Exercise 12 国际贸易-Key

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国际贸易 Sec12

多边主义、区域主义、单边主义
图12.3 上报WTO/GATT的区域自由贸易协定数目, 1949 -1998
数据来源：WTO (世界贸易组织)
单边主义(unilateralism)
指举足轻重的特定大国，不考虑大多数国家和民众的愿望，单独或带头退出或挑战已制订或商议好了的维护国际性、地区性、集体性和平、发展、进步的规则和制度，并对全局或局部的和平、发展、进步有破坏性的影响和后果的行为与倾向。单边主义的本质是无视甚至破坏现有的集体性的规则和制度。
自由贸易区其他好处
自由贸易区增加了区域内的竞争，并且降低了价格从而导致福利的增加
自由贸易区增加了区域内的竞争，从而降低了生产的成本自由贸易区增加了市场的规模，使得规模经济成为可能自由贸易区将增加对区域内的投资
区域经济一体化是当前世界经济发展的重要潮流。各国签订各种区域贸易协定本质上是基于区域经济一体化中贸易创造与贸易转移效果带来的经济持续发展效果。区域经济一体化的一个重要特征，是在区域成员国之间，相互取消商品贸易的障碍，而降低关税和减少非关税壁垒，导致产生贸易创造效应。事实上，区域经济合作不但不能阻止贸易保护主义，相反，有形与无形的保护主义在衍生着，种种保障措施、反倾销措施、反补贴措施、绿色贸易壁垒、技术贸易壁垒不断增加，随着自由贸易区的增加和扩大，产品由向一国出口转而向另一国出口的现象十分常见，成为国际贸易中的一种常态，影响到一国的出口和整个国际经济秩序和国际贸易自由化的目标。
欧洲经济一体化对经济贸易的可能影响
1、对商品市场的影响。 “贸易创造”部分来自专业化分工和比较优势的发挥，另一部分来自市场扩大带来的“规模经济”。 “贸易转移”是一些非成员国产品仍有关税和非关税壁垒而失去竞争能力，不得不退出欧盟市场。 2、劳动力和资本市场所受影响。劳动力和资本作为特殊商品也有“贸易创造”和 “贸易转移”：欧盟内的资本和劳动力会通过自由流动而获得更有效合理的利用；另外，非成员国的劳动力和资本可能会在某种程度上失去竞争优势而被排挤出欧走共同体市场。

国际贸易术语精选全文

Sea and inland waterway transport. FOB, CFR,CIF (装运港交货的常用术语） Any mode or multi-mode transport FCA, CPT, CIP
Free on Board(…named port of shipment) 船上交货（…指定装运港）
计价单位
Price per Measurement terms
unit
unit
贸易术语
单价金额计量单位
Price= cost+ expense+ profit 价格=成本+费用+利润
HKD USD
国国际际货物货物贸易价格表述
贸易价格表述
30.00 PER CARTON FOB vessel SHANGHAI incoterms®2010
的D组的结构及其贸易术语的含义改动较
大，但是没有对INCOTERMS 2000 中的E组
、F组和C组的结构及其贸易术语含义进行大的修改。
Section Three Six Main Trade Terms in Incoterms 2010
In international trade, of 11 trade terms, FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT AND CIP are the most important.
1. sea and inland waterway transportation,
2. any mode or multimode of transportation
Section One Components of Trade Terms
1)Types of Currency 计价货币 2) Price Per Unit 单位价格 3) Measurement Unit 计价数量单位 4) Trade Terms 贸易术语

2024版年度全新国际贸易理论与实务重点笔记

笔记•国际贸易概述•国际贸易理论基础•国际贸易政策与措施•国际贸易实务操作指南目•跨境电子商务发展现状及趋势分析•国际贸易风险防范与应对策略录国际贸易概述01国际贸易定义与分类国际贸易定义指不同国家或地区之间进行的商品和劳务的交换活动，包括进口和出口两个部分。

