英语学科知识与教学能力考点必背(语音部分)教师资格证
初中英语教师资格证英语语音知识补充
初中英语教师资格证英语语音知识补充语音教学(读音规则)1、重音(Stress)(初高中):指的是读音节的时候的发声程度。
(Stress refer to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.)分为单词重音和句子重音。
单词重音:(stress at word level) (初高中)基本规则(basic rules)就是:1.首先包含两个以上音节的单词才有重音。
(Stress only applies to words with at least two syllables)2.其次①包含两个音节的词,重读在第一个音节,例如:'apple。
②包含三个音节及三个音节以上的词,重读在倒数第二个音节上。
③双音节词(也就是包含两个音节的词)中有一部分词做名词和做动词时具有不同的重读音节。
做名词时,重读在第一个音节;做动词时,重读在第二个音节。
句子重音:(stress at sentence level)结构重音(structural stress):句与句之间的对比产生的某一个单词重音的变化或某一个一般不重读的单词的重读,(The comparison between sentences result in the structural stress).如Thirteen girls and thirty boys 中teen重读。
强调重音(contrastive stress) :指纯粹出于交际需要对句中的任意部分进行强调,句中的任意音节都可能成为重读音节。
(We can stress any part of a sentence for the purpose of communication)语法重音(grammatical stress ):约定俗成的语法成分功能决定的重音,如重读实词,轻读虚词等。
(The prescribed grammatical function would contribute to the stress of a sentence)2、语调(Intonation)(初高中):说话的腔调。
最新英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背资料
英语学科知识与教学能力(高中)必背考点第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章外语教学基本理论第二节英语教学法一语法翻译法(grammar translation method)(一)语言观:语言是书面语,语言是一种知识,是由语音,语法和词汇构成的符号体系。
(外语教学法史上最早的一个教学法体系)(二)教学目的:培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力(三)特点是:教师用母语授课,授课重点是讲解与分析句子成分和语音、词汇变化与语法规则。
(四)评价优点:母语翻译,强调语法学习,深刻理解外语抽象词义和复杂结构缺点:1. 忽视口语教学,学生的语音语调差,不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力;2. 教学方式单一,学生容易失去兴趣。
二直接法(direct method)(一)语言观:语言是一种技能或习惯,习惯的养成要靠大量的重复练习和模仿(二)教学目的:培养学生阅读外国文学作品的能力和模仿范文进行写作的能力。
(三)特点:直接学习,直接理解和直接应用(四)评价优点:1. 采用各种直观教具,接近实际生活,培养用外语思维能力;2. 注重语言实践练习,学生学习积极性高,学习兴趣浓厚;3. 重视口语和语音教学,能有效地培养学生的语言运用能力。
缺点:1. 排斥母语,使学生对一些抽象和复杂的概念难以理解;2. 没有明晰的语法解释,导致学生说出的话语法错误较多。
三听说法(audio-lingual method)(一)语言观:语言是口语,是说出来的话,而不是写出来的文字。
(二)特点:以句型操练为中心,着重培养儿童听说能力的外语教学法。
(三)评价优点:培养学生敢于大胆主动地使用所学语言进行交谈,口语能力较强;重听说,初级阶段帮助大,语音语调自然。
缺点:机械操练不利于发展创造性思维,重形式,轻读写,语境不利于灵活应用。
四情景法(the situational approach)(一)概念:情景法也叫视听法。
强调耳,眼等器官以及大脑整体地去感知和认识外语材料,培养学生的听说读写四种能力。
英语学科知识与能力考试重点
英语学科知识与教学能力预测一、语音知识1.元音vowel[i:] high front tense unrounded vowel[І] high front lax unrounded vowel[u:] high back tense rounded vowel[ʊ]即[u] high back lax rounded vowel[З:]或[ə:] central tense unrounded vowel[ə] central lax unrounded vowel[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel[æ] low front lax unrounded vowel[Λ] mid-low back lax unrounded vowel[ɔ:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel[ɒ] low back lax rounded vowel[ɑ:] low back tense unrounded vowel双元音Diphthongs [eI] [aI] [ɔI] [əʊ] [aʊ] [Iə] [eə] [ʊə]A double movement produces 三元音Triphthong例如:tower中[aʊə]【答案】D。
解析:本题考查时态。
四个选项中都有连词and连接两个时态,因此前后必须相互搭配,而ABC三项的前后两种时态搭配不当,因此选择D,现在完成时和将来时。
本句意思是:作为一名公民Marsha意识到并且会一直明白自己的道德义务。
2. Potential subjects should be informed of the research and _____ an opportunity to decide if they want to participate.A. gaveB. givingC. giveD. be given【答案】D。
高中英语教师资格证考点必背
高中英语教师资格证考点必背
一、听力理解
1. 听力材料类型:对话,短文,新闻等
2. 听力技巧:注意信息细节,抓住关键词,提前预测答案
3. 常见考点:主旨大意,细节理解,听力材料背景信息
二、阅读理解
1. 阅读材料类型:记叙文,说明文,议论文等
2. 阅读技巧:快速浏览全文,提炼关键信息,区分事实与观点
3. 常见考点:主题分析,段落概括,推理判断
三、语法填空
1. 语法知识:时态,语态,被动语态等
2. 填空技巧:根据上下文语境,选用适当的词性,注意形式变换
3. 常见考点:词义辨析,固定搭配,虚拟语气
四、完形填空
1. 完形填空类型:记叙文,说明文,议论文等
2. 解题技巧:整体理解文章,推测词义,注意上下文逻辑
3. 常见考点:修辞手法,词义理解,语境推测
五、写作能力
1. 写作类型:记叙文,说明文,议论文等
2. 写作要点:清晰的结构,准确的语法,恰当的词汇
3. 常见考点:主题明确,观点准确,逻辑连贯
六、口语表达
1. 口语话题:个人经历,社会问题,科技发展等
2. 清晰表达:正确发音,流利连贯,恰当用词
3. 常见考点:语法准确,词汇丰富,逻辑清晰
以上是高中英语教师资格证考点必背的内容,希望对您的备考有所帮助。
最新教师资格统考 英语学科知识与教学能力·考点精编
英语学科知识与教学能力◢要点精编◣考点1·词汇辨析achieve“(凭长期努力)达到(某目标、地位、标准),完成,成功”,approach“接近”,attain“(通常指经过努力)获得,达到”,acquire“学到,取到”;award “奖品,奖金”,reward “奖励,回报,悬赏金”,a llowance“津贴,补贴”,prize“奖,奖品,难能可贵的事物”;at times“有时”,to the minute“恰好,一分不差”,day by day“一天天”,around the clock“昼夜不停地”;other than“除了……以外,不同于,不(常用于否定结构中)”,r ather than“而不是……”,or rather“更确切地说”,or else“否则,要不然”。
考点2·动词时态与语态(1)现在进行时表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
Sheis leaving for Beijing.(2)现在进行时代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。
TheYangtze River is flowing into the east.(3)现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时。
— Hi, Tracy, you look tired.— I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.(4)下面主动形式常表示被动意义:The window wants/needs/requiresrepairing.The book is worth reading twice. Thedoor won’t shut.T he play won’t act. Thebook sells well.T he dish tastes delicious.Water feels very cold.考点3·状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after,since, till, until特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the1day, the instant, immediately, directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … whenI didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became anadult.E very time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.(2)目的状语从句常用引导词:so that, in order that特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that,for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that hecould sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the backcould hear more clearly.(3)让步状语从句常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词:as (用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装), while (一般用在句首), no matter…,in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.考点4·主语从句引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省,有时不能省,其原则是:若that 引导的主语从句直接位于句首,则that 不能省略;若that 引导的主语从句位于句末,而在句首使用了形式主语it,则that 可以省略。
初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结
第一部分语言知识与能力第一章英语语言知识二、语音(Speech Sounds)P781、语音分类发音方式发音部位VL - 清浊音(voiceless consonant) VD - 浊辅音(voiced consonant)2、音系学(phonology)P79(1)同化规则(assimilation Rule)progressive assimilation 顺同化(前面带偏后面)workedregressive assimilation 逆同化(后面带偏前面)newspaperreciprocal/double assimilation 互相同化 did you(2)音节(syllable) tea chi-na im-pos-si-ble重音(stress)声调(tone)(3)语音变化(vocal variety)liaison 连读 pick it upplosion 爆破音plosion loss 失去爆破 sit down ;incomplete plosion 不完全爆破 ask ed nasal plosion 鼻腔爆破 button ;lateral plosion 舌边爆破 little三、形态学(Morphology)1、morpheme 词素重点! P87(1)free morpheme 自由词素 dog ;bound morpheme 黏着词素 moonwalk(2)root 词根; affix 词缀(prefix 前缀、suffix 后缀); stem 词干friend-ships(3)inflectional affix 屈折词缀 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式(4)derivational affix 派生词缀改变词性和意义2、(1)inflection 屈折变化 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式(2)word-formation 词的形成:compounding 复合法 through-outderivation 派生法(prefixation 前缀化 suffixation 后缀化)il-logical-ly3、常见构词法P89invention 新创词 nylon ;blending 混成法 smoke+fog=smogclipping 截断法 advertisement=ad ;initialism 首字母连写词 WTOacronym 首字母拼音词 AIDS ;back-formation 逆构词法 editor--editanalogical creation 类似构词 work--wrought/workedtypes of borrowing 借词法:loanword/borrowing 借词 feast(法语中借来)loanblend 混合借词 Chinatown (本国加外来)loanshift 转移借词 bridge (借用意义)loan translation 翻译借词(从别种语言翻译而来)4、词义变化broadening 词义扩大 bird 小鸟--鸟类;narrowing 词义缩小 girl 年轻人--女孩meaning shift 词义转移;class shift 词性转换;folk etymology 俗词源(错多了成了对的)四、句法学(Syntax) P911、句法关系syntagmatic relation 组合关系(horizontal relation/chain relation)构成同一形式、序列或结构paradigmatic relation 聚合关系(vertical relation/choice relation)各要素可相互替换relation of co-occurrence 共现关系(不同集合的词语一起组成句子)2、句子结构和成分immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法(IC分析法)The boy ate the apple. 用树形图(tree diagram)一般句子,主谓宾之类的endocentric construction 向心结构一个词或词组可以确定为中心(center)或中心词(head)two stone bridge 一般名词/动词/形容词短语exocentric construction 离心结构没有确定的中心或中心词 The boy smiled. 一般动宾/系表结构deep structure 深层结构(含义相同,说法不同)surface structure 表层结构(句子表述方式)五、语义学(Semantics) P931、涵义关系(Sense Relations)lexical relation 词汇关系(1)同义关系(Synonymy)synonyms 同义词stylistic 文体差别(formality) buy--perchase ;dialectal 地域差别underground--subwaycollocational 搭配差别 accuse(of)--charge(with) ;emotive 情感差别 thrifty--stingy ;semantic 语义差别 enough--ample(2)反义关系(Antonymy)antonyms 反义词 relational opposites 意义相反词gradable antonymy 等级反义 warm--coolcomplementary antonymy 互补反义 boy--girlconverse antonymy 反向反义关系 buy--sell(3)上下义关系(Hyponymy)种类和成员包括上坐标词(superordinate)和下义词(hyponymy) flower--rose/tulip(4)一词多义(Polysemy)(5)同音/同形异义现象(Homonymy)homophone 同音异义 sun--sonhomograph 同形异义 liecomplete homonym 完全同音同形异义 bank 岸边;银行2、句子逻辑关系 iff--充分必要条件“S is true iff P”P就是S的真值条件(truth condition)P(1)synonymy 同义关系“X is synonymous with Y.”同真同假 P95(2)contradiction 矛盾关系“X is inconsistent with Y.”一真一假(3)entailment 蕴含关系“X entails Y.” X小,Y大 X:old man Y:man(4)presupposition 预设关系“X presupposes Y.” Y是前提 X:repair the car Y:have a car六、语用学(Pragmatics) P961、言语行为理论(Speech Act Theory)(1)locutionary act 发话行为(说话人表达字面意思)is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood.(2)illocutionary act 行事行为(说话人表达意图)is the act in saying something to perform a function.(3)perlocutionary act 取效行为(作用于听话人的效果)is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.言外之意(illocutionary point):representatives 阐述类; directives 指令类; commissives 承诺类;expressives 表达类; declarations 宣告类2、会话含义理论(Conversational Principle/Maxim) violate 违反 P97cooperative principle,CP 合作原则(会话有共同目标)“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”(1)the maxim of quantity数量准则(信息充分)(2)the maxim of quality质量准则(说实话)(3)the maxim of relation相关准则(说相关的事)(4)the maxim of manner方式准则(清楚简洁避免歧义)conversational implicature 会话含义(用会话准则暗示意义)(1)calculability 可推导性(含义能理解)(2)cancellability 可取消性(defeasibility)(因素变化,含义变化)(3)non-detachability 不可分离性(含义依附于内容)(4)non-conventionality非规约性(含义不确定)七、修辞学(Rhetoric)问法:rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辞策略 P981、simile明喻 like,as...as,as if,as though,similar to,such as2、metaphor隐喻(暗含比较) elephant pause3、personification拟人(把事物或概念当做人)4、metonymy借代(用事物的名称代替亲密相关的另一事物)5、synecdoche提喻(部分代替整体或整体代替部分) hand/mouth--man6、euphemism婉言 die--pass away7、irony反语(意思相反)8、allegory讽喻9、exaggeration夸张(夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣)10、transferred epithet移位修辞 nervous exam11、oxymoron矛盾修辞 bitter-sweet memory12、pun双关语(homophonic puns 谐音双关;homographic puns 语义双关)八、语言教学 P1001、中介语(interlanguage)2、对比分析(contrastive analysis)3、错误分析(error analysis)(1)error错误(因为知识不足)mistake失误(不注意犯错)(2)interlingual errors语际错误(迁移错误)因为母语 Cnglishintralingual errors语内错误(发展性错误)因为过度概括语言规则 eat-eated(错)4、错误性质:omissions 省略(少成分);additions 添加(多成分);misformations 形式错误(eated);double markings 双重标记(didn’t went);misorderings 顺序错误(how you are)5、我国外语学习者错误类型(1)negative transfer 负迁移/干扰因为母语(2)over-generalization过度类推/过度概括因为过度概括语言规则(3)pragmatic failure语用错误违反对方的文化习俗6、第二外语习得理论(Second Language Acquisition,SLA)(1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis语言习得和学得假说(习得和学得两条不同的途径)(2)Monitor Hypothesis语言监察假说(学习者自己监督控制语言输出质量)(3)Input Hypothesis语言输入假说(接触理解可理解性语言输入comprehensible input)(4)Affective Filter Hypothesis情感过滤假说(输入input和吸收intake受到动力motivation、性格personality、情感状态affective state)(5)Natural Order Hypothesis自然顺序假说(可以不按任何语法顺序来教学)第二章英语语言运用能力一、教学中的非语言交际1、非语言手段 P118environment language环境语(座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等)object language客体语(个人,衣着化妆、个人用品等)2、非语言行为body language体态语(身姿、手势、表情、目光)paralanguage 副语言(声音音质、音量、语调、语速)第三章英语国家的语言、历史和文学三、语言、文化和社会1、局部结构 P131毗邻对(adjacency pairs)一轮对话(1)毗邻对的条件相关性(conditional relevance)preferred second part/preference structure 优选结构 Hidispreferred second part/dispreference structure 非优选结构relevant absence 相关缺失(2)毗邻对的扩展base pairs 根毗邻对(被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对)前扩展,指前序列(pre-sequences),包括邀请、请求、结束、宣告中扩展,包括插入序列(insertion sequences)和旁侧序列(side sequences)后扩展,指后序列(post sequences),包括会话修正和主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个部分:修正源(trouble source)、修正的发起(repair initiation)、修正(repair)lexical 词汇启动(no,sorry,let me see,you know)non-lexical 非词汇启动(um..,uh..)四、语言与文字1、小说语言 P134(1)小说与视角first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者(I)third-person narrator第三人称叙述者(he,she,it,they)(2)语言表达与思想表达direct speech 直接言语(“F**k you”)indirect speech间接言语(he said/asked)free indirect speech 自由间接言语第二部分语言教学知识与能力第一章初中英语课程标准一、初中英语课程基础知识1、英语课程的性质 P149The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.