18thcenturey English poetry
English poetry英国诗歌简介
Major romantic poets
William Blake 1757-1827 Songs of Innocence
William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude, I wander Lonely as a Cloud
S.T. Coleridge 1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads, Kubla Khan George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 Don Juan, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Percy Bysshe Shelly 1792-1822 Queen Mab, Prometheus Unbound, Ode to the West Wind John Keats 1795 – 1821 Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to Autumn
English Poetry
Shakespeare's Sonnets Romantic poetry William Wordsworth Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats
Sonnet is a very important form of English metrical poetry. It has 14 lines written to a regular rhyme scheme. Sonnet was invented by the Italian poet, Francesco Petrarch in the early 14th century. Sonnet makes it easier to express deep thought and emotion. In English poetry, there are three types of sonnet: the Italian, the Shakespearean and the Spenserian. These three types of sonnet all consist of 14 lines, but the rhyme schemes are different.
英美文学概况---十八世纪英国文学：理性的时代
2021/4/4
1
Major contents:
I. Politcal and social background of British 18thcentury: early fragile stability; later turbulence
means, roughly speaking,
•
indulgence in emotion for its
own sake. The sentimentalist
does not weep because
painful thought are forced •
upon him but because he
B.
2021/4/4
C.
18th-century British poetry from Neoclassicism to Sentimentalism and Pro-Romanticism *
18th-century British prose fiction, social realistic and psychological expressive*
•
any definite aim for the
vague discontent was shared
constitutional monarchy and political dualism and capitalism • Extensive land enclosure: intensified misery of agricultural proletarians and popular uprisings • Industrial Revolution in the second half of 18th century: the first powerful capitalist country and a world factory • Colonial and commercial expansion: continued wars with France in North America and in India • Wide spreading influence of American Revolution(1775-81) and French Revolution in 1789: liberty, fraternity and equality
The 18th Century Literature 英国文学史 新古典主义时期18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。
英国文学史第五讲18thCliteratureandJohnDryden
Heroic Drama
The heroic plays restored some of the lost confidence of the English nation. Moral behaviors were once again emphasized and praised. Three virtues: valor, beauty, and love were highly admired.
Abroad, a vast expansion of British colonies. At home, Acts of Enclosure British bourgeois grew rapidly
Enlightenment Movement
The 18th century is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.
18th Century literature
Enlightenment Neoclassicism
Neoclassical Period (1660-1798)
The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one.
From the mid to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.
English Literature in the Eighteenth Century
In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it s a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.
The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope & so on.
Introduction about Neoclassicism
In England, neoclassicism is initiated by john Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the late Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the three unities closely.
The 18th century literature
Important Literary TermEnlightenment （启蒙运动）：The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The Enlighteners thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the peopleSentimentalism（感情主义）：It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against the social injustice.●What are the characteristic of English literature in the 18th century?The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. What the writers described in their works were social realities. The main characters of their works were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention on daily life. In this century the newspaper was born. And prose literature which include the book, the newspaper and the magazine, became the chief instument of the nation’s progress. The new social and political conditions demanded expressions not simply in books but more especially in pamphlets, magazines and newspapers. Poetry, which had been the glory of English literature in the preceding ages, was inadequate for such a task. So prose had a rapid development in this age. The 18th century was an age of prose. A group of excellent prose writers,such as Addison, Steele, Swift, Fielding, were produced.Novel writing made a big advance in this century. The main characters in the novels were no longer kings and nobles but the common people.In this age satire was much used in writing. Since there was fierce strife between the two political parties in society, nearly every writer of this century was employed and rewarded by Whigs or Tories for satirising their enemies. English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as Pope, Swift and Fielding.●What are Jonathan Swift’s writing features?⑴Jonathan Swift is one of the realist writers. His realism is quite different from Defoe’s. Defoe’s stories are based upon the reality of human life, while all of Swift’s plots come from imagination, which is the important device he uses in his satires. His satire is marked by outward gravity and apparent earnestness. This makes his satire all the more powerful. He not only criticises the evils of the English bourgeoisie but those of other bourgeois countries.⑵Swift expresses democratic ideas in his works. This exerts strong influence on later writers, such as Sheridan, Fielding, Byron and even Bernard Shaw.⑶Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper place, makes the true definition of a style.” There are no ornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpasses in English literature.