2020高考英语大一轮人教新课改专用讲义系统突破语法专题语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能
2020版英语新素养大一轮人教版语法专项突破全辑(课件+讲义+优选题) (3)
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
五、名词所有格 1.有生命名词的3种所有格
情况
构成
示例
不以s结尾的名词
加-’s Mary’s e-mail;children’s books
以s结尾的 复数名词
加-’
the girls’ dormitory;the teachers’ reading-room
以s结尾的 单数名词
在词尾加-es 变y为i再加-es 在词尾直接+-s
例词
mouth→mouths house→houses glass→glasses match→matches country→countries factory→factories holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
基础·自主学习
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
三、不可数名词 1.常见的不可数名词
一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a 或an修饰。 通常只用作不可数的名词有: milk,music,homework,housework,weather, news,butter,information,bread,advice,progress,orange(橙汁),equipment, meat,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息), room(空间),man(人类)等。 [名师指津] word意为“消息”,room意为“空间”,man意为“人类”时,通常不 带任何修饰词。
核心·互动探究
以o结尾的名词 以f,fe结尾的名词
一般在词尾加-s
有些在词尾加-es 一般要变f或 fe为v+-es 少数直接加-s
2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:选修8Unit2Cloning含答案
Unit 2 Cloning一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效(二)练中记短语——记牢用活(三)仿写明句式——以用为本二、课堂重点深化1.object vi .反对;不赞成 n .物体;目标 [自主体验] 单句语法填空①A majority of students objected to being_arranged (arrange) for extra lessons duringholidays and weekends.②As far as I'm concerned, I have an objection (object) to charging for parking.[系统归纳]易错对对碰(object/oppose)③Sometimes, some students object to the idea that English classes are taught in English.④To my comfort, only a few people opposed building a new bridge.佳句时时写⑤(2018·江苏高考书面表达)停止盲目追随排名很有必要,对于排名我们要持客观态度。
It is necessary to stop following ratings blindly and we should hold_an_objective_attitude_towards_it.[名师指津]object表示“反对”时,为不及物动词,加宾语时需加介词to,而oppose表示“反对”时,为及物动词,可直接加宾语。
2.forbid vt.(forbade, forbad; forbidden)禁止;不准[自主体验]单句语法填空①It is high time that we forbade setting (set) off fireworks in urban areas!②You are forbidden to_leave (leave) the room unless you apologize for what you have done.[系统归纳]佳句时时写③我认为禁止商店和超市提供免费的塑料购物袋是必要的。
2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:必修4Unit3AtasteofEnglishhumour含答案
Unit 3 A taste of English humour一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)1.verbal adj.口头的2.nonverbal adj. 不用语言的3.depressed a dj. 忧愁的;沮丧的4.charming adj. 迷人的;有魅力的5.moustache n. 小胡子6.worn-out adj. 磨破的;穿旧的7.leather n. 皮革8.chew v t.& v i. 嚼碎;咀嚼(食物)9.costume n. 服装;戏装10.budget n. 预算;开支11.actress n. 女演员12.pancake n. 烙饼;薄饼13.detective n. 侦探14.vast adj. 巨大的;辽阔的15.porridge n. 粥;麦片粥edy n. 喜剧Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)1.content adj.满足的;满意的n. 满足v t. 使满足2.ordinary adj. 平常的;普通的3.throughout prep. 遍及;贯穿ad v. 到处;始终;全部4.overcome v t.& v i. 战胜;克服5.outstanding adj. 突出的;杰出的;显著的6.worn adj. 用旧的;用坏的;破烂的7.gesture n. 姿态;手势v i. 做手势8.occasion n. 时刻;场合9.slide v t.& v i. (使)滑动;(使)滑行n. 滑;滑动;幻灯片10.whisper n. 耳语;低语v t.& v i. 低语;小声说Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)1.humour n.幽默;滑稽→humorous adj.幽默的;滑稽的2.performer n.表演者→perform v t.表演→performance n.表演3.astonish v t.使惊诧→astonishing adj.令人感到惊讶的→astonishment n.惊诧;震惊→astonished a dj.感到惊讶的4.fortunate adj.幸运的;吉利的→fortunately ad v.幸运地→unfortunately ad v.不幸地→fortune n.运气;财富[语境活用]1.The famous performer is said to have performed a humorous performance at yesterday's evening party, which leaves a deep impression on the audience.