作用。

B. 现代科技对环保运动没有任何帮助。

C. 现代科技对环保运动起着消极的作用。

答案解析：根据文章内容可以得出，现代科技对环保运动起着积极的作用。

文章中提到了几个例子，如能源技术的进步使得可再生能源更加普及，科技的发展也带来了环保意识的提高等。

因此，选项 A 是正确的答案。

题目二题目：根据文章，下列哪个说法是正确的？A. 农业革命是人类历史上最重要的事件之一。

B. 农业革命对人类社会没有产生任何影响。

C. 农业革命带来了许多负面影响。

答案解析：根据文章内容可以得出，农业革命是人类历史上最重要的事件之一。

文章中提到了农业革命对于人类社会的影响，如人类开始定居，农业生产方式的改变以及对人类社会结构的影响等。

因此，选项 A 是正确的答案。

题目三题目：根据文章，下列哪个说法是正确的？A. 阅读是提高语言能力的最佳方式。

B. 阅读对语言能力没有任何影响。

C. 阅读只能提高词汇量，对语言能力的其他方面没有帮助。

答案解析：根据文章内容可以得出，阅读是提高语言能力的最佳方式。

文章中提到了阅读对于语言能力的多个方面都有积极的影响，如扩展词汇量，提高语法和语言结构的理解能力等。

因此，选项 A 是正确的答案。

总结根据以上题目解析，我们可以得出以下结论：- 现代科技对环保运动起着积极的作用。

- 农业革命是人类历史上最重要的事件之一。

- 阅读是提高语言能力的最佳方式。

这些都是根据文章内容得出的正确答案，希望对大家的托福备考有所帮助。

以上为本文档的全部内容。

引用内容请谨慎确认，不要引用未经证实的内容。

托福全真试题

93-01 93年1月TOEFL听力A1. (A) Did you move the chair or did Ed do it?(B) Ed wants to move the chair.(C) Please move the chair Ed.(D) Ed forgot to move the chair, so will you do it?2. (A) Diane respects her teacher.(B) The teacher is looking at Diane.(C) Diane is taller than her teacher.(D) Diane doesn't like her teacher's looks.3. (A) I must take my groceries home.(B) I didn't bring my shopping list with me.(C) My left wrist is sore.(D) I need to go home for a rest.4. (A) I thought the novel would be better.(B) The novel is surprisingly good.(C) The novel is just what I hoped it would be.(D) I think the novel is quite boring.5. (A) Someone assisted him with the work.(B) Someone should do the work, or him.(C) He didn't quite finish the work.(D) He didn't work long enough.6. (A) At what time must you leave?(B) Have you forgotten what day it is?(C) What still needs to be done today?(D) Who left the tray here yesterday?7. (A) No one knew what the formal requirements were.(B) There was no need for us to get dressed up.(C) They asked for our former address.(D) Everyone was wearing formal suits or gowns.8. (A) I seldom have meat.(B) I like to eat early.(C) I never buy meat.(D) I prefer my meat rare.9. (A) Rita's roommate helped her to pack.(B) Rita's roommate needed help packing.(C) Rita's got the package for her roommate.(D) Rita had her baggage with her.10. (A) I figured the expenses on the last page.(B) Your plan will cost too much.(C) Drawing can be an expensive hobby.(D) You should go back to your original plan.11. (A) Both of us were exhausted.(B) We always tried to rest after exercising.(C) I turned over and went to sleep again.(D) I was overtired and couldn't sleep.12. (A) How could you forget to put the salt out.(B) I thought I bought salt last week, but I could be wrong.(C) I bought salt a few days ago; it can't be finished yet.(D) Did someone else also buy salt?13. (A) Let's not make them at all.(B) Don't make them use it all.(C) Leslie wouldn't share her work with them.(D) We should share the work with them.14. (A) She left the hospital and resumed her classes.(B) She went to the hospital after class.(C) She didn't complete her classes because she went to the hospital.(D) She was released from class so she could go to the hospital.15. (A) Our phone service was turned off.(B) They added another telephone.(C) Our phone service began today.(D) They refused to repair our telephone.16. (A) The frightened puppy was licking Lois hand.(B) Lois is not afraid to give a speech now.(C) Some people came over to speak to Lois.(D) Lois will hear about the fair tonight.17. (A) It's too bad you haven't worked harder.(B) We haven't heard a word about your work.(C) We'd like to walk to work with you.(D) You'll be well repaid for working so hard.18. (A) You can honestly say what you think.(B) Believe me the tray is not much use.(C) Frankly, I don't think much of Ray.(D) In my opinion the play was not very good.19. (A) She overlooked my paper by mistake.(B) She wanted us to review our own papers.(C) She asked us over to discuss the errors.(D) She said she would look at the papers again.20. (A) Two people walked in late for the movie.(B) Most of the people left before the movie was over.(C) A few people had to stand to watch the movie.(D) Some people moved their seats during the movie.21. (A) He can't go this weekend.(B) He has a hole in his bathing suit.(C) They should stay at the beach longer.(D) They shouldn't spend much money.22. (A) Turn the alarm off.(B) Live on a farm.(C) Move his alarm clock.(D) Go to bed earlier.23. (A) He hasn't had time to find another apartment.(B) His mother dusted her apartment the day before last.(C) He hasn't cleaned the apartment since his mother visited.(D) His mother was the last person to come over to his apartment.24. (A) Making a pot of coffee.(B) Trying different brands of coffee.(C) Drinking less coffee.(D) Getting a different coffeepot.25. (A) Some music cassettes.(B) Some school supplies.(C) Something to drink.(D) Something to eat.26. (A) He has finished his biology project.(B) He'll feel happier when the project is completed.(C) He's annoyed with everyone.(D) He took a nap in biology class.27. (A) She knows very little about bicycles.(B) She doesn't want the man to study.(C) The man likes to study outdoors.(D) The man isn't ready to study yet.28. (A) Try to find it in the house.(B) Repair the roof.(C) Lend his friend a pen.(D) Become extremely angry.29. (A) She agrees with the man.(B) She didn't hear what the man said.(C) She is surprised by his opinion.(D) She thinks he should look at it again.30. (A) The weather forecast has often been wrong.(B) No more rain is needed.(C) It's going to rain today.(D) They'll have more time tomorrow.31. (A) Ann should shut the door.(B) Ann should be quieter.(C) Ann shouldn't have stayed at the library so long.(D) Ann shouldn't have returned home.32. (A) Doris asked someone to build them.(B) Both she and Doris worked on them.(C) They didn't need to be fixed.(D) Not all of them were hers.33. (A) Bob doesn't have to stay until after his exams.(B) Bob will get into trouble if he doesn't stay.(C) Bob can't take his exams home with him.(D) Bob can't find a way to solve the problem.34. (A) He lost it.(B) He used it last night.(C) He was the last to use it.(D) He finally brought it back.35. (A) The novel wasn't so difficult to read.(B) She can't remember the author's name.(C) There were many comic characters.(D) She read it a long time ago.36. (A) One of his classes finished early.(B) He wanted to get some studying done.(C) The library had a special display on the industrial Revolution.(D) His books were ten days overdue.37. (A) Checked them out.(B) Took notes on them.(C) Returned them to the shelves.(D) Put them in his book bag.38. (A) They are marked with colored labels.(B) They are specially coded.(C) They are checked out.(D) They are inspected by the guard.39. (A) Copies down the name and the address of each borrower.(B) Checks all books for missing pages.(C) Demagnetizes the books as they are checked out.(D) Helps students use the card catalog.40. (A) To explain the importance of learning rhythm and harmony in jazz.(B) To show that jazz is not really music at all.(C) To point out similarities between jazz and classical music.(D) To describe what makes a good jazz performance.41. (A) They memorize their music before performing it.(B) They are more famous than performers of other kinds of music.(C) They perform their music as a means of individual self expression.(D) They possess detailed knowledge of the rules of jazz performers.42. (A) Practice various jazz rhythms.(B) Interview a jazz musician.(C) Watch a film about jazz performers.(D) Listen to some recordings of jazz music.43. (A) To Colorado.(B) To Arizona.(C) To the Nile River.(D) To the Museum of Natural History.44. (A) Archaeological.(B) Biological.(C) Meteorological.(D) Sociological.45. (A) In a cave.(B) In a river.(C) In a tree.(D) In a boat.46. (A) Solve a mystery.(B) See the canyon.(C) Find some driftwood.(D) Take some photographs.47. (A) A radio broadcast.(B) A political discussion.(C) A sales promotion.(D) A health documentary.48. (A) Where fruit is grown.(B) How fruit becomes ripe.(C) Why fruit falls from trees.(D) Which fruits are edible.49. (A) The fruit itself.(B) The air surrounding the fruit.(C) The spray applied by farmers.(D) The tree or vines to which the fruit is attached.50. (A) The fruit loses its sweetness.(B) The fruit falls off the tree.(C) Bees begin to pollinate the fruit.(D) The temperature inside the fruit increases.B1. --- that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates er unit of tissuedecrease, and they generally live longer.