国际贸易分类根据商品形态，可分为有形贸易和无形贸易；根据贸易方式，可分为直接贸易、间接贸易和转口贸易等。

03现代国际贸易以全球化、自由化为特征，国际贸易在全球范围内蓬勃发展，成为推动世界经济增长的重要力量。

01古代国际贸易以丝绸之路为代表，通过陆路和海路进行贸易往来。

02近代国际贸易以工业革命为契机，国际贸易规模逐渐扩大，贸易方式也更加多样化。

国际贸易发展历程国际贸易重要性及影响重要性国际贸易是促进世界各国经济发展的重要手段，能够优化资源配置、提高生产效率、推动技术创新等。

影响国际贸易对参与国家的经济、政治、文化等方面都产生深远影响，包括促进经济增长、增加就业机会、提高人民生活水平、推动文化交流等。

同时，国际贸易也存在一些挑战和问题，如贸易保护主义、贸易摩擦、贸易不平衡等。

国际贸易理论基础02绝对优势概念指一个国家在生产某种产品时，所消耗的劳动成本绝对低于另一个国家，具有更高的生产效率。

亚当·斯密观点亚当·斯密在《国富论》中提出，各国应专注于生产具有绝对优势的产品，并通过国际贸易进行交换，从而增加各国的总体福利。

局限性绝对优势理论无法解释一个国家在所有产品上都不具有绝对优势时，如何进行国际贸易。

比较优势概念指一个国家在生产某种产品时，相对于其他国家而言，所放弃的其他产品生产相对较少，即具有相对较高的生产效率。

大卫·李嘉图观点大卫·李嘉图在《政治经济学及赋税原理》中提出，即使一个国家在所有产品上都不具有绝对优势，但只要具有比较优势，就可以通过国际贸易获得利益。

比较优势来源包括技术差异、资源禀赋差异、规模经济等。

国际贸易词汇+口译练习

国际贸易District/Local Council 地方议会Executive council 咨询会议/参政会the Congress 美国国会the Senate 美国参议院the House of Representatives 美国众议院the Parliament 英国国会the House of Commons 英国下院the House of Lords 英国上院International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织Council for Trade in Goods (CTG) 货币贸易理事会ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) 东盟自由贸易区North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) 北美自由贸易区European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 欧洲自由贸易联盟China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) 中美商贸联委会United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)联合国贸易与发展会议headquarter/ head office 总公司/总部manufacturer 生产商/制造商distribution channel 分销渠道market 营销wholesaler 批发商subsidiary 子公司supplier 供应商distributor 分销商promotion 促销retailer 零售商branch 分公司dealer 经销商agency 代理机构/经销行acquisition 收购merger and acquisition (M&A) 并购take over 接管/接收leveraged buyout 融资收购company restructuring 企业重组assets reorganization资产重组discount 贴现bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy proceedings破产程序liquidation 破产清算inland /home /domestic trade 国内贸易foreign trade, /external trade 对外贸易exporter/importer license 出/进口许可证international trade 国际贸易blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同inquiry 询盘counter offer 还盘make a complete entry 正式/完整申报offer 发盘acceptance 接受blank endorsed 空白背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据customs clearance 结关carrier 承运人shipper order 托运单condemned goods 有问题的货物中欧工商峰会China-EU Business SummitConference多指较大型的会议Workshop是泛指较小型，但互动性较高的会议Symposium专指特殊学术讨论的集会Congress基本特点是由专属国家的，政府或非政府组织的代表或委员参加Convention是一种例行会议，大量聚集人群讨论其组织和政团事务Forum论坛实际上是一种公众集会，在那里人们交换思想，讨论问题，特别是重要的公众问题。

国际贸易51544【范本模板】

Assignment 1Due date: May 7, 2014Section I Multiple choice questions （20 marks)1.。

Which of the following is true of consumer surplus？A. I t is graphically represented as the area under the equilibrium price and abovethe supply curve of a good.B 。

It is the net gain in economic well-being associated with producing and selling the equilibrium quantity of a good。

C. I t is used to measure the impact of a change in price on the economicwell—being of the producers.D. I t is the difference between the value that one places on a good and the pricepaid for the good。

2。

Refer to Figure 2.1 below. At a price of $70，the consumer surplus equalsA. $6,000，000。

B。

$8,000,000.C 。

＄5,000，000.D 。

＄10，000,000.1/ 142 / 143。

Refer to Figure 2.1.above. At a price of $70, the producer surplus equals ： A 。

$6,000,000. B. $8，000,000。

C 。

国际贸易英语知识点总结

国际贸易英语知识点总结一、国际贸易术语（Incoterms）1. FOB (Free on Board)- 含义：卖方在指定的装运港将货物装上买方指定的船只后，卖方即完成交货义务。

风险在货物越过船舷时转移给买方。

- 示例：We offer the goods FOB Shanghai.（我们提供上海港船上交货价的货物。

）- 相关费用：卖方负责将货物运至装运港船上之前的一切费用，包括国内运输、装卸等费用；买方负责从装运港到目的港的运费、保险费等。

2. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责支付货物成本、保险费和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。

- 示例：The price is quoted CIF New York.（价格报的是纽约港到岸价。

）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物到达目的港之前的成本、保险费和运费；买方负责卸货后的费用，如进口关税等。

风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。

3. CFR (Cost and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责货物成本和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。

与CIF相比，不包含保险费。

- 示例：We can supply the goods CFR London.（我们可以供应伦敦港成本加运费价的货物。

）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物运至目的港的成本和运费，买方负责保险费及卸货后的费用。

风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。

二、商务信函写作。

1. 信头（Letterhead）- 包含公司名称、地址、联系方式（电话、传真、电子邮箱等）。

- 例如：ABC Company.123 Main Street, New York, NY 10001.Tel: +1 - 212 - 1234567.Fax: +1 - 212 - 1234568.Email:*******************.2. 称呼（Salutation）- 如果知道对方姓名，用“Dear Mr./Ms. + 姓氏”，如“Dear Mr. Smith”；如果不知道具体姓名，可用“Dear Sir/Madam”或者“To Whom It May Concern”。