(工具性和人文性)Students’ overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.2、英语课程的设计思路The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies both primary and secondary school English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning into nine competence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method.Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school. Level 2--primary school二、英语课程的分级标准 P1541、语言技能(Language Skills)Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of abilities regarding language knowledge, language skills, affect, learning strategies as well as cultural awareness for relevant levels.2、语言知识(Language Knowledge)(语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题)Students are required to learn consists of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, function and theme.3、情感态度(Affect)(兴趣、动机、自信、意志和合作精神;祖国意识和国际视野)interest, motivation, confidence, will and cooperation; National consciousness and international vision.4、学习策略(Learning Strategies)(认知、调控、交际、资源)Learning strategies can be classified into four groups: cognitive strategy, regulative strategy, communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.5、文化意识(Cultural Awareness/Understanding)(历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念)Historical geography, local customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, norms of behavior, literature and art, values.三、英语课程的实施建议 P1611、教学建议(1)面向全体学生,为每个学生学习英语奠定基础(2)注意语言实践,培养学生的语言运用能力(3)加强学习策略指导,培养学生自主学习能力(4)培养学生的跨文化交际意识,发展跨文化交际能力(5)结合实际教学需要,创造性地使用教材(6)合理利用各种教学资源,提高学生的学习效率(7)组织生动活泼的课外活动,拓展学生的学习渠道(8)不断提高专业水平,努力适应课程要求第二章初中英语教学基本理论一、语言观(Views of Language) P1731、语言的概念Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2、语言的本质特征/设计特性(design features)(1)arbitrariness 任意性(体现了convention规约性)(2)duality 二重性(basic level, higher level基层和高层)(3)creativity 创造性/productivity能产性(4)displacement 移位性(赋予generalizations, abstractions概括和抽象)(5)cultural transmission 文化传习性3、语言的功能(Functions of Language)(1)informative function信息功能(2)interpersonal function人际功能(3)performative function施为功能(4)emotive function情绪功能(5)phatic function寒暄功能(6)recreational function娱乐功能(7)metalingual function元语言功能4、语言学角度的语言观(1)The Structural View of Language 结构语言观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax.(2)The Function View of Language 功能语言观the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.(3)The Interactional View of Language 交互语言观(interaction, dynamics交互性和动态)the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.二、语言学习观(Views of Language Learning) P1761、语言学习理论(1)Behaviorist Learning Theory 行为主义学习理论Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning (stimulus, response, and reinforcement)(2)Cognitive Learning Theory认知主义学习理论Cognitive theory thinks that “language is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced”.(3)Constructivist Learning Theory构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows.最近发展区理论 Zone of Proximal Development三、语言教学观(Views of Language Teaching) P1781、语言教学理论(结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论)四、外语教学法的主要流派1、grammar-translation method 语法翻译法2、audio-lingual method 听说法(pattern drill 句型操练、contrastive analysis对比分析法)3、total physical response 全身反应教学法 P1814、cognitive approach 认知教学法(提高accuracy, appropriateness得体性)5、communicate approach 交际法(包含function,notion功能和意念) P183(1)交际能力(communicative competence)grammatical competence 语法能力、sociolinguistic 社会语言能力、discourse 语篇能力、strategic 策略能力、linguistic 语言能力、pragmatic语用能力、fluency流利性(2)3P教学模式:presentation--practice--production6、task-based approach任务型教学 P184(1)real-world tasks /target tasks 目标任务; pedagogical tasks 教学任务(2)任务的四个构成元素:objective、context、process、outcome(3)information gap 信息差/信息沟activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom context./should help develop students’ language ability.(4)constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论(强调scene, writing, conversation, and meaning construction情景、写作、会话和意义建构)(5)任务型教学的三个环节:pre-task前任务、task-cycle任务环(task、planning、report)、language focus语言聚焦(analysis、practice)第三章初中英语语言知识教学一、语音教学 P1921、语音教学的内容The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be①consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.②intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.③communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2、Pronunciation knowledge teaching发音知识教学(monophonic, alphabet, phonetic symbols单音、字母、音标)3、Flow of language teaching语流教学(sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation重音、节奏、语调)4、The principle of phonetic teaching语音教学的原则(accuracy, long-term, integrity, communication, pertinence, interest准确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则)5、The teaching method of phonetics语音的教学方法 P195(1)Sound perception听音感知练习方法:using minimal pairs 最小对立体(live--leave)、which order 排序、same or different 辨别异同、odd one out 同中选异、completion 填空(2)Imitation and explanation 模仿讲解personally demonstration、imitate、 practice亲自示范,反复模仿、练习(3)Pronunciation practice发音练习练习方法:listen and repeat 听音模仿、fill in the blanks 填空、using pictures 借助图片、using meaningful context 借助情景make up sentences 造句、using togue twisters运用绕口令(4)语流教学(见上)慢动作(slow motion speaking)二、词汇教学 P197 language teaching theories 理论构成:receptive/passive vocabulary 接受性/消极词汇和productive/产出性/积极词汇1、Learning content教学内容(1)word meaning 词汇的意义 include learning form,meaning and use.Knowing a word means: knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical properties/ its meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.词汇意义包括conceptual meaning 、 associated meaning 概念意义和关联意义概念意义:词典中意思,即literal meaning/ denotation 字面意思/词汇的外延、关联意义:文化含义与语境意义,又称connotation 词汇的内涵( learn in the context )(2)word use 词汇的用法包括:collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register 搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域(3)word information 词汇信息包括:part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar features 词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特征(4)word memory strategies 词汇记忆策略avoid rote-learning 避免死记硬背 word-building构词法猜测词义2、Learning principle教学原则(1)音形义结合 pronounce、spelling、meaning(2)词块整体教学 lexical chunks ( knowledge of collocation 搭配)(3)具体语境中教 learn in the context(4)循序渐进 step by step(5)反复练习巩固记忆 review(6)培养自学词汇能力 deduce the meaning of words猜测词义3、Teaching method教学方法 P200(1)呈现词汇:visual/physical demonstration 直观呈现Word-building 构词法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答 verbal context/ situation 结合语境/创设情境运用词汇学习策略,如chunks/ reasoning/ analog/ using dictionary归类/推理/类比/查字典(2)巩固词汇:labelling/ spot the difference/ describe the draw/ play a game/ word bingo/word association贴标签/找茬/描述绘画/玩游戏(宾果)/词汇联想三、语法教学 P2011、Content 教学内容grammar语法具有Three dimensions三维性:form, meaning and usage形式、意义和用法semantic语义包括grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of thestructure/contents of meaning语法形式、结构的语法意义和内容意义task 教学任务:语法rules规则的cognition/ drill/ application认知/操练/应用、the generation of grammar consciousness语法意识的生成2、Principle 教学原则(交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性)grammar teaching should be:(1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories.(2)Constructive:one's knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which closely model the way language is learned and used.(3)Contextual:syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones,and to social and cultural contexts.(4)Contrastive:grammar involves drawing the learner's attention to contrast the differences between the target language and other languages,and between sets of similar features and items of the target language.3、Method教学方法 P202(1)deductive method 演绎法(讲解规则,结合实例分析用法,句型练习)features: It saves time/pays more attention to form/teaches grammar in a decontextualized situation脱离上下文(2)inductive method 归纳法(学生自行归纳语法规则)start with examples and guides ss to work out the rules(3)guided discovery method 引导发现法(学生归纳总结语法规则,老师强化其形式意义)四、语篇教学 P2041、概念和结构(1)Conception 概念discourse pattern语篇可以是dialogue、monologue对话、独白,包括written/spoken language 书面语、口语,form形式上是cohesion衔接的,semantic语义上是coherence 连贯的(2)Tactic pattern结构模式语段/句群、句际关系(并列、顺序、层递、转折)(3)Cohesive device 衔接手段logical connectors逻辑纽带(firstly, thus, on the other hand, if not)grammatical connectors语法纽带(时态什么的)Lexical connectors词汇纽带(repetition重复、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义/反义词)Develop ss’ skill of recognizing discourse patterns训练方式:checking the logic of the author’s arguments.getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.(focus on textual coherence) marking out common openers to stories and jokes.2、教学内涵Aims at developing ss’ discourse awareness.(teacher asks ss to concentrate on such features as structure, coherence and cohesion of a text)3、教学方法 P207overall effectiveness整体性效能(用knowledge transfer知识迁移实现,重在cultivate application ability应用能力培养)、overall grasp of the discourse语篇的整体把握Teaching language at the discourse level :utterance function / expected response/ congratulation/ apology/ acceptance/ inform.第四章初中英语语言技能教学 P212一、听力教学1、影响听力的主要因素(1)objective factor客观因素:types of language used 语言特征(语速/tone音调/pause停顿/liaison连读)、task or purpose in listening 听力任务、context in which the listening occurs文化背景知识(2)subjective factor主观因素:psychological心理因素、knowledge skills知识技能因素、methods and tactics方法与策略因素2、听力教学的要领(1)合理选择听力material材料(authenticity真实性、intelligibility可理解性、diversity/variety多样性)(2)建立专门的听力training system训练体系(3)优化心理氛围,降低焦虑感(arouse interest调动兴趣、放松)(4)重视听的过程中的skill training技巧训练prediction 预测、guess 猜测、coherent memory 连贯记忆(note-taking)、identifying the discourse markers辨认语段标记(5)科学设计听力练习3、听力训练的type类型 P216(1)Focus listening精听(tonal discrimination辨音、gap filling填空、dictation 听写)听写形式:dictogloss听释、fast-speech dictation快速听写、pause and paraphrase听写大意、listening cloze 完形听写、error identification纠错听写、jigsaw identification线索听写(2)Gist listening泛听( decide on the best title )(3)Free listening随意听4、听力教学model模式(1)Bottom-up model“自下而上”(强调language knowledge语言知识)(2)Top-down model“自上而下”(侧重background information背景知识)5、听力教学的过程 P218(1)Pre-listening tasks 听前环节(brainstorming/discuss a relevantpicture/writing question about the topic/associating vocabularies with the topic)(2)While-listening tasks听中环节(辨音、获取主要信息、预测、猜词悟义)(3)Post-listening tasks 听后环节(writing a similar text作文、discussion讨论)二、口语教学 P2191、Spoken language口语的特点(fragmentation结构不完整性、involvement人和场合紧密依存性)(1)语法特征:There are four common features of spoken language:Using less complex syntax.语法Taking short cuts, sentences.(and, or,but)Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks.俗语(fashionable word, two-part allegorical saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasal verbs 歇后语/口语词/俚语/短语动词)Using devices such as fillers,hesitation device to give time to think before speaking.