(perform)2.To my astonishment,_he didn't feel astonished at the astonishing news that his brother died at all.(astonish)3.Fortunately,_when he went abroad to try his fortune,_he gained great wealth.(fortune)5.entertain v t.& v i.使欢乐;款待→entertaining adj.愉快的;有趣的→entertainment n.娱乐;款待6.convince v t.使信服→convincing adj.令人信服的→convinced adj.坚信不移的;确信的7.direct v t.& v i.导演;指示;指挥adj.直的;直接的;直率的→direction n.指导;方向→director n.导演→directly ad v.直接地;径直地conj.一……就……8.particular adj.特殊的;特别的;挑剔的n.细节;细目→particularly ad v.特殊地;特别地9.amuse v t.使发笑;使愉快→amusing adj.好笑的;有趣的→amused adj.逗乐的→amusement n.愉快;快乐10.explanation n.解释;讲解;说明→explain v t.解释;说明11.react v i.作出反应;回应→reaction n.反应;回应12.bored adj.厌烦的→boring adj.令人厌烦的13.failure n.失败(者);失败的人或事→fail v i.失败14.mess n.脏或乱的状态→messy a dj.脏的;乱的4.The children in the mountain village have no entertainment,_so their teachers often tell entertaining stories to entertain them afterclass.(entertain)5.The boy is particularly interested in making model planes but he is not particular about what heeats.(particular)6.After school, she directly went off in the direction of the cinema to see the new film directed by the famous director.(direct)7.Although he failed many times, he didn't admit he was a failure.He would face the challenge bravely and tried to achieve his goal.(fail)8.She tried to convince me that I was mistaken.What she said was so convincing that I was completely convinced.(convince)(二)练中记短语——记牢用活写准记牢语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)1.feel/be_content_with对……满足2.up_to_now 直到现在3.badly_off 穷的;缺少的4.star_in 在……担任主角;主演5.cut_off 切断;断绝6.pick_out 挑出;辨别出7.in_particular 尤其;特别8.convince_sb.of_sth. 使某人相信某事9.pick_up 收听;(偶然)学会10.react_to 对……作出反应;回应1.Up_to_now,_the dog has become a member of our family and everyone enjoys its company. 2.I mentioned that point in_particular,_for it was quite important.3.In 2018, Maria starred_in a popular film directed by a famous director.4.As the summer vacation is approaching, it's high time that parents picked_out some training courses for their children.5.I don't know how Mr.Brown will react_to the news that his son has won first place in the competition.6.Mary felt cut_off from the outside world, since she lacked an Internet connection and couldn't receive any e-mail.(三)仿写明句式——以用为本教材原句句式解读句式仿写1.As Victor Hugo once said,“Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face” ... 维克多·雨果曾经说过:“笑容如阳光,能驱走人们脸上的冬天”……as引导定语从句,代替后面句子的内容。
2022版高考英语一轮复习 通悟语法系列 高效解答语法填空必须掌握的基础知识 一 学会划分句子成分
Ⅱ. 完成句子 We don’t allow such things _t_o_h_a_p_p_e_n__a_g_a_in_(再一次发生). She made him _g_iv_e_u__p_s_m__o_k_in_g_(放弃吸烟).
3. 表语 表语用于说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态等, 常位于be, become, get, keep, look, grow, seem, sound, turn等系动词之后。常用作表语的主要有名词、代词、 数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、 表语从句等。
【小题快练】 ①(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As the author explains, this _is_(be)neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. ②(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The good news is _th_a_t_it’s simple to learn and can be worth the effort. ①I felt _fr_i_g_h_te_n_e_d_(frighten) as I waited for the mysterious man. ②It is _su_r_p_r_i_s_in_g_(surprise)that he should have been so stupid.