(A) The truth(B) If true(C) It is true(D) To be true2. Asteroids are small and therefore very difficult to identify, even when --- to Earth.(A) quite closely(B) are being quite close(C) are they quite closely(D) they are quite close3. A number of modern sculptors have rejected --- of minimal and environmental art anddeveloped a style of extreme realism.(A) which abstract qualities(B) there are abstract qualities(C) the abstract qualities(D) the qualities are abstract4. --- tributaries of the Mississippi River system were navigated by steamboats during the periodbefore the outbreak of the Civil War.(A) More than forty(B) More than forty were(C) Forty more than(D) There were more than forty5. Mary Eliza McDowell's introduction to social service came --- , when she assisted victims ofthe great Chicago Fire of 1871.(A) was sixteen years old(B) had sixteen years(C) at age sixteen(D) sixteen6. Young herons are helpless for a few weeks --- they learn to fly.(A) how(B) before(C) despite(D) since　7. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with ---.(A) ever made the very first pictures(B) the ever made very first pictures(C) the very first ever made pictures(D) the very first pictures ever made8. The center of gravity of the human body --- behind the hip joint.(A) locates(B) locating(C) to locate(D) is located9. The leaves and stems of the alfalfa plant are the only parts of the plant ---.(A) the uses for livestock fees(B) for using livestock feed(C) used for livestock feed(D) they are used for livestock feed10. --- choose to live in or near metropolitan areas simply because they like the rapid pace of citylife.(A) So large numbers of people to(B) There are large numbers of people(C) Large numbers of people(D) Large numbers of people who11. --- to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration forces.(A) Danger can be(B) They can be dangerous(C) What can be dangerous(D) While danger12. Organic chemistry has made many new products---.(A) possible(B) as possible(C) are possible(D) they are possible13. Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, --- a far higher price than the same pearlssold individually.(A) in order to bring(B) their bringing(C) bringing(D) bring14. Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes --- in book form.(A) than the print(B) print them(C) if printed(D) they are printed15. Pennsylvania ranks high among the states population --- many areas are sparsely settled.(A) and yet(B) so even(C) if not(D) except for16. Since the beginning of this century, the United States government has played an role in the A supervision and use of the nation's natural resources.B C D17. Between 1906 and 1917, political activist Emma Goldma devoted most of her efforts to A B Cwriting, traveling and lectured.　D18. Height, powerful and speed are attributes that coaches often look for in basketball players.　A B C D19. Many of society's wealth is controlled by large corporations and government agencies.　A B C D20. Pieces of eighteenth-century porcelain they are frequently dug up in excavations at A B C D williamsburg Virginia.21. A major purpose of scientific analysis is to identify and examine causal connections between A B Cindependent and dependence variables.D22. Vaccines for some rare diseases are given only to persons which risk exposure to the disease.　A B C D23. Recause it is a healthful way to exercise aerobic dancing is considered an excellent method A B Cfor release tension.D24. Doppler radar can be used to determine the direction which in the particles of a cloud are A B Cmoving.　D25. Applied research aims at some specific objective, such as the development of a new produce, A B C process, or material.　D26. Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks.A B C D27. The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological A B C DLaboratory in the 1930's.28. Clementine Hunter's primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries, included A B C Done at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C.29. Alike a chicken, the grouse has four toes, with the hind one raised above the ground.A B C D30. Membership in labor unions in the United States reached its peak of 17 millions members in A B C D1960.31. The newer kinds of seeds produce corn it has much greater food value than older kinds.A B C D32. In meteorology, either the formation of clouds and the precipitation of dew, rain, and snoware A Bknown as condensation.C D33. Varieties of yellow grapes that have tender skin, rich flavor and high sugar content are A B Cespecially suited with making raisins.D34. Despite resistance in some parts of Canada, the conversion to metric measurement have been A B Csaid to be largely successful.D35. The most safest way to watch a solar eclipse is for one to look at it in a mirror while wearing A B C Ddark glasses.36. Chied Joseph La Flesche, a vigorous Omaha leader, worked hardly to make his nation aproud A B C and progressive one.　D37. The diamond is the only gemstone composed with just one chemical element, carbon.A B C D38. In 1941 Orson Welles produced Citizen Kane a film noted for its technical brilliant, structural A Bcomplexity, and Literate treatment of a controversial biographical subject.C D39. Wildlife conservationists say the cover that foliage provides for animals is equal in A B Cimportance to the food supplying.D40. The Leyden jar was one of the earliest form of condensers invented to store an electrical A B C Dcharge.CPassage 1Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod shaped bacteria are usually from two to tour microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter Thus if you enlarged a founded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile (1.6 kilometers) tallEven with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy - looking "hairs" called flagella. Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria though the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power while others can glide along over surfaces by some little understood mechanism.From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans To a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.1 Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?(A) The characteristics of bacteria(B) How bacteria reproduce(C) The various functions of bacteria(A) How bacteria contribute to disease2. Bacteria are measured in(A) inches(B) centimeters(C) microns(D)millimeters3. Which of the following is the smallest?(A) A pinhead(B) A rounded bacterium(C) A microscope(D)A rod - shaped bacterium4. According to the passage, someone who examines bacteria using only a microscope that magnifies 100 times would see(A)tiny dots(B) small "hairs"(C) large rods(D) detailed structures5. The relationship between a bacterium and its flagella is most nearly analogous to which of the following?(A) A rider jumping on a horse's back(B) A ball being hit by a bat(C) A boat powered by a motor(D) A door closed by a gust of wind6. In line 16, the author compares water to molasses, in order to introduce which of the following topics?(A) The bacterial content of different liquids(B) What happens when bacteria are added to molasses(C) The molecular structures of different chemicals(D) How difficult it is for bacteria to move through waterPassage 2One of the most popular literary figures in American literature is a woman who spent almost half of her long life in China, a country on a continent thousands of miles from the Unite States. In her lifetime she earned this country's most highly acclaimed literary award: the Pulitzer Prize, and also the most prestigious form of literary recognition in the world, the Nobel Prize for Literature. Pearl S. Buck was almost a household word throughout much of her lifetime because of her prolific literary output, which consisted of some eighty - five published works, including several dozen novels, six collections of short stories, fourteen books for children, and more than a dozen works of nonfiction. When she was eighty years old, some twenty - five volumes were awaiting publication. Many of those books were set in China, the land in which she spent so much of her life. Her books and her life served as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West. As the product of those two cultures she became as the described herself, "mentally bifocal." Her unique background made her into an unusually interesting and versatile human being. As we examine the life of Pearl Buck, we cannot help but be aware that we are in fact meeting three separate people: a wife and mother, an internationally famous writer and a humanitarian and philanthropist. One cannot really get to know Pearl Buck without learning about each of the three. Though honored in her lifetime with the William Dean Howell Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in addition to the Nobel and Pulitzer prizes. Pearl Buck as a total human being, not only a famous author. i s a captivating subject of study.1.What is the author's main purpose in the passage?