结构特征:往往借助filler补白词(you know, let me see, um)形象特征:说话人的表情、语气及态度等body language身体语言;音质/声调/重音/停顿(2)口语的交际特点“说”受语言rule规则支配/时间factor因素制约/对方response反应影响2、口语教学的要领(1)在听的基础上培养说的能力(使输入的信息量大于输出的信息量)(2)组织多样化的口语活动形式口语活动类型:pre-communicative activities 前交际活动(操练/模仿/重复)和communicative activities 交际活动(信息差活动/解决问题活动/讨论/辩论/采访/游戏)(3)正确处理准确与流利的关系Accuracy( identify particular phonemes on tape )Fluency( shouldn’t interrupt )(4)创造浓厚外语氛围,鼓励学生敢说乐说The characteristics of a successful speaking task:maximum foreign talk/even participation/high motivation/right language level (5)合理选择口语组织形式,增加学生开口的机会(小组形式/单双人活动)3、口语训练的方法imitativeness模仿性、monologue独白性、performing表演性的口语表达三、阅读教学 P2231、外语阅读的type/form类型(1)根据阅读方式和技巧的不同划分Adaptive reading适应性阅读recognition--read--silent-reading认读--朗读--默读Learning reading学习型阅读plain substance主旨浅显information信息量大,强调阅读速度comprehension理解性阅读real material材料真实、wide theme题材广泛、various types体裁多样,higher difficulty 难度较高(2)根据阅读方式和技巧的不同划分Skinning 面式读法/略读(掌握全文大意或中心思想;报刊、新书)quickly get the gistScanning 点式读法/寻读/跳读(查找具体信息;时间、人名、地点、数字)specific informationIntensive reading 线式读法/精读(详细地阅读,深入分析、理解和记忆)read in detailExtensive reading 纵式读法/泛读(广泛地阅读,阅读速度、快速理解能力、拓宽视野) facilitate process of accumulating vocabulary / increasing target language expose/ broadening scope of vision(3)根据阅读理解的层次划分Literal comprehension 字面理解(依靠语言知识/能力辨认词义和语法结构)language knowledge/competence identify meaning and grammatical structure Inferential/interpretive comprehension 推断性理解(经历、直觉、逻辑判断理解未明示信息)experience/ intuition/ logic judge and understand unexpressed information Evaluative comprehension 评价性理解/应用性理解(理解文章信息的价值)valueAppreciative comprehension 欣赏性理解(情感熏陶和思想启迪)Emotional influence and thought enlightenment2、阅读教学的要领 P226(1)合理选择阅读材料Language difficulties 难度(难于略高于学习者现有水平)higher than present levelInterest 趣味性(充满可读性,激发求知欲和好奇心)readability、thirst for knowledge and curiosityAuthenticity 真实性(英语本族语者撰写)written by native English speakersComprehensiveness 宽泛性(内容反映历史、人物、风土人情、文化习俗以及时尚流行,体裁和题材丰富多样)content various type or forms of literature and theme(2)建立分析性(精读)与综合性(泛读)相结合的阅读教学体系分析性阅读与综合性阅读教学的分工改进现行分析性阅读教学模式,落实阅读训练综合性阅读教学应正规化、课程化(3)重视阅读three elements三要素的培养vocabulary词汇、comprehend理解(topic sentence主题句)、speed速度(4)重视阅读过程中的技巧训练prediction预测、reading for specific抓中心思想、reading for specific information 获取特殊信息、inferring推理(reading between the lines)、identifying the discourse types确认语篇3、阅读教学的approach模式 P229(1)The top-down model 自上而下模式为主(pre-reading activities读前环节活动的开展)(2)The bottom-up model 自下而上模式为辅(小到大的语言文字单位,重视词汇教学) teaching a text by introducing new vocabularies or structuresfollow the sequence of teaching new words, sentences and then the whole passage (3)The interactive-compensatory approach交互补偿模式4、阅读教学的过程(1)Pre-reading tasks 读前环节(背景知识、写作风格、西方风俗)predicting what a passage is about/ creating a word web related to a topic/ sharing what is already known about a topic(2)While-reading tasks读中环节(保障充足阅读时间、阅读技能训练)(3)Post-reading tasks 读后环节(思维和实践活动)四、写作教学 P2311、写的教学要领(1)Motivate writing motivation 激发写作动机communicative purpose; audience awareness 交际目的读者意识(2)指导写作技巧:写的单项训练(结合语音教学)语篇写作技巧(design skills构思技巧;过程构思、文本构思;model essay范文是有力工具)skill of planning: finding ideas and put them in order(3)根据不同文体风格指导相应的写作策略Formal writing 正式文体(第三人称)typical feature: the precision of language is a priority 语言精确优先well-organized structure 有序的结构wide range of vocabulary and structural patterns 有结构的模式technical terms and definitions 专用名词和定义Informal writing 非正式文体(一、二人称)typical feature: short and incomplete sentences are common 多为短句、简单句(4)分阶段设计教学活动,训练写作技能Controlled writing 控制性写作(gap filling/ transcribe/ sentence pattern transformation填空/抄写/句型转换)Guided writing 指导性写作(completion/ reproduction/ compression/ transformation 续写/复写/缩写/转写)Free writing 自由写作(5)写、correct/ amend改、evaluate评相结合2、写作教学的模式(1)Product-oriented approach注重结果(给题目--写--改,注重语篇整体)(2)Content-oriented approach注重内容(收集材料--组织文章--修改,写前准备)(3)Process-oriented approach注重过程(准备--写作--修改--再改,写作能力)what/how to write peer-editing3、写作教学的process过程(1)Pre-writing tasks写前环节的任务和活动(gather and organize ideas激发写作动机)The main procedures of process writing include creating a motivation to write, brainstorming,mapping,freewriting,outlining,drafting,editing,revising,proofreading and conferencing.(2)While-writing tasks写中环节的任务和活动(organize written组织成文)drafting, peer-editing, revising(3)Post-writing tasks写后环节的任务和活动(comments and feedback 点评和反馈) conferencing第三部分教学设计第一章教学设计skill技能一、教学设计概述 P2411、概念:传统的instructional design 教学设计即lesson planning 备课考虑“如何学”最核心的部分是lesson plan 教案It’s a teaching guide/ It takes into account syllabus教学大纲 and ss./It describes in advance提前 what about how to teach.2、教学设计principle原则aims目标性原则 variety 多样性原则 flexibility 灵活性原则learnability可学性原则 linkage 衔接性选择 feasibility 可行性原则3、教学设计的basic requirements基本要求A language lesson plan usually has the following components:background information,teaching aims, language contents and skills, stages and procedures, teaching aids, assignments, and teacher's after-lesson reflection.4、教学设计新concept理念(1)学生参与课堂设计的自主性(2)教学设计贯穿课堂教学的全过程(3)教学设计的确定性与不确定性相统一5、教学设计的pattern模式Analysis----design----evaluation 分析----设计----评价分析:学习需求(学习objectives目标分析是关键)、学习者、学习content内容设计:教学strategy策略、教学course过程(task appearance--preparation--accomplishment--consolidation 任务呈现--任务准备--任务完成--语言巩固)、教学technique技术评价:教学target目标是否达成是评价教学设计有效性的关键反馈修正(feedback correction):教学评价能够提供大量的教学反馈信息6、英语教学设计的concrete form 具体形式(1)表格式 table form分别陈述学生/教师活动,说明活动目的/意图,突出教学design 设计的理念(2)流程图式 flow chart form 展示教学process过程(format格式不同)(3)叙述式 narrative form二、学情分析 P2481、学习者分析(1)认知特征(2)学习风格 authority-oriented learners崇尚权威型;analytical learners分析型; concrete learners具体型;communicative learners交际型(3)学习方式 accepted 接受性;experience 体验性;independent 自主性;Cooperation 合作性;exploration 探究性2、学习需求分析(1)learning needs的内涵学习目前状态与期望状态之间的差距(2)学习需求分析的内容和方法data collection 数据采集;analyze 分析三、教学内容分析 P2511、教学内容的选择把握fundamentality基础性(vocabulary/ syntactic structure/ language competence/ learning strategy/ cultural knowledge词汇/句法结构/语言能力/学习策略/文化知识)adaptation 适应性(age/ cognitive characteristic 年龄/认知特点)high frequency高频性(frequently used经常使用的)enjoyment 趣味性(激发学习兴趣,保证学习effectiveness 有效性)2、正确理解textbook教材(1)分析教材 textbook evaluation provides authentic language/ matches the needs of learners/ can help realize the objectives of a language program(2)处理教材的方法(LARA法:leave-adapt-replace-add)(3)教材的使用:活化教材、挖掘资源、选准话题(探究性、开放性、生成性)When a teacher using an ELT course book, he should:select appropriate supporting materials and resources.interpret curriculum goals and its expectations for the course.plan lessons in relation to specific goals, topics, texts, and tasks.3、Auxiliary teaching materials辅助教学材料的screening筛选(1)教学材料筛选的原则:启发式、因材施教、动态生成、适时适度(2)教学材料筛选的策略:遵循理念、吃透教材、研究学生(3)辅助教学材料的分类:知识类、技能类、课外活动类、教学辅助类、自主学习类四、教学目标 P2551、教学目标的陈述内容三个维度:knowledge objective/ ability objective/ emotion objective知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观2、教学目标的陈述要素以行为目标来陈述教学目标,包括四个要素:ABCD模式A-audience 主体或听众(程度副词/百分比/范围副词)+主语(ss/learners)B-behavior 行为listen,sing,imitate,recite,depict,recognize,apply,understand,know,master,enjoyC-conditions 条件after this class, under the guidance of the teacher, after attending alecture,with the help of substances, through imitation/repeatD-degree 程度/标准clearly, fluently, correctly, efficiently, basically, preliminarily, smoothly, appropriately3、教学目标的陈述方式按照层级划分有三种goals,aims,objectives(course goals, teaching aims)(1)结果性目标(知识与技能)4、教学目标的陈述原则comprehensive、suitable、specific、 accurate全面、恰当(目标层次性/内容和已有知识一致性/教学活动连贯性)、具体、准确五、教学重难点 P2591、教学重难点的meaning涵义(1)Teaching key/ Important point教学重点。
(完整版)国家教师资格考试--英语学科知识与教学能力考试重点
英语学科知识与教学能力考试大纲和考试重点1、掌握英语语言的基础知识。
(多以单项选择题形式进行考查,其中名词、非谓语动词、复合句等都是考查的重点,应全面复习)2、了解语言研究中与英语教学相关的基本概念和知识,并能在课堂教学中加以运用。
(多以单项选择题形式进行考查,其中语言学及外语教学中的基本概念以及语言学基本知识等为考查重点)。
3、具有良好的语言运动能力,包括用英语进行书面表达、表达思想感情和与学生良好沟通的能力。
具有获取教学资源和信息的能力。
能够筛选并改编适合初中生英语水平的语言材料。
(本章多以单项选择题的形式出现,考试中容易涉及到教师语言的功能、教师的沟通能力等知识点)。
4、了解英语国家的语言、历史、文学知识。
(涉及不多,英美国家的历史、文化,英美文学中主要作家、作品是重点。
)5、了解英语教学的基本理论,包括语言观、语言学习观、语言教学观。
了解语言教学基本理论对初中英语教学的指导作用。
(多以单项选择题和简答题形式进行考查,其中对语言观、语言学习观、语言教学观的概念和语言的结构功能考查居多;语言学习的要素,外语学习的策略和方法,语言教学理论和教学法也是重要知识点;要大致了解教学基本理论对英语教学的知道作用。
)6、理解《义务教育英语课程标准的内容》,并能在教学设计实施中运用。
(多以单项选择和简答题的形式出现,英语课程标准、教学建议和评价建议是重点。
)7、掌握英语语言知识(语音、词汇、语法)的教学基本原则、讲解和练习方法。
(多以单项选择和简答的形式出现,要求对语音、词汇、语法以及语篇等教学的基本原则和方法进行熟练掌握,了解四项知识的目标和教学活动设计,能对给出的案例进行有条理的分析。
)8、掌握英语语言技能(听、说、读、写)的教学原则和训练方法。
(多以单项选择题和简答题的形式进行考查,重点为四项语言技能的训练方法、原则和具体的实施策略。
)9、能结合英语社会文化语境,设计英语知识与技能的教学,实施英语知识和技能的训练。
教师资格(统考)-英语学科知识与教学能力-教师常用口语
口语技能教学
Practice 4 In a speaking class, the instructor wants to check whether students’ production is correct or not. Which activity will you NOT suggest? A. Role-play B. Debate C. Retelling D. information
口语技能教学
49 Take it easy. 请放心/别紧张。 50 Be brave / active, please. 请勇敢/主动些。 51 Who wants to try? 谁来试试? 52 Come up to the front, please. 请到前面来。 53 Go back to your seat, please. 请回座位。 54 Come on. You can do it. 来吧!你能做到的。 55 Come on, you’re almost there. 来吧!你快(做/ 答)对了。 56 I’ll give you a clue (hint). 我给 different speaking activities 采用多种口语练习 活动:小组讨论,对话,课后录音等 6) Developing communicative strategies 有效使用交 际策略
口语技能教学
①积极回应对方。 ②适当使用补白词。 例如“well”, “um”等。 ③迂回策略。 运用释义或近义词。 ④借助形体语言。 ⑤ 掌握常规程序套语。
教师资格(统考)
英语学科知识与教学能力(中学)
精讲班
口语技能教学
口语技能教学
一、 Contents of Teaching Speaking 口语教学内容 1. Language form. 语言形式:语音语调、词汇、语法等 2. Language content. 语言内容:指广阔的知识背景和 经验 3. Function. 如问候,道歉,邀请,感谢等 4. Cultural knowledge. 包括文化的规则和不同文化间的交流规则。 5. Strategies. 主要指交际策略和对话技巧。
教资初中英语《学科知识与教学能力》考点总结
教资•初中英语•《学科知识与教学能力》考点总结●听力教学●模式●自下而上的听力教学模式bottom-up model (微观→ 宏观)●强调语言知识对听力的影响●安排适当听力技能的训练,及词汇、语法知识的讲解听力理解前●自上而下的听力教学模式top-down model (宏观→ 微观)●侧重背景知识的作用●交互式的听力教学模式interactive model (自下而上 & 自上而下的结合)●克服语言、文化障碍听力教学的理想模式●过程(PWP)⭕注重听中●听前环节pre-listening●准备环节激发学习动机,激活已有图式(schema),帮助学生做好提前准备●活动●介绍相关背景知识●教授生词或重难点句型●学生预测听力材料内容●呈现图片、播放影像,提出开放性问题,引导讨论相关话题●听中环节while-listening●关键环节主要目标:培养信息理解能力、训练听力技能●活动●培养辨音能力的活动discrinination●辨别语音、重弱读、意群●选择听到的单词、句子●根据录音排列单词、句子、图片等●培养交际信息辨别能力的活动identify communication signals●识别对话中的新信息指标语、例证指示语、话题中止语、话题转换指示语等●培养大意理解能力的活动listen for the gist ( 宏观角度 )●理解对话或独白的主题、意图、大意●听录音,判断听前预测是否正确●培养细节理解能力的活动listen for specific information ( 微观角度 )●获取具体信息●培养推理判断和预测能力的活动infer and predict●根据语气、对话内容,推断说话人的意图、态度、说话人之间的关系、预测下文●推测个别表达的作用、代词的指代内容、说话人的身份和态度、对话发生的时间和地点、接下来的情节●培养词义猜测能力的活动guess word meaning●猜测听力材料中出现的陌生表达方式含义●培养记笔记能力的活动take notes●根据听力材料的类型、要求,用简单的符号、数字、有代表性的字母记录所听信息●注意●精听careful listening●通过听材料,把材料内容感知一遍,加深学生对材料细节内容的理解●泛听extensive listening●初步听材料并回答问题,初步了解文章的主旨大意和基本内容●听后环节post-listening●作用:巩固与深化加工重组型信息,加深理解●活动●重要的生词和语法作解释和扩展帮助巩固和拓展所学知识●针对听力材料多角度提问●跟读听力、复述听力材料内容、讨论相关话题●编创对话、角色扮演,培养合作意识●培养想象力、书面表达能力●培养批判思维●评价对话或语篇中事件或说话人的做法●体会对话或语篇背后隐含的意义●策略●培养学生良好的语感●培养语音感觉●培养语意感觉●培养对语言感情色彩的感觉●培养学生良好的听力习惯●听前环节浏览信息●边听边记录,边听边记忆●遇到无法听懂的词句,继续听下去●营造轻松的听力氛围●缓解压力,增强信心●口语教学●内容●语言形式language form●语言内容language content●(交际)功能functions●(文化与交际)策略strategies●原则●平衡流利性与准确性●口语要流利、准确流利:语言顺畅、意义完整表达准确:语音形式正确使用●模仿性口语●及时纠错●交际性口语●允许错误的发生,尽量不打断学生的思路●情境化原则●针对不同教学内容,创设贴近学生生活经历的话语情境●真实性、可操作性,培养跨文化交际的意识和能力●激励性原则●尽可能多的为学生开口说英语创造机会●克服紧张、害怕出错的心理,及时加以肯定和鼓励,及时表扬●信息沟原则●信息沟(information gap):不同人掌握信息方面存在的差距也叫信息不对称●由于这种差距,人们才有了交际活动●调查survey●讨论discussion●采访interview●发展口语策略原则●加强口语策略的讲解和训练●策略:引出话题、维持交谈、转移与终止话题、引起注意、表示倾听和理解、插话、回避、转码、释义、澄清、求助●听说结合原则●增加语言知识类的语言输入●积累话题的素材●活动多样化原则●兴趣、主动性、参与性●过程( PWP )●说前环节pre-speaking●首要任务:让学生明确口语活动的话题●活动●头脑风暴、阅读材料减少学生的表达障碍●播放语口语活动相关的听力材料了解话题,积累语言素材●说中环节while-speaking●任务注意●学生:在规定的时间内完成口语活动●教师:巡场●活动:要有梯度(简单→ 难)●活动●控制性和机械性活动controlled or mechanical activities●扩展句子expand sentences●朗读read aloud●模仿imitate●复述retell●听写dictate●翻译translate●背诵recite●半控制性或半机械性活动semi-controlled or semi-mechanical activities●情景对话situational conversation●图片描述describe pictures●开放性和创造性活动open or creative activities●涉及信息相互传递,围绕某一话题/问题,以结对/ 小组合作的方式开展●活动●采访interview●调查survey●自由交谈free talk●猜谜游戏guessing game●小组讨论group discussion●角色扮演role-play●辩论debate●即兴演讲impromptu speech●说后环节post-speaking●安排展示和评价活动,帮助学生纠正错误●阅读教学●模式●自上而下的模式top-down m model (宏观→ 微观)●重视背景知识导入,运用自己的知识对文章的下文进行预测●优点●着眼于从整体上把握文章,培养学生的速度能力●缺点●不利于积累和掌握基础语言知识●自下而上的模式bottom-up model (微观→ 宏观)●对材料的理解:从比较小的语言文字单位到比较大的单位●过程:“刺激-反应-强化”阅读,是各项基本的阅读能力的培养和强化●优点●更注重细节●缺点●不利于阅读速度的提升●不能从更高的角度理解文章的深层含义●交互补偿的模式interactive compensatory model●是以上两种模式的结合●过程( PWP )⭕注重读中●读前环节pre- reading●激发阅读动机,激活背景知识,减少阅读障碍,做好阅读准备●活动●呈现图片、视频、标题、谜语,预测阅读材料的主题、语境/ 主要内容●教授重点单词、短语、句型●呈现标题、图片、播放视频,介绍阅读材料的背景知识●提出开放性问题●读中环节while-reading●阅读为主,帮助理解阅读材料,训练阅读技能●活动●判断预测是否正确,总结文章大意或段意,给阅读材料拟定标题●找到事实性问题的答案,判断正误,提取信息,完成表格,补全句子,将材料中的事件进行排序●读后环节post-reading●开展评价性和应用性活动,巩固和拓展知识●活动●学生评估自己阅读过程中的表现●根据一定的线索(如:思维导图)复述材料内容,加深阅读材料的理解和记忆●角色扮演●采访活动,调查活动,讨论活动●教师指导学生进行写作,提升书面表达能力●学生对故事类语篇进行简单的续编●制作展板/ 海报,培养创作和动手能力●基本技能●略读/ 跳读skimming●尽可能快的速度,有选择的阅读,跳过某些细节,只抓住文章大意●可着重关注起始段和结尾段、段落的主题句、与主题句相关的信息、标题、架构●寻读/ 查读scanning●通过快速阅读,在文字资料中查询特定的细节信息,带有明确的目的性●利用关键词、小标题、图片、表格等快速定位●猜测词义word-guessing●扩大词汇量的有效方法●利用上下文、同义词、反义词、构词法●预测predicting●借助标题、图片等信息,对文章题材、题材、结构脉络、内容等进行预测文章体裁:记叙文、说明文、议论文题材:经济、政治、历史、文化、科普●推理inferring●透过表面意思,领悟言外之意、语气、态度●识别指代关系recognizing the reference●分析、判断、整体阅读、归纳和总结●策略●泛读与精读相结合●阅读与说、写相结合●阅读是一种语言输入,最终应转化为语言输出●激发学生阅读兴趣●阅读材料:趣味性●阅读任务:多样性、丰富性●不同文体侧重不同要点●布置不同的阅读任务●写作教学●模式●重结果product-oriented approach●注重写作成品●重过程process-oriented approach●写作内容与写作过程并重●重内容content-oriented approach●强调写作内容的丰富性主张通过不同渠道收集素材,丰富写作内容●过程( PWP ) ⭕注重写前●写前环节pre-writing●激发写作动机,帮助积累素材,明确写作思路和文章结构(格式),为初稿写作做准备(语言形式、语言结构,词、句型)●活动●头脑风暴brainstorming●讨论或调查discussion/ survey●分析范文analyzing the sample article●绘制思路图/ 思维导图drawing a mind map●用途●可以帮助学生记录并整理思路●学生:组织学习内容,整理知识框架,提升学习效率●教师:制定教学计划,整理教学设计,展示教学内容,提升教学效率●注意事项●相关性●灵活性●适度性●写提纲drawing up an outline●写中环节while-writing●要求:注意检查单词,拼写标点,句子表达,文章结构,时间,内容,主题●写后环节post-writing●对初稿进行推敲、润色、修改、评析、分享●活动●自改与互改self-editing and peer-editing●修订revising●对文章进行修改完善●分享和评价sharing and evaluating●邀请几名学生分享自己的文章,并给予评价●形式●控制性写作controlled writing (重复、机械、练习)●抄写copying●填空blank-filling●完成句子completion●句型转换transformation●造句making sentences●指导性写作guided writing (限制)●段落写作●摘要性写作●基于调查问卷的写作●表达性写作expressive writing (开放性)●随意写作●学生可以随意写他们想写的任何事情●叙述和描述细节●语言水平高的学生,可以根据他们所熟悉的主题写一些小文章●原则●模仿性与应用性相结合●重过程与重结果相结合●写作与听说、阅读有机结合●学习性写作和交际性写作相结合。