●How are the poems in Songs of Innocence contrasted with the poems in Songs of Experience? Songs of innocence contains short lyrical poems with little children as the speakers. Through the mouths of the little children, the poet expresses his own love for the beauty of the world. Each poem in the collection is the expression of love and tender feeling and of belief in the goodness of nature. Using the language of small babies, Blake expresses his delight in the sun, the hills, thestreams, the insects and the flowers. The best-known poems in the collection are “The Lamb”, “Holy Thursday”and “Laughing Song”. The whole collection is pervaded with the breath of simplicity and fancy. The sweetest poems are those cradle songs. The melody is simple, artless, and yet exquisite.Songs of Experience is the counterpart of the first collection. It is a much maturer and Blakes’s most important work. The poems in this collection show that the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world. He points out that the earth is unhappy and lacks love and gaiety. The miserable living conditions of the poor are reflected. The savation is to come through revolt or revolution. Through symbolic devices, Blake expresses his progressive democratic ideas. The best-known poems in the collection are “The Tyger”, “The Fly”, “London”, and “The Chimney-Sweeper”.What are the features of Robert Burns’ poetry?1) Burns is one of the greatest songwriters in the world. He is the national poet of Scotland. Most of his poems and songs are written in the Scottish dialect. 2) Burns is a plowman. He comes from the people and writes for the people. He is the people’s poet. 3) Burns has a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of the old Scottish song tradition. He learns a lot from it in his poems. This is the main factor of his great success.Selected ReadingA Red，Red Roseby Robert BurnsO my luve is like a red, red rose,That's newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat's sweetly played in tune.As fair thou art, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a' the seas gang dry.Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun;And I will luve thee still , my dear,While the sands o' life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only luve,And fare thee weel a while;And I will come again, my luve,Tho'it wre ten thousand mile!Auld Lang SyneShould auld acquaintance be forgot,And never brought to mind?Should auld acquaintance be forgot,And auld lang syne!For auld lang syne, my dear,For auld lang syne.We'll tak a cup o' kindness yet,For auld lang syne.We twa hae run about the braes,And pou'd the gowans fine;But we've wander'd mony a weary fit,Sin' auld lang syne.For auld, &c.We twa hae paidl'd in the burn,Frae morning sun till dine;But seas between us braid hae roar'dSin' auld lang syne.For auld, &c.And there's a hand, my trusty fere!And gie's a hand o' thine!And we'll tak a right gude-willie waught,For auld lang syne.For auld, &c.And surely ye'll be your pint stowp!And surely I'll be mine!And we'll tak a cup o'kindness yet,For auld lang syne.For auld, &c.1.in the following descriptions of the Neoclassical Period, Which is wrong?A.The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period.B.Henry Fielding is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical Period.C.The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclasssical Period.D.Neoclassical Period is also known as the Age of Enlightenment.2.By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, JohnBunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious ______ of his time.A. persecutionB. improvementC. prosperityD. disillusionment3. An honest, kind-hearted young man, who is full of animal spirit, and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative. The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding’s work ______.A. Jonathan Wild the GreatB. Tom JonesC. The Coffee-House PoliticanD. Amelia4. Which of following works was not written by Jonathan Swift?A. A Modest ProposalB. Gulliver’s TravelsC. A Tale of a TubD. The Rivals5. ______ was the greatest dramatist during the Neoclassical Period in England.A. GoldsmithB.SheridanC. SternD. Fielding6. ______is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A. GenesisB. ExodusC. The Pilgrim’s ProgressD. The Holy War7. ______is one of Swift’s masterpiece. It is a satire on corruption in religion and learning.A. The Way of the WorldB. Love for LoveC. The Beggar’s OperaD. A Tale of a Tub8. Many lines from Alexander Pope’s poem “Essay on Criticism” have become proverbial maxims, such as: “To err is human; to forgive, divine.”“______ learning is a dangerous thing.”A. A littleB. LittleC. NoD. Few9. Which of the following does not belong to pioneering efforts in the creation of the English novel?A. John Lily’s EuphuesB. Sir Philip Sidney’s ArcadiaC. Thomas Lodge’s RosalymdeD. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela10. The novel Gulliver’s Travels was written by ______.A. Tobias SmollettB. Jonathan SwiftC. Laurence SterneD. John Bunyan11. Whose work signaled the beginning of the age of Restoration Drama?A. William WycherleyB. John DrydenC. William CongreveD. John Gay12. Which of the following books was Samuel Johnson’s monumental success?A. The Dictionary of the English LanguageB. Oliver TwistC. The Old Curiosity ShopD. Barnaby Rudge13. Who is best remembered as the recipient of Johnson’s famous letter?A. DickensB. Lord ChesterfieldC. Thomas HardyD. Joseph Addison14. The Enlightenment movement was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against ______.A. social prejudiceB. feudalismC. superstition of religion15. The main literary current of the 18th century was ______.A. realismB. romanticismC. sentimentalism16. The romantic poets of late 18th century fought against the poetic tradition of ______.A. neo-classicismB. ancient timesC. sentimentalism17. Alexander Pope’s ______ was a manifesto of English neo-classicism because Pope put forward his aesthetic theories in it.A. An Essay on CriticismB. An Essay on ManC. The Dunciad18. The rise and Growth of the ______ is the most prominent achievement of the 18th centuryEnglish literature.A. realistic novelB. neo-classical literatureC. romantic poetry19. Among the pamphlets written by Swift about Ireland, the most famous are The Drapier’s Letters and ______.A. The Battle of the BooksB. A Tale of a TubC. A Modest Proposal20. Henry Fielding’s career as a playwright paved the way for his writing of ______.A. novelsB. poemsC. satiric plays。
18th Century英国文学
(4) Defoe, Richardson, Fielding, Sterne, Goldsmith & Smollet were among the major novelists of the time. By combining the allegorical tradition of the moral fables with the picaresque tradition of the lower-class stories, they achieved in their works both realism & moral teaching.
2. Neoclassicism
(1) The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It was, at least in part the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which have blazed in the late Renaissance, esp. in the metaphysical poetry.
(2) It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek & Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc., and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire & Diderot.