(A) To offer a criticism of the works of Pearl Buck.(B) To illustrate Pearl Buck's views on Chinese literature(C) To indicate the background and diverse interests of Pearl Buck(D) To discuss Pearl Buck's influence on the cultures of the East and the West2. According to the passage, Pearl Buck is known as a writer of all of the following EXCEPT(A) novels(B) children's books(C) poetry(D) short stories3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as an award received by Pearl Buck?(A) The Nobel Prize(B) The Newberry Medal(C) The William Dean Howell medal(D) The Pulitzer prize4. According to the passage, Pearl Buck was an unusual figure in American literature in that she(A) wrote extensively about a very different culture(B) published half of her books abroad(C) won more awards than any other woman of her time(D) achieved her first success very late in life5. According to the passage, Pearl Buck described herself as "mentally bifocal" to suggest thatshe was(A) capable of resolving thc differences between two distinct linguistic systems(B) keenly aware of how the past could influence the future(C) capable of producing literary works of interest to both adults and children(D) equally familiar with two different cultural environments1. The author's attitude toward Peart Buck could best be described as(A) indifferent(B) admiring(C) sympathetic(D) tolerantPassage 3When we accept the evidence of our unaided eyes and describe the Sun as a yellow star, we have summed up the most important single fact about it-at this moment in time.It appears probable, however, that sunlight will be the color we know for only a negligibly small part of the Sun's history.Stars, like individuals, age and change. As we look out into space, We see around us stars at all stages of evolution. There are faint blood-red dwarfs so cool that their surface temperature is a mere 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, there are searing ghosts blazing at 100, 000 degrees Fahrenheit and almost too hot to be seen, for the great part of their radiation is in the invisible ultraviolet range. Obviously, the "daylight" produced by any star depends on its temperature; today(and for ages to come) our Sun is at about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and this means that most of the Sun's light is concentrated in the yellow band of the spectrum, falling slowly in intensity toward both the longer and shorter light waves.That yellow "hump" will shift as the Sun evolves, and the light of day will change accordingly. It is natural to assume that as the Sun grows older, and uses up its hydrogen fuel-which it is now doing at the spanking rate of half a billion tons a second- it will become steadily colder and redder.1.What is the passage mainly about?(A)Faint dwarf stars(B)The evolutionary cycle of the Sun(C)The Sun's fuel problem(D)The dangers of invisible radiation2.What does the author say is especially important about the Sun at the present time?(A) It appears yellow(B) It always remains the same(C) It has a short history(D) It is too cold3. Why are very hot stars referred to as "ghosts"?(A)They are short- lived.(B) They are mysterious.(C)They are frightening.(D) They are nearly invisible.4. According to the passage as the Sun continues to age, it is likely to become what color?(A) Yellow(B) Violet(C) Red(D) White5.In line 15,to which of the following does "it"refer?(A)yellow "hump"(B)day(C)Sun(D)hydrogen fuelPassage 4If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1830'sand 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abuttedthe older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse - drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass - scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle class whose desires for homeownership In neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single - family housing tracts.1.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?(A) The growth of Philadelphia(B) The Origin of the Suburb(C) The Development of City Transportation(D) The Rise of the Urban Middle Class2. The author mentions that areas bordering the cities have grown during periods of(A) industrialization(B) inflation(C) revitalization(D) unionization3. In line 10 the word "encroachment" refers to which of the following?(A) The smell of the factories(B) The growth of mill towns(C) The development of waterways(D) The loss of jobs4. Which of the following was NCT mentioned in the passage as a factor in nineteenth - century suburbanization?(A) Cheaper housing(B) Urban crowding(C)The advent of an urban middle class(D) The invention of the electric streetcar5. It can be inferred from the passage that after 1890 most people traveled around cities by(A) automobile(B) cart(C)horse - draw trolley(D)electric streetcar6. Where in the passage does the author describe the cities as they were prior to suburbanization.(A)Lines 3-5(B)Lines S-9(C)Lines 12- 13(D) Lines 15-18Passage 5The first English attempts to colonize North America were controlled by individuals rather than companies. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was the first Englishman to send colonists to the New World. His intrial expedition, which sailed in 1578 with a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth was defeated by the Spanish. A second attempt ended in disaster in 1583, when Giblert and hisship were lost in a storm. In the following year, Gilbert's half brother, Sir Water Raleigh, having obtained a renewal of the patent, sponsored an expedition that explored the coast of the regionthat he named "Virgina." Under Raleigh's direction efforts were then made to establish a colony on Roanoke island in 1585 an6 1587. The survivors of the first settlement on Roanoke returned to England in 1586, but the second group of colonists disappeared without leaving a trace. The failure of the Gilbert and Raleigh ventures made it clear that the tasks they had undertaken were too big for any one colonizer. Within a short time the trading company had supplanted the individual promoter of colonization.1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?(A)The Regulation of Trading Companies(B)British - Spanish Rivalry in the New World(C)Early Attempts at Colonizing North America(D)Royal Patents Issued in the 16th Century2. The passage states which of the following about the first English people to be involved in establishing colonies in North America?(A)They were requested to do so by Queen Elizabeth.(B)They were members of large trading companies.(C)They were immediately successful.(D)They were acting on their own.3.According to the passage, which of the following statements about Sir HumphreyGilbert is true?(A) He never settled in North America.(B) His trading company was given a patent by the queen.(C) He fought the Spanish twice.(D) He died in 1587.　4. When did Sir Walter Raleigh's initial expedition set out for North America?(A)1577(B)1579(C)1582(D)15845. Which of the following can be infered from the passage about members of the first Roanoke settlement?(A)They explored the entire coastal region.(B)Some did not survive.(C)They named the area "Virginia".(D) Most were not experienced sailors.6. According to the passage, the first English settlement on Roanoke Island was established in(A)1578(B)1583(C)1585(D)15877. According to the passage, which of; the following statements about the second settlement on Roanoke Island is true?(A) Its settlers all gave up and returned to England.(B) It lasted for several years.(C) The fate of its inhabitants is unknown.(D) It was conquered by the Spanish.　。

