英语基础语法-定语从句
英语语法——定语从句
A. 引导定语从句1.连接词有几个?一共有9个:who , whom , whose, that, which , when , where, why, as2. 引导词的功能有哪些?⑴引导定语从句。
⑵代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分。
3. 定语从句的关键是什么?判断先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分。
根据充当的成分选择相应的引导词。
4. 只能用that引导定语从句有哪些情况?现行词前为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时.先行词前有:all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等不定代词修饰时.先行词被叙述词修饰时.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时.先行词前only, just, very, last有等修饰时.先行词是表示人和物混杂的两个名词时.主句是以who, which,开头的疑问句或先行词是疑问代词时.在修饰时间、地点等先行词时,只有用that代替when, where等引导词。
例:I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?先行词为reason, way (意为“方法”)时,常用that 代替why, which, in which,也可省略.引导词在定语从句中作表语时,多用that引导.先行词是主句表语时.例:It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.当主语以there be 开头时.当先行词是数词时.同一个复合句里有两个定语从句,一个用which,另一个通常用that.5. reason后面用什么引导?way 后面用什么引导?reason后面的定于从句用why引导。
高中英语语法知识串讲之定语从句
行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,通常翻译成主句的并列句。
关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。
(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥,现在是律师,总是鼓励他上大学。
(他只有一个哥哥)一、关系代词的使用【例句观察】①She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday. 她是我昨天想看的那个女的。
②The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你扛着的包裹马上要拆开。
③Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected. Obama在2009年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。
④Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble. 你父母是你困难时可以求助的人。
【例句分析】①whom / that / who指人,在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语,可以省略。
②which / that指物,在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语,可以省略。
③which指前面主句内容,在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,但不能省略。
④whom前有介词to,虽然作宾语,但不能省略。
英语定语从句的语法规则
英语定语从句的语法规则
定语从句是英语中常用的修饰成分,用来进一步说明或描述名词或代词。
它由一个关系词引导,通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
以下是英语定语从句的基本语法规则:
1. 关系词:
- 关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that
- 关系副词:where, when, why
2. 关系词的使用:
- 关系代词who和whom用来修饰人,表示主语和宾语。
- 关系代词whose表示所属关系,修饰名词,表示所属关系。
- 关系代词which用来修饰物,表示主语和宾语。
- 关系代词that用来修饰人或物,表示主语和宾语。
- 关系副词where用来修饰地点。
- 关系副词when用来修饰时间。
- 关系副词why用来修饰原因。
3. 关系词在定语从句中的作用:
- 关系词引导的从句在句子中充当定语,修饰先行词。
- 关系词在定语从句中可以作为主语、宾语、表语或定语。
4. 定语从句的位置:
- 定语从句通常紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
5. 关系词的省略:
- 当关系词在定语从句中作宾语且被省略时,定语从句中的动词要用关系代词所引导的从句中的主语作宾语。
- 当关系词在定语从句中作主语且被省略时,定语从句中的谓语动词要用关系代词所引导的从句中的主语作主语。
需要注意的是,定语从句的使用要考虑先行词的性质和所要表达的具体含义。
有时候也需借助上下文来判断关系词的选择。
以上是英语定语从句的基本语法规则,希望对您有所帮助。
初中英语语法专题—定语从句讲解
初中英语语法专题—定语从句讲解一、什么是定语从句?定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句。
它通常紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词后面,并对其进行进一步的说明或限制。
二、引导定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词主要有:that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where等。
- that用于修饰物,常用来引导限制性定语从句;- which用于修饰物,既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句;- who用于修饰人,常用来引导限制性定语从句;- whom用于修饰人,在非正式情况下,常省略为who,也可以引导非限制性定语从句;- whose表示所属关系,修饰人或物;- when表示时间,在定语从句中用来引导时间状语从句;- where表示地点,在定语从句中用来引导地点状语从句。
三、定语从句的位置和用法定语从句可以位于句首、句中或句尾,用来修饰名词或代词。
它可以进一步说明名词的性质、特征、来源等。
以下是一些示例:1. The book that you borrowed from me is very interesting.that you borrowed from me is very interesting.你从我这里借的那本书非常有趣。
2. The girl, who is wearing a red dress, is my sister.who is wearinga red dress, is my sister.那个穿红裙子的女孩是我的妹妹。
3. The city where I was born is very beautiful.where I was born is very beautiful.我出生的城市非常美丽。
4. I have a friend whose father is a doctor.whose father is a doctor.我有一个朋友,他的父亲是医生。
高中英语语法复习——定语从句(共45张ppt)
2、先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或 者代词叫做先行词。定语从句通常 置于它所修饰的成分之后。
eg: The boy who is playing basketball is my younger brother.