week7The Eighteenth Century English Literature--18世纪英国文学
The Eighteenth Century English LiteratureI. Historical and social BackgroundThe 18th century is a period of comparatively peaceful development in England. After the Glorious Revolution, England entered the Golden Age. The state power passed from the king gradually to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers; therefore, system was established in England. A vast abroad of British colonies in Asia, Africa and North America and Acts of at home caused the Industrial Revolution.So, towards the middle of the 19th century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country, the work-shop of the world, flooding the markets both at home and abroad with its manufactured goods.Popular again and again hit Ireland; in Scotland people were threatening of independence from the British government; and the American people started their War of Independence in 1776 and finally broke away from the British government. As the Industrial Revolution went on in its full swing, more and more people joined the rank of the middle class or the propertied class through much hard work. Morally, they stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard work. People divided into the liberal Whigs, who were determined to safeguard popular liberty, and the conservative Tories, with tender memories of kingcraft. On the extreme of Toryism were Jacobites. And almost all writers of theage were servants of Whigs or Tories during their competition.Ⅱ. Cultural Background1. EnlightenmentThe was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.Enlighteners fell into two groups-the group and the radical group. Moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson. They tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions. Radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group areJonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Tobias George Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. They stressed the discrepancy between what they called “the proper, moral standards”and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.2. The influence of EnlightenmentInspired by the spirit of the Enlightenment, people were encouraged to cultivate a sound sense of rationality and a witty intellectuality. More schools were set up. The Copyright Act of 1709 made, for the first time in English history, literary creation an honorable and independent profession.Besides the popular forms of poetry, novel and drama, the period also saw the appearance of such popular press as pamphlets and newspapers and periodicals. And there was also the flourish of coffee houses and all kinds of social clubs, (about 2000 in London.) which greatly helped the cultivation and promotion of the new English culture.However, in the later part of the century, people began to feel discontented with the rigidity of rationality. A demand for a release of one's spontaneous feeling, a relaxation from the cold and rigid logic of rationality and an escape from, the inhuman Industrial Revolution gradually took shape in the form of sentimental and pre-romantic novel and poetry.Ⅲ. Characteristics of the LiteratureThe main literary stream of the 18th century was . What the writers described in their works were social realities. The main characters were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention on daily life. Literature included book, newspaper, magazine, and pamphlets. Prose had a rapid development in this age, so the 18th century was an age of prose.Novel writing made a big advance in this century. Along with the economic independence, the eighteenth-century writers enjoyed greater freedom in their creative activities and were now able to devote themselves to whatever interested them and to give utterance to whatever they thought right or proper. For the first time too, the literary tendency of the age was moving-away from the conventional romance stories about the life of the rich and noble people of the aristocratic class and turning to works that would give accounts of the common life of the ordinary folk.In this age was much used in writing. It refers to any writing, in poetry or prose, with the purpose to ridicule, censure(责难) and correct the vices, follies, stupidities and corruptions of the society, and to satirize their enemies.The development of the literature in this period can be summarized as: the predominance of neoclassical poetry and prose in the early decades of the 18th century; the rise and flourish of modern realistic novel in the middle years of the 18th century; and the appearance ofgothic novel and the sentimental and pre-romantic poetry and fiction in the last few decades of the 18th century.1. Neo-Classicism in English LiteratureIn early 18th century, writers of the neo-classical school were Addison, Steele and Pope. In the middle decades of the century, Samuel Johnson became the leader of the classical school in English poetry and prose.The classicists found their artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from their works. In writing plays they used rimed instead of blank verse. They observed the three unities-the unities of time, place and action. They thought poetry should follow the ancient divisions, falling into lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic and each group should be guided by some peculiar principles. Prose should be precise, direct and flexible. They put the stress on the classical ideals of order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum. Their works, mostly refined and perfect, are conscientious craftsmanship and often highly didactic. Neoclassical poetry reached its stylistic perfection during the period.A. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)a. A brief introduction of PopePope was the representative writer of the neo-classical school. He was a master in satire and heroic couplet and epigram. He popularized the neo-classical literary tradition. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment, who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world. He represented the highest glory and authority in matters of literary art and made great contributions to the theory and practice of prosody(诗学).b. Pope's Major Works:An Essay on Criticism《批评论》(1711), written in heroic couplet, was a manifesto of English neo-classicism. It sums up the art of poetry of old Greek and Roman.The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》(1714). A fop at the court forcibly cut off a lock of curls of a pretty maid of honor. In this poem the poet describes how a quarrel between two aristocratic families arose.It is a satire of the court life of that time.Essay on Man《人论》, written in her oic couplet, indicates the poet’s political and philosophical viewpoint. It deals with man’s relation to the universe, to society, to himself, and to happiness.The Dunciad《愚人志》is Pope’s famous satirical poem. It is full of bitter personal attacks on the poet’s personal enemies, and it also gives a broad satirical picture of the whole literary life in the early 18th century England.c. Pope’s epigram“Hills peep over hills, and Alps on Alps arise!”山外有山，天外有天。
18th Century English Poetry
Pope was the greatest poet in the early 19th century England. He advocated neoclassicism and emphasized order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style and made best use of the heroic couplet.
An Essay on Criticism is a comprehensive study of the theories of criticism. It exerted great influence on Pope’s contemporaries in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England. In his most quoted stanza on John Donne, Pope advises not stress too much on the artificial use of conceits or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to TRUE WIT that is best set in a plain style.
英美文学选读-英国-新古典主义时期-练习题汇总