2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:必修5Unit5Firstaid含答案
Unit 5 First aid一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效(二)练中记短语——记牢用活(三)仿写明句式——以用为本二、课堂重点深化1.aid n .& vt .帮助;援助;资助 [自主体验] 单句语法填空①Neighbours aided him with money when he almost lost everything in the fire.②He is so kind a boy that he often aided his mother to_clean (clean) the table, even the furniture. ③The moment he saw the poor little boy on TV , he determined to aid him in continuing his study. [系统归纳]佳句时时写(词汇升级)④She believes the story might have had a different ending if those good people had not helped her.→She believes the story might have had a different ending if those good people had not come_to_her_aid.2.vital adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的[自主体验]单句语法填空①What's more, some drivers, cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to_obey (obey) traffic rulers.②As we all know, water is vital to/for keeping every living thing alive, without which the world would be a dead place.③It's vital that a successful movie pay (pay) much attention to its theme and the figures' characters.[系统归纳]It is vital that ...(should) do sth. ……是十分重要的佳句时时写(一句多译)重要的是我们应从失败中吸取教训。
2020高考英语方案大一轮人教新课改讲义系统突破语法专题语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能
语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题,以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。
殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。
一、主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。
主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。
但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。
能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
[例1](2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)...and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.[分析]which空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语,且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填关系代词which。
[练1](2018·浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析:who/that分析句子结构可知,空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“Many westerners”,且在从句中作主语,所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。
2020高考英语新创新大一轮复习人教全国版讲义写作增分自主化第一编第一讲正确使用5种基本句型含答案
如果一篇文章中有较多的语法错误,即使词汇再亮、句式再高,也只能是欲盖弥彰、难掩其丑,将直接被打入低分“冷宫”。
“欲想得高分,先保基本分”。
所以,我们先从写对句子学起。
第一讲正确使用5种基本句型基本句型(一)简约却不简单的“主谓”结构(一)主谓结构中谓语常用来表示主语的动作或状态。
这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
但不能接宾语,也没有被动语态。
常见的不及物动词有:arrive, come, lie, shine, live, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, ride, occur, agree, write等。
它的基本结构是:主语+谓语(vi.)(+状语)①The_sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。
②He usually swims at weekends.他经常在周末游泳。
③I am writing to give my thanks to you.我写信向你表示感谢。
④In the environment, teachers_and_students are living happily and working hard.在这种环境下,师生们生活快乐,工作努力。
[应用体验1]翻译句子(主语+不及物动词)①他从早到晚地努力工作。
He_works_hard_from_morning_till_night.②接下来的几周,我们的友谊发展地很快。
Our_friendship_developed_fast_over_the_following_weeks.③本周五晚自习之后我们将于8:00在学生俱乐部集合。
We'll_gather_at_the_Students'_Club_at_8:00_p.m.this_Friday,_after_the_evening_classes.④我们同意周末帮老人做一些家务活。
2020版英语新素养大一轮人教版语法专项突破全辑(课件+讲义+优选题) (5)
第一讲 代词
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
[思维导图]
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
一、人称代词、物主代词与反身代词
类别 主格 宾格 形容词性 物主代词
功能 作主语 作宾语
作定语
第一人称
I
we
me
us
my our
第二人称 you you you you
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
3.that,those
(1)that指代与前面提到的相类似但不是同一个事物的名词;指代特指的可数名词单 数或不可数名词。指代可数名词单数时,相当于the one。一般不和冠词连用,其后 总有修饰语。 The climate of Guangzhou is much better than that of Xi’an. 广州的气候比西安的好多了。 (2)those 替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时),表特指,与所替代的名 词属于同一类,但不是同一事物。 My questions are similar to those/the ones you raised. 我的问题与你提出的问题相似。
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
—How much money do you have?你有多少钱? —None.一点也没有。 I wished someone could help me,but there was no one at the moment. 我希望当时有人能帮我,但当时没有人。 You can take whatever you want,but nothing on display is my taste. 你可以拿任何你想要的东西,但在展示的东西没有什么东西合我的口味。
2020高考英语新创新大一轮复习人教全国版讲义语法突破专题化第一部分第二讲代词、介词含答案
第二讲代词、介词(一)代词[全析考法]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give______ a try.解析:it/running根据句意可知,此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”,故填代词it,指代上文的running,此处也可直接填名词running。
2.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find________ (they) alive.解析:them人称代词作宾语时,要用其宾格。