11月15日托福阅读真题(新东方版)

11月15日托福阅读真题（新东方版）第一篇考生回忆：本文属讲的是热带雨林树木的种类。

先讲了在温带地区树的种类非常好区分，但是在热带去不是这个样子。

接下来说开花的情况不一样。

在干湿分明的雨林中，花是随着雨季开放的。

在很多雨林一直都有雨，那么它们如何授粉?应该是一起同时开花。

接下来说叶子难以区分，大部分叶子要进化成很厚的样子，而且叶尖会滴水。

所以都长得很像。

另外一种辨别的方法是看树干。

虽然树干也很像。

接下来说在温带地区，树种没有那么难以辨别。

数量不会超过半打，但是热带的确是难以辨别。

第二篇考生回忆：主要讨论的是地球与宇宙年份的测定。

先说地球年份的测算。

一开始说可以通过陨石的年份来推测。

但是因为地球上面有水、火山和地壳运动，所以岩石的成分无法分析。

进一步的分析方法是岩石的辐射衰变。

得出来的结论是46亿年，这个测算的结果和月球上测算的结果是一样的。

因为月球上没有地球上的这些侵蚀，所以月球的测算数据相对准确。

接下来是宇宙年份的测算。

宇宙的年份重要是通过红移(red shift)来测量。

测算的结果发现宇宙一直在不断地膨胀。

第三篇考生回忆：讨论恐龙灭绝的原因。

首先说尝试解释恐龙灭绝的假说是在太多。

分析了6亿5千万年之前的底层，发现很好含钙的化石，其中就有恐龙的。

超过这个时间之后恐龙化石就再也找不到了，也就是认为恐龙灭绝了。

接下来提出一个假说，认为是辐射所导致恐龙基因变异导致恐龙灭绝。

恰好是每隔几百万年地球的南北磁极就会发生倒置，地磁场太弱，所以恐龙灭绝了。

后来又认为是陨石撞击地球，但是恐龙并没有立马就全部死绝，而是通过破坏全球的气候，通过影响底层生物链的生物最终使得恐龙饿死。

这个理论认为这些间接因素也很关键。

最后说火山运动也可能导致恐龙灭绝。

举了印度的例子，长时间的火山爆发导致了大片新火山岩的形成。

火山爆发喷出的灰烬遮盖了太阳，使得全球温带骤降。

但也有温室气体的排放会导致温度提高。

后来说这样的结果导致了新物种的大爆发。

TOEFL全真试题阅读部分

TOEFL全真试题阅读部分TOEFL全真试题阅读部分TOEFL全真试题（2-2）VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSIONQuestions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top,more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century , themovement of water s in trees and other talls plants was a mystery.Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, but many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees, Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, .and if it is not pushed, to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask. How does it get there?According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves,a negative pressure or tension is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from insidethe plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water .are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohestion (the attraction between water molecules) arc so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a. steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four2. The passage answers which of the following questions ?(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?(D) Why is root pressure weak?3. The word demonstrated in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A)ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 6-8 prove?(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water.(B) Cells in plant sterns do not pump water.(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes.(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems.5. How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.(C) Plants can live after their roots die.(D) Water in a plant s roots is not connected to water in its stem.6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.7. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) top(B) tree(C) water(D) cohesion-tension theory8. The word there in line 15 refers to(A)treetops(B) roots(C) water columns(D) tubes9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity(B) Plant growth(C) Root pressure(D) Evaporation10. The word extend in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.(B) The attraction between water molecules is strong.(C) The living cell of plants push the water molecules together.(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.12. Why does the author mention steel wire in line 24?(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material(C) To indicate the size of a column of winter(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water13. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?(A.) Lines 3-5(B) Lines 6-8(C) Lines 11-12(D) Lines 13-14Questions 14-22Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted outpeople and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urbon life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fulled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them. located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six millionpeople.Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. There excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to thegrowth of mass transportation urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly and near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceededmuch faster than population growth.14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) Types of mass transportation(B) Instability of urban life(C) How supply and demand determine land use(D) The effects of mass trans- city portation on urban expansion15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT(A) growth in city area(B) separation of commercial and residential districts(C) changes in life in the inner city(D) increasing standards of living.16. The word vast in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban17. The word sparked in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?(A)To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation(D) To contrast their rates of growth19. The word potential in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible20.The word many in line 21 refers to(A) people(B) lots-(C) years(D) developers21.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?(A) It was expensive.(B) It happened too slowly.(C) It was unplanned.(D) It created a demand for public transportation.22.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city(A) that is large(B) that is used as a model for land development(C) where land development exceeded population growth(D) with an excellent mass transportation systemQuestions 23-33The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroy by before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of beingpreserved than did terrestrial creaturesbecause,asmarine animals, they tended to liveinenvironments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilizationrequired a suiteof factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lackof swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairlyrapidburial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black , bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousandsof speciments of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young atHolzmaden when they are sorare elsewhere? The quality of preservation, is almost unmatched and quarry operationshave been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But thesefactors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such aconcentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.23.The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Some species of ichthyoeaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other new born inarine reptiles.(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden lo give birth.24. The word they in line 3 refers to(A) skelectons(3) scavengers(C) creatures(D) environments25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the(A) speed of buring(B) conditions of the water(C) rate at which soft tissues decay(D) cause of death of the animal26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussed in the passage ?(A) They include examples of newly discovered species.(B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens.(C) They are older than fossils found in other places.( D ) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.27. The word outstanding in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent28. The word site in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic29. Why does the author mention the speciment preserved in the birth canal (line 21-22)?(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in their development(B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals30. The word they in line 25 refers to(A) pregnant females and young(B) quarry operations(C) the value of the. fossils(D) these factors31. The phrase account for in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain32. Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs?(A) The first paragraph describes a place which the second paragraph describes a field of study.(B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph(C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph(D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph33. Where in the passage does the author mention the variety of fossils found at holzmaden?(A) Line 1(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 21-23Questions 34-41The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important official examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The President s secretary. Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as,by its course andcommunication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean. . . may offer the most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce.Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed George Rogers Clark, was invited to share the command of the exploring party.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknownregion and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains set out. The date was May 14,1801. Their point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, just across the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. Aftertoiling up the Missouri all summer , the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805. the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idabo. Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River , they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where they stayed until the following spring.Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West -- though not immediately published -- were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?(A)The river systems of portions of North America(B)Certain geological features of the North America(C)An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government(D)The discovery of natural resources in the United States35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to(A)gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest(B)become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West(C)investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West(D)facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent36. The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the(A) Wood(B) Missouri(C) Columbia(D) Mississippi37. According to the passage ,the explorers spent their first winter in what would become(A) North Dakota(B) Missouri(C) Montana(D) Idaho38. The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of the following characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits(B) the weather(C) animal life(D) native vegetation39. The phrase Picking up in line 20 could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) Searching for(B) Following(C) Learning about(D) Lifting40. It can be Inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been(A) of little interest(B) understimated(C) known to native inhabitants of the West(D) unpublished but known to most scientists41. Where in the passage does the author refer to the explorersfailure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 7-9(C) Lines 18-20(D) Lines 23-25Question 42-50For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlike string and wind instruments, the piano is completely self-sufficient ,as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the fa-vorite household instrument of the nineteenth century.The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries-the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord s tone was metallic and never powerful, nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympatheticinstrument for intimate chamber music.The harpsichord with its bright, vigrous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices .The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker inItaly (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument).This instrument was called a piano e forte (soft Mid loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in. the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a BRliquid, singing tone to sharp, percussive brilliance.42. What does the passage mainly discuss ?(A) The historical development of the piano(B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instrument(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions(D) The popularity of the piano with composers43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?(A) The harpsichord(B) The spinet(C) The clavichord(D) The organ44. The words a supremacy in line 9 are closest in meaning to(A ) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development45.The word supplanted in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated46.The word it in line 12 refers to the(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated47.According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile.(B) It lacked variety in tone.(C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound.48.Where in the passage does the author provide a translation?(A) Lines 4-5(B) Lines 13-17(C) Lines 20-22(D) Lines 23-2849. According to the information in the third paragraph , which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?(A) The introduction of pedals(B) The use of heavy wires(C) The use of felt-padded hammerhead s(D) The metal frame construction50. The word myriad in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual BR。