1.The 18th-ce ntury En gla nd is known as （（浙0710）A. the Age of Purita nism B. the Age of Reas onC. the Era of CapitalismD. the Age of Glory2.En glish En lighte ners in the 18 th century held _______________ a s the yardstick for the measureme nt of all huma n activities and relati ons. （一）1A.propertyB. educati onC. emoti onD. reas on3.In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ____________ . （浙0810）A.to call the people to fight aga inst poverty and hardshipB.to tell people to econo mize and to accumulate wealthC.to en lighte n the whole world with the light of moder n philosophical and artistic ideasD.to in struct people to obta in their prese nt social status through hard work4.As to education, the enlighteners thought that __________ . （浙0310 ）A.huma n beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rati on ality and perfecti onthrough educati on.B.uni versal educati on was unn ecessary.C.if the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democraticand equal huma n society.D.most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education.5.Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and thepeople?（）（浙0710）A.Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further educati on.B.If the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democratic and equal huma n society.C.Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary.D.Because huma n beings were not capable of rati on ality and perfecti on through educati on.6.About reason , the enlighteners thought _________ .（浙0210 ）A.reas on or rati on ality should be the only, the final cause of any huma n thought andactivitiesB.reas on could n't lead to truth and justiceC.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on alityD.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality7.In the field of literature, the En lighte nment Moveme nt brought about the tendency of （）A.realismB. purita nismC. n eoclassicismD. roma nticism8.Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true?A.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe inthe 17th century .B.Neo-Classicism found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greekand Roma n writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the con temporary French writers.C.Neo-Classicism put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, spontan eous emoti on, and passi on.D.Satire was much used in writing in the neo-classic works. English literature of this age produced a disti nguished satirist Daniel Defoe.9.Which of the follow ing descripti ons of En lighte nment Moveme nt is NOT true? ()A.It was a progressive in tellectual moveme nt that flourished in Fra nee.B.It was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee of the 15th and 16th cen turies.C.The purpose was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas.D.The En lighte ners advocate in dividual educati on. (com mon people )10.The enlighteners placed much emphasis on reason, because they thought ( )(浙0710)A.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on ality.B.reas on and emoti on both could lead to truth and justice.C.reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.D.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality.11.All of the following statements can correctly describe the Enlightenment Movement EXCEPTA.The moveme nt flourished in Fran ce.B.The moveme nt was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee.C.The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world.D.The purpose of the movement was to enhance the religious education.12.As a represe ntative of the En lighte nment, _________ w as one of the first to in troduce rati on alismto En gla nd. (094)A.John Bun yanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexa nder PopeD. Jon athan Swiftth 13.(The) ( ) was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18ce ntury. (054)A.Roma nticismB. Huma nismC. En lighte nmentD. Sen time ntalism14.According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classicalworks of the ancient Greek and ___________ writers. (浙0210 )B. BritishD. Roma n15. Which of the following statements is true according to the principles of the neoclassicists?(浙 0801)A. All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek andRoma n writers.B. They tried to delight, in struct and correct huma n beings as social ani mals.C. They tried to develop a polite, urbane, witty and intellectual art.D. All of the above.16. The neoclassicists did not believe that ( )(浙 0710)A. the literature should be used to delight and in struct huma n bein gs.B. the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.C. the literary works should be created in depe nden tly and origi nally.D. both A and C17. The great political and social events in the English society of neoclassical period were the follow ing EXCEPT ___________ .(104)A. the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660B. the Great Plague of 1665C. the Great London Fire in 1666D. the Wars of Roses in 1689(1455-1487 )th18. The 18 cen tury wit nessed a new literary form — the moder n En glish no vel, which, con trary to the medieval roma nee, gives a __________ prese ntati on of life of the com mon people. (044)A. roma nticB. realisticC. propheticD. idealistic19. Which of the following terms can be used to refer to the 18th-century English literature?A. The Age of Roma nee.B. The Age of Drama .C. The Age of Prose.D. The Age of Poetry.20. The belief of the eighteenth - century neoclassicists in England led them to seek the following EXCEPT __________ . (104)A. proporti onB. UnityC. harm onyD. spirit21. The British bourgeois or middle class believed in the followi ng notio ns EXCEPT ___________ 094)A. self - esteemB. self - relia neeC. self - restra intD. hard work22. I n the 18th cen tury, the British gover nment was main ly con trolled by two political parties inA. Italia n C. Germa nturn. They are ( ) (浙0801)A.the upper House and the lower House.B.the House of Lords and the House of Represe ntatives.C.the Whigs and the Tories.D.the Sen ate and the House of Represe ntatives.23. Contrary to the traditional romanee of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realisticprese ntati on of life of . (084)A. the com mon En glish people C. the rising bourgeoisieB. the upper classD. the enterprising landlords24. The pri ncipal eleme nts of ______________ i n the late eightee nth cen tury are viole nee, horror, and the super natural, which str on gly appeal to reader 'emoti on.( ) (一) 3 (浙0601) A. history no vel B. Gothic no vel C. roma ntic no vel D. sen time ntal no vel25. Graveyard School " writers are the followi ng sen time ntalists EXCEPT ___________ . (094)A. James Thoms onC. William Cowper古墓派诗人一汤姆森-科林斯-库伯B. William Colli ns D. Thomas Jacks on26. The poem Elegy Writte n in a Country Churchyard "墓园挽诗established _____________ as the leaderof the sen time ntal poetry of ()(047)A. Thomas Gray 汤姆斯-曷雷the day , especially the Graveyard School ”.B. Samuel Joh nsonD. John Milt on27. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for prose EXCEPT ____________________ . (一) 4 ()A. being precise C. being flexibleB. being direct D. being satiric28. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, ________________ was the leading figure among thehost of playwrights.A. William BlakeB. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德上匕.谢立丹D . Bernard Shaw29. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only English dramatist of the ______________ century. (浙0810)A. sixtee nthB. seve ntee nth (一) 5C. eightee nthD. nin etee nth30. In the last few decades of the 18 cen tury, the n eoclassicism was gradually replaced by __.( 浙0510)A. roma nticism C. moder nismB. critical realism D. n aturalism31. The middle of the 18th century saw a newly rising literary form —( ) (浙0301)A. the moder n En glish novelB. the moder n En glish poetryC. the moder n En glish dramaD. both A and B32. Britain witnessed two major romantic poets in the later half of the 18th century. They are( ) (浙0701 ) A. Joh n Milt on and William Blake (一) 6B. Robert Bur ns and Joh n KeatsC. George Herbert and Joh n DonneD. Robert Burns and William Blake33. ______ was the last greatest n eoclassicist en lighte ner in the later 18 th cen tury. A. Henry Fieldi ng B. Alexa nder PopeC. Richard SteeleD. Samuel Joh nson34. ______ was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.