国际贸易基础理论知识

国际贸易基础理论知识一.常见术语集锦CI: 商业发票（commercial invoice）PL: 装箱单(packing list)CO: 原产地证明(certificate of origin)BL: 海运提单(bill of loading)SO: 装货单/装船命令(shipping order)CIQ: 中国出入境检验检疫局(China Inspection & Quarantine Bureau)SAFE: 外管局(State Administration of Foreign Exchange)L/C: 信用证(letter of credict )sellling offer 销售发盘buying offer 购买发盘firm offer 实盘non—firm offer 虚盘quote 报价offerer 报盘人offeree 受盘人validity 有效性applicant/ opener开证申请人issuing / opening bank开证银行advising bank通知行negotiating bank议付银行bill of exchange/draft 汇票promissoty note 本票check 支票issuanance 出票endorsement / endorse 背书presentment / present 提示discount 贴现accepatance 承兑payment 付款protest 拒付drawer出票人payee收款人payer/drawer 受票人instrument of payment支付工具dishonor and recourse 拒付和追索at maturity到期日the certificate of protest 拒付证书Notary Public 法定公证人profit and loss ratio in export出口盈亏率USP: 独特卖点（unique selling point）FPA: 平安险(free from,particular average) WPA:水渍险(with particular average)All risks:一切险additional risks附加险general additional risks 一般附加险special additional risks 特殊附加险remittace 汇付remitter汇款人（buyer）remitting bank 汇出行（buyer’s bank）paying bank汇入行(seller’s bank) payee /beneficiary收款人(seller)M/T : 信汇(mail transfer)T/T : 电汇(telegraphic transfer)D/D : 票汇(banker’s demand draft) drawer/principal 委托人drawee 受票人remitting bank 托收行collecting bank代收行collection 托收clean collection 光票托收documentary collection 跟单托收documentary against payment 付款交单documentary against acceptance 承兑交单doucument单证stipulation规定deposit 定金balance余额contents目录sample 样品catalogue产品目录bank guarantee银行保函insurance amount保险金额premium rate保险费率addition rate投保加成率insure r 保险人(指保险公司) warehouse仓库permises工厂retailer零售商supplier供应商manufacturer 制造商seller/exporter卖方/出口商buyer/inporter买方/进口商carrier 承运人stoc k 库存discrepancy不符点enclose随信附上by separate mail另邮by air mail航空邮寄negotiation 议付procure获得margin选品trade销量duty税收free免责claim索赔load 装货departure发货unload卸货arrival货到cost成本expenses 费用profit利润interest垫款利息premium保费trade terms贸易术语freight/carriage运费dead freight空仓费demurrage滞期费dispatch mone y 速遣费storage/warehousing charges仓储费custody fee 保管费packing charges 包装费port charges港杂费certification charges认证费insurance premium保险费inspection charges商检费banking charges银行费用freight charges出口运费operating charges业务费用inland transport charges国内运输费loading charges装船费unloading charges卸货费duties and taxes 捐税loading expenses装货港port of shipment装运港transportation contract 运输合同shippping line航运合同charterparty 租船合同passing point of risk风险转移点export clearance出口清关import clearance进口清关symbolic delivery象征性交货physical delivery 实际交货take delivery 提货，收货make payment支付export license 出口许可证inport license 进口许可证selling leads 销售需求buying leads购买需求customs declaration报关policy regulation政策条款lead time 装运期place of delivery交货地点named place 指定地点named place of destination 指定目的地main carriage unpaid主要运费未付main carriage paid主要运费已付named port of shipment 指定装运港named port of destination 指定目的港foreign exchange/currency外汇foreign exchange rate汇率urging/remiding the opening of L/C 催证open/issue an L/C 开证examning L/C 审证amending L/C 改证preparing goods for shipment 备货chartering a vessel 租船booking shipping/liner space 订舱shipping mark 装运标志shipping advice装运通知effecting insurance 投保/办理保险customs clearance 清关customs formalities海关手续going through customs formality办理海关inspection application to CIQ 报检applying for commodity inspection 报检making documents for settlement of foreign exchange制单结汇making document for bank negotiation制单结汇means of transport 运输方式all and inland waterway transport multimodal 任何运输方式包括多式联运sea and inland waterway transport only 仅限水上运输commission佣金plain commission明佣secert commission暗佣buying rate 买入价selling rate 卖出价bulk cargo散装货nude cargo裸装货selling packing销售包装transport packing运输包装liner transport班轮运输charter transport租船运输voyage charter程租船time charter 期租船bareboat charter 光船租船lay days 许可装卸期限free in and out卸船费船方负责cubic mete r 立方米basic freight rate 基本费用surcharge s 附加费用tare皮重net weigh t 净重gross weigh t 毛重metric ton 公吨weight ton运费吨measurement ton尺码吨W/M or Ad Val重量吨，尺码吨或从价计费二.出口贸易流程1. Preparation for export 出口前准备国际贸易市场调查(market research)生产货源可行性研究(feasibility research)制定出口计划(formulate export plans)准备商品与注明商标(preparing commodity register trade mark)2. Business Negotiation 交易磋商与合同签订a)询盘Inquiry/Enquiry b)发盘Offerc)还盘counter offer d)接受acceptance1)To apply for export license 申请出口信用证2)Reminding, Examing and Amending L/C 催/审/改证3)Preparing goods for shipment 备货4)Chartering and booking shipping space 租船订舱5)Applying for commodity inspection 报检6)Effecting insurance 办理保险7)Going through customs formality 报关8)Sending the shipping advice to the buyer 发通知给买家9)Preparing documents for bank negotiation 制单结汇10)Verification & export tax rebate declaration 核销退税◆Conciliation 调解◆Arbitration 仲裁◆Litigation 诉讼三.进口贸易流程3. Implematation of contract 合同履行 2. Business Negotiation 交易磋商enquiry 询盘 offer 发盘 counter offer 还盘 acceptance 接受四. 11大贸易术语EXW 工厂交货 (Ex Works) FCA 货交承运人 (Free Carrier)FAS 装运港船边交货 (Free Alongside Ship) FOB 装运港船上交货 (Free On Board) CFR 成本加运费 (Cost and FReight)CIF 成本，保险加运费 (Cost, Insurance and Freight) CPT 运费付至…… (Carriage Paid To)CIP 运保费付至…… (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) DAT 终点站交货 (Delivered At Terminal) DAP 指定地点交货 (Delivered At Place)DDP 完税后交货 (Delivered Duty Paid )1. Preparation for import 进口前准备●To formulate import plan for a certain commodity ●To comduct market investigation ●To apply for,the,import license贸易术语之间的联系：CIF＝FOB＋I＋FCFR＝CIF－F贸易术语FOB的变形：五.价格条款的中文表述1)组成部分：一般是由计量单位，单位价格金额，计量货币名称和贸易术语组成货币缩写：六.佣金●价格条款的佣金表达①USD 1000 per M/T CFR Seattle including 2% commission.②USD 1000 per M/T CFRC 2% Seattle.③USD 1000 per M/T CFRC2 Seattle.●计算佣金额＝含佣价×佣金率（Commission＝C-inclusive price ×Commission rate）净价＝含佣价－佣金额＝含佣价×（1－佣金率）Net price＝C-inclusive price－Commission=C-inclusive price ×（1-Commission rate）含佣价＝净价÷（1-佣金率）C-inclusive price＝Net price ÷（1-Commission rate）。

1key

《国际贸易》模拟（一）答案一、名词解释1.转口贸易是指货物生产国与消费国之间，或货物供给国与需求国之间，经由第三国贸易商分别签订进口合同和出口合同所进行的贸易。

2.对外贸易依存度又称对外贸易系数，指一个国家或地区进出口总值在国内生产总值中的比重。

分出口依存度和进口依存度。

3.国际分工指世界各国之间的劳动分工。

它是社会分工发展到一定历史阶段，国民经济内部分工超越国家界限而形成的国家间的分工。

4、普惠税是发达国家向发展中国家或地区的出口商品(尤其是制成品或半制成品)提供的一种普遍的、非歧视性的和非互惠的优惠关税待遇制度。

5、出口买方信贷指外贸银行和商业银行直接向进口商或进口商所在国的银行或政府部门发放贷款，指定贷款应购买发放贷款国家的商品。

二、判断题1X 2.X 3.X 4.√ 5.X 6. √ 7. √ 8. √ 9.X 10. √ 11. √ 12.X三、单选1.C2.C3.A4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B四、多选1.ABCE2.ADE3.ABC4.ABCD5.ACD6.ABCD7.ABDE8.ACD五、计算题1.（1）本国生产一单位葡萄酒的劳动投入为外国的（1/5）/（1/2）＝2/5；而生产一单位布的劳动投入为外国的1/2；显然，生产1单位葡萄酒的劳动投入小于生产布的劳动投入，因此，本国在生产葡萄酒上具有比较优势。

（2）本国5单位葡萄酒的劳动投入为 5*1/5＝1，只能生产1单位布，而通过交换可换回3单位，因此，本国贸易得益为2单位布。

外国3单位布需要劳动投入为2*3＝6，可生产6/（1/2）＝12单位葡萄酒，而只换回5单位，因此亏损7单位葡萄酒。

2.（1）15*（1+50％）＝22.5万 5*（1+25％）＝6.25万ERP＝V’-V/V*100%=(22.5-6.25-(15-5))/(15-5)=62.5%(2) 5*(1+60%)=8万ERP＝V’-V/V*100%=（22.5－8－（15－5））/（15－5）＝45％（3）制成品关税税率高于其投入品的关税税率，能使有效保护率高于名义保护率；但当投入品关税税率高于制成品的税率，关税不能为本国提供有效的保护。