托福阅读真题(最新最全)6页

托福阅读真题(最新最全)6页PASSAGE 37A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its owntechniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The function of the voice in performance(B) The connection between voice and personality(C) Communication styles(D) The production of speech2. What does the author mean by stating that, At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen (lines 9-10)?(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.3. The word Here in line 10 refers to(A) interpersonal interactions(B) the tone(C) ideas and feelings(D) words chosen4. The word derived in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) discussed(B) prepared(C) registered(D) obtained5. Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 17?(A) As examples of public performance(B) As examples of basic styles of communication(C) To contrast them to singing(D) To introduce the idea of self-image6. According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's(A) general physical health(B) personality(C) ability to communicate(D) vocal quality7. According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide(A) hostility(B) shyness(C) friendliness(D) strength8. The word drastically in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) frequently(B) exactly(C) severely(D) easily9. The word evidenced in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) questioned(B) repeated(C) indicated(D) exaggerated10. According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?(A) lethargy(B) depression(C) boredom(D) angerPASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD托福阅读真题2PASSAGE 38During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier like a greatwave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of meltwater might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side. Some 800 years ago, Alaska's Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard's surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If enough surge glaciers reach theocean and raise sea levels, west Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth's albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glacations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the Ice Age.1. What is the main topic of the passage ?(A) The classification of different types of surge glaciers(B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers(C) The definition of a surge glacier(D) The history of a particular surge glacier2. The word intervals in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) records(B) speeds(C) distances(D) periods3. The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a(A) fish(B) wave(C) machine(D) boat4. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible cause of surging glaciers?(A) The decline in sea levels(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves(C) The shifting Antarctic ice shelves(D) The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier5. The word freeing in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) pushing(B) releasing(C) strengthening(D) draining6. According to the passage , the Hubbard Glacier(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier(B) began movement toward the sea in 1895(C) is 800 feet wide(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day7. Yakutat is the name of(A) an Alaskan town(B) the last ice age(C) a surge glacier(D) an Antarctic ice shelf8. The word plunge in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) drop(B) extend(C) melt(D) drift9. The term vicious cycle in line 24 refers to the(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska10. The author provides a definition for which of the following terms?(A) tributary (line 15)(B) ice dam (line 16)(C) albedo (line 25)(D) interglacial(line 26)11. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented.(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge glaciers.(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice shelves.(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earth's climate. PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B。

托福阅读考试真题及答案

托福阅读考试真题及答案托福阅读考试真题及答案情况是在不断地变化，要使自己的.思想适应新的情况，就得学习。

以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福阅读考试真题及答案，希望对正在关注的您有所帮助!During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than byhorses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items —running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 —they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. "Combines" were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.1. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms(C) Farming practices before the Civil War(D) The increase in the number of people farming2. The word "crucial" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) unbelievable(C) important(D) desirable3. The phrase "avail themselves" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) take care(B) make use(C) get rid(D) do more4. According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.(C) It was hoped that harvesting more grain would lower the price of grain.(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.5. The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.(C) The use of farm machinery continued to increase.(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each(A) could perform more than one function(B) required relatively little power to operate(C) was utilized mainly in California(D) required two people to operate7. The word "they" in line 19 refers to(A) grain stalks(B) threshing machines(C) steam engines(D) horses8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers didnot own threshing machines because(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines(C) thresher owner had chance to buy the machines before farmers did(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own9. The word "ponderous" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) advanced(B) heavy(C) complex(D) rapid正确答案： ACBDC ABDB。