（ ） （一） 7 （浙 0901 ）A. William BlakeB. S amuel Joh nsonC. Thomas GrayD. H enry Fielding35. Which of the follow ing authors does not bel ong to the en lighte ners of the 18th cen tury?（浙0701 ）A. Jonathan Swift.B. Walter Scott .C. Daniel Defoe.D. He nry Fieldi ng.Daniel Defoe36. Which of the following is not Daniel Defoe 'works?（浙 0710）A. Gulliver ' Travels Jonathan SwiftB. Captai n Sin glet onC. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoequalities of middle-class menB. religious devoti on D. pioneering spirit（ ）（一） 8 （浙 0710）B. in depe ndence and stro ng will.（浙 0501）37. In Robinson Crusoe , Daniel Defoe glorifies all the following EXCEPTA. the in dig nity of labourC. loyalty to the king38. In Robinson Crusoe , the writer glorifies A. pride and happ in ess.D. hard work and success.40. The novels of ______________ a re the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. A. Bunyan C. Fielding41. Defoe 'group of four novels are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. They are the following EXCEPT ____________________ .（一） 9 （107 ）A. Capta in Sin glet onB. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoe42. Dan iel Defoe, at the age of n early 60, started his first novel ______________________________ ,which is uni versallycon sidered his masterpiece.(浙 0410)A. Rob inson Crusoe B . Moll Fla ndersC. Col on el JackD. Capta in Sin glet on43. Daniel Defoe ' ___________ is uni versally con sidered as his masterpiece. (104)A. Colonel JackB. Robinson CrusoeC. Capta in Sin glet onD. A Journal of the Plague Year44. Daniel Defoe 'works are all the following EXCEPT __________________ . ()A. Moll Fla ndersB. A Tale of a TubC. A Journal of the Plague YearD. Colo nel Jack45. Daniel Defoe describes ______________________ as a typical English Middle- class man of the eighteenthcen tury, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pion eer coloni st.()A. Tom JonesB . GulliverC .Moll FlandersD . Robinson Crusoe46. Daniel Defoe describes ______________ a s a typical English middle — class man of the eighteenth century , the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist .()A. Robi nso n CrusoeB. Moll Fla ndersC. GulliverD. Tom Jones47. The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical( ) man, who has a great capacity for work,39. The lan guage in Robinson Crusoe is （A. easy, smooth and colloquialC. le ngthy and imagi native ）.B. difficult and artificial D. obsce ne and difficult（浙 0310 ）B . DefoeD . SwiftC. Roxanain exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggling against the hostile natural environment. (浙0510)A.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish upper classB.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish middle classC.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish work ing classD.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish lower classth48.The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical 18 century English middle-calss man who __.( 浙0610)A.has a great capacity for work, in exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggli ng aga inst the hostile n atural environment.B.has strong will, but can 'tendure life 'loneliness.C.has a great capacity for work, but is frightened by the hostile natural environment.D.thinks all the people are born equal.49.The hero in Robinson Crusoe is the prototype of ( ) (一) 10 (浙0210)(浙0810 )A. the the n progressive bourgeoisieB. the empire builderC. the pion eer colonistD. all of the above50. In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the ____________________ ?(047)A. aristocratic classB. en terpris ing lan dlordsC. rising bourgeoisieD. hard-work ing people51. ________ ,an adve nture story very much in spirit of the time, is uni versally con sidered Defoe 'masterpiece. (浙0501) A. Moll Fla nders B. Colo nel JackC. Rob inson CrusoeD. Roxa na52. Which of the follow ing works best represe nts the n ati onal spirit of the 18 th -ce ntury En gla nd?A. Robinson CrusoeC. Jon athan Wild the GreatB. Gulliver' Travels (044) D. A Sen time ntal Journey53.Crusoe is the hero in The life and Strange Surpris ing Adve ntures of Robinson Grusoe, of York, Mariner (also known as Robinson Crusoe )by . (034)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Da niel DefoeC. George EliotD. wre nee54.All of the following novels by Daniel Defoe are the first literary works devoted to the study ofproblems of the lower-class people EXCEPT __________________ . (084)A. Robinson Crusoe C. Moll FlandersB. Captain Singleton D. Colonel Jack55. Which of the following is NOT Defoe 'work?( ) (浙0401)A. Moll Fla nders C. Silas MarnerB. Colo nel Jack D. Roxa naJon atha n Swift56. Which of the following is true about Jonathan Swift' thoughts as a representative of theenlightenment movement? ( ) (一) 11 (浙0701)A.To better huma n life, en lighte nment is unn ecessary.B.Huma n n ature is simple and n aive.C. Huma n n ature was dest ined and could n 'be cha nged.D.It 'possible to reform and improve huma n n ature and huma n in stituti ons.57.En glish literature of the 18 th cen tury produces some excelle nt satirists, among whom _________________ i sa master satirist.A. Jonathan Swift .B. Henry Fielding D. Thomas Gray58.As a master satirist, Swift 'satire is usually masked by ( ) (一) 12 (浙0710)A. outward gravity and appare nt earn est nessB. appare nt eager ness and sin cerityC. pessimism and bitter nessD. seem in gly gen tle ness and sweet ness59.1 n the book Gulliver 'Travels the hero traveled to the following places except （）（浙0810 ）A. the In dia n Isla ndB. Brobd ingnagC. LilliputD. the Houyh nhnm land6O.ln which of the following works can you find the proper names Lilliput, ” Brobdingnag, ”Houyhnhnm, ” and Yahoo "”（034）A.James Joyce ' Ulsses.B.Charles Dicke ns ' Bleak House.C.Jonathan Swift ' Gulliver 'Travels.D. D. H. Lawrenee ' Women in love.61. Lilliput is ________ in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. （浙0301）A.the n ame of the hero who made deep-sea voyagesB.an imagi nary isla nd in habited by people not more tha n six in ches highC. a minor character who accompa nied the hero duri ng his voyagesD.the cou ntry of horses en dowed with huma n in tellige nee62.Brobdingnag is an imaginary island where the inhabitants are _________ . （一）13 （浙0301）A.ten times taller and larger tha n the ord inary huma n beingsB.the horses who are hairy, wild, low and despicableC.the Yahoos who are wise and intelligentD.the small people who are only six inches tall63.The Houyh nhnms depicted by Jon atha n Swift in Gulliver's Travels are _______ .（）A.horses that are en dowed with reas onB.pigmies that are en dowed with admirable qualitiesC.gia nts that are superior in wisdomD.hairy,wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearancebut also in some other ways.64.The Honyhnhnm Land is an imaginary island where ___________ .（浙0501）A.horses are en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities.B.yahoos are gover ning class.C.horses are hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appeara nce but alsoalmost every other way.D.yahoos are possessed of reas on.65.In the Houyh nhnm land, Gulliver found that _________ were hairy, wild, low and despicable bruteswhile _________ a re en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities. （一）14A. the horses ... the YahoosB. the horses ... human beings （浙0710）C. the Yahoos ... the horsesD. the Yahoos ... huma n beings66.In ______________ of Gulliver' Travels, Jon atha n Swift satirizes the wester n civilizati on in clud ingfalse illusi ons about scie nee, philosophy, history and immortality. A . the first voyage to Lilliput小人国-利利普特，仅 6英寸高，B . the sec ondt voyage to Brobdi ngnag 巨人岛-布鲁布丁鲁那可，国王 60英尺C . the third voyage to the Flying Isla nd 飞岛一与世隔绝的世界D . the fourth voyage to Houyh nhnm land 智慧岛一马-高度智慧-圈养YAHOOS67. As a whole, ___________ isone of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all (044)B. Gulliver ' Travels (一) 15D. The School for Scandal68. Which of the followi ng is true about the book Gulliver's Travels ?