3、关系词:引导定语从句的关联词就叫关系 词。
A. 把从句和主句中被修饰的先行词连接在 一起.
2. I think the day will finally come______ air pollution can be put under control. A. that B. which C. when D. as
3. This is the store______ we visited the famous shop assistant. A. where B. there C. that D. which
结构分析: 系词所指代的先行词在句中作 know的宾语。
4. I don’t like the way _____ you speak to her. A. / B. that C. in which D. all A, B and C
特别注意!(5)
在实践中会遇到很多形似定语从句的句子,要 注意定语从句与其它从句的结构上的细微差别, 能够正确区分使用它们.
couldn’t be found.
A. that
B.where C. in which D. in that
The places couldn’t be found.可知关 系词所指代的先行词在句中作主语。
结构分析:
3. This is the reason ______ he has always been eager to know for these years. A. which B. why C. for which D. because He has always been eager to know the reason for these years.可知关
英语语法定语从句的知识点
英语语法定语从句的知识点定语从句是英语语法中的一个重要概念。
它用来修饰名词或代词,提供更多的信息。
本文将介绍定语从句的定义、结构、关系代词和关系副词等相关知识点。
1. 定义定语从句是由一个句子充当定语,修饰一个名词或代词的句子。
它通常用来提供对先行词的进一步解释或描述。
2. 结构定语从句的结构一般由关系词引导。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种类型。
(1)关系代词关系代词包括that, which, who, whom, and whose。
它们在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或介词宾语。
例如:- The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.(我从图书馆借的那本书很有趣。
)- This is the house which my grandfather built.(这是我祖父建造的房子。
)- The girl who is singing is my sister.(正在唱歌的女孩是我妹妹。
)- Do you know the man whom she is talking to?(你知道她在跟那个男人说话吗?)- The girl whose bag was stolen reported it to the police.(包被盗的女孩向警察报了案。
)(2)关系副词关系副词包括where, when, 和why。
它们在从句中分别引导地点、时间和原因。
例如:- This is the school where I studied.(这是我曾经学习过的学校。
)- Can you remember the day when we first met?(你还记得我们第一次见面的日子吗?)- That is the reason why he quit his job.(那就是他辞职的原因。
)3. 关系词的选择选择合适的关系词十分重要。
初中英语语法——定语从句
初中英语语法——定语从句定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who。
whom。
whose。
that。
which。
as。
关系副词有:when。
where。
why。
how。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。
当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1、关系代词引导的定语从句1) who。
whom。
that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that XXX在从句中作宾语)2) whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.3) which。
that它们所替代的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,比方:A prosperity which / that had never been XXX在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped。
(which / that在句中作宾语)关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法区别:不用that的情况:a)在引导非限定性定语从句时错)The tree。
that is four hundred years old。
经典英语语法-英语定语从句用法
经典英语语法-英语定语从句用法一、定语从句的相关概念所谓定语从句,就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。
学习定语从句,首先要弄清两个重要概念——先行词和关系词。
先行词是我们汉语中从来没有听过的一个新概念,它其实指的就是被定语从句所修饰的词。
因为定语从句修饰名词或代词时,定语从句通常是后置的,所以人们就将放在定语从句前被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
那什么是关系词呢?其实它就是用于引导定语从句的引导词。
事实上,英语中的各类从句,不管性质如何,它们都需要有一个词来“引导”,正如人们给引导状语从句的词语取了个名字叫从属连词一样,人们也给引导定语从句的词语取了个名字,叫它关系词,因为它通常被放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用,以表明两者之间的修饰关系,同时它还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
二、定语从句中关系词与所修饰先行词的关系为了更好地理解定语从句,我们还有必要研究一下关系词与先行词之间的关系。
但在研究这种关系之前,我们先来看看关系词有哪些。
根据关系词在定语从句中的作用,我们能够将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。
所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系词,它们在引导定语从句的同时,还在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等,英语中比较常用的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等。
类似地,关系副词就是指起副词作用的关系词,它们在引导定语从句的同时,还在定语从句中充当状语等,英语中比较常用的关系副词只有三个,即when, where和why。
很多初学定语从句的人弄不清关系词与先行词之间到底是什么关系。
其实啊,关系词与先行词之间的关系很简单,简单得能够划一个等号。
因为,关系词的含义在本质上等价于先行词,它与先行词指的就是同一个人或同一个事物。
为便于理解,下面我们来看几个例子吧。
I know the man who lives next door. 我理解住在隔壁的那个人。
中考英语语法大全——定语从句
中考英语语法大全——定语从句一.定语从句的概念、位置及构成1. 定语从句的概念和位置在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。