1997年5月托福阅读全真试题

1997年5月托福阅读全真试题1997年5月托福阅读全真试题1997年5月托福阅读全真试题question 1-8with robert laurent and william zorach, direct carvingenters into the story of modern sculpture in the united states.direct carving - in which the sculptors themselves carve stoneor wood with mallet and chisel - must be recognized as some-thing more than just a technique. implicit in it is an aestheticprinciple as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beautyand expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. for example, some-times the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests,perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, buteven the subject matter.the technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in which the making of a clay modelwas considered the creative act and the work was then turnedover to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carvedin marble. neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chiselin their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants theyemployed were far better than they were at carving the finishedmarble.with the turn-of-the-century crafts movement and thediscovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden african figures and masks, there arose a new urge forhands-on, personal execution of art and an interactionwith themedium. even as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformisteuropean artists were attempting direct carving. bythe second decade of the twentieth century, americans - laurent and zorach most notably - had adopted it as their primarymeans of working.born in france, robert laurent(1890-1970) was a prodigywho received his education in the united states. in 1905he was sent to paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and inthe years that followed he witnessed the birth of cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of wood-carving from a frame maker.back in new york city by 1910, laurent began carvingpieces such as the priestess, which reveals his fascination withafrican, pre-columbian, and south pacific art. taking awalnutplank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design.it is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in americansculpture. the plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. even its irregular shape must have appealedto laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition thatrequired a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.1. the word "medium" in line 5 could be used to refer to(a) stone or wood(b) mallet and chisel(c) technique(d) principle2. what is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?(a) a sculptor must work with talented assistants.(b) the subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.(c) the material is an important element in a sculpture.(d) designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.(3) the word "dictates" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a) reads aloud(b) determines(c) includes(d) records4. how does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?(a) sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.(b) sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.(c) sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.(d) sculptors receive more formal training.5. the word "witnessed" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(a) influenced(b) studied(c) validated(d) observed6. where did robert laurent learn to carve?(a) new york(b) africa(c) the south pacific(d) paris.7. the phrase "a break with" in line 30 is closest in meaning to(a) a destruction of(b) a departure from(c) a collapse of(d) a solution to8. the piece titled the priestess has all of the following characteristics except:(a) the design is stylized.(b) it is made of marble.(c) the carving is not deep.(d) it depicts the front of a person.question 9-19birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together intoroosts. the reasons for roosting communally are not alwaysobvious, but there are some likely benefits. in winter especially,it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserveprecious food reserves. one way to do this is to find asheltered roost. solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation orenter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground andptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of shelteringis magnified by several birds huddling together in theroosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anisdo. body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the coldair, so the birds keep each other warm. two kinglets huddlingtogether were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarterand three together saved a third of their heat.the second possible benefit of communal roosts is thatthey act as "information centers." during the day, parties ofbirds will have spread out to forage over a very large area.when they return in the evening some will have fed well, butothers may have found little to eat. some investigators haveobserved that when the birds set out again next morning,those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear tofollow those that did. the behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similarbirds with different roosting habits. the common kestrelhunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground,whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects overalarge area. the common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, butthe lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so onebird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roostssince there will always be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. but this increased protection is partiallycounteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators andare especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. even thosein trees can be attacked by birds of prey. the birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catchsmall birds perching at the margins of the roost.9. what does the passage mainly discuss?(a) how birds find and store food.(b) how birds maintain body heat in the winter.(c) why birds need to establish territory.(d) why some species of birds nest together.10. the word "conserve" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a) retain(b) watch(c) locate(d) share11. ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by(a) huddling together on the ground with other birds.(b) building nests in trees.(c) burrowing into dense patches of vegetation(d) digging tunnels into the snow.12. the word "magnified" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(a) caused(b) modified(c) intensified(d) combined13. the author mentions kinglets in line 9 as an example of birds that(a) protect themselves by nesting in holes.(b) nest with other species of birds(c) nest together for warmth(d) usually feed and nest in pairs.14. the word "forage" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(a) fly(b) assemble(c) feed(d) rest15. which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true?(a) the lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.(b) the lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.(c) the common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.(d) the common kestrel nests in trees, the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.16. the word "counteracted" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) suggested(b) negated(c) measured(d) shielded17. which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds that huddle together while sleeping?(a) some members of the flock warm others of impending dangers.(b) staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock.(c) some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are looking for food.(d) several members of the flock care for the young.18. which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the passage?(a) diseases easily spread among the birds.(b) groups are more attractive to predators than individualbirds.(c) food supplies are quickly depleted(d) some birds in the group will attack the others.19.the word "they" in line 25 refers to(a) a few birds(b) mass roosts(c) predators(d) trees.question 20-30before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the united states ate most foods only in season. drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availabilityof fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited;there was no way to prevent spoilage. but in 1810 a french inventor named nicolas appert developed the cooking-and-sealingprocess of canning. and in the 1850's an americannamed gail borden developed a means of condensing andpreservingmilk. canned goods and condensed milk became morecommon during the 1860's, but supplies remained low becausecans had to be made by hand. by 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-producedcans from tinplate. suddenly all kinds of food could bepreserved and bought at all times of the year.other trends and inventions had also helped make it possiblefor americans to vary their daily diets. growing urbanpopulations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetablefarmers to raise more produce. railroad refrigerator carsenabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables greatdistances and to preserve them for longer periods. thus, by the1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern andwestern strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previouslyavailablefor a month at most, for up to six months of the year. inaddition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to storeperishables. an easy means of producing ice commercially hadbeen invented i the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation hadmore than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of whichmade home deliveries. the icebox became a fixture in mosthomes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. somepeople continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starchesor carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. never-theless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achievemore varied fare.20.what does the passage mainly discuss?