空格前面是动词find,空格处应用宾格,故填them,指代上文的gorillas。
3.(2018·6月浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.解析:it此处应用it作形式主语,动词不定式短语to eat out为真正的主语。
4.(2017·6月浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt ________ (I),”says Pahlsson.解析:myself句意:Pahlsson说:“她以为我伤到了自己”。
根据前面的主语I可知,此处要用反身代词作宾语。
5.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother.解析:its句意:在最近的一次参观中,我抱着一对可爱的、三个月大的双胞胎大熊猫中的一只,这只大熊猫被它的妈妈遗弃了。
2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:选修6Unit5Thepowerofnature含答案
Unit 5The po w er of nature一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词——省时高效(二)练中记短语——记牢用活(三)仿写明句式——以用为本二、课堂重点深化1.appoint vt .任命;委派;约定 [自主体验] 单句语法填空①Yesterday, Sam was appointed as manager of the engineering department.②You can put the books in the appointed (appoint) place, and other participants can have free access to them.③I have made an appointment (appoint) with him, but I need to change it.④He was appointed to_solve (solve) the problem of environmental pollution.[系统归纳]佳句时时写⑤一个守时的人有守约的习惯,从不违约。
A punctual person is in the habit of keeping_an_appointment and never breaks_an_appointment.2.suit n.一套外衣;套装v t.适合;使适宜[自主体验]单句语法填空①A good teacher suits his lessons to the age of his pupils.②Firstly, because my spoken English is fluent, I think I am very suited (suit) for this job.③You will complete at least one manuscript (手稿) suitable to_hand (hand) in to a publisher by the time you finish our course.一句多译他不适合这份工作,两周后就离职了。
2020版高考英语一轮复习循序写作讲义新人教版.doc
2020版高考英语一轮复习循序写作讲义新人教版循序写作第一步从写对句子开始用时2周写作中写对句子是最基本的要求,其中最重要的一点是句子结构要完整。
所以,同学们在平时训练时一定要从掌握最基本的句子成分和基本句式做起,通过观摩、背诵、仿写,最终写出准确无误的句子。
在高考中即使你的作文不能写得漂漂亮亮、洋气十足,也一定要写得像模像样,硬伤不多所以学写作,要先从最基本的句子抓起。
第一周万变不离其宗的5种基本句式句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子,其实英语中最基本的句式只有五种,其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。
一、主语+谓语不及物动词该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。
其特点为这些不及物动词本身意义完整,不用宾语或补足语,但可被副词、介词短语、状语从句等修饰,用来说明动作的程度、时间、地点、状况等。
①2018·浙江6月高考写作“The_day starts at dawn on my farm,” he said. 他说“这一天在我的农场里从黎明开始。
” ②2017·浙江6月高考写作The_occasion will start on the next Sunday morning. 时间将定在下个周日的早上。
[即时演练] 补全句子1.为了保持健康,我们应该定期锻炼。
In order to keep fit, we_should_exercise_regularly. 2.2016·浙江10月高考写作我将于8月20号到达那里,那天下午到达你处可能稍晚一些。
I will arrive_there on August 20th and get to your place late that afternoon. 3.明妮在桌子上的灯光下做针线活。
Minnie was_sewing_by_the_light_of a lamp on the table.二、主语+谓语及物动词+宾语该句式特点为凡是及物动词其动作都有承受者,即动作的对象,因此后面需要有宾语宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当才能使其意义完整。
2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:系统突破语法专题专题二代词含答案
专题二代__词1.人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下两种情况:①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。
—Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. —Why me ?John is sitting there doing nothing. ——苏珊,去和你姐姐一起打扫院子。
——为什么我去?约翰坐在那里什么也没做。
②含比较级的句子中than, as 后用主格、宾格都可以。
He is taller than me (I ). 他比我高。
但在下列句子中有区别:I like Jack as much as her .= I like both Jack and her.我喜欢杰克,也喜欢她。
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.我喜欢杰克,她也喜欢他。
(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二三一(人称)。
宾格me也一样。
You, she and I will be in charge of the case.我、你和她三人将负责这个案件。
2.物主代词(1)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词。
置于名词之前,作定语。
(2)名词性物主代词相当于名词,在句中作主语、表语、宾语或与of连用作定语。
I am an admirer of yours.我是你的粉丝。
3.反身代词含有反身代词的习惯用语help oneself to 随便吃,随便用hide oneself 把自己藏起来[命题点感悟]单句语法填空①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find________ (they) alive.解析:them空格前面是动词find,空格处作宾语应用宾格,故填them,指代上文的gorillas。
2020高考英语一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:系统突破语法专题语法奠基课二依据句子成分学会分析长难句含答案
语法奠基课二依据句子成分,学会分析长难句一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”,另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”,在某种程度上来说,对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。
其实,长难句并不可怕,在正确划分句子成分的基础上,运用一定的“拆分”技巧,化繁为简、化长为短,其意立马显现。
所以,无论是从学语法的角度,还是从英语综合素养的角度,都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。
一、长难句的常见形式1.复合句这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。
其实,不管句子有多长、多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。
主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构(如:I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。
而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。
一般来说,复合句中的从句都是很常见的,考生比较熟悉的,但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。
这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