定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
eg: Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage? 你认识正在舞台上唱歌的那个女孩吗?eg: This is the museum which was built last year. 这就是去年建成的博物馆。
2. 先行词和关系词被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
指代先行词,放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又充当定语从句的某一个成分( 主语、宾语、表语、状语等)的词叫关系词。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that, who, whom, whose, which;关系副词有when, where, why等。
eg: The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. 手拿雨伞的那个人是我叔叔。
eg: The train which has just left is for Shenzhen. 刚开走的火车是驶往深圳的。
eg: Let's find a place where we can have a picnic. 我们找一个能野餐的地方吧。
定语从句的构成eg: He has a car.+ The car has 7 seats.→ He has a car which has 7 seats.他有一辆7座的汽车。
eg: The hotel was very clean. + We stayed there. →The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们待过的那家宾馆很干净。
二、定语从句的种类根据先行词与定语从句关系的紧密程度,可将定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
定语从句-高一英语语法专题
高一英语语法专题定语从句一、概念1.定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用:1引导定语从句、2代替先行词、3在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注:关系代词有主语、宾语之分。
一般whom作为宾语。
3.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(一)限定性定语从句(没有逗号)(1)关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)1. that既可代表事物也可代表人which代表事物。
注:that和which在从句中作宾语时常可省略。
e.g. The number of the people that come to visit the city each year rises one million.e.g. Football is a game which is liked by most boys.2.代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which:当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时,或者是every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,或者是有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时、既有人又有物时、句中前面有which时都只能用that。
3. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,who作从句中的主语,whom作宾语e.g. The boys who are playing football are from Class One.e.g. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.e.g. The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.4. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。
高中英语语法基础 ——定语从句知识点总结归纳讲解(附同步练习)(有答案)
高中英语语法基础——定语从句知识点归纳讲解(附同步练习)★先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
通常情况下,引导词前面的名词即为从句的先行词。
★关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
也可以称作引导词。
①关系代词:who,whom,which,that,whose,as,在从句内作主语、宾语等名词性成分。
②关系副词:when,where,why在从句内作状语。
(一). 使用who、whom、which、that的定语从句1. whoThis is the boy who plays basketball very well.This is the teacher who is teaching us English.▲who 指人, 在从句中作主语。
2. whomThis is the boy (whom) I often help.The man is our headmaster (whom) you met just now.I met the girl (whom) you often praise.▲whom 指人,在从句中作宾语, 可省略。
3. whichThis is the farm which keeps many cows.This is the farm (which ) I visit every year.▲which 指事物, 在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
4. that以上三种情况均可用that。
指人或指物,可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略。
(二). 使用whose的定语从句Do you know the girl whose father is mayor.I used to work in an office whose window faces north.I work in a school whose students are excellent.▲whose 指人或物的所属关系,表示“某人的”或“某物的”。
高中英语语法定语从句总结全
xx定语从句详解Ⅰ. 概念:(1) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:1) 引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)常用的关系代词: that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,关系代词可以省略。