国际贸易实务英文版课后练习题含答案

国际贸易实务英文版课后练习题含答案Exercise 11.What is the difference between import and export? three commonly traded goods in international trade.3.What are trade barriers?4.List three advantages of international trade.5.What is the WTO and what is its purpose?Answers:1.Import refers to the purchase of goods or services fromanother country while export refers to the sale of goods orservices to another country.2.Examples of commonly traded goods in international tradeinclude oil, automobiles, and electronics.3.Trade barriers are government policies or regulations thatrestrict international trade, such as tariffs, quotas, andembargoes.4.Advantages of international trade include increased economicgrowth, access to a wider range of goods and services, andincreased competition which can lead to lower prices.5.The WTO, or World Trade Organization, is an internationalorganization that regulates and promotes international trade among member countries. Its purpose is to ensure that trade flowssmoothly, predictably, and freely as possible.Exercise 21.What is the difference between an open economy and a closedeconomy?2.What is a balance of trade? three factors that can influence a country’s balanceof trade.4.What is a trade deficit?5.What are the consequences of a trade deficit?Answers:1.An open economy is one that engages in international tradeand allows foreign investment while a closed economy is one that does not engage in international trade or allow foreign investment.2.Balance of trade refers to the difference between acountry’s exports and its imports during a specific time period.3.Factors that can influence a country’s balance of tradeinclude political stability, currency exchange rates, and trade policies such as tariffs and subsidies.4.A trade deficit occ urs when a country’s imports exceed itsexports.5.The consequences of a trade deficit can include a decreasein a country’s currency value, increased borrowing from foreign countries, and a loss of jobs in the domestic economy.Exercise 31.What is the difference between absolute advantage andcomparative advantage?2.Give an example of a country that has an absolute advantagein producing a specific good.3.What is the basis for comparative advantage?4.Expln the concept of opportunity cost and how it relates tocomparative advantage.5.How can a country benefit from specializing in theproduction of goods in which it has a comparative advantage? Answers:1.Absolute advantage exists when a country can produce a goodmore efficiently than another country while comparative advantage exists when a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country.2.For example, Saudi Arabia has an absolute advantage inproducing oil due to its abundance of natural resources andadvanced technology.3.The basis for comparative advantage is the idea thatcountries should specialize in producing goods in which they havea lower opportunity cost compared to other goods.4.Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next bestalternative that is given up in order to pursue a particularaction. It relates to comparative advantage because a countryshould produce the goods in which it has a comparative advantage and trade for goods in which it does not have a comparativeadvantage.5.A country can benefit from specializing in the production ofgoods in which it has a comparative advantage by increasingefficiency and productivity, leading to lower costs and increased competitiveness in international trade.。

国际贸易实务英语词汇

《国际贸易实务英语》课后答案Exercise (P.8)Ⅰ保护主义protectionism 国内市场domestic market干涉interference 直接投资direct investment限制restriction 首先提出first voiced by...支配dominate 重商主义mercantilism消费consume 货币输出outflow of currency货币currency 证券投资portfolio investmentExercise (P.18)Ⅰ⑴绝对优势理论⑵比较优势学说⑶国际劳动分工⑷要素禀赋理论⑸土地密集型产品⑹劳动密集型产品⑺资本密集型产品⑻获得优势⑼天然优势⑽文化要素差异Exercise (P.27)Ⅰ MTO Multilateral Trading OrganizationMFN Most Favored NationGSP Generalized System of PreferenceLDC less developed countriesUNCTED United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentGA TT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeWTO World Trade OrganizationEC European CommunityExercise (P.35)Ⅰ禁止性关税prohibitive tariff 增值税value added tax 调节性关税regulatory tariff 按价税ad valorem tariff保护性关税protective tariff 完税价dutiable price报复性关税retaliatory tariff 零售价retail price反补贴关税countervailing tariff 批发价wholesale price惩罚性征税punitive tax 许可证license特别提款权Special Drawing Right 隐性的clandestine财政关税revenue tariff 非关税贸易壁垒non-tariff barriers 政府采购government procurement 协调coordination幼稚产业infant industry 估价customs valuationExercise (P.44)Ⅰ外汇留成foreign currency retention 免税tariff exemption 优惠条件preferential condition 监督monitor出口信贷export credit 证书certificate直接交货direct consignment 普惠制Generalized System of Preference 关税同盟tariff union 施惠国preference-giving country经济同盟economic union 受惠国preference-receiving country共同市场common market 缔约国signatory nation原产地原则principle of the place of origin关税区tariff region自由贸易区free trade zone区域经济一体化regional economic integration国际金融市场international financial market国家商检局及其下属单位National Commercial Inspection Bureau and its subordinatesExercise (P.64)Ⅰ⑴允许公差⑵质量公差⑶可变范围⑷灵活性⑸鸭绒含量Exercise (P.76)Ⅰ毛重gross weight 价格波动price fluctuation净重net weight 约定皮重computed tare公量conditioned weight 单位重量unit weight含水量moisture content 习惯皮重customary tare净净重net net weight 理论重量theoretical weight实际重量real tare 溢短装条款more or less clause平均皮重average tare 跟单信用证统一惯例UCP for documentary credit 法定重量legal weightExercise (P.83)Ⅰ nude cargo 裸装货unit outer packing 单体运输包装bulk cargo 散装货assemblage out packing 集体运输包装packed cargo 包装货packing for transportation 运输包装carboy 坛子flexible container 集装袋case 箱gunny bag 麻袋crate柳条/板箱bundle 捆pallet 托盘bale 包transit areas 转运区域drum 桶cask 桶bomb 铁罐Exercise (P.91)Ⅰ stencil 模印identification 识别initials 姓名首字母indicative marks 指示性标志consignee 收件人insurance document 保险单据invoice 发票geometric figure 几何图形transshipment 转运verification 核实/确认abbreviation 简称OCP 陆路共同点UPC 通用产品代码dimension 尺寸specified brand 指定品牌corrosive 腐蚀性radioactive 放射性combustible 易燃品Exercise (P.119)Ⅳ⑴未明确货币（改正如：US$3.50）⑵未明确货币（改正如：Sterling ₤300）⑶未明确单位重量（改正如：per m/t）⑷未明确折扣百分比; 并需明确贸易术语（改正如：less 1% discount）⑸正确Exercise (P.137)Ⅰ油轮oil tanker 定程租船voyage charter载驳轮lighter aboard ship 定期租船time charter滚装船roll on/roll off ship 光船租船demise charter船期表sailing schedule 租船合同charter party重量吨weight ton 从价计征charged by ad valerom尺码吨measurement ton 燃油附加费bunker adjustment factor滞期费demurrage 班轮运价表liner's freight tariff速遣费dispatch money 理舱和平舱stowing and trimming货币贬值附加费currency adjustment factor 装船附加费transshipment surcharge港口拥挤附加费port congestion surcharge 装卸loading and unloadingExercise (P.150)Ⅰ航空运单air waybill 直接提单direct B/L备运提单received for shipment B/L 转运提单transshipment B/L可流通的negotiable 运费到付freight to collect空白背书blank endorsement 正本original略式提单short form B/L 收货人consignee联运提单through B/L 托运人shipper/consignor成组提单groupage B/L 全式提单long form B/L指示提单order B/L 已装船提单on board B/L清洁提单clean B/L 联合运输提单combined transport B/L记名背书special endorsement 多式联运单据multi-modal transport documents。