2019年教师资格考试英语学科知识与教学能力知识点
2019年教师资格考试英语学科知识与教学能力知识点一、词汇教学的内容(一)意义(meaning)1.外延意义(denotative meaning)即概念意义(conceptual meaning)字面意义、词典中2.内涵意义(connotative meaning)同一个单词在不同文化和语境中可能有不同的意义e.g.dog:loyalty(二)词汇信息(basic information)词性(part of speech)、词缀(affixes)、词的拼写(spelling)、发音(pronunciation)、词法规则(lexical rules)、句法结构(syntax structures)(三)用法(usage)搭配(collocation)、短语(phrases)、习语(idioms)、风格(style)、语域(register)(四)策略(strategies)调控策略(controlling strategies):属于元认知策略(metacognitive strategies)资源策略(resource strategies)、认知策略(cognitive strategies)记忆策略(memory strategies)、活动策略(strategies for organizing activities)二、词汇教学的原则(一)词汇选择原则1.所选词汇必须是经常出现的词汇2.所选词汇必须能够用于其他活动3.所选词汇应具有一定的代表性(二)系统性原则展示词汇之间的系统性、联系性,化机械记忆为理解性记忆。
系统性主要关注词汇的形音练习、形义联系、结构联系、语义和用法联系等。
(三)文化性原则(四)呈现原则词汇的呈现应坚持直观性、情景性和趣味性。
(五)运用原则给学生创设具体运用词汇的条件和语境让学生使用词汇,让学生在运用中加深对词汇意义的理解,掌握词汇的用法和功能。
三、词汇教学模式(一)PPT模式1.呈现presentation:教师借助实物、图片、视频、行为等方式呈现单词的意义和用法。
初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结
初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结第⼀部分语⾔知识与能⼒第⼀章英语语⾔知识⼆、语⾳(Speech Sounds)P781、语⾳分类发⾳⽅式发⾳部位VL - 清浊⾳(voiceless consonant)VD - 浊辅⾳(voiced consonant)2、⾳系学(phonology)P79(1)同化规则(assimilation Rule)progressive assimilation 顺同化(前⾯带偏后⾯)workedregressive assimilation 逆同化(后⾯带偏前⾯)newspaperreciprocal/double assimilation 互相同化did you(2)⾳节(syllable)tea chi-na im-pos-si-ble重⾳(stress)声调(tone)(3)语⾳变化(vocal variety)liaison 连读pick it upplosion 爆破⾳plosion loss 失去爆破sit down ;incomplete plosion 不完全爆破ask ednasal plosion ⿐腔爆破button ;lateral plosion ⾆边爆破little三、形态学(Morphology)1、morpheme 词素重点!P87(1)free morpheme ⾃由词素dog ;bound morpheme 黏着词素moonwalk(2)root 词根;affix 词缀(prefix 前缀、suffix 后缀);stem 词⼲friend-ships (3)inflectional affix 屈折词缀-s,-ing,-ed不同形式(4)derivational affix 派⽣词缀改变词性和意义2、(1)inflection 屈折变化-s,-ing,-ed不同形式(2)word-formation 词的形成:compounding 复合法through-outderivation 派⽣法(prefixation 前缀化suffixation 后缀化)il-logical-ly3、常见构词法P89invention 新创词nylon ;blending 混成法smoke+fog=smogclipping 截断法advertisement=ad ;initialism ⾸字母连写词WTOacronym ⾸字母拼⾳词AIDS ;back-formation 逆构词法editor--editanalogical creation 类似构词work--wrought/workedtypes of borrowing 借词法:loanword/borrowing 借词feast(法语中借来)loanblend 混合借词Chinatown (本国加外来)loanshift 转移借词bridge (借⽤意义)loan translation 翻译借词(从别种语⾔翻译⽽来)4、词义变化broadening 词义扩⼤bird ⼩鸟--鸟类;narrowing 词义缩⼩girl 年轻⼈--⼥孩meaning shift 词义转移;class shift 词性转换;folk etymology 俗词源(错多了成了对的)四、句法学(Syntax)P911、句法关系syntagmatic relation 组合关系(horizontal relation/chain relation)构成同⼀形式、序列或结构paradigmatic relation 聚合关系(vertical relation/choice relation)各要素可相互替换relation of co-occurrence 共现关系(不同集合的词语⼀起组成句⼦)2、句⼦结构和成分immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法(IC分析法)The boy ate the apple. ⽤树形图(tree diagram)⼀般句⼦,主谓宾之类的endocentric construction 向⼼结构⼀个词或词组可以确定为中⼼(center)或中⼼词(head)two stone bridge ⼀般名词/动词/形容词短语exocentric construction 离⼼结构没有确定的中⼼或中⼼词The boy smiled. ⼀般动宾/系表结构deep structure 深层结构(含义相同,说法不同)surface structure 表层结构(句⼦表述⽅式)五、语义学(Semantics)P931、涵义关系(Sense Relations)lexical relation 词汇关系(1)同义关系(Synonymy)synonyms 同义词stylistic ⽂体差别(formality) buy--perchase ;dialectal 地域差别underground--subway collocational 搭配差别accuse(of)--charge(with) ;emotive 情感差别thrifty--stingy ;semantic 语义差别enough--ample(2)反义关系(Antonymy)antonyms 反义词relational opposites 意义相反词gradable antonymy 等级反义warm--cool complementary antonymy 互补反义boy--girlconverse antonymy 反向反义关系buy--sell(3)上下义关系(Hyponymy)种类和成员包括上坐标词(superordinate)和下义词(hyponymy)flower--rose/tulip(4)⼀词多义(Polysemy)(5)同⾳/同形异义现象(Homonymy)homophone 同⾳异义sun--sonhomograph 同形异义liecomplete homonym 完全同⾳同形异义bank 岸边;银⾏2、句⼦逻辑关系iff--充分必要条件“S is true iff P”P就是S的真值条件(truth condition)P (1)synonymy 同义关系“X is synonymous with Y.”同真同假P95(2)contradiction ⽭盾关系“X is inconsistent with Y.”⼀真⼀假(3)entailment 蕴含关系“X entails Y.”X⼩,Y⼤X:old man Y:man(4)presupposition 预设关系“X presupposes Y.”Y是前提X:repair the car Y:have a car六、语⽤学(Pragmatics)P961、⾔语⾏为理论(Speech Act Theory)(1)locutionary act 发话⾏为(说话⼈表达字⾯意思)is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood. (2)illocutionary act ⾏事⾏为(说话⼈表达意图)is the act in saying something to perform a function.(3)perlocutionary act 取效⾏为(作⽤于听话⼈的效果)is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something. ⾔外之意(illocutionary point):representatives 阐述类;directives 指令类;commissives 承诺类;expressives 表达类;declarations 宣告类2、会话含义理论(Conversational Principle/Maxim)violate 违反P97cooperative principle,CP 合作原则(会话有共同⽬标)“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”(1)the maxim of quantity数量准则(信息充分)(2)the maxim of quality质量准则(说实话)(3)the maxim of relation相关准则(说相关的事)(4)the maxim of manner⽅式准则(清楚简洁避免歧义)conversational implicature 会话含义(⽤会话准则暗⽰意义)(1)calculability 可推导性(含义能理解)(2)cancellability 可取消性(defeasibility)(因素变化,含义变化)(3)non-detachability 不可分离性(含义依附于内容)(4)non-conventionality⾮规约性(含义不确定)七、修辞学(Rhetoric)问法:rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辞策略P981、simile明喻like,as...as,as if,as though,similar to,such as2、metaphor隐喻(暗含⽐较)elephant pause3、personification拟⼈(把事物或概念当做⼈)4、metonymy借代(⽤事物的名称代替亲密相关的另⼀事物)5、synecdoche提喻(部分代替整体或整体代替部分)hand/mouth--man6、euphemism婉⾔die--pass away7、irony反语(意思相反)8、allegory讽喻9、exaggeration夸张(夸⼤或缩⼩使表达⽣动有趣)10、transferred epithet移位修辞nervous exam11、oxymoron⽭盾修辞bitter-sweet memory12、pun双关语(homophonic puns 谐⾳双关;homographic puns 语义双关)⼋、语⾔教学P1001、中介语(interlanguage)2、对⽐分析(contrastive analysis)3、错误分析(error analysis)(1)error错误(因为知识不⾜)mistake失误(不注意犯错)(2)interlingual errors语际错误(迁移错误)因为母语Cnglishintralingual errors语内错误(发展性错误)因为过度概括语⾔规则eat-eated(错) 4、错误性质:omissions 省略(少成分);additions 添加(多成分);misformations 形式错误(eated);double markings 双重标记(didn’t went);misorderings 顺序错误(how you are)5、我国外语学习者错误类型(1)negative transfer 负迁移/⼲扰因为母语(2)over-generalization过度类推/过度概括因为过度概括语⾔规则(3)pragmatic failure语⽤错误违反对⽅的⽂化习俗6、第⼆外语习得理论(Second Language Acquisition,SLA)(1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis语⾔习得和学得假说(习得和学得两条不同的途径)(2)Monitor Hypothesis语⾔监察假说(学习者⾃⼰监督控制语⾔输出质量)(3)Input Hypothesis语⾔输⼊假说(接触理解可理解性语⾔输⼊comprehensible input)(4)Affective Filter Hypothesis情感过滤假说(输⼊input和吸收intake受到动⼒motivation、性格personality、情感状态affective state)(5)Natural Order Hypothesis⾃然顺序假说(可以不按任何语法顺序来教学)第⼆章英语语⾔运⽤能⼒⼀、教学中的⾮语⾔交际1、⾮语⾔⼿段P118environment language环境语(座位安排、时间信息、室内标⽰装饰、声⾳灯光等)object language客体语(个⼈,⾐着化妆、个⼈⽤品等)2、⾮语⾔⾏为body language体态语(⾝姿、⼿势、表情、⽬光)paralanguage 副语⾔(声⾳⾳质、⾳量、语调、语速)第三章英语国家的语⾔、历史和⽂学三、语⾔、⽂化和社会1、局部结构P131毗邻对(adjacency pairs)⼀轮对话(1)毗邻对的条件相关性(conditional relevance)preferred second part/preference structure 优选结构Hidispreferred second part/dispreference structure ⾮优选结构relevant absence 相关缺失(2)毗邻对的扩展base pairs 根毗邻对(被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对)前扩展,指前序列(pre-sequences),包括邀请、请求、结束、宣告中扩展,包括插⼊序列(insertion sequences)和旁侧序列(side sequences)后扩展,指后序列(post sequences),包括会话修正和主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个部分:修正源(trouble source)、修正的发起(repair initiation)、修正(repair)lexical 词汇启动(no,sorry,let me see,you know)non-lexical ⾮词汇启动(um..,uh..)四、语⾔与⽂字1、⼩说语⾔P134(1)⼩说与视⾓first-person narrator 第⼀⼈称叙述者(I)third-person narrator第三⼈称叙述者(he,she,it,they)(2)语⾔表达与思想表达direct speech 直接⾔语(“F**k you”)indirect speech间接⾔语(he said/asked)free indirect speech ⾃由间接⾔语第⼆部分语⾔教学知识与能⼒第⼀章初中英语课程标准⼀、初中英语课程基础知识1、英语课程的性质P149The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.(⼯具性和⼈⽂性)Students’ overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.2、英语课程的设计思路The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies both primary and secondary school English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learninginto nine competence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method. Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school. Level 2--primary school⼆、英语课程的分级标准P1541、语⾔技能(Language Skills)Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of abilities regarding language knowledge, language skills, affect, learning strategies as well as cultural awareness for relevant levels.2、语⾔知识(Language Knowledge)(语⾳、词汇、语法、功能和话题)Students are required to learn consists of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, function and theme.3、情感态度(Affect)(兴趣、动机、⾃信、意志和合作精神;祖国意识和国际视野)interest, motivation, confidence, will and cooperation; National consciousness and international vision.4、学习策略(Learning Strategies)(认知、调控、交际、资源)Learning strategies can be classified into four groups: cognitive strategy, regulative strategy, communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.5、⽂化意识(Cultural Awareness/Understanding)(历史地理、风⼟⼈情、传统习俗、⽣活⽅式、⾏为规范、⽂学艺术、价值观念)Historical geography, local customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, norms of behavior, literature and art, values.三、英语课程的实施建议P1611、教学建议(1)⾯向全体学⽣,为每个学⽣学习英语奠定基础(2)注意语⾔实践,培养学⽣的语⾔运⽤能⼒(3)加强学习策略指导,培养学⽣⾃主学习能⼒(4)培养学⽣的跨⽂化交际意识,发展跨⽂化交际能⼒(5)结合实际教学需要,创造性地使⽤教材(6)合理利⽤各种教学资源,提⾼学⽣的学习效率(7)组织⽣动活泼的课外活动,拓展学⽣的学习渠道(8)不断提⾼专业⽔平,努⼒适应课程要求第⼆章初中英语教学基本理论⼀、语⾔观(Views of Language)P1731、语⾔的概念Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2、语⾔的本质特征/设计特性(design features)(1)arbitrariness 任意性(体现了convention规约性)(2)duality ⼆重性(basic level, higher level基层和⾼层)(3)creativity 创造性/productivity能产性(4)displacement 移位性(赋予generalizations, abstractions概括和抽象)(5)cultural transmission ⽂化传习性3、语⾔的功能(Functions of Language)(1)informative function信息功能(2)interpersonal function⼈际功能(3)performative function施为功能(4)emotive function情绪功能(5)phatic function寒暄功能(6)recreational function娱乐功能(7)metalingual function元语⾔功能4、语⾔学⾓度的语⾔观(1)The Structural View of Language 结构语⾔观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax.(2)The Function View of Language 功能语⾔观the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.(3)The Interactional View of Language 交互语⾔观(interaction, dynamics交互性和动态)the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.⼆、语⾔学习观(Views of Language Learning)P1761、语⾔学习理论(1)Behaviorist Learning Theory ⾏为主义学习理论Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning (stimulus, response, and reinforcement)(2)Cognitive Learning Theory认知主义学习理论Cognitive theory thinks that “language is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced”.(3)Constructivist Learning Theory构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows.最近发展区理论Zone of Proximal Development三、语⾔教学观(Views of Language Teaching)P1781、语⾔教学理论(结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语⾔学理论)四、外语教学法的主要流派1、grammar-translation method 语法翻译法2、audio-lingual method 听说法(pattern drill 句型操练、contrastive analysis对⽐分析法)3、total physical response 全⾝反应教学法P1814、cognitive approach 认知教学法(提⾼accuracy, appropriateness得体性)5、communicate approach 交际法(包含function,notion功能和意念)P183(1)交际能⼒(communicative competence)grammatical competence 语法能⼒、sociolinguistic 社会语⾔能⼒、discourse 语篇能⼒、strategic 策略能⼒、linguistic 语⾔能⼒、pragmatic语⽤能⼒、fluency流利性(2)3P教学模式:presentation--practice--production6、task-based approach任务型教学P184(1)real-world tasks /target tasks ⽬标任务;pedagogical tasks 教学任务(2)任务的四个构成元素:objective、context、process、outcome(3)information gap 信息差/信息沟activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom context./should help develop students’ language ability.