( )A. It is a study of huma n n ature and life.B. It has high artistic skills in making the story an orga nic whole.C. It makes criticisms and satires of all aspects in the con temporary En glish and Europea n life.D. It is not a book of satire though it is a book of rebellion.69. The social significanee of Gulliver' Travels lies in _________________ . (浙 0210)A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.B. his artistic skill in making the story an organic wholeC. his cen tral concern of study of huma n n ature and lifeD. both B and C70. As one of the greatest masters of English prose, ________________ defined a good style as properwords in proper places ”. (084)A . Henry FieldingB . Jonathan Swift (一) 16C. Samuel JohnsonD . Alexander Pope71. Who defined a good style as proper words in proper places? ” (浙0307)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Charles Dicke nsC. Edmu nd Spen cerD. George Bern ard Shaw72. A good style of prose "proper works in proper places ” was defined by ________________ . ()A. Joh n Milt onB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD.T.S. Eliot73. Jonathan Swift 'greatest satiric work is ______________ . A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver ' TravelsD. A Modest Proposalaspects in the the n En glish and Europea n life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically,scientifically, and morally. A. Moll Fla nders C. Pilgrim 'Progress74.Jon atha n Swift' s ____________is gen erally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of theperiod but also in the whole En glish literary history. （一）17 （104）A. Gulliver s TravelsB. The Battle of the BooksC. A Modest Proposal ”D. A Tale of a Tub75.The best model of satire in the whole English literary history is Jonathan Swift's ______________ . （094）A. A Modest ProposalB. A Tale of a TubC. Gulliver's TravelsD. The Battle of the Books76.Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in English literature. His A Tale of a Tub is an attack on （）.A. the governmentB. greed （一）18C. the churchD. the abuse of power77. __________________ is a typical feature of Swift's writings. （）A. Bitter satireB. Elegant styleC. Casual narrationD. Complicated sentence structure78.Which of the following is not Swift 'works? （浙0310）A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver 'TravelsD. Tom Jones79.Henry Fielding is mainly concerned about ___________ in his works. （浙0701）A.the miserable life of the middle-class peopleB.the ordi nary and usually ridiculous life of the com mon peopleC.the special life style of some groupsD.the real life of the upper-class people80. ______ i s gen erally con siered Fieldi ng 'masterpiece. （浙0610）A. Joseph An drewsB. Jon athan Wild the GreatC. Tom JonesD. Gulliver 'Travels82. Of all the eightee nth - cen tury no velists __________ w as the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose ”， the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.（104）A. He nry Fieldi ng B. Da niel DefoeC. Jon atha n SwiftD. Laure nee Sterneth83.Of all the 18 century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to writespecifically a ___ in prose, "the first to give the modern novel its structureand style. A.tragic epic C.roma nee84 Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to A. in struct the people through his writ ingB. give the moder n no vel its structure and styleC. amuse the people through his worksD. adopt the third-pers on n arrati on85. In Tom Jones , the hero Tom is _________________ in contrast with Blifil who is _______________ .（浙 0301） A. innocent and kind-hearted ... hypocritical and wicked B. hypocritical and wicked ... innocent and kindhearted C. rude and stubbor n ... cunning and speculati ng D. cunning and speculati ng ... rude and stubbor n86. An hon est, kin d-hearted you ng man, who is full of ani mal spirit and lacks prude nee, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and fin ally to have bee n accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative . （一） 20（044）The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding 'work _____________________ . A. Jon athan Wild the Great B. Tom JonesC. The Coffe-House Politicia nD. Amelia87. Henry Fielding adopted __ to relate a story in his novel in which the author becomes theall- knowing God ”.（107）A. the first- pers on n arrati onB. the epistolary formC. the picaresque formD. the third -pers on n arrati on88. Henry Fielding adopted _____________ a s his way to relate the story in a novel. （浙 0601 ）A. the epistolary formB. the picaresque formC. the third-pers on n arrati onD. flashback89. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ________________ h as beenregarded as Father of the En glish Novel ”.（047）A. He nry Fieldi ngB. Da niel DefoeC. Joh n BunyanD. James Joyce90. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ___________ has been regarded by some as Father of the English Novel ”.（浙 0301 ）A. Da niel DefoeB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD. Samuel Richards on（）ic epicD.lyric epic（浙 0210）91 . Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as _ _,for his contribution to theestablishment of the form of the modern novel. （浙0310 ）92. Henry Fielding has been regarded as “_ for his contribution to the establishment of theform of the modern ________ . （浙 0810）（浙 0210 ）（浙 0510 ）A. Father of En glish Poetry...poetryB. Father of En glish Novel... novelC. Father of Moder n En glish Poetry...poetryD. Father of Modern En glish Novel... novelIII. Questi ons and An swers （24 points in all, 6 for each ）45. List at least two leading neoclassicists in England. What did Neoclassicists celebrate in literary creation? （094） |（一） 4845. A. Alexa nder Pope, Joh n Dryde n, Samuel Joh nson.B. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proporti on, uni ty, harm ony and grace in literary expressi ons, in an effort to delight, in struct and correct huma n bein gs. Thus a polite, elega nt, witty, and in tellectual art developed.IV. Topic Discussi on （20 points in all, 10 for each ）49 . Daniel Defoe ' novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe, the protag onist of the no vel, as an embodime nt of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.（084 ）1. Give a brief comment on the hero in The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.（浙 0810）1. A. Fieldi ng has bee n regarded as Father of the En glish no vel ”，for his con tributi onto the establishment of the form of the modern novel.B. Of all the eightee nth-ce ntury no velists Field ing was the first to set out, both in theory andpractice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose, ” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.C. Before him, the relating go a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form （a series ofletters ）, as in Richards on ' Pamela , or the picaresque form （adve nturous wan der ings ） through the mouth of the pr in cipal character, as in Defoe' Robinson Crusoe , but Field ingadopted the third-person narration, ” in which the author becomes the all-knowing God. f D. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but atthe same time keeps faithful to his realistic prese ntati on of com mon life as it is.A . Father of the English NovelC . Father of the English Drama B. Father of the English Poetry D. Father of the English Short Story。
18th century literature(1)
* The 18th century saw the development of the modern novel as literary genre, of which Daniel Defoe’s 1719 Robinson Crusoe i probably the best known. Subgenres of the novel during the 18th century were the epistolary novel, the sentimental novel, histories the gothic novel and libertine.