外贸英语函电答案全

Key to exercisesKey to Unit 1I. Answer the following questions.1. The essential 7C’s in commercial English correspondence are clearness，conciseness，courtesy，consideration，completeness，concreteness，correctness.2. If a letter show impoliteness, it cannot achieve the purpose of writing. More serious consequences will be that it may offend the recipient and damage the established business relations. The courteous writer should be sincere and tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. Another important thing is promptness.3. If conciseness conflicts with courtesy, then make a little sacrifice of conciseness. Generally speaking, you will gain in clearness and conciseness by writing short sentences rather than long ones.4. A business letter consists of eleven principal parts:(1) the letter-head (including the date)(2) the inside name and address(3) the salutation(4) the subject heading or caption(5) the opening sentences(6) the body of letter(7) the closing sentences(8) the complimentary close(9) the wr iter’s signature and official position(10) the enclosure(11) the postscript5. Envelopes must have the accuracy, accessibility and good appearance.Ⅱ. Translation the following paragraphs into Chinese.国际贸易带来了更高效率的生产和世界产量的增加，从而使国家（或个人）可以消费更大和更多样化的商品组合。

人大国际贸易原理与实务第十二章精品PPT课件

国际贸易原理与实务
(二)汇款方式的主要当事人
❖ 汇款人 ❖ 汇出行 ❖ 汇入行 ❖ 收款人
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国际贸易原理与实务
(三)汇款方式的业务流程
❖ 汇款人向汇出行提交汇款申请书、所汇款项及相关费用； ❖ 汇出行向汇入行发出解付汇款的指令； ❖ 汇入行通知收贸易原理与实务
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国际贸易原理与实务
二、汇款方式
（一）概念：
汇款是一种顺汇方式，是银行(汇出行)应汇款人 (债务人)的要求，以一定的方式将一定的金额，通过其国外联行或代理行作为付款银行(汇入行)，付给收款人(债权人)的一种结算方式。汇款方式可用于贸易结算，也可用于非贸易结算。
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国际贸易原理与实务
第一节结算工具
一、汇票
（一）定义：
汇票(Bill of Exchange)是一人向另一人签发的，要求即期或定期或在可以确定的将来的时间，对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件书面支付委托。
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国际贸易原理与实务
(二)汇票的必要项目
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国际贸易原理与实务
(四)汇票的主要当事人及其权利责任
❖ 出票人 ❖ 付款人 ❖ 收款人 ❖ 背书人 ❖ 被背书人
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国际贸易原理与实务
二、本票
（一）定义：
本票是一人向另一人签发的，承诺即期或定期或在可以确定的将来时间无条件支付一定金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。
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(四)托收方式的种类
❖ 光票托收
❖ 跟单托收
承兑交单付款交单：分为即期付款交单和远期付款交单

国际贸易关键名词英语

国际贸易关键名词英语International Trade Key Terms in EnglishTrade is a fundamental aspect of the global economy, enabling the exchange of goods and services between countries and regions. Understanding the key terms and concepts related to international trade is crucial for businesses, policymakers, and individuals to navigate the complex landscape of global commerce. In this essay, we will explore some of the essential terms and their significance in the context of international trade.One of the most fundamental concepts in international trade is the balance of trade, which refers to the difference between a country's exports and imports. A positive balance of trade, also known as a trade surplus, occurs when a country's exports exceed its imports, while a negative balance of trade, or trade deficit, arises when a country's imports are greater than its exports. The balance of trade is an important indicator of a country's economic performance and can influence its currency exchange rates, foreign investment, and overall economic policies.Another key term in international trade is tariff, which is a tax or dutyimposed on imported goods. Tariffs are often used by governments to protect domestic industries from foreign competition, to generate revenue, or to retaliate against trade practices of other countries. Tariffs can take various forms, such as ad valorem tariffs (based on the value of the imported goods), specific tariffs (based on the quantity or weight of the imported goods), or compound tariffs (a combination of ad valorem and specific tariffs).Closely related to tariffs is the concept of non-tariff barriers (NTBs), which are policy measures other than tariffs that restrict or distort international trade. NTBs can include quotas, licensing requirements, technical standards, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and other administrative procedures. These barriers can be used to protect domestic industries or to address legitimate concerns, such as consumer safety or environmental protection, but they can also be used as protectionist measures.Another important term in international trade is exchange rate, which is the value of one currency in relation to another. Exchange rates can be fixed (determined by the government) or floating (determined by market forces of supply and demand). Exchange rate fluctuations can have significant impacts on the competitiveness of a country's exports and the cost of its imports, as well as on the investment and financial flows between countries.The concept of comparative advantage is also crucial in international trade. Comparative advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country. Countries tend to specialize in and export the goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage, while importing the goods and services in which they have a comparative disadvantage. This specialization and trade can lead to greater overall economic efficiency and higher living standards for all participating countries.Another key term in international trade is foreign direct investment (FDI), which refers to the investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country. FDI can take the form of establishing a new business, acquiring an existing one, or expanding operations in a foreign country. FDI can bring benefits such as technology transfer, job creation, and access to new markets, but it can also raise concerns about the potential for exploitation or loss of domestic control.The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a crucial institution in the global trading system. The WTO is an international organization that sets the rules and regulations for international trade, and it plays a key role in facilitating trade negotiations, resolving trade disputes, and promoting free trade. Membership in the WTO can provide countries with access to larger markets, increased investment, and the opportunity to participate in the global trading system.Another important term in international trade is supply chain, which refers to the network of organizations, resources, and activities involved in the production, distribution, and delivery of a product or service. In the context of global trade, supply chains can span multiple countries and involve complex logistics, transportation, and communication systems. Efficient and resilient supply chains are essential for businesses to remain competitive in the global marketplace.Finally, the concept of globalization is closely tied to international trade. Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of economies, societies, and cultures around the world, driven by factors such as technological advancements, reduced trade barriers, and the growth of multinational corporations. Globalization has had a significant impact on international trade, enabling the flow of goods, services, capital, and labor across borders, and creating new opportunities and challenges for businesses and policymakers.In conclusion, understanding the key terms and concepts related to international trade is crucial for navigating the complex and ever-evolving global economy. From the balance of trade and tariffs to exchange rates and comparative advantage, these terms and their underlying principles shape the way countries and businessesengage in international trade. By familiarizing ourselves with these concepts, we can better understand the dynamics of global commerce and make informed decisions that contribute to the growth and prosperity of the global economy.。