(4)constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论(强调scene, writing, conversation, and meaning construction情景、写作、会话和意义建构)(5)任务型教学的三个环节:pre-task前任务、task-cycle任务环(task、planning、report)、language focus语⾔聚焦(analysis、practice)第三章初中英语语⾔知识教学⼀、语⾳教学P1921、语⾳教学的内容The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be①consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.②intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.③communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2、Pronunciation knowledge teaching发⾳知识教学(monophonic, alphabet, phonetic symbols单⾳、字母、⾳标)3、Flow of language teaching语流教学(sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation重⾳、节奏、语调)4、The principle of phonetic teaching语⾳教学的原则(accuracy, long-term, integrity, communication, pertinence, interest准确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则)5、The teaching method of phonetics语⾳的教学⽅法P195(1)Sound perception听⾳感知练习⽅法:using minimal pairs 最⼩对⽴体(live--leave)、which order 排序、same or different 辨别异同、odd one out 同中选异、completion 填空(2)Imitation and explanation 模仿讲解personally demonstration、imitate、practice亲⾃⽰范,反复模仿、练习(3)Pronunciation practice发⾳练习练习⽅法:listen and repeat 听⾳模仿、fill in the blanks 填空、using pictures 借助图⽚、using meaningful context 借助情景make up sentences 造句、using togue twisters运⽤绕⼝令(4)语流教学(见上)慢动作(slow motion speaking)⼆、词汇教学P197 language teaching theories 理论构成:receptive/passive vocabulary 接受性/消极词汇和productive/产出性/积极词汇1、Learning content教学内容(1)word meaning 词汇的意义include learning form,meaning and use.Knowing a word means: knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical properties/ its meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.词汇意义包括conceptual meaning 、associated meaning 概念意义和关联意义概念意义:词典中意思,即literal meaning/ denotation 字⾯意思/词汇的外延、关联意义:⽂化含义与语境意义,⼜称connotation 词汇的内涵( learn in the context )(2)word use 词汇的⽤法包括:collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register 搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域(3)word information 词汇信息包括:part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar features 词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发⾳、语法特征(4)word memory strategies 词汇记忆策略avoid rote-learning 避免死记硬背word-building构词法猜测词义2、Learning principle教学原则(1)⾳形义结合pronounce、spelling、meaning(2)词块整体教学lexical chunks ( knowledge of collocation 搭配)(3)具体语境中教learn in the context(4)循序渐进step by step(5)反复练习巩固记忆review(6)培养⾃学词汇能⼒deduce the meaning of words猜测词义3、Teaching method教学⽅法P200(1)呈现词汇:visual/physical demonstration 直观呈现Word-building 构词法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答verbal context/ situation 结合语境/创设情境运⽤词汇学习策略,如chunks/ reasoning/ analog/ using dictionary归类/推理/类⽐/查字典(2)巩固词汇:labelling/ spot the difference/ describe the draw/ play a game/ word bingo/word association 贴标签/找茬/描述绘画/玩游戏(宾果)/词汇联想三、语法教学P2011、Content 教学内容grammar语法具有Three dimensions三维性:form, meaning and usage形式、意义和⽤法semantic语义包括grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of the structure/contents of meaning语法形式、结构的语法意义和内容意义task 教学任务:语法rules规则的cognition/ drill/ application认知/操练/应⽤、the generation of grammar consciousness语法意识的⽣成2、Principle 教学原则(交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性)grammar teaching should be:(1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories.(2)Constructive:one's knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which closely model the way language is learned and used.(3)Contextual:syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones,and to social and cultural contexts.(4)Contrastive:grammar involves drawing the learner's attention to contrast the differences between the target language and other languages,and between sets of similar features and items of the target language.3、Method教学⽅法P202(1)deductive method 演绎法(讲解规则,结合实例分析⽤法,句型练习)features: It saves time/pays more attention to form/teaches grammar in a decontextualized situation脱离上下⽂(2)inductive method 归纳法(学⽣⾃⾏归纳语法规则)start with examples and guides ss to work out the rules(3)guided discovery method 引导发现法(学⽣归纳总结语法规则,⽼师强化其形式意义)四、语篇教学P2041、概念和结构(1)Conception 概念discourse pattern语篇可以是dialogue、monologue对话、独⽩,包括written/spoken language 书⾯语、⼝语,form形式上是cohesion衔接的,semantic语义上是coherence连贯的(2)Tactic pattern结构模式语段/句群、句际关系(并列、顺序、层递、转折)(3)Cohesive device 衔接⼿段logical connectors逻辑纽带(firstly, thus, on the other hand, if not)grammatical connectors语法纽带(时态什么的)Lexical connectors词汇纽带(repetition重复、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义/反义词)Develop ss’ skill of recognizing discourse patterns训练⽅式:checking the logic of the author’s arguments.getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.(focus on textual coherence)marking out common openers to stories and jokes.2、教学内涵Aims at developing ss’ discourse awareness.(teacher asks ss to concentrate on such features as structure, coherence and cohesion of a text)3、教学⽅法P207overall effectiveness整体性效能(⽤knowledge transfer知识迁移实现,重在cultivate application ability应⽤能⼒培养)、overall grasp of the discourse语篇的整体把握Teaching language at the discourse level :utterance function / expected response/ congratulation/ apology/ acceptance/ inform.第四章初中英语语⾔技能教学P212⼀、听⼒教学1、影响听⼒的主要因素(1)objective factor客观因素:types of language used 语⾔特征(语速/tone⾳调/pause停顿/liaison连读)、task or purpose in listening 听⼒任务、context in which the listening occurs ⽂化背景知识(2)subjective factor主观因素:psychological⼼理因素、knowledge skills知识技能因素、methods and tactics⽅法与策略因素2、听⼒教学的要领(1)合理选择听⼒material材料(authenticity真实性、intelligibility可理解性、diversity/variety 多样性)(2)建⽴专门的听⼒training system训练体系(3)优化⼼理氛围,降低焦虑感(arouse interest调动兴趣、放松)(4)重视听的过程中的skill training技巧训练prediction 预测、guess 猜测、coherent memory 连贯记忆(note-taking)、identifying the discourse markers辨认语段标记(5)科学设计听⼒练习3、听⼒训练的type类型P216(1)Focus listening精听(tonal discrimination辨⾳、gap filling填空、dictation听写)听写形式:dictogloss听释、fast-speech dictation快速听写、pause and paraphrase听写⼤意、listening cloze 完形听写、error identification纠错听写、jigsaw identification线索听写(2)Gist listening泛听( decide on the best title )(3)Free listening随意听4、听⼒教学model模式(1)Bottom-up model“⾃下⽽上”(强调language knowledge语⾔知识)(2)Top-down model“⾃上⽽下”(侧重background information背景知识)5、听⼒教学的过程P218(1)Pre-listening tasks 听前环节(brainstorming/discuss a relevant picture/writing question about the topic/associating vocabularies with the topic)(2)While-listening tasks听中环节(辨⾳、获取主要信息、预测、猜词悟义)(3)Post-listening tasks 听后环节(writing a similar text作⽂、discussion讨论)⼆、⼝语教学P2191、Spoken language⼝语的特点(fragmentation结构不完整性、involvement⼈和场合紧密依存性)(1)语法特征:There are four common features of spoken language:Using less complex syntax.语法Taking short cuts,e.g.incomplete sentences.(and, or,but)Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks.俗语(fashionable word, two-part allegorical saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasal verbs 歇后语/⼝语词/俚语/短语动词)Using devices such as fillers,hesitation device to give time to think before speaking.结构特征:往往借助filler补⽩词(you know, let me see, um)形象特征:说话⼈的表情、语⽓及态度等body language⾝体语⾔;⾳质/声调/重⾳/停顿(2)⼝语的交际特点“说”受语⾔rule规则⽀配/时间factor因素制约/对⽅response反应影响2、⼝语教学的要领(1)在听的基础上培养说的能⼒(使输⼊的信息量⼤于输出的信息量)(2)组织多样化的⼝语活动形式⼝语活动类型:pre-communicative activities 前交际活动(操练/模仿/重复)和communicative activities 交际活动(信息差活动/解决问题活动/讨论/辩论/采访/游戏)(3)正确处理准确与流利的关系Accuracy( identify particular phonemes on tape )Fluency( shouldn’t interrupt )(4)创造浓厚外语氛围,⿎励学⽣敢说乐说The characteristics of a successful speaking task:maximum foreign talk/even participation/high motivation/right language level(5)合理选择⼝语组织形式,增加学⽣开⼝的机会(⼩组形式/单双⼈活动)3、⼝语训练的⽅法imitativeness模仿性、monologue独⽩性、performing表演性的⼝语表达三、阅读教学P2231、外语阅读的type/form类型(1)根据阅读⽅式和技巧的不同划分Adaptive reading适应性阅读recognition--read--silent-reading认读--朗读--默读Learning reading学习型阅读plain substance主旨浅显information信息量⼤,强调阅读速度comprehension理解性阅读real material材料真实、wide theme题材⼴泛、various types体裁多样,higher difficulty 难度较⾼(2)根据阅读⽅式和技巧的不同划分Skinning ⾯式读法/略读(掌握全⽂⼤意或中⼼思想;报刊、新书)quickly get the gistScanning 点式读法/寻读/跳读(查找具体信息;时间、⼈名、地点、数字)specific informationIntensive reading 线式读法/精读(详细地阅读,深⼊分析、理解和记忆)read in detailExtensive reading 纵式读法/泛读(⼴泛地阅读,阅读速度、快速理解能⼒、拓宽视野)facilitate process of accumulating vocabulary / increasing target language expose/ broadening scope of vision(3)根据阅读理解的层次划分Literal comprehension 字⾯理解(依靠语⾔知识/能⼒辨认词义和语法结构)language knowledge/competence identify meaning and grammatical structureInferential/interpretive comprehension 推断性理解(经历、直觉、逻辑判断理解未明⽰信息)experience/ intuition/ logic judge and understand unexpressed informationEvaluative comprehension 评价性理解/应⽤性理解(理解⽂章信息的价值)valueAppreciative comprehension 欣赏性理解(情感熏陶和思想启迪)Emotional influence and thought enlightenment2、阅读教学的要领P226(1)合理选择阅读材料Language difficulties 难度(难于略⾼于学习者现有⽔平)higher than present levelInterest 趣味性(充满可读性,激发求知欲和好奇⼼)readability、thirst for knowledge and curiosityAuthenticity 真实性(英语本族语者撰写)written by native English speakersComprehensiveness 宽泛性(内容反映历史、⼈物、风⼟⼈情、⽂化习俗以及时尚流⾏,体裁和题材丰富多样)content various type or forms of literature and theme(2)建⽴分析性(精读)与综合性(泛读)相结合的阅读教学体系分析性阅读与综合性阅读教学的分⼯改进现⾏分析性阅读教学模式,落实阅读训练综合性阅读教学应正规化、课程化(3)重视阅读three elements三要素的培养vocabulary词汇、comprehend理解(topic sentence主题句)、speed速度(4)重视阅读过程中的技巧训练prediction预测、reading for specific抓中⼼思想、reading for specific information获取特殊信息、inferring推理(reading between the lines)、identifying the discourse types确认语篇3、阅读教学的approach模式P229(1)The top-down model ⾃上⽽下模式为主(pre-reading activities读前环节活动的开展)(2)The bottom-up model ⾃下⽽上模式为辅(⼩到⼤的语⾔⽂字单位,重视词汇教学)teaching a text by introducing new vocabularies or structuresfollow the sequence of teaching new words, sentences and then the whole passage(3)The interactive-compensatory approach交互补偿模式4、阅读教学的过程(1)Pre-reading tasks 读前环节(背景知识、写作风格、西⽅风俗)predicting what a passage is about/ creating a word web related to a topic/ sharing what is already known about a topic (2)While-reading tasks读中环节(保障充⾜阅读时间、阅读技能训练)(3)Post-reading tasks 读后环节(思维和实践活动)四、写作教学P2311、写的教学要领(1)Motivate writing motivation 激发写作动机communicative purpose; audience awareness 交际⽬的读者意识(2)指导写作技巧:写的单项训练(结合语⾳教学)语篇写作技巧(design skills构思技巧;过程构思、⽂本构思;model essay范⽂是有⼒⼯具)skill of planning: finding ideas and put them in order(3)根据不同⽂体风格指导相应的写作策略Formal writing 正式⽂体(第三⼈称)typical feature: the precision of language is a priority 语⾔精确优先well-organized structure 有序的结构wide range of vocabulary and structural patterns 有结构的模式technical terms and definitions 专⽤名词和定义Informal writing ⾮正式⽂体(⼀、⼆⼈称)typical feature: short and incomplete sentences are common 多为短句、简单句(4)分阶段设计教学活动,训练写作技能Controlled writing 控制性写作(gap filling/ transcribe/ sentence pattern transformation填空/抄写/句型转换)Guided writing 指导性写作(completion/ reproduction/ compression/ transformation 续写/复写/缩写/转写)Free writing ⾃由写作(5)写、correct/ amend改、evaluate评相结合2、写作教学的模式(1)Product-oriented approach注重结果(给题⽬--写--改,注重语篇整体)(2)Content-oriented approach注重内容(收集材料--组织⽂章--修改,写前准备)(3)Process-oriented approach注重过程(准备--写作--修改--再改,写作能⼒)what/how to write peer-editing3、写作教学的process过程(1)Pre-writing tasks写前环节的任务和活动(gather and organize ideas激发写作动机)The main procedures of process writing include creating a motivation to write, brainstorming,mapping,freewriting,outlining,drafting,editing,revising,proofreading and conferencing.