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when(时间状语)、why(原因状语)、where(地点状语)可以修饰人的关系代词:that, who, whom, whose可以修饰事的关系代词:that, which, as, whose,The student who answered the question was John.I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.I'd like a room whose window faces the sea.定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语);第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ. 几个关系代词的基本用法:●that: 可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如:1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语)2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?3. You can take anything ( that) you like. (宾语)4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.6. She's no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.(表语)7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be.(= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。
大学英语语法之定语从句
是表示“时间/地点/原因”的名词。
02
定语从句的分类
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定从的分类
限制性定语从句
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最本质的区别在于前面的先行词的范围是否明确, 是否需要修饰限定。
would pay, … (2010) 12. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the
humanities is nine years. (2011)
关系词在定语从句中作宾语时(及物动词后的宾语或介词后的宾语), 可以省略。
2. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. (2006)
8. But there are few places w__h_e__reclients have more grounds for complain than America. (2014)
9. That’s one reason _w__h_y_ we have launched Arc, a new publication
二的,e.g. the Great Wall, mother, father, the universe…,此时 要使用非限定性定语从句; 2. 先行词范围“相对明确”,也就是说根据上下文可以判断这个名 词的范围是否明确,此时也可以使用非限制性定语从句
定语从句(全)
定语从句高考考点I、重点难点解析定语从句是英语语法中的重点。
除了在语法填空中会考到,在基础写作和任务型写作中正确恰当地运用定语从句是作文得高分的关键。
另外,在阅读理解中正确理解定语从句也至关重要。
常见考点:1.指物时只用that 或which 的情况2.介词+关系代词3.Whose 用法及转换形式4.as 与which的区别5.指人时that 与who的区别6.如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词7.定语从句中的主谓一致问题一、定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句,在句中起定语的作用.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。
引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词。
如:The man who lives next to us is a policeman.先行词关系代词定语从句二、关系代词和关系副词的用法:关系代词和关系副词又称关系词,用来引导定语从句、代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成分。
其用法见下表:定语从句的关系词词例先行词充当成分例句关系代词who 人主语This is the doctor who saved my life .whom 人宾语She is the new student (whom) I want to tell to you .that 人&物主语、宾语(指人相当于who或whom,指物相当于which)which 物主语、宾语 1. Please pass me the book which is lying on the table. 2.Thenovel (which) Tom bought is very interesting.as 物主语、宾语The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.whose=ofwhom\of which人&物定语The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr.Williams关系副词when=at\in\on\during which时间状语We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic ofChina was founded.where=at\in\towhich地点状语This is the house where he lived.why=for which 原因状语I know the reason why she works so well.三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果省去,主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。
英语语法——定语从句
• 注意: 注意: • 1.如果不是放在介词后,引导词whom可 用who或that代替。如: • This is the man whom I want to talk with. • = This is the man who I want to talk with. • =This is the man that I want to talk with. • 但如果whom是放在介词后,则只能用其 引导。如: • This is the man with whom I want to talk. • 这句话中的whom,作介宾,不可用主格 who。也不可用that代替,因为that不可在 定语从句中作介宾。
但如果whom是放在介词后,则只能用其引导,如: This is the man with whom I want to talk. 这句话中的whom,作介宾,不可用主格who。也不可用 that代替,因为that不可在定语从句中作介宾。
2. 作宾语时 作宾语时that, which 一般可互换,当关系代 一般可互换, 词作介词宾语且介词提前,只能用which. 词作介词宾语且介词提前,只能用
Grammar Review
Relative Clause
定语从句口决
• • • • 主句型、从句型,两种句子要完整; 物用which 人用who, 人物that 有本领; the place where, reason why, time when 从句少定用whose, 关代作宾常可省;
• 限定非限定两种,逗号常是分水岭。
• 2.在限制性定语从句中,引导词如作宾 语,可以被省略。如: This is the man whom I want to talk with. = This is the man with whom I want to talk with. = This is the man who I want to talk with. = This is the man that I want to talk with. = This is the man I want to talk with.