exercise12国际贸易

exercise12国际贸易Exercise12: Chapter 12 International BusinessI. Multiple choice1. It is to the economic advantage of a country to specialize in goods that it can produce more __B____ than can other countries.A. expensivelyB. cheaplyC. dearlyD. massively2. A nation should specialize in an article when it enjoys the advantages of _C_____ cost due to a natural monopoly or some unusual technical development.A. highB. mediumC. lowD. level3. A tariff is a tax or _B_____ duty levied by a nation on imported goods.A. customB. customsC. customerD. customers4. The idea of advantage as the basis for economic specialization has a strong intuitive appeal . But the idea of comparative advantage introduced by the economist _D_____ makes more sense.A. AdamB. Frederick W. TaylorC. John M. KeynesD. David Ricardo5. If foreign currency is used to express the unit price of home currency ,we call it _A_____ quotation.A. indirectB. directC. firmD. non-firm6. A straight bill of lading is made out so that only the named _B_____ is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.A. consignorB. consigneeC. consignerD. consigned7. The objective of the letter of credit is to facilitate international payment by means of the __D____ of the bank.A. creditB. creditworthC. creditableD. creditworthiness8. The government have stopped __C____ trade tariffs on imported motorcars since this year.A. exposingB. to imposeC. imposingD. to expose9. __B____ there are no differences among countries in the basic capabilities at producing goods, other bases for trade among them may still exist.A. IfB. WhereC. WhetherD. What10. Not only have you been unpunctually _A_____ execution, but you have delivered articles far below the standard.A. inB. atC. onD. withII. Explain the key concepts and fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate words1. licence 许可证，执照It is the f______ permission in writing, from an authority recognized by law, to perform an act, which, without that p______ , would be unlawful.2. absolute advantage 绝对优势，绝对利益It is the ad______ that one country or part of a country possesses over others because it has natural suppliers of raw ______ , powers, labours, etc. which enable it to make a certain product more ______.3. comparative cost principle 比较成本原理It is a basic idea in the theory of international trade. That is, the highest world production of all kinds of goods and s______ will be reached if each country or region puts most of its effort into producing the things for which it has a c______ advantage over the other countries, i.e. the things which it is best fitted to produce.4. four techniques to protect the domestic industries 保护国内产业的四种方式Four of the most common forms of protectionism aretar______ , quotas, sub______, and restrictive standards.5. trade sanctions 贸易制裁A restriction or p______ by one country of trade contacts with another country of whose actions or policies it disapproves. Sanctions may be general, or applied to particular goods, which is difficult to enforce san______ completely, as trade can be conducted by smuggling or the use of indirect routes, sanctions in______ the costs involved in trade and so can bring some pressure to bear on the victims.6. common forms of international business activity 国际商业活动的主要形式Importing/exporting, licensing, fran______ , joint ventures, and wholly-owned facilities are five of the most common forms of international b______ activity.7. joint venture 合资企业A joint venture is a business enterprise with both foreign and l______ investment. Both parties have a say in m______ and the profits are sh______ according to their portion of the investment.8. exchange rate 汇率It is the price at which one currency can be ex______ for another currency; the amount which one currency will buy of another c______ at a particular time.III.Translate the following sentences into English or vice versa.A1. 由英国经济学家大卫·李嘉图所提出的比较利益理论十分有意义。