(2)While-writing tasks写中环节的任务和活动(organize written组织成⽂)drafting, peer-editing, revising(3)Post-writing tasks写后环节的任务和活动(comments and feedback 点评和反馈)conferencing第三部分教学设计第⼀章教学设计skill技能⼀、教学设计概述P2411、概念:传统的instructional design 教学设计即lesson planning 备课考虑“如何学”最核⼼的部分是lesson plan 教案It’s a teaching guide/ It takes into account syllabus教学⼤纲and ss./It describes in advance提前what about how to teach.2、教学设计principle原则aims⽬标性原则variety 多样性原则flexibility 灵活性原则learnability可学性原则linkage 衔接性选择feasibility 可⾏性原则3、教学设计的basic requirements基本要求A language lesson plan usually has the following components:background information, teaching aims, language contents and skills, stages and procedures, teaching aids, assignments, and teacher's after-lesson reflection.4、教学设计新concept理念(1)学⽣参与课堂设计的⾃主性(2)教学设计贯穿课堂教学的全过程(3)教学设计的确定性与不确定性相统⼀5、教学设计的pattern模式Analysis----design----evaluation 分析----设计----评价分析:学习需求(学习objectives⽬标分析是关键)、学习者、学习content内容设计:教学strategy策略、教学course过程(task appearance--preparation--accomplishment--consolidation 任务呈现--任务准备--任务完成--语⾔巩固)、教学technique技术评价:教学target⽬标是否达成是评价教学设计有效性的关键反馈修正(feedback correction):教学评价能够提供⼤量的教学反馈信息6、英语教学设计的concrete form 具体形式(1)表格式table form分别陈述学⽣/教师活动,说明活动⽬的/意图,突出教学design设计的理念(2)流程图式flow chart form 展⽰教学process过程(format格式不同)(3)叙述式narrative form⼆、学情分析P2481、学习者分析(1)认知特征(2)学习风格authority-oriented learners崇尚权威型;analytical learners分析型;concrete learners具体型;communicative learners交际型(3)学习⽅式accepted 接受性;experience 体验性;independent ⾃主性;Cooperation 合作性;exploration 探究性2、学习需求分析(1)learning needs的内涵学习⽬前状态与期望状态之间的差距(2)学习需求分析的内容和⽅法data collection 数据采集;analyze 分析三、教学内容分析P2511、教学内容的选择把握fundamentality基础性(vocabulary/ syntactic structure/ language competence/ learning strategy/ cultural knowledge词汇/句法结构/语⾔能⼒/学习策略/⽂化知识)adaptation 适应性(age/ cognitive characteristic 年龄/认知特点)high frequency⾼频性(frequently used经常使⽤的)enjoyment 趣味性(激发学习兴趣,保证学习effectiveness 有效性)2、正确理解textbook教材(1)分析教材textbook evaluation provides authentic language/ matches the needs of learners/ can help realize the objectives of a language program(2)处理教材的⽅法(LARA法:leave-adapt-replace-add)(3)教材的使⽤:活化教材、挖掘资源、选准话题(探究性、开放性、⽣成性)When a teacher using an ELT course book, he should:select appropriate supporting materials and resources.interpret curriculum goals and its expectations for the course.plan lessons in relation to specific goals, topics, texts, and tasks.3、Auxiliary teaching materials辅助教学材料的screening筛选(1)教学材料筛选的原则:启发式、因材施教、动态⽣成、适时适度(2)教学材料筛选的策略:遵循理念、吃透教材、研究学⽣(3)辅助教学材料的分类:知识类、技能类、课外活动类、教学辅助类、⾃主学习类四、教学⽬标P2551、教学⽬标的陈述内容三个维度:knowledge objective/ ability objective/ emotion objective知识与技能、过程与⽅法、情感态度与价值观2、教学⽬标的陈述要素以⾏为⽬标来陈述教学⽬标,包括四个要素:ABCD模式A-audience 主体或听众(程度副词/百分⽐/范围副词)+主语(ss/learners)B-behavior ⾏为listen,sing,imitate,recite,depict,recognize,apply,understand,know,master,enjoyC-conditions 条件after this class, under the guidance of the teacher, after attending a lecture,with the help of substances, through imitation/repeatD-degree 程度/标准clearly, fluently, correctly, efficiently, basically, preliminarily, smoothly, appropriately 3、教学⽬标的陈述⽅式按照层级划分有三种goals,aims,objectives(course goals, teaching aims)(1)结果性⽬标(知识与技能)4、教学⽬标的陈述原则comprehensive、suitable、specific、accurate全⾯、恰当(⽬标层次性/内容和已有知识⼀致性/教学活动连贯性)、具体、准确五、教学重难点P2591、教学重难点的meaning涵义(1)Teaching key/ Important point教学重点称为subject学科教学的core knowledge核⼼知识(2)Teaching difficult point 教学难点(3)教学重难点的relation关系教学重点:stability、chronicity 稳定性、长期性教学难点:temporary、relativity 暂时性、相对性2、教学重难点的确定(1)深刻理解课程标准熟悉和贯彻执⾏课程标准的内容要求(2)深⼊研究教材教材是教学的主要依据(3)了解学⽣的实际情况学⽣是教学的对象/主体(4)善于总结经验虚⼼学习、不断提⾼⾃⾝教学素质和能⼒3、突出重点、突破难点的method⽅法metaphor description⽐喻说明法、list comparison 列表对⽐法、exercise 练习法、Multimedia assisted instruction 多媒体辅助教学法、game activity游戏活动法六、教堂教学process过程设计P260教学过程(teaching procedure)实现教学、发展和教育三⼤功能1、课堂导⼊活动的设计Lead-in导⼊应达到“3A”的功效:arouse激励启发;advertise引起注意;advance促进(1)课堂导⼊的⽅法复习导⼊法(新旧知识的联结点)、直观导⼊法(直观教具或多媒体⼿段)情境导⼊法(duty report/⾳乐/故事/游戏导⼊)、悬念导⼊法(呈现⼀系列问题)(2)注意事项导⼊时间不宜过长(5’/45’);符合教学⽬标/内容;从学⽣实际出发(年龄、性格、认知特征);⽅式新颖有创意2、语⾔学习与实践活动的设计(呈现、讲解、练习巩固和实践新语⾔知识)(1)呈现活动的设计(presentation)问题呈现、情景呈现、故事呈现(完整故事贯穿整个课堂教学)、直观呈现(简笔画/图⽚/模型/幻灯⽚/⾝势语)(2)练习与巩固活动的设计(practice and consolidate)机械性练习mechanical exercise 控制式的练习频率⾼⽆需过多思考,不超过8min,1~2项练习内容,学⽣个体/全班练习为主,⽴即纠错练习形式:模仿、跟读、重复、替换练习、简单回答活动半开放性练习semi-open practice 半控制式的意义性练习。
教师资格证考试-笔试-《英语学科知识与教学能力》(高中)-教材知识点整理-前半部分
【所使用的教材信息】:2019年下半年考试使用的教材;【注意】:打印前请注意排版以及文档中图片的大小是否合适;因内容较多,分成两个文档,这是前半部分!第一部分英语语言知识第一章语音知识第一节字母、音素和音标一、英文字母1、英文字母的发音:2、英文字母的分类:二、英语音素1、音素:音素是音的最小的单位,英语中有48个音素,按照发音时气流是否受阻,分为元音音素(20个)和辅音音素(28 个);2、元音音素的分类:①单元音和双元音:②根据设最高部分的位置,单元音可分为:③根据发音的长短,单元音可分为:④根据唇的圆展,单元音可分为:⑤根据舌抬起的高度,单元音可以分为:⑥根据口形的大小,单元音可分为:3、辅音因素的分类:①根据发音方式,辅音可分为:②根据发音部位,辅音可分为:③根据声带振动与否,辅音可分为:三、英语音标1、音标:音标是记录音素的符号,是音素的标写符号;其制定规则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示,而一个音标并不只表示一个音素;目前我国通用的国际音标共有48个,其中,元音音标20个,辅音音标28个;2、标音法:无声子音【p, k, t】在【s】后面会丧失送气的现象,如:peak和speak,其宽式标音是:/pi:k/和/spi:k/,其严式标音是:【phi:k】和【spi:k】;第二节语音是的结合及其变化一、音节1、音节:音节是读音的基本单位,一个元音音素可以构成一个音节,一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节;一般来说,辅音音素不响亮,不能构成音节,但阴雨辅音音素中有一些响音,他们和辅音音素结合,也可以构成音节,如:[m][n][n][l]等;2、音节的划分:几个拼起来发音的字母较一个“音节”,音节有开音节、闭音节、半开音节之分,不同的单词有不同的音节划分;常见的划分音节的方法如下:3、音节的类型:⑴单音节:单音节词都重读;⑵双音节;⑶三音节;⑷多音节;⑸成音节:一个辅音因素加上一个/l/或/m/或/n/,构成成音节;4、重读音节:⑴开音节:包括绝对开音节和相对开音节;①绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的音节;如:me;②相对开音节:单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音的字母e组成的重读音节;如:name;⑵闭音节:单个元音字母后面有辅音字母(r, w, y除外)且以辅音字母结尾的重读音节;如:bag;⑶-r音节:元音字母+r;如:car;⑷-re音节:元音字母+re;三、语音现象1、连读:在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读;连读符号是:~;连读的类型如下:①辅音+元音:②元音+元音:③辅音+辅音:④r/re+元音:如果前一个词以r或re结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这时r/re要与后面的元音拼起来连读;如:They‘re my father~and mother.⑤不可连读:当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时,意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现,也不可连读;2、爆破:①爆破;⑥爆破类型;3、重读:⑵句子重读:在句子中,一般重读的是实词,如名词、动词、形容词、副词等,不重读的多为虚词,如冠词、连词、感叹词等;4、弱读:5、语调:英语中有五种基本语调:升调()、降调()、升降调()、降升调()、平调();⑵降调:陈述句、特殊疑问句、表示命令的祈使句、问候用语、感谢用语以及感叹句一般都用降调;在并列句中,若前后两个分句关系紧密且是顺承关系,则用升降调,若两个分句同等重要,或联系不紧密,则都用降调;⑶升降调:主要用语表达“蔑视、嘲笑、惊奇、自满得意”等;⑷降升调:用来表示“不肯定、话中有话”,还可表示“警告、安慰、鼓励”等;6、同化:7、英美发音的区别:第二章词汇知识(看教材)第三章词法知识+第四章句法知识—会陆续单独整理第五章语言学知识第一节语言学绪论一、语言1、语言定义:语言是言语交际(verbal communication)的一种方式,是人类用于交流的一种任意的声音符号系统(a system of arbitrary vocal symbols)。
高中英语教师资格证面试-用英语讲语音知识点(禁止转载,翻版必究)
1.Stress 重读
1.1Words stress In order to pronounce correctly,we have to stress the correct syllable. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.
语音课要怎么试讲? 1. 找出所给材料中的重点语音知识点(音标、语调、连读、弱读、同化)。 2. 先朗读所给材料一遍,朗读的时候要大声,该连读时要连读,该停顿时要停顿,要 有自信!然后再讲出这些词或句子所包含的语音知识。平时建议大家要多熟悉一下教材中的 文本材料,有空多读一读,说不定考试的时候就正好遇到你看过的段落,(一般语音课和阅 读课都要求朗读所给材料,咱们要当英语老师的,所以语音语调一定要练好,发音要标准! 这一点在主考官眼里是很重要的!!)。 !!!中学语音教学的重要性:(可能在是讲完后的答辩环节问你:语音学习对学生来说重 要吗?)它很重要,所以语音题被抽到的概率也挺大的
意群和停顿---第 7 页
失去爆破---第 7 页
音标(单双元音)--第 8 页
语音课教学设计----第 9 页(教学流程)
如果大家想看更多真题,或者想找专业老师点评一下自己的上课情况,可以扣扣找我七一 零九七八八二六,我很乐意为大家点评(我通过教资考试后在公办学校教书,有 6 年的教 书经验了,每年招聘新老师,我都是面试官,所以知道一些需要注意的地方和一些可以加 分的地方。)
初中英语教资语音课知识点
初中英语教资语音课知识点Phonetics is a fundamental aspect of English language learning, especially for middle school students preparing for exams. It involves understanding how speech sounds are produced and perceived, which aids in accurate pronunciation and comprehension. Here, we delve into key points of phonetics crucial for teaching English as a second language at the middle school level.Introduction to Phonetics。
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It plays a crucial role in language acquisition and proficiency, particularly in mastering pronunciation and understanding the phonetic principles underlying spoken English.1. Articulation。
Articulation refers to the process of producing speech sounds using the speech organs, including the tongue, lips, teeth, palate, and vocal cords. Each speech sound in English is produced by manipulating these organs in specific ways. For example, the sound /p/ is produced by a sudden release of air after closing the lips, while /s/ is produced by forcing air through a narrow channel created by the tongue and teeth.2. Phonemes。
2021年初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结
第一某些语言知识与能力第一章英语语言知识二、语音(Speech Sounds)P781、语音分类发音方式发音部位VL - 清浊音(voiceless consonant) VD - 浊辅音(voiced consonant)2、音系学(phonology)P79(1)同化规则(assimilation Rule)progressive assimilation 顺同化(前面带偏背面)workedregressive assimilation 逆同化(背面带偏前面)newspaperreciprocal/double assimilation 互相似化 did you(2)音节(syllable) tea chi-na im-pos-si-ble重音(stress)声调(tone)(3)语音变化(vocal variety)liaison 连读 pick it upplosion 爆破音plosion loss 失去爆破 sit down ;incomplete plosion 不完全爆破 ask ednasal plosion 鼻腔爆破 button ;lateral plosion 舌边爆破 little三、形态学(Morphology)1、morpheme 词素重点! P87(1)free morpheme 自由词素 dog ;bound morpheme 黏着词素 moonwalk(2)root 词根; affix 词缀(prefix 前缀、suffix 后缀); stem 词干 friend-ships (3)inflectional affix 屈折词缀 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式(4)derivational affix 派生词缀变化词性和意义2、(1)inflection 屈折变化 -s,-ing,-ed不同形式(2)word-formation 词形成:compounding 复合法 through-outderivation 派生法(prefixation 前缀化 suffixation 后缀化)il-logical-ly3、常用构词法P89invention 新创词 nylon ;blending 混成法 smoke+fog=smogclipping 截断法 advertisement=ad ;initialism 首字母连写词 WTOacronym 首字母拼音词 AIDS ;back-formation 逆构词法 editor--editanalogical creation 类似构词 work--wrought/workedtypes of borrowing 借词法:loanword/borrowing 借词 feast(法语中借来)loanblend 混合借词 Chinatown (本国加外来)loanshift 转移借词 bridge (借用意义)loan translation 翻译借词(从别种语言翻译而来)4、词义变化broadening 词义扩大 bird 小鸟--鸟类;narrowing 词义缩小 girl 年轻人--女孩meaning shift 词义转移;class shift 词性转换;folk etymology 俗词源(错多了成了对)四、句法学(Syntax) P911、句法关系syntagmatic relation 组合关系(horizontal relation/chain relation)构成同一形式、序列或构造paradigmatic relation 聚合关系(vertical relation/choice relation)各要素可互相替代relation of co-occurrence 共现关系(不同集合词语一起构成句子)2、句子构造和成分immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法(IC分析法)The boy ate the apple. 用树形图(tree diagram)普通句子,主谓宾之类endocentric construction 向心构造一种词或词组可以拟定为中心(center)或中心词(head)two stone bridge 普通名词/动词/形容词短语exocentric construction 离心构造没有拟定中心或中心词 The boy smiled. 普通动宾/系表构造deep structure 深层构造(含义相似,说法不同)surface structure 表层构造(句子表述方式)五、语义学(Semantics) P931、涵义关系(Sense Relations)lexical relation 词汇关系(1)同义关系(Synonymy)synonyms 同义词stylistic 文体差别(formality) buy--perchase ;dialectal 地区差别 underground--subwaycollocational 搭配差别 accuse(of)--charge(with) ;emotive 情感差别 thrifty--stingy ;semantic 语义差别 enough--ample(2)反义关系(Antonymy)antonyms 反义词 relational opposites 意义相反词gradable antonymy 级别反义 warm--coolcomplementary antonymy 互补反义 boy--girlconverse antonymy 反向反义关系 buy--sell(3)上下义关系(Hyponymy)种类和成员涉及上坐标词(superordinate)和下义词(hyponymy) flower--rose/tulip(4)一词多义(Polysemy)(5)同音/同形异义现象(Homonymy)homophone 同音异义 sun--sonhomograph 同形异义 liecomplete homonym 完全同音同形异义 bank 岸边;银行2、句子逻辑关系 iff--充分必要条件“S is true iff P”P就是S真值条件(truth condition)P (1)synonymy 同义关系“X is synonymous with Y.”同真同假 P95(2)contradiction 矛盾关系“X is inconsistent with Y.”一真一假(3)entailment 蕴含关系“X entails Y.” X小,Y大 X:old man Y:man(4)presupposition 预设关系“X presupposes Y.” Y是前提 X:repair the car Y:have a car六、语用学(Pragmatics) P961、言语行为理论(Speech Act Theory)(1)locutionary act 发话行为(说话人表达字面意思)is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood.(2)illocutionary act 行事行为(说话人表达意图)is the act in saying something to perform a function.(3)perlocutionary act 取效行为(作用于听话人效果)is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.言外之意(illocutionary point):representatives 阐述类; directives 指令类; commissives 承诺类;expressives 表达类; declarations 宣布类2、会话含义理论(Conversational Principle/Maxim) violate 违背 P97cooperative principle,CP 合伙原则(会话有共同目的)“Make your conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”(1)the maxim of quantity数量准则(信息充分)(2)the maxim of quality质量准则(说实话)(3)the maxim of relation有关准则(说有关事)(4)the maxim of manner方式准则(清晰简洁避免歧义)conversational implicature 会话含义(用会话准则暗示意义)(1)calculability 可推导性(含义能理解)(2)cancellability 可取消性(defeasibility)(因素变化,含义变化)(3)non-detachability 不可分离性(含义依附于内容)(4)non-conventionality非规约性(含义不拟定)七、修辞学(Rhetoric)问法:rhetoric/rhetorical device 修辞方略 P981、simile明喻 like,as...as,as if,as though,similar to,such as2、metaphor隐喻(暗含比较) elephant pause3、personification拟人(把事物或概念当做人)4、metonymy借代(用事物名称代替密切有关另一事物)5、synecdoche提喻(某些代替整体或整体代替某些) hand/mouth--man6、euphemism婉言 die--pass away7、irony反语(意思相反)8、allegory讽喻9、exaggeration夸张(夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣)10、transferred epithet移位修辞 nervous exam11、oxymoron矛盾修辞 bitter-sweet memory12、pun双关语(homophonic puns 谐音双关;homographic puns 语义双关)八、语言教学 P1001、中介语(interlanguage)2、对比分析(contrastive analysis)3、错误分析(error analysis)(1)error错误(由于知识局限性)mistake失误(不注意出错)(2)interlingual errors语际错误(迁移错误)由于母语 Cnglishintralingual errors语内错误(发展性错误)由于过度概括语言规则 eat-eated(错) 4、错误性质:omissions 省略(少成分);additions 添加(多成分);misformations 形式错误(eated);double markings 双重标记(didn’t went);misorderings 顺序错误(how you are)5、国内外语学习者错误类型(1)negative transfer 负迁移/干扰由于母语(2)over-generalization过度类推/过度概括由于过度概括语言规则(3)pragmatic failure语用错误违背对方文化习俗6、第二外语习得理论(Second Language Acquisition,SLA)(1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis语言习得和学得假说(习得和学得两条不同途径)(2)Monitor Hypothesis语言监察假说(学习者自己监督控制语言输出质量)(3)Input Hypothesis语言输入假说(接触理解可理解性语言输入comprehensible input)(4)Affective Filter Hypothesis情感过滤假说(输入input和吸取intake受到动力motivation、性格personality、情感状态affective state)(5)Natural Order Hypothesis自然顺序假说(可以不按任何语法顺序来教学)第二章英语语言运用能力一、教学中非语言交际1、非语言手段 P118environment language环境语(座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等)object language客体语(个人,衣着化妆、个人用品等)2、非语言行为body language体态语(身姿、手势、表情、目光)paralanguage 副语言(声音音质、音量、语调、语速)第三章英语国家语言、历史和文学三、语言、文化和社会1、局部构造 P131毗邻对(adjacency pairs)一轮对话(1)毗邻对条件有关性(conditional relevance)preferred second part/preference structure 优选构造 Hidispreferred second part/dispreference structure 非优选构造relevant absence 有关缺失(2)毗邻对扩展base pairs 根毗邻对(被其她会话扩展之前毗邻对)前扩展,指前序列(pre-sequences),涉及邀请、祈求、结束、宣布中扩展,涉及插入序列(insertion sequences)和旁侧序列(side sequences)后扩展,指后序列(post sequences),涉及会话修正和主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个某些:修正源(trouble source)、修正发起(repair initiation)、修正(repair)lexical 词汇启动(no,sorry,let me see,you know)non-lexical 非词汇启动(um..,uh..)