[例1]What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植).[分析]此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life”,是一个主语从句,其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句;is为主干句的系动词,后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。
2020版英语新素养大一轮人教版语法专项突破全辑(课件+讲义+优选题) (9)
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
四、常用的省略结构
if ever如果有过的话 if busy 如果忙的话 if anything 如果有什么不同 if possible 如果可能的话 if so 如果那样的话 if not 如果不的话 if necessary 如果必要的话
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
Ⅲ.倒装 一、部分倒装 1.将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起的部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有:
never , seldom , rarely , little , few , at no time , by no means , no longer , hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than...,not only...but also...,not until,nowhere ,neither...nor...等。 Not until I lost my job did I realize I should improve my working skills. 直到失去工作我才意识到我应该提高工作技能了。
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course? 他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的?
[名师指津] 由疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时,从句必须使用陈述语序 。
She doesn’t know who it was that saved her son.
基础·自主学习
核心·互动探究
2.有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调,将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词 提到句首,构成“表语+系动词+主语”的完全倒装结构。 Present at the party were Mr.Green and many other guests. 出席晚会的有格林先生,还有许多别的宾客。
2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:系统突破语法专题专题六非谓语动词含答案
专题六非谓语动词1.分词作状语分词作状语时,其逻辑主语是句子的主语;一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。
(1)现在分词作状语时,分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的,它们之间是主动关系。
Hearing the news, they got excited.听到这个消息,他们很兴奋。
(2)过去分词作状语时,分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系。
Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.如果给予正确的训练,这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。
2.动词不定式作状语(1)动词不定式作状语主要用来表示目的,有时也可以表示结果、原因等。
She was surprised to see George walk in.看到乔治进来,她很惊讶。
(2)动词不定式作目的状语时,常位于句首或句中,形式上可用in order to do, so as to do, to do 等,但so as to do不能置于句首。
In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.为了通过考试,他努力学习。
(3)作目的状语的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。
To learn English well, his father bought him a dictionary.(×)[命题点感悟]单句语法填空①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long________ (see) the benefit.解析:to see此处意为:你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。
分析句子结构可知,此处应该使用不定式形式作目的状语。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ______ (improve) water quality.解析:to improve“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不种植水稻”的目的,故此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。
2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义:系统突破语法专题专题三形容词与副词含答案
专题三形容词与副词形容词和副词的原级1.用法(1)表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as+形容词/副词的原级+as”“as+形容词+an +单数名词+as”“as+many/much+复数名词/不可数名词+as”的结构;Henry is a worker as good as Peter(is).=Henry is as good a worker as Peter(is).亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。
It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.人们普遍认为,教学是一门科学,同时也是一门艺术。
(2)表示双方不相等时,用“not so/as+形容词/副词的原级+as”的结构;Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.亨利的书不如我的多。
[名师指津]as+形容词+as+数量词=数量词+形容词The building is as tall as100meters.=The building is100meters tall.这幢楼有100米高。
2.as...as结构前可用almost,exactly,half,just,nearly,quite等修饰,表示程度。
Let's walk.It's just as quick as taking the bus.咱们走路去吧,这和坐公共汽车去一样快。
形容词和副词的比较级与最高级1.比较级与最高级的构成(1)规则变化:单音节词和少数双音节词其他双音节词和多音节词词形分类及变化构成一般加-er或-est以不发音的e结尾的,只加-r或-st以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写该辅音字母再加-er或-est以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,先变y为i再加-er或-est在前面加more或most原级tall strongnice latebig hotthin fathappyeasy earlydifficultbeautiful比较级tallerstrongernicer laterbigger hotterthinner fatterhappiereasier earliermoredifficult,morebeautiful最高级talleststrongestnicest latestbiggesthottestthinnestfattesthappiesteasiestearliestmostdifficult,mostbeautiful[名师指津]有些形容词和副词没有程度可分或形容词和副词本身就是某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。
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语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题,以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。
殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。
一、主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。