国际贸易keyterms的中文解释

国际贸易keyterms的中文解释Chapter One Barter trade: 易货贸易Credit reference: 资信证明Direct transit trade: 直接过境贸易Economies of scale: 规模经济Commodity inspection: 商检Customs clearance: 清关Documentation: 文件Entrepot trade: 转口贸易Comparative advantage : 比较优势Direct trade: 直接贸易Domestic trade: 国内贸易Export license: 出口许可证Export procedures: 出口手续General trade: 一般贸易Import trade: 进口贸易International trade: 国际贸易Special trade: 特殊贸易Export trade: 出口贸易Import license: 进口许可证Indirect trade: 间接贸易Invisible trade: 无形贸易Transit trade: 过境贸易Free-liquidation trade: 自由结算贸易Import procedures: 进口手续Indirect transit trade: 间接过境贸易Payment: 支付Visible trade: 有形贸易Chapter Two Actual delivery: 实际交货Appropriation: 划拨Arrival contract: 到达合同（或目的地契约）Customary practice: 报关实务Customs clearance: 清关Customs formalities: 报关Delivery: 交货Inspection: 商检Means of transport: 运输工具Mode of transport: 运输方式Obligation: 义务Shipment contract: 转运合同Shipment notice: 转船通知Symbolic delivery:象征性交货Transfer of risk: 风险转移Chapter Three Acceptance: 受盘Commission: 佣金Counter-offer: 还盘Discount：折扣；贴现Enquiry: 询盘Export cost for foreign: exchange: 出口换汇成本Exchange: 汇兑Export profit margin:出口盈亏率Final price: 最终价格Total price: 总价Unfixed price: 非固定价Firm offer: 实盘Initial price: 最初价格Irrevocable offer: 不可撤销发盘Material price index: 原材料价格指数Money of account: 计价货币Money of payment: 支付货币Net price: 净价Non-firm offer: 虚盘Unit price: 单价Validity period: 有效期Offer: 发盘；报盘Offeree: 受盘者Offeror: 发盘者Price adjustment clause: 价格调整条款Price including commission: 含佣价Quotation: 配额Rebate: 回扣Revocation of an offer: 撤销报盘Wage index: 工资指数Withdrawal of an offer: 撤回报盘Chapter Four Bar code: 条形码Conditioned weight: 公量Confirming sample: 确认样Counter sample: 回样/ 对等样Gross for net: 以毛作净Gross weight: 毛重Indicative mark: 指示性标志More or less clause: 溢短装条款Net weight: 净重Quality tolerance: 品质公差Quantity latitude: 数量机动幅度Reference sample: 参考样Regain: 回潮率Sale by actual commodity: 凭实际货物买卖Sale by actual quality: 凭实际品质买卖Sale by description or illustrations: 凭说明书或图样买卖Sale by grade: 凭等级买卖Sale by origin: 凭产地名称买卖Sale by sample: 凭样品买卖Sale by specifications: 凭规格买卖Sale by standard: 凭标准买卖Sale by trade mark or brand name: 凭商标或品牌买卖Shipping mark: 运输标志Shipping package: 运输包装Shipping sample: 装船样Tare: 皮重Neutral packing: 中性包装Chapter FiveSea transportation:海运Air transportation: 空运Rail(way )transportation: 铁路运输Road transportation:陆路运输Measurement ton:尺码吨Freight ton:运费吨Ad valorem: 从价运费Charter(tramp):不定期货船Voyage charter:程租船Time charter:期租船Liner/gross terms:班轮条件Containerization: 集装箱运输Liners transportation: 班轮运输Charter transportation:租船运输Freight rates:运输率Lay day:装卸天数Demurrage: 滞期费Straight B/L: 记名提单Order B/L:指示提单Stale B/L:过期提单Ante-dated B/L:倒签提单Advanced B/L:预签提单Surcharge:附加费Additional:附加费Basic freight:基本运费Weight ton:重量吨Sea waybill: 海运单Air waybill:空运单Partial shipments:分批装运Transshipment: 转船Time of delivery: 交货期Port of shipment: 转运港Port of destination:目的港Optional port: 选择港Chapter Six Actual total loss: 实际全损Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故Insurance coverage: 保险险别Claimant: 索赔人Franchise: 免赔率Insurance policy: 保险单Combined certificate: 联合凭证General average: 共同海损Insurance premium: 保险费Constructive total loss: 推定全损General risks: 一般外来风险Insurance rate: 保险费率Contribution: 分摊Indemnity: 赔偿金Natural calamity: 自然灾害Exclusions: 除外责任Insurable interest: 保险标的物Open policy: 预约保单External risks: 外部风险Insurance certificate: 保险凭证Partial loss: 部分损失Extraneous risks: 外来风险Insurance claim: 保险索赔Particular average: 单独海损Perils of the sea: 海上风险Proximate cause: 近因（原则）Special risks: 特殊外来风险Subject matter: 保险标的Subrogation: 代为求偿权Sum insured: 投保金额The insured/insurant: 被保险人The insurer: 保险人Total loss: 全部损失Underwriter: 承保人Unexpected accidents: 意外事故Utmost good faith: 最大诚信原则Chapter Seven Acceptance: 承兑Anticipatory credit: 预支信用证Back-to-back credit: 背对背信用证Beneficiary: 受益人Bill of exchange: 汇票Check: 支票Clean bill: 光票Clean credit: 光票信用证Confirmed L/C: 保兑信用证Deferred payment: 延期付款Discount: 折扣，贴现Documentary bill：跟单汇票Documentary letter of credit: 跟单信用证Endorsement: 背书Factoring: 保理业务Forfeiting: 包买票据Irrevocable L/C: 不可撤销信用证Paying instrument: 支付工具Payment by installments: 分期付款Payment in advance: 预付Payment term: 支付方式Presentation: 提示Promissory note: 本票Reciprocal credit: 对开信用证Red clause credit: 红条款信用证Remittance: 汇付Revocable L/C: 可撤销信用证Revolving credit: 循环信用证Sight draft: 即期汇票Sight L/C: 即期信用证Standby L/C: 备用信用证Tenor: 汇票期限Time/usance draft: 远期汇票Transferable L/C: 可转让信用证Chapter EightBill of exchange(a draft): 汇票Bill of lading:海运提单Booking note:托运单Certificates of origin:原产地证明书Cleanness: 清洁Commercial invoice: 商业发票Completeness: 完整性Conciseness:简洁性Consular invoices:领事发票Correctness: 准确性Customs declaration：报关Customs invoices: 海关发票Export license: 出口许可证Inspection certificate:检验证书Insurance policy: 保险单Letters of credit: 信用证Packing list: 装箱单Proforma invoices: 形式发票Promptness:敏捷Sales of contract: 销售合同Shipping advice: 装船通知Shipping order:装货单Chapter NineArbitration 仲裁Arbitration agreement: 仲裁协议Arbitration award: 仲裁裁决Arbitration body: 仲裁机构Arbitration tribunal: 仲裁法庭Arbitration hearing: 仲裁审理Arbitrator: 仲裁员Breach of contract: 违约Claim: 索赔Claimant: 索赔人Claimee: 被索赔人Dispute：纠纷Force majeure: 不可抗力Inspection: 检验Inspection certificate:检验证书Inspection body: 检查局Litigation: 诉讼Mediation: 调停Negotiation: 谈判Non-statutory inspection: 非法定检验statutory inspection: 法定检验panel of arbitration: 仲裁小组penalty clause: 罚金条款。

国际贸易考试知

风险防范、信用评价体系建设
风险防范
了解并遵守目标市场的法律法规、平台规则以及知识产权保护等要求，防范跨境电子商务风险。
信用评价体系建设
建立信用评价体系，对买家和卖家进行信用评价和管理，提高交易双方的信任度和满意度。同时，加强与第三方信用服务机构的合作，共同打造良好的跨境电子商务信用环境
。
06
常见的国际贸易惯例及其内容
列举并介绍几种常见的国际贸易惯例，如《国际贸易术语解释通则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》等。
国际贸易惯例在实务中的应用
结合案例分析国际贸易惯例在实务中的应用方法和注意事项。
05
跨境电子商务发展趋势与挑战
跨境电子商务概述及优势分析
跨境电子商务定义与特点
跨境电子商务是指分属不同关境的交易主体，通过电子商务平台达成交易、进行支付结算，并通过跨境物流送达商品、完成交易的一种国际商业活动。
04
风险评估与预测
基于市场调研和信息收集，对国际贸易市场进行风险评估和未来趋势预测。
03
国际贸易流程与实务操作
询盘、报价、签订合同流程
询盘
了解买方需求，包括产品规格、数量、价格等要素。
报价
根据询盘内容，向买方提供详细的产品信息、价格及交易条件。
签订合同
双方就交易条款达成一致，签订正式的国际贸易合同。
风险防范
了解各种支付方式的潜在风险，并采取相应的防范措施，如信用证欺诈、汇率波动等。
争议解决机制与仲裁途径
争议解决机制
在合同中明确约定争议解决方式，如协商、调解、仲裁或诉讼等。
仲裁途径
如选择仲裁方式解决争议，应明确仲裁机构、仲裁地点、仲裁语言及适用法律等。同时，了解不同国家间的仲裁协议及执行程序，以便在需要时采取相应措施。