四、语言与文字1、故事语言 P134(1)故事与视角first-person narrator 第一人称论述者(I)third-person narrator第三人称论述者(he,she,it,they)(2)语言表达与思想表达direct speech 直接言语(“F**k you”)indirect speech间接言语(he said/asked)free indirect speech 自由间接言语第二某些语言教学知识与能力第一章初中英语课程原则一、初中英语课程基本知识1、英语课程性质 P149The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.(工具性和人文性) Students’ overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.2、英语课程设计思路The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies both primary and secondary school English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning into nine competence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method. Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school. Level 2--primary school二、英语课程分级原则 P1541、语言技能(Language Skills)Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of abilities regarding language knowledge,language skills,affect,learning strategies as well as cultural awareness for relevant levels.2、语言知识(Language Knowledge)(语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题)Students are required to learn consists of phonetics,vocabulary,grammar,function and theme.3、情感态度(Affect)(兴趣、动机、自信、意志和合伙精神;祖国意识和国际视野)interest, motivation, confidence, will and cooperation;National consciousness and international vision.4、学习方略(Learning Strategies)(认知、调控、交际、资源)Learning strategies can be classified into four groups:cognitive strategy,regulative strategy,communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.5、文化意识(Cultural Awareness/Understanding)(历史地理、风土人情、老式习俗、生活方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念)Historical geography,local customs,traditional customs,lifestyle,norms of behavior,literature and art,values.三、英语课程实行建议 P1611、教学建议(1)面向全体学生,为每个学生学习英语奠定基本(2)注意语言实践,培养学生语言运用能力(3)加强学习方略指引,培养学生自主学习能力(4)培养学生跨文化交际意识,发展跨文化交际能力(5)结合实际教学需要,创造性地使用教材(6)合理运用各种教学资源,提高学生学习效率(7)组织生动活泼课外活动,拓展学生学习渠道(8)不断提高专业水平,努力适应课程规定第二章初中英语教学基本理论一、语言观(Views of Language) P1731、语言概念Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2、语言本质特性/设计特性(design features)(1)arbitrariness 任意性(体现了convention规约性)(2)duality 二重性(basic level,higher level基层和高层)(3)creativity 创造性/productivity能产性(4)displacement 移位性(赋予generalizations,abstractions概括和抽象)(5)cultural transmission 文化传习性3、语言功能(Functions of Language)(1)informative function信息功能(2)interpersonal function人际功能(3)performative function施为功能(4)emotive function情绪功能(5)phatic function寒暄功能(6)recreational function娱乐功能(7)metalingual function元语言功能4、语言学角度语言观(1)The Structural View of Language 构造语言观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:phonology,morphology,lexicology and syntax.(2)The Function View of Language 功能语言观the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.(3)The Interactional View of Language 交互语言观(interaction,dynamics交互性和动态) the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.二、语言学习观(Views of Language Learning) P1761、语言学习理论(1)Behaviorist Learning Theory 行为主义学习理论Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning (stimulus,response,and reinforcement) (2)Cognitive Learning Theory认知主义学习理论Cognitive theory thinks that “language is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence),infinite sentences can be produced”.(3)Constructivist Learning Theory构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows.近来发展区理论 Zone of Proximal Development三、语言教学观(Views of Language Teaching) P1781、语言教学理论(构造主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论)四、外语教学法重要流派1、grammar-translation method 语法翻译法2、audio-lingual method 据说法(pattern drill 句型操练、contrastive analysis对比分析法)3、total physical response 全身反映教学法 P1814、cognitive approach 认知教学法(提高accuracy,appropriateness得体性)5、communicate approach 交际法(包括function,notion功能和意念) P183(1)交际能力(communicative competence)grammatical competence 语法能力、sociolinguistic 社会语言能力、discourse 语篇能力、strategic 方略能力、linguistic 语言能力、pragmatic语用能力、fluency流利性(2)3P教学模式:presentation--practice--production6、task-based approach任务型教学 P184(1)real-world tasks /target tasks 目的任务; pedagogical tasks 教学任务(2)任务四个构成元素:objective、context、process、outcome(3)information gap 信息差/信息沟activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom context./should help develop students’ language ability.(4)constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论(强调scene,writing,conversation,and meaning construction情景、写作、会话和意义建构)(5)任务型教学三个环节:pre-task前任务、task-cycle任务环(task、planning、report)、language focus语言聚焦(analysis、practice)第三章初中英语语言知识教学一、语音教学 P1921、语音教学内容The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be①consistency:the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.②intelligibility:the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.③communicative efficiency:the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2、Pronunciation knowledge teaching发音知识教学(monophonic,alphabet,phonetic symbols单音、字母、音标)3、Flow of language teaching语流教学(sounds, stress, rhythm,and intonation重音、节奏、语调)4、The principle of phonetic teaching语音教学原则(accuracy,long-term,integrity,communication,pertinence,interest精确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则)5、The teaching method of phonetics语音教学办法 P195(1)Sound perception听音感知练习办法:using minimal pairs 最小对立体(live--leave)、which order 排序、same or different 辨别异同、odd one out 同中选异、completion 填空(2)Imitation and explanation 模仿解说personally demonstration、imitate、practice亲自示范,重复模仿、练习(3)Pronunciation practice发音练习练习办法:listen and repeat 听音模仿、fill in the blanks 填空、using pictures 借助图片、using meaningful context 借助情景make up sentences 造句、using togue twisters运用绕口令(4)语流教学(见上)慢动作(slow motion speaking)二、词汇教学 P197 language teaching theories 理论构成:receptive/passive vocabulary 接受性/悲观词汇和productive/产出性/积极词汇1、Learning content教学内容(1)word meaning 词汇意义 include learning form,meaning and use.Knowing a word means:knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical properties/ its meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.词汇意义涉及conceptual meaning 、associated meaning 概念意义和关联意义概念意义:词典中意思,即literal meaning/ denotation 字面意思/词汇外延、关联意义:文化含义与语境意义,又称connotation 词汇内涵( learn in the context )(2)word use 词汇用法涉及:collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register 搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域(3)word information 词汇信息涉及:part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar features 词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特性(4)word memory strategies 词汇记忆方略avoid rote-learning 避免死记硬背 word-building构词法猜测词义2、Learning principle教学原则(1)音形义结合 pronounce、spelling、meaning(2)词块整体教学 lexical chunks ( knowledge of collocation 搭配)(3)详细语境中教 learn in the context(4)循序渐进 step by step(5)重复练习巩固记忆 review(6)培养自学词汇能力 deduce the meaning of words猜测词义3、Teaching method教学办法 P200(1)呈现词汇:visual/physical demonstration 直观呈现Word-building 构词法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答verbal context/ situation 结合语境/创设情境运用词汇学习方略,如chunks/ reasoning/ analog/ using dictionary归类/推理/类比/查字典(2)巩固词汇:labelling/ spot the difference/ describe the draw/ play a game/ word bingo/word association贴标签/找茬/描述绘画/玩游戏(宾果)/词汇联想三、语法教学 P2011、Content 教学内容grammar语法具备Three dimensions三维性:form,meaning and usage形式、意义和用法 semantic语义涉及grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of the structure/contents of meaning语法形式、构造语法意义和内容意义task 教学任务:语法rules规则cognition/ drill/ application认知/操练/应用、the generation of grammar consciousness语法意识生成2、Principle 教学原则(交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性)grammar teaching should be:(1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories.(2)Constructive:one's knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which closely model the way language is learned and used.(3)Contextual:syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones,and to social and cultural contexts.(4)Contrastive:grammar involves drawing the learner's attention to contrast the differencesbetween the target language and other languages,and between sets of similar features and items of the target language.3、Method教学办法 P202(1)deductive method 演绎法(解说规则,结合实例分析用法,句型练习)features:It saves time/pays more attention to form/teaches grammar in a decontextualized situation脱离上下文(2)inductive method 归纳法(学生自行归纳语法规则)start with examples and guides ss to work out the rules(3)guided discovery method 引导发现法(学生归纳总结语法规则,教师强化其形式意义)四、语篇教学 P2041、概念和构造(1)Conception 概念discourse pattern语篇可以是dialogue、monologue对话、独白,涉及written/spoken language 书面语、口语,form形式上是cohesion衔接,semantic语义上是coherence连贯(2)Tactic pattern构造模式语段/句群、句际关系(并列、顺序、层递、转折)(3)Cohesive device 衔接手段logical connectors逻辑纽带(firstly,thus,on the other hand,if not)grammatical connectors语法纽带(时态什么)Lexical connectors词汇纽带(repetition重复、synonym/antonym(opposites)同义/反义词)Develop ss’ skill of recognizing discourse patterns训练方式:checking the logic of the author’s arguments.getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.(focus on textual coherence)marking out common openers to stories and jokes.2、教学内涵Aims at developing ss’ discourse awareness.(teacher asks ss to concentrate on such features as structure,coherence and cohesion of a text)3、教学办法 P207overall effectiveness整体性效能(用knowledge transfer知识迁移实现,重在cultivate application ability应用能力培养)、overall grasp of the discourse语篇整体把握Teaching language at the discourse level :utterance function / expected response/ congratulation/ apology/ acceptance/ inform.第四章初中英语语言技能教学 P212一、听力教学1、影响听力重要因素(1)objective factor客观因素:types of language used 语言特性(语速/tone音调/pause停顿/liaison连读)、task or purpose in listening 听力任务、context in which the listening occurs 文化背景知识(2)subjective factor主观因素:psychological心理因素、knowledge skills知识技能因素、methods and tactics办法与方略因素2、听力教学要领(1)合理选取听力material材料(authenticity真实性、intelligibility可理解性、diversity/variety多样性)(2)建立专门听力training system训练体系(3)优化心理氛围,减少焦急感(arouse interest调动兴趣、放松)(4)注重听过程中skill training技巧训练prediction 预测、guess 猜测、coherent memory 连贯记忆(note-taking)、identifying the discourse markers辨认语段标记(5)科学设计听力练习3、听力训练type类型 P216(1)Focus listening精听(tonal discrimination辨音、gap filling填空、dictation听写)听写形式:dictogloss听释、fast-speech dictation迅速听写、pause and paraphrase听写大意、listening cloze 完形听写、error identification纠错听写、jigsaw identification线索听写(2)Gist listening泛听( decide on the best title )(3)Free listening随意听4、听力教学model模式(1)Bottom-up model“自下而上”(强调language knowledge语言知识)(2)Top-down model“自上而下”(侧重background information背景知识)5、听力教学过程 P218(1)Pre-listening tasks 听前环节(brainstorming/discuss a relevant picture/writing question about the topic/associating vocabularies with the topic)(2)While-listening tasks听中环节(辨音、获取重要信息、预测、猜词悟义)(3)Post-listening tasks 听后环节(writing a similar text作文、discussion讨论)二、口语教学 P2191、Spoken language口语特点(fragmentation构造不完整性、involvement人和场合紧密依存性)(1)语法特性:There are four common features of spoken language:Using less complex syntax.语法Taking short cuts,e.g.incomplete sentences.