英语基础语法定语从句
英语根底语法定语从句导语:要学定语从句,得知道是定语。
定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的。
下面是的根底语法定语从句,供你门参考和借鉴。
先行词(所修饰的名词)+关系代词/关系副词(附属连词)+从句根据附属连词的不同可以将定语从句分为三种类型:关系代词引导的定语从句,关系副词引导的定语从句,和 as/which 引导的非限制性定语从句。
who/whom 修饰人which 修饰物that,whose 修饰人或物在这一类从句中需要注意的是关系代词在句子中所起的作用。
首先,关系代词连接主句和从句;其次关系代词指代所修饰的先行词;最后关系代词往往在从句中做主语或者宾语,且做主语时关系代词不能省略,做宾语时可以省略。
例1:He who laughs last laughs best. (笑到最后的人笑得最美。
)分析:who 引导定语从句修饰主句的主语 he,且在从句中做主语,不能省略。
例2:He is collecting authentic material which can prove his argument. (他正在收集确凿的证据以证明他的观点。
)分析:that 引导定语从句修饰名词 material,且在从句中做主语,不能省略。
例3:The house (which) we bought last month is very beautiful. (我们上周买的这套房子很漂亮。
)分析:which 引导定语从句修饰名词 house,且在从句中做宾语,可以省略。
例4:The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside. (妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
)分析:whose 引导定语从句修饰表示人的名词 the girl,且在从句中做主语,不可以省略。
when 修饰表示时间的名词,在从句中做时间状语。
where 修饰表示地点场合的名词,在从句中做地点状语why 修饰表示原因的名词,在从句中做原因状语whereby 修饰表示方式或方法的名词,在从句中做方式状语前三种关系副词在考研英语中出镜率比拟高,最后一种不太常见,容易被考生忽略。
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英语基础语法——定语从句
1. 有关定语从句的概念
(1)定语从句:就是在复合句里充当定语的从句,它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词:就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等;关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词不仅起连接作用,而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分,关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等,关系副词作状语。
如:
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明:句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句;被定语从句所修饰的the book 这是先行词;代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。
说明:句中when he arrives是定语从句,被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词,关系副词when作时间状语。
2. 关系代词的一般用法
先行词是人,在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom或who,作定语用whose;先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which,作定语用of which或whose均可。
在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that 代替。
关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。
(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。
(作see的宾语,可以省略)
I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩,他的父亲是宇航员。
(作定语)
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。
(作主语)
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。
(作visited的宾语,可以省略)
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
3. 关系副词的一般用法
关系副词有when, where, why,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。
when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词;where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes 等地点或情形名词;why的先行词只能是reason。
关系副词when和where有时可用“介词+which”代替,why 可用for which代替。
如:
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
注意:先行词虽然是时间或地点,但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。
(作状语)
比较:The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。
(作主语)
(2) I’ll never fo rget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。
(作状语)
比较:I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。
(作及物动词spent的宾语)
(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
(作状语,用关系副词)
比较:The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。
(作gave的宾语,用关系代词
4. 习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时,或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very 等修饰时。
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。
This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。
This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。
(3)先行词包括人和物时(from )。
They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。
(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,为了避免重复,多用that引导。
如:
Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子?
Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁?
5. 习惯上不用that引导的定语从句
(1)在非限制性定语从句中,不以能用that引导。
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽,她显得非常兴奋。
(2)直接在介词后作宾语时,不能用that引导,要用whom, whose或which,且不能省略。
The house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。
但当介词放在从句的末尾时,可以用that替代which, who替代whom,也可以省略关系代词。
如:
The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。
(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people, he等时,只能用
who。
None so blind as those who won't see. 睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。
Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。
I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人,他说认识你。
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。
(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时(from )。
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。