从珍本书籍到媒体素养_玛丽娜_斯坦科维奇

从珍本书籍到媒体素养From rare book To media LiTeracy玛丽娜·斯坦科维奇/Marina Stankovic 徐知兰译/Translated by XU Zhilan收稿日期：2013-01-17知识的物质载体曾经稀有、昂贵且难以获得。

书籍一度是贵重物品。

如果没有印刷术或纸张，生产书籍的成本高昂，任何一册珍贵图书的制作完成都可能倾其制作者毕生的心血。

在古腾堡的印刷革命简化了书籍的复制过程后，人们可获得的知识总量才变得基本可控。

知识曾经十分耐久持续。

在更古老的时代，宇宙的运转都更为迟缓。

知识的更新换代需要若干年，甚至若干世纪的时间。

教会在文艺复兴时期失去了他们在教育方面的垄断地位，“全才”从此成为教育的理想目标。

但在当时，知识仍然具有排他性质。

教育和研究并不仅仅服务于知识的拓展，也同时起到保护当时社会背景的作用。

技巧与知识只有经过深刻的研究与思考才能获得——其成果弥足珍贵。

图书馆曾是受到良好教育的精英所处的象牙塔，同时也是用于炫耀的财富与权力。

空想家们把图书馆想像为大教堂，想像为储存全世界所积累的书本知识的宝库。

但随着这个世界的加速运转，人们可获得的知识量大幅增长。

今天，似乎在全世界存在着无限的信息与知识。

The knowledge hardware was rare, costly and hard to obtain. Books were treasures. Without printing press or paper , producing them was costly and finishing one of these precious volumes could easily take a whole life span.Even after Gutenberg's printing revolution made books easily reproducible, the amount of attainable knowledge was manageable. Knowledge was durable. In earlier times the universe revolved slower. It took years, sometimes centuries until knowledge was outdated.During the Renaissance, the church lost its monopole on education and the "universal genius" became the educational ideal. But knowledge still remained exclusive. Education and study did not only serve the expansion of knowledge but also the protection of the existing social setting.Creating skills and knowledge was a matter of intense study and contemplation －the gain was hard work. Libraries were ivory towers for the educated elite and showcased wealth and power at the same time. Utopians imagined libraries to be cathedrals and repositories of the world's accumulated written knowledge. But as the worldstarted spinning faster, the amount of available information increased.Today, the world of information and knowledge seems to have become in finite. In the information society, the right to information is a fundamental one and everybody is self-responsible by keeping up-to-date. With this development knowledge becomes perishable and the way to obtain it more diversi fied.The progress of digitalization －as virtual space partially substitutes physical space －also leads to mobility and the arbitrariness of the whereabouts. Unlike in the past, people are no longer bound to defined places to get hold of information. Books still contain knowledge －but so does the internet. However the internet provides us withfast information. Available at a fingertip and easily consumed en passant －often left undigested.Today's information overflow creates next to valuable material a heap of junk knowledge, which provides signi ficant chances of error and thus threatens valuable knowledge.Search engines pre-filter material for us, the filtering criteria is subjected to consumerist statistics. Organizing and containing digitalknowledge has become a task of digital software capacity and memory; not anymore of personal study and selective prioritizing.In the past literacy was the crucial pre-condition to gain knowledge. Today another skill needs to be acquired, that of media literacy. These skills need inspiration, education and communication for the mind to be set onto the right frequency. Despite growing individualization people still need a physical space to communicate. Libraries can provide all that.They are powerful places as "windows on the world" for communication, contemplation, and imagination. As “living rooms of a city ” they perform the function of connecting people and creating community in an unconditional space, in particular for people seeking a higher educational aptitude.Librarians help us to digest knowledge, navigate the new media and thus deepen our perception. Library spaces offer places for social interaction and exchange, as a part of the lifelong learning process and indicate the qualities of our civil society.T h e p r o j e c t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s i s s u e demonstrate the latest European progress of11 国家技术图书馆，布拉格，Projektil事务所设计/The NationalTechnical Library, Prague by Projektil网络出版时间：2013-03-08 16:30网络出版地址：/kcms/detail/11.1847.TU.20130308.1630.003.html在这个信息社会，人们对信息的获取是基本权利，而每个人都有责任跟上时代的脚步。

在这种发展趋势下，知识变得容易消亡，获得知识的途径也变得更为纷繁复杂。

随着虚拟空间局部替代了物理空间，数字化的过程也导致信息更具流动性且目的分散。

不像在过去，人们再也不需要到某些特定的地方才能获得信息。

书本依然包含有知识——但网络也同样如此，网络提供信息的速度还更快一些。

人们只需手指轻击鼠标即可顺便获取信息——尽管通常并未完全消化。

今天的信息流在提供有价值资料的同时，也提供了大量的垃圾知识，它们不仅大幅增加了错误的概率，也由此威胁着真正有价值的知识。

搜索引擎为我们预先筛选了材料，筛选的标准有赖于信息消费者的统计数据。

组织与储存数字知识已成为数字软件的任务，不再仰赖个人的研究与研究者精心挑选的优先级。