(a) causes of food spoilage.(b) commercial production of ice(c) inventions that led to changes in the american diet.(d) population movements in the nineteenth century.21.the phrase "in season" in line 2 refers to(a) a kind of weather(b) a particular time of year(c) an official schedule(d) a method of flavoring food.22.the word "prevent" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(a) estimate(b) avoid(c) correct(d) confine23.during the 1860's, canned food products were(a) unavailable in rural areas(b) shipped in refrigerator cars(c) available in limited quantities.(d) a staple part of the american diet.24.it can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use(a) before 1860(b) before 1890(c) after 1900(d) after 192025.the word "them" in line 14 refers to(a) refrigerator cars(b) perishables(c) growers(d) distances26.the word "fixture" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(a) luxury item(b) substance(c) commonplace object(d) mechanical device27.the author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice(a) decreased in number(b) were on an irregular schedule(c) increased in cost(d) occurred only in the summer.28.the word "nevertheless" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) therefore(b) because(c) occasionally(d) however29.which of the following types of food preservation was not mentioned in the passage?(a) drying(b) canning(c) cold storage(d) chemical additives.30.which of the following statements is supported by the passage?(a) tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more widely available.(b) commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners(c) most farmers in the united states raised only fruits and vegetables.(d) people who lived in cities demanded home delivery of foods.question 31-38the ability of falling cats to right themselves in midairand land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages.biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous.newton's laws of motion assume that the total amount of spinof a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it upor slows it down. if a cat has no spin when it is released andexperiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twistaround as it falls.in the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumblingcat resembles a magician's trick. the gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the processis obscured. either the eye must be speeded up, or thefall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed. a centuryago the former was accomplished by means of high-speedphotography using equipment now available in any pharmacy.but in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a fallingcat constituted a scientific experiment.the experiment was described in a paper presented to the paris academy in 1894. two sequences of twenty photographseach, one from the side and one from behind, show awhite cat in the act of righting itself. grainy and quaintthough they are, the photos show that the cat was droppedupside down, with no initial spin, and still landed on its feetcareful analysis of the photos reveals the secret. as the cat rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear and tailcounterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfectaccord with newton's laws. halfway down, the catpulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result. the explanation wasthat while no body can acquire spin without torque, a flexibleone can readily change its orientation, or phase. cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how ithappened until they increased the speed of their perceptions athousandfold.31.what does the passage mainly discuss?(a) the explanation of an interesting phenomenon(b) miracles in modern science(c) procedures in scientific investigation(d) the differences between biology and physics.32.the word "process" in line 10 refers to(a) the righting of a tumbling cat(b) the cat's fall slowed down(c) high-speed photography(d) a scientific experiment33.why are the photographs mentioned in line 16 referred to as an "experiment"?(a) the photographs were not very clear.(b) the purpose of the photographs was to explain the process.(c) the photographer used inferior equipment(d) the photographer thought the cat might be injured.34.which of the following can be inferred about high-speed photography in the late 1800's?(a) it was a relatively new technology.(b) the necessary equipment was easy to obtain.(c) the resulting photographs are difficult to interpret.(d) it was not fast enough to provide new information.35.the word "rotates" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a) drops(b) turns(c) controls(d) touches36.according to the passage, a cat is able to right itself in midair because it is(a) frightened(b) small(c) intelligent(d) flexible37.the word "readily" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) only(b) easily(c) slowly(d) certainly38.how did scientists increase "the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold" (lines 25-26)?(a) by analyzing photographs(b) by observing a white cat in a dark room(c) by dropping a cat from a greater height.(d) by studying newton's laws of motion.question 39-50the changing profile of a city in the united states is apparentin the shifting definitions used by the united states bureau of the census. in 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's "urban" from its "rural" population for the first time. "urban population" was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. but after 1900 it meantpersons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or moreinhabitants.then, in 1950 the census bureau radically changed itsdefinition of "urban" to take account of the new vagueness ofcity boundaries. in addition to persons living in incorporatedunits of 2,500 or more, the census now included those wholived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all personsliving in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incor-porated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. each such unit, conceived as anintegrated economic and social unit with a large populationnucleus, was named a standard metropolitan statistical area(smsa).each smsa would contain at least (a) one central citywith 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities havingshared boundaries and constituting, for general economic andsocial purposes, a single community with a combined populationof at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a populationof at least 15,000. such an area included the county inwhich the central city is located, and adjacent counties that arefound to be metropolitan in character and economically andsocially integrated with the country of the central city. by 1970,about two-thirds of the population of the united states wasliving in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more thanhalf were living outside the central cities.while the census bureau and the united states governmentused the term smsa (by 1969 there were 233 of them),social scientists were also using new terms to describethe elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what usedto be simple "town" and "cities". a host of terms came into use: "metropolitan regions", "polynucleated populationgroups", "conurbations", "metropolitan clusters","megalopolises", and so on.39.what does the passage mainly discuss?(a) how cities in the united states began and developed(b) solutions to overcrowding in cities(c) the changing definition of an urban area(d) how the united states census bureau conducts a census40.according to the passage, the population of the united states was first classified as rural or urban in(a) 1870(b) 1900(c) 1950(d) 197041.the word "distinguished" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a) differentiated(b) removed(c) honored(d) protected42.prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defines as urban?(a) 2,500(b) 8,000(c) 15,000(d) 50,00043.according to the passage, why did the census bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?(a) city borders had become less distinct.(b) cities had undergone radical social change(c) elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.(d) new businesses had relocated to larger cities.44.the word "those" in line 9 refers to(a) boundaries(b) persons(c) units(d) areas45.the word "constituting" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(a) located near(b) determine by(c) calling for(d) marking up46.the word "which" in line 18 refers to a smaller(a) population(b) city(c) character(d) figure47.which of the following is not true of an smsa?(a) it has a population of at least 50,000(b) it can include a city's outlying regions(c) it can include unincorporated regions(d) it consists of at least two cities.48.by 1970, what proportion of the population in the united states did not live in an smsa?(a) 3/4(b) 2/3(c) 1/2(d) 1/349.the census bureau first used the term "smsa" in(a) 1900(b) 1950(c) 1969(d) 197050.where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an urban area?(a) lines 4-5(b) lines 7-8(c) lines 21-23(d) lines 27-29.1997年5月托福阅读全真试题相关内容:。