主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。
但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。
能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
[例1](2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)...and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.[分析]which空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语,且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填关系代词which。
[练1](2018·浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析:who/that分析句子结构可知,空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“Many westerners”,且在从句中作主语,所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下:1.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
Her father works in Nanjing.2.复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;(2)由系动词加表语构成。
They must have finished their tasks.[例2](2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.[分析]managed空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词,根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时,且engineers与manage之间为主动关系,故填managed。
[练2](2018·浙江11月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine ________ (be) in your first Coke.解析:was本空在句中充当谓语动词,为主系表结构;主语是“Caffeine”,为不可数名词,再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时,所以应填was。
三、宾语——一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。
宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。
在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
1.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)2.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语;“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语) [例3](2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.[分析]to prove根据句子结构可知,此处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。
[练3](2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause ________ (they) to stay awake almost all night.解析:them分析句子结构可知,空格处在从句中作cause的宾语,故用其宾格形式them。
四、表语——最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等,一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
[例4](2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.[分析]careful句意:小心不要走极端。
系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。
[练4](2018·浙江6月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.解析:affordable每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起,但经常在外面吃钱就会增加,空处作表语,故填affordable。
五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。
定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。
定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。
[例5](2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.[分析]shiny/shining分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object,故应用形容词形式。
shiny“发光的”,shining“发光的,发亮的”。
[练5](2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something ________ (eat)!解析:to eat此处表示找吃的东西,动作尚未进行,故填to eat。
六、状语——行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。
一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。
状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。
常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般放在时间状语之前;一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。
高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法,所以说它对动词“情有独钟”。
[例6](2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)You need to ________ (real) read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic.[分析]really此处修饰动词read,用副词really作状语。
[练6](2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) ________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析:Recently此处作状语,修饰整个句子,应用副词,故应用recent的副词形式recently。
七、补语——始终寄人篱下,永远成不了“主人”补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语,所以说它寄人篱下,成不了“主人”。
宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。
[例7](2017·全国卷Ⅱ改编)When summer comes, they will invite their students ________ (pick) the fresh vegetables![分析]to pick本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句,主句谓语动词为invite, “their students”是宾语,“pick the fresh vegetables”是宾语补足语,根据invite的固定用法“invite sb. to do sth.”可知,此处应填to pick。
[练7](2015·浙江高考改编)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _______(perform) live is quite another.解析:being performed句意:在家听音乐是一回事,去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。
空格处为hear的宾语补足语,宾语it与perform之间为被动关系,且动作正在进行,故填being performed。
八、同位语——总是玩失踪,特殊场合还是显露原形一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用,这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。