英语语法精讲精练:第2讲 现在完成时-精选文档
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第2讲:现在完成时
现在完成时的定义:
现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响;而与一般过去时相比,一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较:
The plane has arrived. 飞机已经来了.(说明现在的情况,飞机在这儿.)
The plane arrived an hour ago. 飞机是在一小时前抵达的(强调动作发生的时间.)
现在完成时的结构:
肯定句:
主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
Lily has returned from America.
★变否定句在have/has后面加not
主语+have/has+not+过去分词(done)
Lily has not returned from America.
★变一般疑问句将have/has移到句首
主语+have/has+not+过去分词(done)
Has Lily returned from America?
肯定回答及否定回答:Yes,she has./ No, she hasn’t.
★变特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
特殊疑问词(how/what/why/when/where)+have/has+主语+过去分词(done) Where has Lily returned from?
现在完成时的用法:
在学习这一概念的同时,还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词:already,just,ever,yet,never等。already,just多用于肯定句中,ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否定句中。如:
I have already finished my homework.我已经做完家庭作业了。
He has just had his meal.他刚吃过饭。
Have you ever sung this English song?你曾唱过这首英文歌吗?
They haven't started yet.他们还没有动身。
We have never heard of it.我们从来没有听说过这件事。
(1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I haven't seen him for two years. 但是,像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on
die →be dead come back→be back
leave →be away fall ill(sick,asleep)→be
ill(sick,asleep)
get up→be up go out →be out
finish →be over put on →wear 或be on
open →be open join →be in或 be a member of…
close →be closed go to school→be a student
borrow →keep buy →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know
begin to study→study come to work→work等
如: He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。注:瞬间动词(即一个动作在瞬间便可完成,如buy, die, join, lose……)不能直接与for,since 连用。要改变动词
1.have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2.用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3.用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4.用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5.用wear代替put on have put on →have worn
6.用“be+形容词” 代替瞬间动词
be+asleep代fall (get) asleep
have come/gone back/returned → have been back
have come/gone out →have been out
have closed / opened→ have been close/open
have got up → have been up;
have/has gone to → have been in
have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
(3) have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法
1. have(has) been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。
2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”,表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never 等连用。如:
I've just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。
Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。
3. have(has) been to 后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。如:
I've been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。
They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
4. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如:
—Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里?
—He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。