托福阅读真题

托福阅读真题关于托福阅读部分的考试，大家在备考的时候，也要更多的进行真题的演练。

那么关于以往考过的文章内容，大家也可以多了解一下，这样有助于我们更好地来理解相关的内容。

因此我在这里为大家汇总了相关的题目，供大家参照。

托福考试日期：2018年11月17日托福考试内容回忆：第一段讲述了地震龙是最大的恐龙，有长脖子和长尾巴，所以可能是居住在水里的，它的长尾巴是为了游泳，长脖子是能把它的头从水里抬起来，头顶的气孔就像潜水艇的瞭望镜一样能让他呼吸且完全沉入水中。

第二段又讲述另一个观点，认为地震龙不能够生活在水中，首先水中压力特别大，除非它的肌肉非常发达，才干使它在水下呼吸。

同时它的头骨和河马不同反而更像大象，所以也说明地震龙不能再水中生活。

第三段说地震龙的长脖子可能和长颈鹿一样，是为了使它吃到高出的植物，而且依据发现的化石，它的腿骨足够强壮，能支撑它再陆地上行走。

第四段是通过计算器建模，比较了好几种地震龙的颈部能力，以说明其能够再陆地上生活。

2托福阅读真题二托福考试日期：2018年11月11日托福考试内容回忆：景德镇的陶瓷的历史2018.7.7主要讲述瓷器为什么在景德镇能够快速发展，并且在元代，在此设立了官窑，同时民窑也兴起，达到了精细分工的、多流程步骤的、大规模生产。

而且元代统辖区域广泛，使得西亚和中东的颜料和〔制定〕图案都能够流入中原，所以景德镇生产出来的瓷器具有多文明要素的融合，便于出口销往西亚甚至欧美。

3托福阅读真题三托福考试日期：2018年11月17日托福考试内容回忆：文章主要讲述在古罗马帝国交通系统的发展和交通关于罗马帝国的影响。

主要从两个方面来阐述：一是陆上交通，主要以马和牛拉的车为主，目的是三个：连接各个地区，运送不同物质到前线，方便税收。

同时也说了陆上交通关于长途交通而言成本过大，主要是拉车的牲畜必须要粮草，所以关于私人商人而言无法负担。

第二段说的是海上交通，相对陆上交通而言，海上交通更为危险，行驶的路途也更为长，但同时也更为便宜，因为主要是以风来驱动航船，同时海上交通也为罗马帝国的形成提供了很大的助力。

托福阅读全真试题·资格考试

TOEFL全真试题

托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)

1月托福考试阅读理解全真试题

2023年托福阅读全真试题

托福全真试题

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题

托福阅读真题汇总

全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)

2023年托福考试阅读部分答案解析

托福全真试题

11月15日托福阅读真题(新东方版)

TOEFL全真试题阅读部分

托福阅读真题(最新最全)6页

最新托福考试阅读试题及答案

托福阅读考试真题及答案

1997年5月托福阅读全真试题

托福阅读真题