*
An age of prose rather than of poetry
* three dimensions: the reign of classicism; the revival of romantic poetry the beginnings of a modern novel
i. poetry * Alexander Pope (1688-1744) --the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century --an outstanding Enlightener and a great classicist --made popular the “heroic couplets” “For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.” “To err is human, to forgive, divine.” ---- “Essay on Criticism” “On truth is clear, whatever is, is right.” ---- “Essay on Man”
英国文学史4
3. Representative Writers & Works
I. English literature in early 18th century
• Alexander Pope • Joseph Addison and Richard Steele
• Daniel Defoe
• Jonathan Swift
Spectator‖ provide a new code of social
morality for the rising bourgeoisie.
•
b. They give a true picture of the social life of
England in the 18th century.
• The basic difference between Dryden and the 18th century enlighteners lies in the fact that the former wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the Restoration period while the latter wrote for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.
somehow of social justice.
• (3) The last decades, decline of the Enlightenment, the appearance of new
literary tendencies of sentimentalism and
pre-romanticism.
对于莎士比亚18行诗看法英语作文
对于莎士比亚18行诗看法英语作文Here is an essay on the topic of Shakespeare's 18th sonnet, with the content written in English and the word count exceeding 1,000 words as requested.Shakespeare's 18th sonnet is a masterpiece of poetic expression, capturing the essence of the timeless themes of love, beauty, and mortality. In this remarkable work, the Bard of Avon employs his unparalleled mastery of language to craft a profound meditation on the transient nature of physical beauty and the enduring power of art to immortalize that which is fleeting.At the heart of this sonnet lies the poet's unwavering belief in the superiority of his verse over the ravages of time. The opening lines establish this central premise, as the speaker declares that the subject of his affection shall not fade "Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st" (line 1). This bold assertion challenges the very inevitability of decay, suggesting that the power of the poet's words can transcend the natural order of things and preserve the beloved's beauty for eternity.The imagery employed throughout the sonnet serves to reinforcethis idea. The speaker conjures vivid and evocative scenes, comparing the subject's beauty to "the summer's day" (line 1) and "the eternal lines to Time" (line 12). These metaphors not only highlight the transience of physical beauty but also underscore the permanence of the poetic form. Just as the summer's day inevitably gives way to the colder seasons, so too must the beloved's physical charms succumb to the relentless march of time. However, the poet's words possess the power to defy this natural order, preserving the beloved's essence in the "eternal lines" of his verse.Moreover, the sonnet's structure, with its carefully crafted rhyme scheme and metrical pattern, further reinforces the poet's triumph over time. The tight, structured form of the sonnet, with its three quatrains and a final couplet, reflects the poet's mastery of his craft and his ability to impose order and permanence on the fleeting nature of human experience. The rhyme scheme, with its pattern of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, creates a sense of balance and harmony, suggesting that the poet has found a way to transcend the chaos of the natural world and capture the timeless beauty of his subject.In the final couplet, the speaker delivers the ultimate proclamation of his poetic power, declaring that "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee" (lines 13-14). This bold assertion not only affirms the immortality of the poet's verse but also suggests that the beloved's very existence isdependent on the enduring nature of the poetic form. The speaker's words become a testament to the transformative power of art, elevating the beloved's beauty from the ephemeral to the eternal.However, the sonnet's exploration of the relationship between art and mortality is not without its complexities. Underlying the poet's confident assertions are hints of uncertainty and even a touch of melancholy. The repeated use of the conditional "Nor" in the opening lines, for example, suggests a lingering doubt about the ability of the poet's words to truly defy the ravages of time. Additionally, the speaker's acknowledgment that the beloved's beauty will eventually fade, even if only to be preserved in his verse, hints at a deeper awareness of the inevitable march of time and the fragility of human existence.This tension between the poet's bold declarations and the underlying sense of mortality adds depth and nuance to the sonnet, making it a rich and multifaceted exploration of the human condition. The speaker's struggle to reconcile the fleeting nature of physical beauty with the enduring power of art reflects the universal human experience of grappling with the transience of life and the desire to create something that will outlast our own mortality.In the end, Shakespeare's 18th sonnet stands as a testament to the transformative power of poetry and the enduring nature of artisticexpression. Through his masterful use of language, imagery, and structure, the Bard of Avon crafts a work that not only celebrates the beauty of his beloved but also grapples with the profound questions of love, time, and the human condition. In doing so, he reminds us of the timeless and universal truths that lie at the heart of the poetic experience, and the enduring power of art to transcend the limitations of the mortal realm.。
十八世纪英国文学
2021/4/9
1
English restoration（1660-1688）
The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored under Charles II after the English Civil War.
The Neoclassical writers’ attitudes toward art and human existence: ideals of order, logic, restraint, accuracy, "correctness," "restraint," decorum, and so on.