外贸函电key(赵春漫)

Chapter OneKey to ExercisesChapter 1 Basic knowledge and Layout of a Business LetterPart VII. ExercisesI. Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese:1.信头2.封内名址3.称呼4.书信正文5.结尾敬语6.签名7.标题8.附件9.案号10.日期11.缩进式12.齐头式13.修正齐头式（或混合式，变体式）II. Write business letters according to the clues:Situation 1:May 17, 2009 Dear Sirs or Madams:On April 19, 2009, we ordered a FCG-32 from your Company. We asked your company make a delivery on May 15, 2009, you are failed to follow the instructions. We have suffered great losses for that. It amounts to $20,000.We claim that your company should make a compensation for that.Looking forward to hearing from you.Sincerely,David LeeSituation 2:May 19, 2009 Dear David,I have received your letter of May 17, 2009. We are sorry to know that your company has had great losses on Order FCG-32.For your company didn’t co nfirm the style of packaging until May 15, 2009. It is obvious that we didn’t have enough time to deliver. So our company won’t make any compensation for this deal.We hope we could have a chance of cooperation in the future.Faithfully,Henry JohnsonIII. Write the inside address:Mr. John. SmithComputer Dept.Mass. Technological CollegeCambridge, Mass. 20139U.S.A.IV. Put the following letters into Full Block Style:Shangwei Imp/Exp CorporationNo.112 North Xizheng Rd., Xi’an, ChinaFax: 57643118 http://www. Our Ref.: SW2010-082Your Ref.: TB703December 12th, 2010Delicious Fruitstuffs Co., LTD234 Gold Street, Melbourne, AustraliaAttention: Manager of Imp. Dept.Dear Sir,Re: Invitation to BidOur corporation is willing to import from various kinds of fruit jam including jam apple jam, strawberry, marmalade, pine-apple jam, apricot jam.For your bids for the above products will be highly appreciated, we want to get more details in package and terms of those product for our reference.We are awaiting your early reply and thank you in advance.Yours faithfully,LifangShangwei Imp/Exp Corp.Encl.: Our specifications requirements sheetP.S.: Please attach the copy of Inspection Qualification Certificates of yours products.V. Put the following information into an envelope form:Huatian Imp/Exp Co., LtdGolden Eagle Mansion10 Chengdu Road, Huai’an Development ZoneHuai’an 223003, Jiangsu, China.Mr. Derek HunterGood Fruit Ltd.No.63 Evergreen RoadNew Deli 302023, India.VI. Revise and improve the following letter:Dear Sir,We are importers of mailing machinery. Right now, the post officers of this country is undergoing a technical reform. There is a great demand for mail sorters.We learnt from a friend that your new model RO-10Mail Sorter is much more efficient and your price remains the same we wish to place a trial order for two sets only.Please let us know your terms. If your conditions are suitable, large orders will follow.We are looking forward to your early reply.Sincerely,DavidVII. Rearrange the sentences for clarityWe thank you for your enquiry of July 19. We are glad to say that we have found a shipwhich we think will serve you very well. The ship is May Star with a cargo capacity of about 6,000 registered tons. The ship is now at Antwerp and can be ready to loan at four or five days’ definite notice. And for a charter of 12 months the owners are prepared d to consider a special rate. We will prepare the charter party and send it to you as soon as we receive your cable conformation.Chapter 2 Letters of Establishing Business RelationsKey to the ExercisesⅠ. Translate the following terms and expressionsA.A.Into Chinese:1．主要出口商2．轻工业产品3．市场行情4．执行大订单5．兹回复额6．信用交易7．最低报价8．与某人需要一致9．资信状况10．严格保密B．Into English:1．establish business relations 2．product catalogue3．specialize in 4．execute the order5．upon receipt of 6．heavily committed7．financial standing 8．available for export9．in the line of 10．latest catalogueⅡ. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．B III. Supply the missing words in the blanks of the following letter. The first letters are given.A．A．learned market introduce exporters likeinto quality reasonable enjoyed abroadCatalogue information trust interest earlyB．heard in one in fallsScope establish with to encloseSent receipt enquires pleased atⅣ. Translate the following sentences into English.1．We desire to enter into business relations with your firm.2．We are a state-owned corporation, handling exclusively the import and export business of bicycles.3．We have sent you under separate cover a complete list of our products.4．One of our clients is in the market for Chinese Black tea.5．From the web of Alibaba, we learn that you are interested in purchasing green tea from China. We have been in the line for over ten years, and wish to enter into business relations with you.Ⅳ. Write a letter with the following particulars.Dear sirs,Though the courtesy of Chamber of Commerce in your country, we have known your name and address.We are specializing in the export of Chinese textiles, we would like to establish business relations on mutual benefits.To give you a general idea of our products, we are sending you’re a copy of catalogue and a copy of brochure for your reference.Should any of the items be of interest to you, please make specific enquiry, we will make prompt quotation.We look forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,Chapter 3 Enquiry and ReplyKEYI. Translate the following terms and expressions:A. Into Chinese:1.带有图片说明的目录表2. 交货期3. 特别折扣4.市场需求/品位/偏好5. 最新价目表6. 有前景的市场7. 大量购买8. 有存货的9. 下列10. (商品)在出售中B. Into English:1. inquiry sheet, inquire note2.by separate post3. be in the market for…4. irrevocable L/C at sight5. lowest/best price; favorable price6. inquire for…7. This is in reply to one’s inquiry of…8. place an order with sb. for sth.9. ready market10. Please state terms of…II. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences:1. A2. C3. D4. B5. A6. C7. D8. A9. D 10. C11. B 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. CIII. Put the following sentences into Chinese:1. 我方一客户想买123型货物，希望贵方寄一样品和报价单来。