(and,or,but)Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks.俗语(fashionable word,two-part allegorical saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasal verbs 歇后语/口语词/俚语/短语动词)Using devices such as fillers,hesitation device to give time to think before speaking.构造特性:往往借助filler补白词(you know,let me see,um)形象特性:说话人表情、语调及态度等body language身体语言;音质/声调/重音/停顿(2)口语交际特点“说”受语言rule规则支配/时间factor因素制约/对方response反映影响2、口语教学要领(1)在听基本上培养说能力(使输入信息量不不大于输出信息量)(2)组织多样化口语活动形式口语活动类型:pre-communicative activities 前交际活动(操练/模仿/重复)和communicative activities 交际活动(信息差活动/解决问题活动/讨论/辩论/采访/游戏)(3)对的解决精确与流利关系Accuracy( identify particular phonemes on tape )Fluency( shouldn’t interrupt )(4)创造浓厚外语氛围,勉励学生敢说乐说The characteristics of a successful speaking task:maximum foreign talk/even participation/high motivation/right language level(5)合理选取口语组织形式,增长学生开口机会(小组形式/单双人活动)3、口语训练办法imitativeness模仿性、monologue独白性、performing表演性口语表达三、阅读教学 P2231、外语阅读type/form类型(1)依照阅读方式和技巧不同划分Adaptive reading适应性阅读recognition--read--silent-reading认读--朗读--默读Learning reading学习型阅读plain substance主旨浅显information信息量大,强调阅读速度comprehension理解性阅读real material材料真实、wide theme题材广泛、various types体裁多样,higher difficulty 难度较高(2)依照阅读方式和技巧不同划分Skinning 面式读法/略读(掌握全文大意或中心思想;报刊、新书)quickly get the gistScanning 点式读法/寻读/跳读(查找详细信息;时间、人名、地点、数字)specific informationIntensive reading 线式读法/精读(详细地阅读,进一步分析、理解和记忆)read in detailExtensive reading 纵式读法/泛读(广泛地阅读,阅读速度、迅速理解能力、拓宽视野)facilitate process of accumulating vocabulary / increasing target language expose/ broadening scope of vision(3)依照阅读理解层次划分Literal comprehension 字面理解(依托语言知识/能力辨认词义和语法构造)language knowledge/competence identify meaning and grammatical structureInferential/interpretive comprehension 推断性理解(经历、直觉、逻辑判断理解未明示信息)experience/ intuition/ logic judge and understand unexpressed informationEvaluative comprehension 评价性理解/应用性理解(理解文章信息价值)valueAppreciative comprehension 欣赏性理解(情感熏陶和思想启迪)Emotional influence and thought enlightenment2、阅读教学要领 P226(1)合理选取阅读材料Language difficulties 难度(难于略高于学习者既有水平)higher than present levelInterest 趣味性(布满可读性,激发求知欲和好奇心)readability、thirst for knowledge and curiosityAuthenticity 真实性(英语本族语者撰写)written by native English speakersComprehensiveness 宽泛性(内容反映历史、人物、风土人情、文化习俗以及潮流流行,体裁和题材丰富多样)content various type or forms of literature and theme(2)建立分析性(精读)与综合性(泛读)相结合阅读教学体系分析性阅读与综合性阅读教学分工改进现行分析性阅读教学模式,贯彻阅读训练综合性阅读教学应正规化、课程化(3)注重阅读three elements三要素培养vocabulary词汇、comprehend理解(topic sentence主题句)、speed速度(4)注重阅读过程中技巧训练prediction预测、reading for specific抓中心思想、reading for specific information获取特殊信息、inferring推理(reading between the lines)、identifying the discourse types确认语篇3、阅读教学approach模式 P229(1)The top-down model 自上而下模式为主(pre-reading activities读前环节活动开展)(2)The bottom-up model 自下而上模式为辅(小到大语言文字单位,注重词汇教学) teaching a text by introducing new vocabularies or structuresfollow the sequence of teaching new words,sentences and then the whole passage(3)The interactive-compensatory approach交互补偿模式4、阅读教学过程(1)Pre-reading tasks 读前环节(背景知识、写作风格、西方风俗)predicting what a passage is about/ creating a word web related to a topic/ sharing what is already known about a topic(2)While-reading tasks读中环节(保障充分阅读时间、阅读技能训练)(3)Post-reading tasks 读后环节(思维和实践活动)四、写作教学 P2311、写教学要领(1)Motivate writing motivation 激发写作动机communicative purpose;audience awareness 交际目读者意识(2)指引写作技巧:写单项训练(结合语音教学)语篇写作技巧(design skills构思技巧;过程构思、文本构思;model essay范文是有力工具)skill of planning: finding ideas and put them in order(3)依照不同文体风格指引相应写作方略Formal writing 正式文体(第三人称)typical feature:the precision of language is a priority 语言精准优先well-organized structure 有序构造wide range of vocabulary and structural patterns 有构造模式technical terms and definitions 专用名词和定义Informal writing 非正式文体(一、二人称)typical feature:short and incomplete sentences are common 多为短句、简朴句(4)分阶段设计教学活动,训练写作技能Controlled writing 控制性写作(gap filling/ transcribe/ sentence pattern transformation填空/抄写/句型转换)Guided writing 指引性写作(completion/ reproduction/ compression/ transformation 续写/复写/缩写/转写)Free writing 自由写作(5)写、correct/ amend改、evaluate评相结合2、写作教学模式(1)Product-oriented approach注重成果(给题目--写--改,注重语篇整体)(2)Content-oriented approach注重内容(收集材料--组织文章--修改,写前准备)(3)Process-oriented approach注重过程(准备--写作--修改--再改,写作能力)what/how to write peer-editing3、写作教学process过程(1)Pre-writing tasks写前环节任务和活动(gather and organize ideas激发写作动机) The main procedures of process writing include creating a motivation to write,brainstorming,mapping,freewriting,outlining,drafting,editing,revising,proofreading and conferencing.(2)While-writing tasks写中环节任务和活动(organize written组织成文)drafting,peer-editing,revising(3)Post-writing tasks写后环节任务和活动(comments and feedback 点评和反馈) conferencing第三某些教学设计第一章教学设计skill技能一、教学设计概述 P2411、概念:老式instructional design 教学设计即lesson planning 备课考虑“如何学”最核心某些是lesson plan 教案It’s a teaching guide/ It takes into account syllabus教学大纲 and ss./It describes in advance提前 what about how to teach.2、教学设计principle原则aims目的性原则 variety 多样性原则 flexibility 灵活性原则learnability可学性原则 linkage 衔接性选取 feasibility 可行性原则3、教学设计basic requirements基本规定A language lesson plan usually has the following components:background information, teaching aims,language contents and skills,stages and procedures,teaching aids,assignments,and teacher's after-lesson reflection.4、教学设计新concept理念(1)学生参加课堂设计自主性(2)教学设计贯穿课堂教学全过程(3)教学设计拟定性与不拟定性相统一5、教学设计pattern模式Analysis----design----evaluation 分析----设计----评价分析:学习需求(学习objectives目的分析是核心)、学习者、学习content内容设计:教学strategy方略、教学course过程(task appearance-- preparation--accomplishment--consolidation 任务呈现--任务准备--任务完毕--语言巩固)、教学technique技术评价:教学target目的与否达到是评价教学设计有效性核心反馈修正(feedback correction):教学评价可以提供大量教学反馈信息6、英语教学设计concrete form 详细形式(1)表格式 table form分别陈述学生/教师活动,阐明活动目/意图,突出教学design设计理念(2)流程图式 flow chart form 展示教学process过程(format格式不同)(3)论述式 narrative form二、学情分析 P2481、学习者分析(1)认知特性(2)学习风格 authority-oriented learners崇尚权威型;analytical learners分析型;concrete learners详细型;communicative learners交际型(3)学习方式 accepted 接受性;experience 体验性;independent 自主性;Cooperation 合伙性;exploration 探究性2、学习需求分析(1)learning needs内涵学习当前状态与盼望状态之间差距(2)学习需求分析内容和办法data collection 数据采集;analyze 分析三、教学内容分析 P2511、教学内容选取把握fundamentality基本性(vocabulary/ syntactic structure/ language competence/learning strategy/ cultural knowledge词汇/句法构造/语言能力/学习方略/文化知识)adaptation 适应性(age/ cognitive characteristic 年龄/认知特点)high frequency高频性(frequently used经常使用)enjoyment 趣味性(激发学习兴趣,保证学习effectiveness 有效性)2、对的理解textbook教材(1)分析教材 textbook evaluation provides authentic language/ matches the needs of learners/ can help realize the objectives of a language program(2)解决教材办法(LARA法:leave-adapt-replace-add)(3)教材使用:活化教材、挖掘资源、选准话题(探究性、开放性、生成性)When a teacher using an ELT course book,he should:select appropriate supporting materials and resources.interpret curriculum goals and its expectations for the course.plan lessons in relation to specific goals,topics,texts,and tasks.3、Auxiliary teaching materials辅助教学材料screening筛选(1)教学材料筛选原则:启发式、因材施教、动态生成、适时适度(2)教学材料筛选方略:遵循理念、吃透教材、研究学生(3)辅助教学材料分类:知识类、技能类、课外活动类、教学辅助类、自主学习类四、教学目的 P2551、教学目的陈述内容三个维度:knowledge objective/ ability objective/ emotion objective知识与技能、过程与办法、情感态度与价值观2、教学目的陈述要素以行为目的来陈述教学目的,涉及四个要素:ABCD模式A-audience 主体或听众(限度副词/比例/范畴副词)+主语(ss/learners)B-behavior 行为listen,sing,imitate,recite,depict,recognize,apply,understand,know,master,enjoyC-conditions 条件after this class,under the guidance of the teacher,after attending a lecture,with the help of substances,through imitation/repeatD-degree 限度/原则clearly,fluently,correctly,efficiently,basically,preliminarily,smoothly,appropriately3、教学目的陈述方式按照层级划分有三种goals,aims,objectives(course goals,teaching aims)(1)成果性目的(知识与技能)Know < understand < master(2)体验性目的或体现性目的(过程与办法、情感态度与价值观)4、教学目的陈述原则comprehensive、suitable、specific、accurate全面、恰当(目的层次性/内容和已有知识一致性/教学活动连贯性)、详细、精确五、教学重难点 P2591、教学重难点meaning涵义(1)Teaching key/ Important point教学重点称为subject学科教学core knowledge核心知识(2)Teaching difficult point 教学难点(3)教学重难点relation关系教学重点:stability、chronicity 稳定性、长期性教学难点:temporary、relativity 暂时性、相对性2、教学重难点拟定(1)深刻理解课程原则熟悉和贯彻执行课程原则内容规定(2)进一步研究教材教材是教学重要根据(3)理解学生实际状况学生是教学对象/主体(4)善于总结经验虚心学习、不断提高自身教学素质和能力3、突出重点、突破难点method办法metaphor description比喻阐明法、list comparison 列表对比法、exercise 练习法、Multimedia assisted instruction 多媒体辅助教学法、game activity游戏活动法六、教堂教学process过程设计 P260教学过程(teaching procedure)实现教学、发展和教诲三大功能1、课堂导入活动设计Lead-in导入应达到“3A”功能:arouse勉励启发;advertise引起注意;advance增进(1)课堂导入办法复习导入法(新旧知识联结点)、直观导入法(直观教具或多媒体手段)情境导入法(duty report/音乐/故事/游戏导入)、悬念导入法(呈现一系列问题)(2)注意事项导入时间不适当过长(5’/45’);符合教学目的/内容;从学生实际出发(年龄、性格、认知特性);方式新颖有创意2、语言学习与实践活动设计(呈现、解说、练习巩固和实践新语言知识)(1)呈现活动设计(presentation)。
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学科知识与教学能力笔记(英语)
一、语音考点 (一)元音Vowels 考点1:元音的舌位图
我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图(P70)。
图的左方为口腔的前部,右方为其后部。
竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分;横线表示牙床的开合程度,图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。
单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类:前元音,中元音,后元音(back vowels )。
元音一般从四个方面进行描述:舌位(high, mid, low ),舌头最高部位的位置(front, central, back ),长度(long, short )或紧张度(tense, lax ),唇的开口度(rounded, unrounded )
音标描述汇总:
[i:] h igh front tense unrounded vowel [І] high front lax unrounded vowel [u:] high back tense rounded vowel [ʊ]即[u] high back lax rounded vowel [З:]或[ə:] central tense unrounded vowel [ə] central lax unrounded vowel
[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel [æ] low front lax unrounded vowel [Λ] mid -low back lax unrounded
vowel
[ɔ:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel [ɒ] low back lax rounded vowel [ɑ:] low back tense unrounded vowel
考点2:专有名词
基本元音 Cardinal Vowels
纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音 Monophthong Vowels
滑元音Vowels glides :There is an audible change of quality. ——If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called 双元音Diphthongs
如:[eI] from mid-low front to high front
[aI] [ɔI] [əʊ] [a ʊ] [I ə] [e ə] [ʊə] 略
A double movement produces 三元音Triphthong 例如:tower 中[a ʊə]
(二)辅音Consonants
Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
Vowels 元音: produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
区别:the distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.阻塞气流。
考点1:Manners of articulation 发音方式 stops 爆破音 [p, b, t, d, k, g] nasal 鼻音 [m, n, ŋ]
fricative 摩擦音 [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ∫, ʒ, h]、 approximant 近似音 [w, r, j ]、 lateral 边音 [l]、
affricate塞擦音[ts, dz, tr, dr]
考点2:Places of articulation发音部位
bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间、Array
alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后、retroflex
palatal 硬腭、velar软腭、glottal声门[h].
总结:
[p] voiceless bilabial stop
[b] voiced bilabial stop
[t] voiceless alveolar stop
[d] voiced alveolar stop
[k] voiceless velar stop
[g] voiced velar stop
[m] bilabial nasal
[n] alveolar nasal
[ŋ] velar nasal
[f] voiceless labiodental fricative
[v] voiced labiodental fricative
[ϑ] voiceless dental fricative
[ð] voiced dental fricative
[s] voiceless alveolar fricative
[z] voiced alveolar fricative
[∫] voiceless postalveolar fricative
[ʒ] voiced postalveolar fricative
[h] glottal fricative
[t∫] voiceless postalveolar affricate
[dʒ] voiced postalveolar affricate
[l ] alveolar lateral
[r] alveolar approximant
[w] bilabial approximant
[j] palatal approximant
(三)Assimilation同化现象:a process by which one sound takes on some or all characteristics of a neighboring sound.
Nasalization鼻音化、cap can
Dentalization齿音、tent tenth
Velarization软腭 since sink
Voiced frication有声擦音→voiceless无声擦音/__voiceless清音
five past/ has to/ have to [hᴂf tu ]
are all instances Assimilation. is often used synonymously with coarticulation协同发音If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation(先期协同发音). If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation(后滞协同发音), as is the case of map.
(四)Suprasegmental Features超音段特征
the aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features 特征are syllable音节, stress重音, tone声调, and intonation语调
考点:重音Stress
In general situations, notional words实词are normally stressed while structural words虚词are unstressed.。