2021/4/9
2Leabharlann Outline of 18th century British literature
1688—1730s: new tendency of the Enlightenment ideas neo-classicism in poetry with Alexander Pope as the most important literary figure prose literature : essay writing----Addison & Steele novel writing----Defoe, Swift
The political restoration itself was matched by changes in literature: the drama took on a new lease of life, prose fiction modulated into the novel proper, and the poets turned more and more to the heroic couplet and to effects of clarity, balance(parallelism and antithesis) and pointed but unflamboyant wit.(尖刻但不浮夸 的才思）
The 18th Century English Literature
Historical Information English Literature in the 18th
Century
Historical Information
England in the 18th Century
English Enlightenment Movement
English Realistic Novels
❖The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement in the 18th century English literature.
❖The major realist novelists of this century are Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollett.
Major Works
❖ An Essay on Criticism: written in heroic couplet; a manifesto of English neo-classicism; comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism
❖ In the early decades of 18th century: predominance of neoclassical poetry and prose
❖ In the middle: rise and flourish of modern realistic novel
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品英国文学家
• 老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中 • 燃烧着的煌煌的火光， • 是怎样的神手或天眼 • 造出了你这样的威武堂堂？
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品 英国文学家
meter
• The poem is in trochaic tetrameter with catalexis at the end of each line.
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品 英国文学家
Pre-Romanticism
• In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.
• 你炯炯的两眼中的火 • 燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？ • 他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？ • 用怎样的手夺来火焰？
• And what shoulder, & what art,
• 又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，
• Could twist the sinews of thy heart? • 把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？
• And when thy heart began to beat,
• 当你的心脏开始搏动时，
• What dread hand? and what dread feet? • 使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品 英国文学家
The Tyger / 老虎(II)
• What the hammer? What the chain? • In what furnace was thy brain? • What he anvil? What dread grasp • Dare its deadly terrors clasp?
大学英语 英国文学 美国文学 填空题
1Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century, Blake is the most（independent ）and the most_（original ）.2The underlying theme of （Songs of Innocence ）is the all pervading presence of3（The Marriage of Heaven and Hell）in which, with vigorous satire and telling apologue4The greatest of （Scottish）poets, Robert Burns, was born in a peasant‟s clay-built cottage5Burns‟ poetry is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the （Scottish）common people.6Romanticism as a literary movement came into being in England early in the latter half of the （18th）century.7(William Blake)and (Robert Burns)represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism.8With the publication of William Wordsworth‟s(Lyrical Ballads) ( The French Revolution)9(liberty) ( equality), , and (franternity )were the watchwords of the French Revolution。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Essay on Criticism：Part II ：
• • • • • • • • A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: 一知半解危害不浅 彼埃利亚泉水如不痛饮就别只尝一点 There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drinking largely sobers us again. 浅酌只能使我们懵懂 痛饮才能让我们清醒
famous for finest poetry in England in the 18th century Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
An Essay on Man 《人论》
On Criticism 《批评论》
Alexasical poet in the period of English Enlightenment. • Pope is considered England’s greatest poet and critic of this period. • "The Rape of the Lock" is his best known poem. • His death is considered the end of the classical period
Pope’s Works:
• • • • • • (6) “The Dunciad” “愚人志”, a satirical poem. 愚人志” 愚人志 (7) “Moral Essays” “道德论”, a philosophic poem. 道德论” 道德论 (8) “An Essay on Men” “人论”, a philosophic poem. 人论” 人论
Eighteenth Century English Poetry
• Introduction • Neoclassical PoetryAlexander Pope • Sentimentalist PoetryThomas Gray • Pre-Romantic PoetryRobert Burns & William Blake
Brief Comments
• Pope was the greatest poet in the early 19th century England. He advocated neoclassicism and emphasized order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. • He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style and made best use of the heroic couplet.
Comments on Gray
• Gray’s literary output was small. He wrote slowly and carefully. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. • His masterpiece Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard once and for all established his fame as the leader of sentimentalist poetry and the spokesman of the Graveyard School.
William Cowper, Edward Young, William Collins and James Thompson are the other sentimentalist poets that are worth mentioning. In late 18th century, Romanticism took shape. William Blake and Robert Burns are the two outstanding Romantic poets.
The theme or the main idea:
• Pope’s "Essay on Criticism" is a didactic poem in heroic couplets. The poem commences with a discussion of the rules of taste which ought to govern poetry, and which enable a critic to make sound critical judgments. In it Pope comments, too, upon the authority which ought properly to be accorded to the classical authors who dealt with the subject; and concludes (in an apparent attempt to reconcile the opinions of the advocates and opponents of rules) that the rules of the ancients are in fact identical with the rules of Nature: poetry and painting, that is, like religion and morality, actually reflect natural law.
the rise of sentimentalism
• It came into being as a result of a better discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. reactions against Neo-classicism and rationalist philosophy
The Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy: 《项狄传》 first sentimental novel 伤感小说
Thomas Gray
• Thomas Gray was born in London into a broker’s family. He got very good school education, first at Eton and then at Cambridge. He left Cambridge without taking a degree.
Introduction
• In the early 18th century, neoclassical poetry was in its full swing and Alexander Pope was the most prominent poet. • In the middle of the 18th century, however, sentimentalism made its appearance. Thomas Gray established his reputation as the spokesman of Graveyard School.
An Essay on Criticism
• It is a didactic poem in heroic couplet. It consists of 714 lines. It sums up the art of poetry from the ancients such as Aristotle, Horace to the eighteenth century European classicists.
Heart /feeling is more important than mind / reason.
changes from Neo-classicism: theme: from life to death, human nature to wild nature poet: from moral instructor to retrospective confessor attitude: from the healthy, hopeful idea of life to an uncertain, pessimistic view of life
Alexander Pope
• Alexander Pope was born in 1688, the very year of the Glorious Revolution. He was weak and deformed. His father was a Roman Catholic merchant. He got little school education.
An Essay on Criticism is a comprehensive study of the theories of criticism. It exerted great influence on Pope’s contemporaries in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England. In his most quoted stanza on John Donne, Pope advises not stress too much on the artificial use of conceits or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to TRUE WIT that is best set in a plain style.